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Abstract
Landfill leachate obtained from the solid waste landfill area contained high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium ions which
resulted in low COD and ammonium removals by direct biological treatment. COD and ammonium ion contents of the leachate were
reduced to reasonable levels by chemical precipitation with lime and air stripping of ammonia. The pre-treated leachate was subjected to
aerobic biological treatment in an aeration tank by fed-batch operation. The effects of the feed wastewater COD content and flow rate on
COD and ammonium ions removal were investigated. Nearly 76% COD and 23% NH4 -N removals were obtained after 30 h of operation
with a flow rate of 0.21 l h1 and the feed COD content of 7000 mg COD l1 . COD removal efficiency decreased with increasing COD
loading rates. A kinetic model for COD removal was developed and the kinetic constants were determined by using the experimental data.
2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Biological treatment; Fed-batch operation; Landfill leachate
1. Introduction
Treatment of municipal landfill leachates presents unique
problems from engineering point of view mainly because of
high chemical oxygen demand (COD) (600015,000 mg l1 )
and ammonium ion (5003000 mg l1 ) contents, high
COD/BOD ratio and also due to the presence of toxic
compounds such as metal ions [15]. Landfill leachate
management has been given significant attention in recent
years especially for municipal areas [110]. Composition
of the landfill leachates present variations depending on the
nature of the landfilled solid wastes, the active microbial
flora, characteristics of the soil, the rainfall patterns and the
age of the landfill [11]. Usually young landfill leachates
are treated more easily as compared to the old ones. Therefore, the leachate should be characterized before a suitable
treatment strategy was developed.
Usually a combination of physical, chemical and biological methods are used for effective treatment of landfill
leachate, since it is difficult to obtain satisfactory results
by using anyone of those methods alone. Sedimentation,
air stripping, adsorption, membrane filtration are the major
physical methods used for leachate treatment [5,6,12,14].
These methods are usually used in combination with chemi
0141-0229/$ see front matter 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0141-0229(03)00187-X
589
2. Theoretical background
Fed-batch operation of an aeration tank involves slow addition of highly concentrated wastewater (or nutrient media)
into aeration tank with no effluent removal until the tank is
full. Aeration tank contains small volume of highly active
and dense organisms at the beginning of the operation. High
strength wastewater containing toxic compounds is diluted
590
(1)
1
m S
=
H
Ks + S
(2)
or
S=
Ks D
m D
(2a)
(3)
591
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
-1
Coagulant dose ( g l )
Fig. 1. COD removal efficiencies from landfill leachate for different
coagulating agents and concentrations. FeCl3 (); alum (); lime ().
(mg1 )
pH
COD
TOC
TN
NH4 -N
NO3 -N
TP
PO4 -P
TSS
Ni
Zn
Cu
Cr
8.15
9500
3750
1450
1270
7.3
33
31
21000
0.066
0.160
0.665
0.191
TN: total nitrogen; TP: total phosphorous; TSS: total suspended solids; TOC: total organic carbon; COD: chemical oxygen demand.
592
2800
8
2300
CODe ( mg l-1 )
Vt ( l )
7
6
5
4
1800
1300
800
3
300
2
0
10
20
25
30
Time ( h )
(a)
10
15
20
25
30
Time ( h )
80
26
70
24
60
22
50
40
30
20
18
20
16
10
14
0
0
(c)
(b)
Xt ( g )
15
10
15
Time ( h )
20
25
30
(d)
10
15
20
25
30
Time ( h )
Fig. 2. Variation of process variables with time in fed-batch treatment of landfill leachate for the feed COD0 of 4170 mg l1 and feed flow rate of
0.18 l h1 . (a) Wastewater volume in tank; (b) COD concentration: control (), experimental (); (c) percent COD removal; (d) total biomass in tank.
593
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
Time ( h )
Fig. 3. Variation of percent COD removals with time for different feed COD concentrations with the feed flow rate of 0.18 l h1 . Symbols for different
feed CODs are () 980 mg l1 , () 2800 mg l1 , () 5100 mg l1 , () 7050 mg l1 .
Q(Si S)
kXS
Rm S
=
=
V0 + Qt
Ks + S
Ks + S
(4)
(5)
594
1600
77
76
75
74
1200
73
1000
72
71
800
70
69
600
CODe ( mg l -1 )
1400
68
400
300
67
800
1300
1800
2300
2800
3300
3800
LCOD ( mg h-1 )
(a)
27
400
NH4-Ne ( mg l -1 )
25
350
24
23
300
22
21
250
20
19
200
26
18
150
17
30
80
130
180
230
280
330
380
(b)
Fig. 4. Variations of the effluent concentrations and percent removals for COD and NH4 -N at the end of the operation with COD and NH4 -N loading
rates. (a) COD; (b) NH4 -N: effluent COD or NH4 -N (), percent COD or NH4 -N removal ().
28
26
1/Rs*103 ( L h mg-1)
24
22
20
18
y= 4.614x + 12.241
16
R = 0.9043
5. Conclusions
14
7.0
1.2
1.7
2.2
3
2.7
3.2
-1
1/Se*10 ( L mg )
Fig. 5. Double reciprocal plot of 1/Rs vs. 1/S at the quasi steady-state for
determination of kinetic constants for COD removal.
Acknowledgments
This study was partly supported by the research funds of
Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta and Dokuz Eylul
University in Izmir, Turkey.
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