Lesson8H

Homework

Problem
m 1:
Supposeyyouhaveath
hincapillarytu
ubewithdiam
meter2mm.Thetubeisinsertedverticallyintoabaath
thatconsiistsofunmixe
edoilandwater,halfoilandhalfwaterr.Whenthettubeisinsertted,oneendiisin
thewaterrandtheothe
erendisinth
heoil.Youmeasuretheheeightofthew
waterinthetu
ubeanditis7
7mm
higherthaanthelevelin
nthewater.Thedensityo
oftheoilis0. 7g/cm3.

Givens:
D=2mm
h=7mm
o=0.7g//cm3

1. Whatisthecapillarypressurein
ndynes/cm2andinpsi?
Find:Pc(dynes/cm
m2)andPc(lbs//in2)

Pc ( w o )gh
h at equilibrriu m (only! )
Pc (1.0 g / cm 3 0.7 g / cm 3 )(980 g/cm 2 )(0.7
cm)
)
Pc 205.8dynes / cm 2

1atm
Pc 205.8dynes / cm 2
6
2
.986 10 dynes / cm
Pc 0.003 psi

14.7 ppsi

tm
1atm

2. Howmuchforceindynesdoesthecapillarypressuree
exxertonthew
water/oilsurfaace?

F Pc A Pcr 2
F 205.8dyn
nes/cm2 (0.1cm) 2
F 6.47dynees
3. Su
upposethem
meniscusisap
pproximatelyanarcofaci rclewithradiiusR=1.155m
mm.Whatisthe
co
ontactangleiindegrees?

cos
c

r
R

cos
c

1mm
m

1.155mm

30

4. Whatisthesu
W
ninthewaterr/oilsurface?
rfacetension

Pc

ow
ow

2 ow cos 2 ow

r
R
RPc

2
2
5cm)(205.8dynes/cm
d
)
(.1155
11.88dynees / cm

Problem
m 2:
Mercuryisgenerallyno
onwetting,le
eadingtoacaapillarybehavviorasshown
ninthepicture:

Derivethe
eexpressionforthecapillaarypressureaacrossthemeercury/airintterfaceinterm
msoftheden
nsity
andheigh
htofthemerccurycolumn.

n the capilla
ary
Pc Pnonn wetting Pwettting across the boundarry between the fluids in
Pc P2 P1
P1 P3
P3 Hggh
g P2
Pc P2 P1 (P3 Hg gh) P3 Hg gh where h is the positive disstance belo
ow the bath level

Problem
m 3:
Supposep
poresinaporrousandperm
meablerockccorebehavellikerandomlyyorientedsho
ortcapillaryttubes.
Thecoreu
underconsiderationispre
eferentiallysttronglywaterrwet,iswellssorted,andisshomogeneo
ous,
i.e.,pore
esizesaredisstributedunifformlyovertthecore.

Oil=.7g/cm
m3

Core

Water

Thecapillarypressurecurveforthisscoreis:

W
inimumoilprressurethatw
willcauseoilttostartdisplaacingwaterin
ntheporesofthe
a. Whatisthemi
co
ore?
Pctc =0.4atm

W
aximumoilsaaturation?
b. Whatisthema
Somax
=1Swmin=10.1=0.9or
=
90%
o

W
xpressionforccapillarypresssureasafun ctionofsurfaacetension,p
poresize,and
d
c. Whatistheex
co
ontactangle??

Pc

2 wo co
os wo

d. Ifthesurfacettensionbetwe
eenthewate
erandtheoil is1dyne/cm,estimatetheradiiofthe
laargestporesinthecore.

2 wo co
os wo
r
2 wo cos
c wo

Pc min
m

Pc
rmax
m

Strongly
S
water
a wetting wo is sm
mall cos wo 1
rmax

2 wo 2(1dyne / cm
c )
1atm

6
2
Pc min
(0.4atm) .986 10
0 dynes / cm
m

rmax
1 6 cm
6.43 10
m

Problem 4:
Acapillarypressurecurveforacoreismeasuredbymercuryinjectioninair.Ofcourse,wereallywant
thecapillarypressurecurveforthewaterandoilsystem.
a. Whatistheexpressionforcapillarypressureintermsofsurfacetension,contactangle,and
averageporeradius?

Pc

2 ow cosow

b. Youaregiven
Hgair=480dynes/cm
wateroil=20dynes/cm(Justanexampleforthisproblem.Ref:Malcolm, J. D., Dutton, C. R., 1979. )
Hg-air = 140
Water is very strongly wetting.

What is the ratio of the capillary pressure measured by mercury injection in air to the capillary pressure measured by
porous diaphragm injection of oil?

Pc Hg-air

2 Hg-air cosHg-air
r

Pc oil- water
Pc Hg-air
Pc oil- water
Pc Hg-air
Pc oil- water
Pc Hg-air
Pc oil- water

2 oil- water cosoil- water

r
Hg-air cosHg-air
oil- water cosoil- water

(480dynes / cm 2 )cos(140 )

(20dynes / cm 2 )1
18.4

c. Repeat(b)forawateraircapillarypressuremeasurementwithwaterairl=72dynes/cm

Pc Hg-air
d.

Pc water -air
Pc Hg-air
Pc water -air

(480dynes / cm 2 )cos(140 )

(72dynes / cm 2 )1

5.1

Agoodruleofthumbisthatmercuryinjectioncapillarypressures(inair)areabout5Xair
injectioncapillarypressuresforwaterwetcores.

Problem 5:
Supposeyouextractacorefromthetopofawaterwetdeltaicreservoirandmeasureitswateroil
capillarypressurecurve.Youareaskedtoestimatetheoilwatercapillarypressurecurvedeeperinthe
reservoir.
a. Whatqualitativedifferenceinparticlesizedoyouexpectforthebottomofthereservoir
comparedtothetopofthereservoir?

b. Whatqualitativedifferencedoyouexpectfortheporosityatthebottomofthereservoir
comparedtothetopofthereservoirbasedonyouranswerto(a)?

c. Whatqualitativedifferencedoyouexpectforthepermeabilityatthebottomofthereservoir
comparedtothetopofthereservoirbasedonyouranswerto(a)?

d. Assumethemagnitudeofanydifferencesyoufoundin(b)and(c)is20%.UsetheLeverettJ
functiontoestimatetheratioofthecapillarypressuresatanygivenSw.Youmayassumetheoil
andwaterpropertiesarethesameatthetopandbottomofthereservoir.

J(S w )

Pc
ow cosow

Jtop of reservoir (S w )
Jbottom of reservoir (S w )
Pc top of reservoir
Pc bottom of reservoir

Pc top of reservoir

K top of reservoir

Pc bottom of reservoir

top of reservoir

K bottom of reservoir
K top of reservoir

bottom of reservoir
K bottom of reservoir

top of reservoir Jtop of reservoir (S w )

bottom of reservoir Jbottom of reservoir (S w )

But the assumption of Leverett is that J is the same for top and bottom of the reservoir.
Pc top of reservoir
Pc bottom of reservoir
Pc bottom of reservoir

1 1 1
1.2 1 1
1.1Pc top of reservoir

e. Interpretyourresultin(d)toseeifitmakessenseintermsofporesizes.
Smallergrainsgenerallymeansmallpores,whichinturngenerallymeangreatercapillary
pressure.So(d)seemscorrect.

Problem
m 6
Supposeyyouhavealre
eadycalibrate
edyourreservvoircapillary pressurestolabcapillarypressuresand
dthe
relationsh
hipisPc(reserrvoir)=0.33P
Pc(laboratory)).Thelaborattorycapillaryypressurecurrveisshown.The
oilhasAP
PI=35andyo
oumayassum
meawaterde
ensityof1.0gg/cm3.

Estimatetthewatersatturation40ftabovethefre
eewaterleveel.
Twoequivvalentsolutio
ons:
SolutionA
AandB:Thefirstpartofe
eachsolutionisthesame, i.e.,relablethecapillaryp
pressureplottobe
thecapillaarypressurefforthereservvoir.

Pc (reserrvoir) .33P
Pc (laboratorry)
This rela
ation was given, but ho
ow would yo
ou derive su
uch a relatio
on?
Thustherreservoircapillarypressurecurveis:

Solution
nA:
pre
able to overrcome the capillary
c
essure a disstance h abo
ove the free
e water leve
el is
The pressure availa
Pc ( w o )gh
But API (oil) 35

141.5
(

o
)
w

131.5 o 0.85 g / cm 3

14.7 psi
8 g / cm 3 )(9880cm/ sec 2 )((40 ft )(12inn / ft )(2.54cm
m / in)
Pc (1.0 g / cm 3 0.85
6
2
.986 10 dynes / ccm

Pc 2.67
7 psi

Reading
g the water saturation from
f
the res
servoir capiilllary presssure curve
S w 55%

Solution
nB:
From the
e chart, the Pc (oil wate
er contact) .1.75 psi
At equilibrium Pc (oil water con
ntact) h
where h is measure
ed above th
he free wate
er level
h

Pc (oil water con

ntact)
( w - o )g

ButAPI (oil ) 35

141.5

( o)
w

131.5 o 0.85 g / cm

.986 10 6 dynes
1.75 psi
p
d
/ cm 2

14.7 psi
80 cm/ sec 2 )
(0.15 g/cm 3 )(98

h 799cm
c 26.2 ft

Ath=40ftt,Swisaboutt55%.
SolutionB
BismoreworrkthanSolutionAforthessameanswerr.Whywould
dyoueverdoSolutionB?

Problem
m 7
Remembe
erwaybackw
whenwewere
epreparingtostudyDarcyysLaw,wefiirstmodeledarockasabu
undle
ofpipesaandusedPoiseuillesLawtoobtainaqu
ualitativeundderstandingoffflow.Hearkkenbacktoth
hat
derivation
nandderiveaanexpression
nfor(K/)in
n
termsofttheradiusrofthepipes.

For one pipe :

Q
r 2 P
8 L
A
For a bu
unch of pipe
es arranged
d as n rows
s and n columns,
N totall number off pipes n2
r 2 P
Q total NQ
N NA 1 wh
here A 1 arrea of one pipe
p
8 L
But Darccy' s equatio
on for the rock
r
(bundle of pipes) is
K P
A tottal
L
K P
r 2 P
-
NA 1

A
total
L
8 L

Q total -

K(2nr) 2

r2
N(r 2 )
8

r2
N(r 2 )

K 8
r2
2
(
(2nr)
322

Vpipess

Vtotal

Nr 2 L

(2nr) 2 L 4

32

r2

1
8