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Chapter 27
Viruses
1. A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme renders the protein non-functional.
How would the affect the HIV infection cycle?
A. The gp120 glycoprotein would no longer be able to bind to the CCR5 receptor.
B. Reverse transcription would no longer be possible.
C. Formation of the provirus would be stopped.
D. Cutting and assembling the capsid would be halted.
2. Vibrio cholerae lives in water and gets the genes to produce a toxin from a virus (phage
conversion). The toxin kills the intestinal epithelial cells in the human host resulting in
massive diarrhea. Untreated cholera has about a 50% mortality rate. How does killing humans
help the bacteria?
A. The diarrhea helps the bacteria to spread.
B. Killing humans provides nutrients for the bacteria.
C. Humans are the wrong host and are killed by accident.
D. The bacteria reproduces faster in a dead human.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
3. Once a prophage is formed, the viral genes are reproduced every time the bacterium
multiplies. The genes that encode the lytic cycle are held in check by a repressor protein.
Stress induces the formation of proteases that degrade the repressor. How would this affect the
prophage?
A. Apoptosis would be induced.
B. The bacterium rejects the viral genes.
C. The virus enters the lytic cycle.
D. The bacterial genome is denatured.
Blooms Level: 3. Apply
LO: 27.02.01 Distinguish between lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophage.
Section: 27.02 Bacteriophage: Bacterial Viruses
Topic: Viruses
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
5. Viruses are self-replicating but the replication is much faster in a host cell.
FALSE
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
8. Retroviruses are unique because they are a combination of RNA and DNA.
FALSE
9. What kind of pathogen would retain its ability to cause infections after being treated with
powerful proteolytic chemicals that would destroy all proteinaceous material?
A. A virus
B. A prion
C. A fungus
D. A bacterium
E. A viroid
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
10. Flu shots are vaccines against the most common strains of the flu virus. Most vaccines are
rarely changed but new flu vaccines are produced every year. Why are flu shots constantly
being reformulated?
A. The flu virus is not completely known.
B. Certain parts of the viral genome are reshuffled by mutations and recombination.
C. The virus mixes with prions.
D. The virus shifts from RNA to DNA.
Blooms Level: 3. Apply
LO: 27.04.01 Explain why we need a new vaccine each year for influenza.
Section: 27.04 Other Viral Diseases
Topic: Viruses
11. Which class of drugs would be effective against HIV but not against most other
pathogenic viruses?
A. Nucleotide analogs that halt replication.
B. Receptor antagonists that block viral entry.
C. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that block reverse transcription.
D. Translation inhibitors that stop assembly of viral proteins.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
12. Nucleotide analogs are a class of drugs that are highly effective against many types of
viruses. They work by halting the replication of viral genes. They are equally effective at
stopping the spread of prion diseases.
FALSE
13. Gardasil is marketed as a cervical cancer vaccine but it is actually a human papilloma
virus vaccine. Why is this done?
A. The virus multiplies more rapidly in cancerous cells.
B. Cancer cells are particularly susceptible to viral infection.
C. Genital warts is a sign of cancer.
D. The viral infection in the cervical epithelial cells may cause the cells to become cancerous.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
14. If the gp120 glycoprotein were damaged as a result of a mutation, HIV would have
difficulty:
A. binding to a host cell
B. leaving a macrophage
C. inserting its genes into the host cell's genome
D. assembling the capsid
E. attaching its RNA to a host cell's ribosome
Blooms Level: 3. Apply
LO: 27.03.01 Explain how the HIV virus compromises the immune system.
Section: 27.03 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Topic: Viruses
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
16. Tetracycline is effective against viruses because it disrupts the action of the viral
ribosomes.
FALSE
17. The pneumonia caused by the influenza virus results from the accumulation of fluid and
cell debris in the lungs. This occurs during the lysogenic life cycle of the virus.
FALSE
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
18. Plasma from a sick mouse is filtered across a membrane that has a 200 nm pore size. If
the filtrate is still infectious if injected into a healthy mouse, then the pathogen is most likely
a(n):
A. bacterium
B. archaean
C. fungus
D. virus
E. parasitic worm
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
20. A ____________ can contain DNA or RNA as its genetic material, but not both.
virus
21. Outside the protein sheath, many viruses have a(n) _______ made of protein, lipid, and
carbohydrate.
envelope
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
22. Viruses can ________ only after they have entered a host cell, and only by using the
host's cellular machinery.
reproduce
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
LO: 27.01.02 Understand the basic mechanism of viral replication.
Section: 27.01 The Nature of Viruses
Topic: Viruses
23. _____________ infects the CD4+ T cells, which are required for normal immunity.
HIV
24. The SARS virus is a member of the family of viruses called ____________.
coronavirus
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
25. Most viruses form a capsid around their nucleic acid core. This capsid is composed of
A. proteins.
B. monosaccharides.
C. glycoproteins.
D. lipoproteins.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
27. Recently a class of infectious proteins with no associated nucleic acid have been
identified. They are referred to as
A. bacteriophages.
B. latent viruses.
C. viroids.
D. prions.
E. virions.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
28. The HIV virus is considered a(n) ______ virus, because after getting integrated into the
host cell chromosomes, it does not begin replicating immediately.
A. phage
B. latent
C. transforming
D. benign
E. inducible
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
LO: 27.03.02 Describe the disease AIDS.
Section: 27.03 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Topic: Viruses
29. Each HIV particle possesses a ___________ on its surface, called gp120, that precisely
binds to a protein, called CD4, that is found on the surfaces of the immune system cells called
macrophages and T cells.
A. nucleic acid
B. phospholipid
C. polysaccharide
D. glycolipid
E. glycoprotein
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
33. A layer of lipoprotein and glycoprotein that covers the outer surface of some viruses is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
capsid.
casing.
envelope.
membrane.
viroid.
34. Viruses that become established as stable parts of the host cell genome are called
A. lethal.
B. potent.
C. temperate.
D. virulent.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
36. Which of the following is a virus with an icosahedral head, a capsid that contains
primarily three proteins, a connecting neck with a collar and long whiskers, a long tail and a
complex base plate?
A. influenza virus
B. measles virus
C. T4 bacteriophage
D. HIV
E. tuberculosis
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
LO: 27.02.02 Describe how viruses can contribute DNA to their hosts.
Section: 27.02 Bacteriophage: Bacterial Viruses
Topic: Viruses
37. Benign Vibrio cholerae becomes pathogenic by all of the following steps except
A. a bacteriophage introduces a gene coding for the cholera toxin.
B. the cholera toxin gene is incorporated into the benign Vibrio cholerae chromosome.
C. the benign host is transformed into a disease-causing agent by the toxin.
D. the cholera toxin gene is translated.
E. a bacteriophage binds only to benign Vibrio cholerae without pili.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
38. The infection cycle of HIV includes all of the following steps except
A. attachment.
B. entry.
C. replication.
D. immediately killing the host cell.
E. viral DNA integrates into the host chromosome.
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
LO: 27.03.02 Describe the disease AIDS.
Section: 27.03 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Topic: Viruses
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
41. An example of an "emerging virus" (a virus in a new host) with a lethality rate in excess
of 50% is
A. influenza virus.
B. Ebola virus.
C. hepatitis B.
D. variola virus.
E. yellow fever.
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
LO: 27.04.02 Illustrate where emerging viruses come from.
Section: 27.04 Other Viral Diseases
Topic: Viruses
42. HIV infects cells by recognizing the cell-surface markers with its own
A. DNA.
B. glycoproteins.
C. reverse transcriptase.
D. capsid protein.
E. enzymes.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
45. A scientist is studying the lysogenic cycle of the lambda 1 phage of Escherichia coli. This
means that she is investigating
A. the integration and stabilizing of the lambda 1 phase into a host cell's genome.
B. the integration of the bacteria's genome with the viral genome outside of the bacteria's cell
wall.
C. the integration of the viral genome into the ribosomes present in the bacteria to direct
protein synthesis for the capsid formation.
D. the integration and stabilizing of a virus into its capsid, which provides protection until
conditions are better for reproduction.
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
LO: 27.02.01 Distinguish between lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophage.
Section: 27.02 Bacteriophage: Bacterial Viruses
Topic: Viruses
46. If a virus enters the lytic phase in a host's cell, it will cause the host cell to
A. reject the virus.
B. shrink because of the loss of cytoplasm that has been used in the synthesis of viral DNA.
C. lyse due to the action of enzymes
D. replicate itself at a higher than normal frequency.
E. initiate an attack on the virus.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
47. Scientists have demonstrated that the cholera bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, can exist as a
rather harmless form or, by phage conversion, can exist as a disease-causing, virulent form.
This conversion is caused by
A. the phage entering the cholera bacterium genome and causing the bacterium's cell to lyse.
B. the phage introducing a gene into the bacterium's chromosome that codes for the cholera
toxin that can cause death in humans.
C. the phage altering the cell wall of the cholera bacterium that produces a toxin that can
cause death in humans.
D. the phage alters the host cell, which permits direct entry of the cholera bacterium into the
host cell leading to death in humans.
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
LO: 27.02.02 Describe how viruses can contribute DNA to their hosts.
Section: 27.02 Bacteriophage: Bacterial Viruses
Topic: Viruses
48. The specific white blood cells that HIV attaches to are the ____________ cells.
A. CD4+
B. gp120 -T
C. CCR5-T
D. CXCR4-T
E. CD8-T
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
49. Diseases such as scrapie in sheep, "mad cow" disease in cattle, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in humans are known as
A. viroids.
B. viruses.
C. retroviruses.
D. TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies).
E. emerging viruses, for example Ebola.
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
LO: 27.05.02 Describe the mechanism of prion transmission.
Section: 27.05 Prions and Viroids: Subviral Particles
Topic: Viruses
50. Viruses infect every organism that has been investigated for their presence. However,
viruses can only replicate in
A. very limited conditions, depending on their capsid type.
B. a very limited manner if they are a retrovirus.
C. a very limited manner depending on their envelope capability with the host's cell
membrane or cell wall.
D. their lytic stage outside the host cell membrane.
E. a very limited number of the host's cells.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
54. What is the name for parasitic viral DNA that has been integrated into the chromosome of
its bacterial host?
A. prophage
B. prophase
C. viroid
D. virion
E. arbovirus
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
LO: 27.02.01 Distinguish between lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophage.
Section: 27.02 Bacteriophage: Bacterial Viruses
Topic: Viruses
55. One way in which retroviruses differ from all other types of viruses is that retroviruses
A. possess an RNA genome.
B. possess only single-stranded nucleic acids.
C. can create a prophage.
D. have single-strained RNA that serves as viral mRNA.
E. have the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
56. The enormous genetic diversity of HIV has made it especially difficult to create a vaccine
against the virus. This genetic diversity is largely the result of
A. its large variety of capsid proteins.
B. the great variety of HIV in the environment.
C. alternate splicing of exons.
D. the high error rate of reverse transcriptase.
E. the high sensitivity of the virus to UV radiation.
Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate
LO: 27.03.02 Describe the disease AIDS.
Section: 27.03 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Topic: Viruses
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
59. Which of the following is a unique feature of viruses that separates them from bacteria?
A. They are generally smaller.
B. They are often highly toxic.
C. They lack proteins.
D. They have different nucleotides in their hereditary material.
E. They cannot exist outside of a host cell.
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
60. While they are simple relative to cells, viruses often have a very diverse collection of
components. Which one of the following choices is least likely to be found as part of a virus?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
61. Which of the following would not be a component of a newly produced HIV virus?
A. protein capsid
B. RNA
C. reverse transcriptase
D. viral envelope
E. complementary DNA
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
62. Which of the following statements about the types and subtypes of the influenza (flu)
virus is false?
A. Of the three major types of flu virus (A, B, and C), only Type A can occur in humans,
other mammals, and birds.
B. Flu subtype is determined by the kinds of proteins representing the H and N protein spikes
making up the capsid of the virus.
C. The A(H2N2) and the A(H3N2) strains of the virus require different vaccines.
D. High mutation rates create more diversity in strains of flu than does genetic
recombination.
E. Genetic recombination between flu strains from different species is common.
Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate
LO: 27.04.01 Explain why we need a new vaccine each year for influenza.
Section: 27.04 Other Viral Diseases
Topic: Viruses
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Chapter 27 - Viruses
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