Engineering Chemistry

Lectures by
Dr.Eng. Vita Paramita,ST, MM, M.Eng
Department of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University
Email: vita.paramita@gmail.com

Evaluation and Assesment Methods

Evaluation
Individual task
Group task
Midterm examination
Final examination

Value (%)
10
10
40
40

Syllabus
Week

Course Outline

Introduction: Chemical process in engineering field

Atomic bonding in solid, liquid, and gas; Forces on chemical bonding

Material balance reaction, compound forming, affinity effect of an atom to

compound bonding

Chemical elements that are contained in fuels, combustion effects, and

material corrosion

High temperature corrosion effect caused by combustion process

Liquid phase sintering, enhanced sintering technique, hot consolidation

technique

MIDTERM EXAMINATION

Syllabus
Week

Course Outline

Fuels: Solid, Liquid, Gas, Nuclear

Octane number, ideal and actual combustion reaction

10

Heat value, flash point, ignition point

11

Orsat devices, smoke-gas analysis, green house effect, air pollution

12

Water hardness, water requirements for industries

13

Water impurities and treatment to the quality of boiler and cooling tower
feed water

14

Group Task

15

Group Task

16

FINAL EXAMINATION

Reference
Leighou
RB.
1953.
Chemistry of Engineering
Materials.
McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc, New
York, US

Reference
Vlack LHV. 1960. Elements
of Materials Science, An
Introductory
Text
for
Engineering
Students.
Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, Inc,

Why do we need to study

Engineering Chemistry?
Related to the materials which are available to use
Basic knowledge of the properties and behavioral
characteristics of the materials used
Applied in in the workplace on multidisciplinary
teams (working with chemists, preparing reports
related with chemical concepts, reporting to
chemists, supervising chemists)
For answering main question:
On what basis is the selection of the material
for a particular part to be made?

Manufacture of an Automobile

Mercedes-Benz SLK200 Kompressor Coup

The variety of materials used : iron, steel (2000

modifications), glass, plastics, rubber

Why study engineering chemistry?

Since it is impossible to have detailed knowledge
of the many thousands of materials available,
the engineer mush have a grasp of the basic
principles that govern the properties of all
materials.

steel

iron

plastic

rubber

Alloys
Mixtures of two or more elements, at least one of
which is a metal, may contain non-metals (eg. carbon)
Properties of alloys are superior to their components
Made by melting, mixing, then cooling the elements
Alloys
Stainless steel
Cast iron
Sterling silver
Bronze

Fe
80.6
96
-

C
0.4
4
-

Composition (%)
Cr
Ni
Ag
18
1
92.5
-

Cu
7.5
88

Sn
12

Mechanical Properties
Strength
Toughness
Hardness

Elasticity
Ductility

Although materials does not have to resist all

deformation, for automobile, it must be
permanently deformed in the shaping operation.

Mechanical Properties
Strength: the ability of a solid object to withstand
an applied stress without failure
a subject which deals with the behavior of
objects withstanding stresses and strains
Compressive
stress
Stresses

Tensile stress
Shear stress

Strength

Elastic strain
Strains
Plastic strain

Stress
Stress = force per unit area, =
Units of stress:
Units of stress:

( )( )
( )( )

= psi

(British unit)

= Pa

(SI unit)

Ex. Which part has the greater stress:

(a) an aluminium bar of 0.97 in. 1.21 in. cross
section, under a load of 16,750 lb?
(b) a steel bar whose cross-sectional diameter is
0.505 in., under a 10,800-lb load?

Types of Stress
Compressive stress (or compression)
caused by an applied load that acts to
reduce the length of the material

Tensile stress
caused by an applied load that tends
to elongate the material

Shear stress
caused by a pair of the built energy by
opposing forces acting along parallel
lines of action through the material

Strain
Strain: the deformation of a material, usually
length (as a percent of the original length)
It may be elastic or plastic

=
Units of strain:

Ex. A 2-in gage length is marked on a copper rod.

The rod is strained so that the gage marks are
2.27 in. apart. Calculate the strain!

Types of Strain
Elastic Strain: present only during stressing and
disappears after the load is removed
the ability of a material to return to
its original shape after stress is
released
Plastic strain: permanently given to a material by
stresses which exceed the elastic limit
The result of a permanent displacement of the
atoms inside the material

Effect of the Stress on the Strain

P : limit of proportionality
E : elasticity limit
YU : upper yield limit
YL : lower yield limit
S : ultimate tensile strength
B : rupture
Strain hardening region

Elastic Strain
Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity)
measure of the stiffness of an elastic material
ratio between the stress applied and elastic
strain that results
Modulus of Elasticity (E) =
psi =

Related to rigidity
The value specific for each material

Example of Youngs Modulus

If the average modulus of elasticity of the
steel used is 29,500,000 psi, how much will a
wire 0.1 in in diameter and 10 ft long be
elongated when it supports a load of 1000 lb?

10

Mechanical Properties
Elasticity describes a solids
ability to be stretched and then
return to its original size.
Brittleness is defined as the
tendency of a solid to crack or
break before stretching very
much.

Mechanical Properties
Tensile strength is a measure
of how much stress a material
can withstand before breaking

Hardness measures a solids

resistance to penetration of the
surface

11

Mechanical Properties
A ductile material can be bent a
without breaking.
The ductility of many metals,
like copper, allow them to be
drawn into wire.
Malleability measures a
solids ability to be pounded
into thin sheets.
Aluminum is a highly
malleable metal.

Mechanical Properties
Toughness: a measure of the energy required to
break a material
Energy = force distance (ft.lb)

12

Effect of Thermal
on the Mechanical Properties
Almost all solid materials
expand as the temperature
increases.
The increased temperature
makes each particle take up a
little more space, causing
thermal expansion.
Sidewalks and bridges have
grooves that allow for
thermal expansion.

Thermal Properties
Distinguish between temperature and heat:
Temperature: a level of thermal activity (C, F)
Heat: thermal energy (calories, BTU)
The significant temperature levels are the
melting point and the boiling point
Since they are transition points of the material
phase
(between
different
structural
arrangements of the atoms within the material)

13

Chemical Properties
Many materials are subject to chemical
deterioration:
Direct oxidation of a metal
An organic material, e.g. Rubber
Some materials need concern on a chemical
solution
Chemical corrosion due to environment

Electrical Properties
Electrical property of a material: resistivity
(ohmscm)
because resistance increases with length and
decreases with cross section

Resistance = resistivity
Dielectric strength: the ability of a material to
resist electrical breakdown (Volts/mil)

14

Units
SI

British

Length

Meter (m)

Feet (ft); inch (in)

Weight

Gram (g)

Pounds (lbm)

Temperature

Kelvin (K)

Farenheit (F)

Force

Newton (N)

Pounds (lbf)

Energy

Joule (J)

Stress

Pascal (Pa)

British Thermal Unit

(BTU)
Pound Square Inch (psi)

Thermal Energy

Calories (cal) British Thermal Unit

(BTU)

15