Stoichiometry:

Conversions w/chemical
formulas & equations
Chapter 3

Chemistry the Central Science

by: Brown, Lemay, Bursten, Murphy & Woodward

Presented by: Dr. Stacey Gulde

Weights

Formula weight (FW) sum of atomic weights of

each atom in a chemical formula

Unit = amu
Can also be called molecular weight (MW) if dealing w/a
molecule

FW or MW= (# of Atoms)(AW)

What is the MW of 1 H2O molecule?

(2)(1.008) +(1)(16.00) =18.02 amu

Use ALL digits on Periodic Table
Can round answer to 2 decimals

Exact or Inexact?

Percent Composition
(Exp. 2)

Percent composition mass contributed by each

element in a substance
%Composition

# atoms AW of atom
x100
FW

B/c ratio of elements for a specific compound dont change

Useful for verifying purity of a sample

%Composition

# atoms AW of atom
x100
FW

Percent Composition

6 1.008amu

x100

13.13% H

What is the percent composition of hydrogen in

ethanol, C2H5OH?
%H

46.07 amu

FW= (2)(12.01) +(6)(1.008) + (1)(16.00) = 46.07 amu

Chemical
Conversion Factors
Formula ratio
Avogadro's #
Molar mass

Most common chemical Conversation Factors:

1.
2.
3.

Remember: NEVER start a calculation w/a

conversion factor

ALL calculations MUST have the chemical formula

as part of the UNIT!

1. Ratio Conversion Factor

molecule
molecule
molecule
molecule
molecule

Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2

=
=
=
=
=

1 Ca atoms
___
___
2 N atoms
___
6 O atoms
1 Ca2+ ions
___
___
2 NO3- ions

Ratio: describes the # atoms or ions in 1 molecule

1
1
1
1
1

Ex. Ca(NO3)2:

Exact or inexact?

Sample Problem

Na+ ions

1 molecules Na3PO4

3.1: What goes

in the bottom?
A. 1
B. 3
C. 5
D. 6
E. 9

Calculate the number of Na3PO4 molecules present if

you have 1.20x1024 sodium ions.
? molecules Na3PO4
1.20x1024 Na+ ions

1.20 x10 24 Na ions

4.00x1023 Na 3 PO4molecules

12C

large

2. Avogadros Number
& the Mole

Convenient to have a word for describing a

numbers of objects
1 dozen =12

Mole (mol) = # objects in exactly 12 grams of

1 mol = 6.022x1023
Avogadro's #
Exact or inexact?

Avogadro's # Contd

1 mole of anything always has 6.022x1023 objects

1 mol bagels = 6.022x1023 bagels

1 mol Ni = 6.022x1023 Ni ______________
atoms
molecules
1 mol H2O = 6.022x1023 H2O _______________

How to know what your object is?

Diatomics , Molecular, Ionics or Acids

If have an element (ie. Ni) object = atom

If have a compound (ie. H2O) object = molecule

Depends on the CHEMICAL

Sample
Problem

mol SBr6

6.022x1023 molec. SBr6

3.2: In Bottom?
A. 1
B. 6.022x1023

How many molecules of sulfur hexabromide are there

in 4.58 moles sulfur hexabromide?
SBr6
? Molecules _______
4.58 moles SBr6

4.58mols SBr6

2.76x10 24 molecules SBr6

10

grams
mol

3. Molar Mass

Molar mass (Mm) - mass (in grams) of 1 mole of a

chemical
Unit =

Mm of H2O = (2)(1.008) +(1)(16.00) = 18.02 g/mol

Calculate the same way as FW or MW

Exact or Inexact?

Sample Problem

342.17 g Al2(SO4)3
1 mols Al2(SO4)3

100.0 g Al 2 SO4

Calculate how many grams are in 0.2923 mols Al2(SO4)3.

? g Al2(SO4)3

0.2923 mols Al 2 SO4

0.2923 mols Al2(SO4)3

Mm:
g
(2)(26.98)+ (3)(32.07) + (12)(16.00) 342.17 mol

Summary of
Conversion Factors
MOLES ARE the STAR of the show!!

Mm

Ratio

13

1.

3.3:
What
unitmany
on top?
3.4:
Where
put
3.5:
How
23?top?
A.
Atoms
6.022x10
atoms
on
B. Molecules
A.A.Top
1
B.B.Bottom
2
C. 3
D. 5
E. 6

Sample Problems

(compound)

Avog#

Ratio

Calculate the number of aluminum atoms in 7.61g

aluminum sulfide. Al3+ S2-

? Al atoms
Al2S3
7.61g _______

Mm

150.17 g mol

14

6.10x1022 Al atoms

7.61g Al 2 S3 1mol Al 2 S 3 6.022 x10 23molec. Al2 S3 2 Al atoms

1 molec. Al 2 S3
150.17g Al 2 S 3
mol Al 2 S 3
1

Mm:
(2)(26.98) +(3)(32.07)

Next Slide

Sample Problems

Avog#

(Element)

mol Al

Mm

26.98 g Al
mol Al

2. Calculate the number of grams of aluminum present

if you have 1.20x1024 aluminum atoms.
? grams Al

1.20x1024 Al atoms

1.20x1024 Al atoms

6.022x1023 Al atoms

53.8 g Al

15

Determining Empirical &

Molecular Formulas

C6 H 6

MF

EF x

CH x ,

Molecular Formula (MF) actual formula

Empirical Formula (EF) smallest mole ratio

Difference factor (x) = 6

Molecular formula = C6H6

Empirical formula = CH

Ex: Benzene

If know the moles of each element in a compound,

able to calculate subscripts in empirical formula

To find molecular formula, need the difference factor, use

molar masses
78.11 g mol 13.02 g mol x ,
x 6

1.

2.

3.

Must find Empirical before Molecular!

Ex: If have 51.7% C, then you would have 51.7g C

If have mass %, assume 100% = 100 g sample

Get moles of each element:

Determine Empirical Formula (EF)

Find smallest mole ratio: divide by smallest # of moles

No decimals! May need to multiply each element by an

integer to obtain a whole #

Calculate Molecular Formula (MF)

Use Mm to determine difference factor (x)

MF = (EF)(x)

17

Sample Problems

1. A 2.50g unknown sample has 2.33g of copper and the

remainder is nitrogen. What is the empirical formula?

smallest

mole ratio

0.012 mols N / 0.012 mols

= 1N

0.0367 mols Cu/ 0.012 mols = 3Cu

2.50g Sample 2.33g Cu = 0.17g N

2.33 g Cu 1 mol Cu
63.55g Cu

0.17 g N 1 mol N
14.01 g N

Empirical Formula =

Cu3 N

18

Sample Problems
smallest

2. A compound contains 51.7% C, 6.95% H and 41.3% O.

Determine the empirical & molecular formula. The molar
mass of the molecular formula is ~232.2 g/mol.
%

mole ratio

No
Decimals!
x3 = 5C

1.67C

x3 = 8H

4.30 mols C / 2.58 mols

6.89 mols H / 2.58 mols 2.67 H

x3 = 3O

51.7 g C 1 mol C
12.0 1g C

6.95 g H 1 mol H
1.008 g H

2.58 mols O / 2.58 mols 1.00 O

C5 H 8O3

41.3 g O 1 mol O
16.00g O

Empirical Formula =

19

A compound contains 51.7% C, 6.95% H and 41.3% O.

Determine the empirical & molecular formula. The molar
mass of the molecular formula is ~232.2 g/mol.

Empirical formula = C5H8O3

MF = (EF)(x)

116.11 g mol x

EF = 5(12.01)+8(1.008)+3(16.00) = 116.11g/mol

232.2 g mol

C10 H16O6

(Multiply subscripts)

x 2
C5 H 8O3 2

Molecular Formula =

20

Chemical Reactions
and Equations

Chemical reactions (rxns) when chemicals are

transformed into new chemicals
reactants

O 2 (g)

product

(s )
(l )
(g )
(aq )

Symbol

2 H 2 O(l)

Phase
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Aqueous

21

Chemical equations symbolic representation of a

chem. rxn
coefficient

2 H 2 (g)

Reactants: starting chemical(s)

Products: ending chemical(s)
Phase state of matter

Dissolved
in water

Understanding
Chemical Equations

Law of Conservation of matter - matter is neither

created nor destroyed, only transformed

O2(g)

2* H2O( l )
H: 4
O: 2

*Distribute
coefficient

# of elements on both sides of a rxn must be equal!!

2* H2(g)
H: 4
O: 2

Such equations are said to be balanced

22

1.

2.

How to Write a
Balanced Equation
Write correct chemical formulas

If an IONIC or ACID compound, use IONS!

Positive ion written first

Balance each element by adjusting coefficients

Smallest whole-numbers are preferred (no fractions)

Smallest ratio is desired (reduce coefficients)

23

1.

Sample Problems

K Cl
1
2
1

2+

Pb:
NO3:
K:
Cl:

1
1 2
1 2

K NO3

PbCl2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

Pb Cl

Write a balanced equation for when aqueous lead (II) nitrate

reacts with aqueous potassium chloride to produce solid lead
(II) chloride and a solution of potassium nitrate.
2+

Pb NO3

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KCl(aq)
Pb:
NO3:
K:
Cl:

Can keep polyatomics together when balancing

24

Sample Problems

4 H 2O (l )

5HCl (aq )

H 3 PO4 (aq )

2. Liquid phosphorus pentachloride reacts with water to

produce hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid

PCl5 (l )

H: 8 (5+3)

25

Types of Reactions
Combination
Decomposition
Combustion
Single Replacement
Double Replacement

Next chapter

Many reactions have characteristics in common

5 Basic types:
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

26

1. Combination Rxn

2 H 2 O(l)

Combination 2 reactants (in natural state) form 1

product

O 2 (g)

Also known as: synthesis rxn

2 H 2 (g)

27

F2
3 F2 ( g )

Sample
Problem

3+ -

Al F

AlF3

3.6: Compound formed?

A. Acid
B. Diatomic
C. Ionic
D. Molecular

*Ionic!
Use IONS !

Write the reaction for the combination of solid aluminum

and fluorine gas.

Al
2 Al(s)

Never move
subscripts!

28

2. Decomposition Rxns

2 H 2 (g)

O 2 (g)

Decomposition 1 reactant creates 2 products (in

natural state)

Ex. Decomposing water

2 H 2 O(l)

29

Sample Problem

Li2O(aq )

4Li ( s )

O2 (g)

Decomposition of aqueous lithium oxide.

Li+ O22

30

3. Combustion Rxn

Combustion Burning of hydrocarbons in air

(O2)

CO2 ( g ) H 2O( g )

Skeleton equation for a complete rxn:

(C & Hs)

H2O boils at 100 C

Note: H2O phase of can be gas or liquid depending

upon the temp of the rxn

hydrocarbon O2 ( g )

31

1.

Sample Problems
2

O2 ( g )

CO2 ( g )

=4

2 H 2O ( g )

Write the combustion reaction for liquid CH4 occurring at

high temperatures.

CH 4 (l )

32

2.

Sample Problems

=5

4CO2 ( g )

=6

BAD!

Multiply eq. by 2

4H 2O ( g )

33

Write the combustion reaction for liquid C2H4O, occurring at

high temps.
5
2 CO2 ( g ) 2 H 2O ( g ))
2(C2 H 4O (l )
2 O2 ( g )
Dont forget

To balance Oxygen on reactant side:

-1

5 O2 ( g )

Odd, use fraction

product Os - hydrocarbon Os = # of O2 needed

6

2 C2 H 4O (l )

1,
1,
1,
1,
1,

1
9
12
12
6

1, 1
6, 6
6, 12
6, 6
6, 6

Question

Next
Slide

3.7: What are the best coefficients for the following

combustion reaction?
___C6H12O6 + ___O2
___CO2 + ___H2O
A.
B.
C.

D.
E.

34

Understanding
Balanced Equations

35

Industry
Concerns

If 45g of H2 reacts, how many grams of H2O are

formed?

If 1000g of H2O is required to produce a profit, how

many grams of O2 must we start the reaction with?
And many many more

Need a way to calculate info about different

chemicals in a chemical reaction.

36

Stoichiometry

Bread

Sandwich

3.8: # Sandwiches?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

5 Sandwiches

You have 10 slices of bread & 2 slices make 1 sandwich.

How many sandwiches can you make?

10 Bread

37

Stoichiometry

1Sandwich

Stoichiometry a numerical relationship

between ANY chemical in a balanced equation

2Bread

Coefficients give conversion factor that converts

mols of 1 compound to mols of another!

Exact or inexact?

Name of this conversion factor? Mol to mol ratio!!

___mols
2
Bread = ___
1 mols Sandwich
2
___mols
H2 = ___
1 mols O2
___
2 mols H2 = ___
2 mols H2O
38
1 mols O2 = ___
2 mols H2O
___

Solving
Stoichiometry Problems
given compound

Moles are still the star!

1. Get to moles of the

2. Use mol:mol ratio to

convert from 1 compound
to a different compound

Use coefficients
Write a balanced eq?
3. Convert to
desired unit

Sample Problems

1. How many moles of H3PO4 will be produced from 5.1

mols of HBr?

1.7molsH3 PO4

3
4
? mols

3 NaBr (aq ) H PO (aq )

molsHBr

1 molH3 PO4

mol:mol

3HBr (aq ) Na3 PO4 (aq )

5.1 mols

5.1molsHBr

What does this mean?

IF 5.1 mols of HBr is all used up,theoretically 1.7 mols of

40
H3PO4 will be produced

Sample Problems

3.9: What in
bottom?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

6.022x1023

Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) 6H 2 O(l)

2. How many molecules of sulfuric acid are needed to

react with 5.1 g of iron(III) hydroxide?

5.1 g

3H 2SO 4 (aq) 2Fe(OH)3 (s)

? molec.

mol:mol
ratio

mol

41

= 4.3x1022 molec. H2SO4

3 mols H 2SO 4 molec. H2SO4

5.1g Fe(OH)3 1mol Fe(OH)3
106.87g Fe(OH)3 2 mols Fe(OH)3 1mol H 2SO 4

Mm: Fe(OH)3
(1)(55.85)+(3)(16.00)+(3)(1.008)= 106.87

NOTE:

Only use coefficients in mol:mol ratio

1. NEVER use coefficients when calculating Mm

2.

42

Limiting

3.10: # Sandwiches?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

You have 10 slices of bread and 12 slices of cheese.

1Sandwich

If 2 slices of Bread and 3 slices of cheese make 1 sandwich,

how many cheese sandwiches can you make?

2 Bread 3Cheese

43

Limiting Reactants

Limiting reactant starting chemical that is

completely consumed (all used up) during the rxn
It controls how much is produced
All other reactant(s) are in excess

How do you recognize a limiting reactant problem?

12slices

Given info about BOTH reactants and asked to find info

about a product!!
2Bread + 3Cheese
1Sandwich
10slices

44

2Bread + 3Cheese

Limiting Reactants

Least

Convert each reactant to the same product

Does not matter which one you choose
5 Sandwichs
4 Sandwichs

1Sandwich

Limiting reactant = reactant that gives the least amount

_______ is limiting, b/c can only produce ____
Cheese
4 sandwiches

1 Sandwich
12 Cheese
3 Cheese

1 Sandwich
10 Bread
2 Bread

Once you recognize you are dealing with a limiting

reactant problem, whats next?
1.

2.

45

Sample
Problem

?g

3.11:
limiting?
3.12:What
How is
much
NO?
A.A. NH
2.22
3
B.B. O2.00
2
C.C. NO
4.22
D.
D. H0.22
2O

2.00 g NO

46

2.22g NO

4 NO ( g ) 6 H 2O( g )

How many grams of nitrogen monoxide can be produced?

1.26 grams of ammonia reacts with 2.66g of oxygen gas.

A.
2.66g

4mols NO 30.01g NO
4mols NH 3 1mol NO

4 NH 3 ( g ) 5O2 ( g )
1.26g

Find limiting!

1.26g NH 3

1mol NH 3
17.03 g NH 3

2.66g O2 1mol O2 4mols NO 30.01g NO

32.00 g O2 5mols O2 1mol NO
limiting!

Sample Problem

1.26 grams of ammonia reacts with 2.66g of oxygen gas.

?g

4NO( g ) 6H 2O( g )

B. How many grams of each reactant is left after rxn is

complete?
2.66g

O2 is limiting,
its ALL USED UP!
0g left

Initial used up

4NH 3( g ) 5O2( g )
1.26g

NH3 is in excess,
its NOT ALL USED UP!
Some left

Excess

47

1.26 grams of ammonia reacts with 2.66g of oxygen gas.

?g

= 0.13g NH3

4NO( g ) 6H 2O( g )

B. How much of each reactant is left after the rxn is complete?

2.66g
Limiting

Initial used up
1.26g

4NH 3( g ) 5O2( g )
1.26g
Excess

Excess
NH3

?
1.13g

1.13g NH 3

Start w/limiting reactant & convert to excess reactant!

How much was used up w/limiting reactant during the rxn?

2.66g O2 1mol O2 4mols NH 3 17.03g NH 3

32.00 g O2 5mols O2 1mol NH 3

(used up)

48

Efficiency of Reactions

We have assumed that all reactions are 100%

efficient

Usually reactions are less efficient

Impure reactants
Error

Due to?

49

How to Know the

Efficiency of your Rxn?
% yield

actual yield
100
theoretical yeild

Yield amount of product obtained

Actual yield experimentally measured amount of

product

50

Theoretical yield calculated amount of product from

a reactant

Need to use mol:mol ratio

1.

Sample
Problems

N (g)
2

Mg N ( s )
3

% yield

(Mg3N2)

3.13:
% yield
of?
3.14:
What
is 2.87?

Mg
A. A.
Actual

N2
B. B.
Theoretical

C. C.
%Mg
Yield
3N2

actual
100
theoretical

You react 2.31g of Mg with N2 and you generate 2.87g

Mg3N2. What is the percent yield for this reaction?
3Mg (s )
2.31g

2.87g
(Actual)

51

1.

Sample Problems

N (g)
2

Mg N ( s )
3

(actual)

2.87g

% yield

(Mg3N2)

89.7% Mg 3 N 2

(Theoretical)

3.20g Mg3 N 2

actual
100
theoretical

You react 2.31g of Mg with N2 and you generate 2.87g

Mg3N2. What is the percent yield for this reaction?
3Mg (s )
2.31g

2.31 g Mg

100

1 mol Mg 1 mol Mg 3 N 2 100.95g Mg 3 N 2

1 mol Mg 3 N 2
3 mol Mg
24.31g Mg

% yield

2.87 g Mg 3 N 2
3.20 g Mg 3 N 2

52

2.

Finish on own

53

actual
100
% yield
theoretical

Sample Problems

2.33molsNa3 PO4
(Theoretical)

yield=90.0%
(actual)
? moles

3HBr ( g ) Na3 PO4 ( s )

7.00 moles of NaBr react to produce a 90.0% yield of

Na3PO4. How many moles of Na3PO4 were produced?

3 NaBr ( s ) H 3 PO4 (aq )

7.00 mols

actual
100
2.33mols 100

actual yield 2.10mols Na3 PO4

3molsNaBr

7.00molsNaBr 1molNa3 PO4

90.0%
100

0.900

actual
2.33mols

Additional Problems

(Answers located on UB Learns)

1. Calculate the number of kilograms that are in 7.36x1024

lead(III) sulfide molecules.
2. If you had 6.331x1025 phosphate ions, how many moles of
calcium phosphate do you have?
3. Mevalonic acid is involved in the biosyntheses of cholesterol.
Mevalonic acid is 48.64%C, 8.16%H an also contains oxygen.
If mevalonic acid has a molar mass of about 148g/mol, what
is the molecular formula?
4. Write balanced equations for the following:
a) Formation of Copper(I) nitride.
Combustion of C3H4.
b)

54

5.

6.

Additional Problems

(Answers located on UB Learns)

Write balanced equations for each.

a) Na + O2
b) C2H6O2 + O2
c) PbO
If you start with 3.44 mols of C4H10 and 20.6mols of O2,
answer the following questions:
a)
b)
c)

How many grams of each product is formed when the

reaction goes to completion?
Find the percent yield for part a if you actually produced
236g CO2?
How many grams of the excess reactant remain after the
55
reaction goes to completion?