Awwa C304-99

American Water Works Association
ANSI/AWWA C304-99
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C304-92)
AWWA STANDARD
FOR
DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE
Effective date: March 1, 2000.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 18, 1992.
This edition approved Jan. 24, 1999.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Dec. 30, 1999.
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235
Copyright 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved
AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification.
AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and
administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually
contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is
specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard
does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or
approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are
intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will
provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of
action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The
action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA
publication of the official notice.
American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope
and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the
consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any
respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the
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National Standards.
CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front
cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National
Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken
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Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by
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Copyright 1999 American Water Works Association

Printed in USA
ii
Committee Personnel
The AWWA standards subcommittee that reviewed this standard had the
following personnel at the time of approval:
Chris Sundberg, Chair
Samir A. Arnaout, Hanson Concrete Products Inc., Dallas Texas
H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron Concrete & Steel Pipe,
Rancho Cucamonga, Calif.
Gerard Bizien, Hyprescon Inc., St. Eustache, Que.
M.M. Hicks, Montgomery Watson, Walnut Creek, Calif.
A.E. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif.
A.W. Tremblay, Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio
M.S. Zarghamee, Simpson, Sumpertz & Hegar Inc., Arlington, Mass.
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
The AWWA Standards Committee on Concrete Pressure Pipe, which reviewed

and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:
Lee B. Freese, Chair
Chris Sundberg, Vice-Chair
Consumer Members
R.R. Beavers, Des Moines Water Works, Des Moines, Iowa
W.E. Bradbury, Lake Shastina Mutual Water Company, Weed, Calif.
J.A. Economides, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif.
D.A. Fisseler, Fort Worth Water Department, Fort Worth, Texas
R.P. Fuerst, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.
W.M. Kremkau, Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, Laurel, Md.
P.W. Reynolds, Los Angeles Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif.
D.A. Wiedyke, Consultant, Clinton Township, Mich.
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(USBR)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
General Interest Members

W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill.
B.R. Bullert,* City of St. Paul Water Utility, St. Paul, Minn.
R.C. Edmunds, Jones Edmunds & Associates, Gainesville, Fla.
W.D. Ensor, Gannett Fleming Inc., Newport News, Va.
A.P. Ferrigno,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.
L.B. Freese, Freese and Nichols Inc., Fort Worth, Texas
J.K. Haney, HDR Engineering Inc., Austin, Texas
M.M. Hicks, Montgomery Watson, Walnut Creek, Calif.
Conrad Hohener Jr., Boyle Engineering Corporation,
Newport Beach, Calif.
* Liaison, nonvoting
Alternate
iii
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
R.Y. Konyalian, Consultant, Huntington Beach, Calif.

S.A. McKelvie, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Boston, Mass.
A.E. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif.
Chris Sundberg, CH2M Hill, Bellevue, Wash.
M.S. Zarghamee, Simpson, Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Arlington, Mass.
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
Producer Members
S.A. Arnaout, Hanson Concrete Products Inc., Dallas, Texas
H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron Concrete & Steel Pipe,
Rancho Cucamonga, Calif.
Gerard Bizien, Hyprescon Inc., St. Eustache, Que.
Martin Doran, Lafarge Pressure Pipe, Stouffville, Ont.
J.E. Forero, ICHSA, Santa Clara, Mexico
K.L. Heasley, Cretex Pressure Pipe Inc., South Beloit, Ill.
S.R. Malcolm, Vianini Pipe Inc., Somerville, N.J.
Giorgio Napoletani,* Vianini Pipe Inc., Sommerville, N.J.
D.P. Prosser, American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association, Reston, Va.
A.W. Tremblay, Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio
* Alternate
iv
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(ACPPA)
(AWWA)
v
Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be
found in a particular standard.
SEC.
PAGE
SEC.
3.5
Foreword
I
I.A
I.B
I.C
II
III
III.A
III.B
III.C
IV
V
Introduction.......................................... ix
Background........................................... ix
History ................................................ xii
Acceptance .......................................... xii
Special Issues .................................... xiii
Use of This Standard........................ xiii
Purchaser Options and
Alternatives.................................... xiii
Information to Be Provided by
the Pipe Manufacturer .................. xiii
Modification to Standard................... xiv
Major Revisions.................................. xiv
Comments........................................... xiv
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
General
Scope ....................................................... 1
References.............................................. 1
Applications ........................................... 2
Pipe Structure ....................................... 2
Tolerances.............................................. 4
Definitions ............................................. 4
Metric (SI) Equivalents ........................ 4
2
2.1
2.2
Loads and Internal Pressures

Notation .................................................
Design Loads and Internal
Pressures ............................................
Loads......................................................
Internal Pressures ................................
2.3
2.4
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Load and Internal-Pressure

Combinations
Notation .................................................
Load Factors for Limit-States
Design .................................................
Minimum Combined Design
Loads and Pressures .........................
Working Loads and Internal
Pressures ............................................
3.7
Working Plus Transient Loads

and Internal Pressures ..................... 8
Working Loads and Internal
Field-Test Pressures ......................... 8
Load and Pressure Factors .................. 8
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Moments and Thrusts

Notation............................................... 10
Distribution of Loads ......................... 10
Moments and Thrusts ........................ 11
5
5.1
5.2
Design Material Properties

Notation...............................................
Materials and Manufacturing
Standard ..........................................
Properties of Core Concrete...............
Properties of Coating Mortar ............
Properties of Steel Cylinder ..............
Properties of Prestressing Wire ........
3.6
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Standard
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
5
5
5
6
6.7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7
7.4
7
7.5
7
PAGE
Stresses From Prestressing

Notation...............................................
Prestress Losses .................................
State of Stress With a Single
Layer of Prestressing ......................
State of Stress With Multiple
Layers of Prestressing ....................
Modular Ratios ...................................
Design Creep Factor and
Design Shrinkage Strain for
Buried Pipe ......................................
Wire-Relaxation Factor ......................
Criteria for Limit-State
Loads and Pressures
Notation...............................................
Limit-States Design ...........................
Serviceability Limit-States
Design Criteria ................................
Elastic Limit-States Design
Criteria ...........................................
Strength Limit-States Design
Criteria.............................................
v
12
13
13
17
18
19
21
22
22
23
24
24
26
28
29
29
30
30
SEC.
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
PAGE
Calculation of Limit-State
Loads and Pressures
Notation ...............................................
Limit-States Design Procedures ........
Maximum Pressures ...........................
Maximum Thrust ................................
Burst Pressure ....................................
Radial Tension ....................................
Combined Loads and Internal
Pressures at Design
Limit States .....................................
Lines of Action of Thrusts..................
Conformance With Limit-States
Criteria .............................................
Design Selection Tables
Design Example 1 ...............................
Design Example 2 ...............................
Design Example 3 ...............................
Lined-Cylinder Pipe Standard
Prestress Design Tables ..................
SEC.
A.14
32
34
34
36
37
37
A.15
A.16
A.17
A.18
A.3
A.4
A.5
A.6
A.7
A.8
A.9
A.10
A.11
A.12
A.13
Commentary
Introduction.........................................
Commentary for Sec. 3.2
of the Standard ................................
Commentary for Sec. 3.5.1
of the Standard ................................
of the Standard ................................
of the Standard ................................
of the Standard ................................
of the Standard ................................
and 5.4.2 of the Standard ...............
and 5.4.3 of the Standard ...............
of the Standard ................................
of the Standard ................................
of the Standard ................................
Commentary for Sec. 6
of the Standard ................................

of the Standard................................
of the Standard................................
of the Standard................................
of the Standard................................
of the Standard................................
of the Standard................................
71
71
71
71
73
37
37
A.19
38
References ........................................ 78
53
53
54
C
C.1
C.2
C.2.1
C.3
Pipe-Design Example
Introduction ........................................
Design Parameters .............................
Moment and Thrust Coefficients.......
Maximum and Minimum Wire
Areas ................................................
Maximum Prestressing-Wire
Area Based on Minimum
Wire Spacing ...................................
Minimum Allowable PrestressingWire Area Based on Maximum
Wire Spacing ...................................
Minimum Prestressing-Wire
Area Based on Burst Pressure .......
State of Stress Calculations ..............
Modular Ratios ...................................
Creep, Shrinkage, and Wire
Relaxation ........................................
Initial Prestress ..................................
Final Prestress....................................
Decompression Pressure ....................
Minimum Prestressing-Wire
Area Based on Maximum
Pressure ...........................................
Stress From Prestressing for
Final Design Area ...........................
Serviceability at Full Pipe
Circumference..................................
Serviceability at Invert/Crown ..........
Constants ............................................
Strains .................................................
Stresses ...............................................
Internal Forces ...................................
Sum of Forces .....................................
Internal Moments...............................
54
C.3.1
Appendixes
A
A.1
A.2
PAGE
C.3.2
67
67
C.3.3
67
C.4
C.4.1
C.4.2
68
68
C.4.3
C.4.4
C.4.5
C.5
68
69
69
C.6
69
C.7
69
C.8
C.8.1
C.8.2
C.8.3
C.8.4
C.8.5
C.8.6
70
70
70
vi
73
79
80
82
82
82
83
83
83
83
84
85
85
86
86
87
89
89
90
91
92
93
93
93
SEC.
C.8.7
C.9
C.9.1
C.9.2
C.9.3
C.9.4
C.9.5
C.9.6
C.9.7
C.10
C.11
C.11.1
C.11.2
C.11.3
C.11.4
C.11.5
C.12
C.12.1
C.12.2
C.12.3
C.12.4
C.12.5
C.12.6
PAGE
SEC.
Sum of Moments ................................. 94

Serviceability at Springline................ 95
Constants............................................. 96
Strains ................................................. 96
Stresses................................................ 97
Internal Forces.................................... 97
Sum of Forces...................................... 98
Internal Moments ............................... 98
Sum of Moments About Wire............. 98
Elastic Limit at Invert/Crown ........... 99
Elastic and Wire-Yield Strength
Limits at Springline ...................... 100
Limit State of Wire Yielding
at Springline .................................. 100
Critical Thrust at Invert at
Cylinder Yield, Nyy ........................ 101
Moment Capacity at Invert
and Redistributed Moment
at Springline .................................. 102
Critical Thrust at Wire
Yield, Nsy ........................................ 103
Moment Capacity at Wire
Yield................................................ 104
Core Crushing at Springline ............ 105
Constants........................................... 106
Strains ............................................... 106
Stresses.............................................. 107
Forces................................................. 107
Sum of Forces.................................... 107
Moments ............................................ 108
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
Schematic of Strain and Stress

Distributions in Pipe-Wall
Cross Section at Springline ............
Distributions for Computation
of M2-Moment Limit for Ultimate
Compressive Strength of Core
Concrete ...........................................
Distributions for Computation
of M1-Moment Limit for
Ultimate Compressive Strength
of Coating.........................................
Bedding Details for Prestressed
Concrete Cylinder Pipe
Embankment Condition..................
Mean Annual Number of
Days Maximum Temperature
of 90F (32C) and Above,
Except 70F (21C) and
Above in Alaska...............................
Mean Relative Humidity
(JanuaryMarch) .............................
(AprilJune).....................................
(JulySeptember) ............................
(OctoberDecember) ........................
44
48
50
56
72
74
75
76
77
Tables
1
Figures
1
PAGE
Schematic Pipe-Wall Cross

Sections for Lined- and
Embedded-Cylinder Pipe................... 3
StressStrain Relationships for
Concrete and Mortar in Tension
and Compression ............................. 16
StressStrain Relationship
for Steel Cylinder in Tension
and Compression ............................. 19
StressStrain Relationship for
6-Gauge Prestressing Wire in
Tension After Wrapping at fsg ........ 20
Distributions in Pipe-Wall Cross
Section at Invert and Crown .......... 40
2
3
Load and Pressure Factors for

Embedded-Cylinder Pipe .................. 9
Load and Pressure Factors for
Lined-Cylinder Pipe .......................... 9
Design Load Combinations and
Calculation References for
Embedded-Cylinder Pipe
Criteria............................................. 35
Design Load Combinations
and Calculation References
for Lined-Cylinder Pipe
Criteria............................................. 36
Standard Prestress Design
16 in. (410 mm) LinedCylinder Pipe ................................... 57
18 in. (460 mm) LinedCylinder Pipe ................................... 58
vii
SEC.
10
11
12
PAGE

20 in. (510 mm) LinedCylinder Pipe ...................................
42 in. (1,070 mm) LinedCylinder Pipe ...................................
48 in. (1,220 mm) LinedCylinder Pipe ...................................
SEC.
13
59
14
60
C.1
61
C.2
C.3
62
C.4
63
PAGE

54 in. (1,370 mm) LinedCylinder Pipe ................................... 65
60 in. (1,520 mm) LinedCylinder Pipe ................................... 66
Summary of Calculations for
Serviceability at Invert/Crown ....... 95
Serviceability at Springline............ 99
Elastic Limit at Invert/Crown...... 100
Elastic Limits and Wire-Yield
Limit at Springline ....................... 105
64
viii
American Water Works Association
ANSI/AWWA C304-99
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C304-92)
AWWA STANDARD FOR
DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CYLINDER PIPE
SECTION 1: GENERAL
Sec. 1.1
Scope
This standard defines the methods to be used in the structural design of buried
prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) under internal pressure. These methods
are provided for the design of pipe subjected to the effects of working, transient, and
field-test load and internal pressure combinations.
The design procedures of this standard are applicable to lined-cylinder pipe
(LCP) having inside diameters of 16 in. through 60 in. (410 mm through 1,520 mm)
and to embedded-cylinder pipe (ECP) having inside diameters of 24 in. (610 mm) and
larger.
Sec. 1.2
References
Standard requirements for the manufacture of PCCP are contained in ANSI*/
AWWA C301, Standard for Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type,
for Water and Other Liquids. Procedures for installation of the pipe are described in
AWWA Manual M9, Concrete Pressure Pipe (1995).
This standard references the following documents. In their current editions,
they form a part of this standard to the extent specified in this standard. In any case
of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
AASHTO HB-15Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.
ACI 209R-92Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Effects in
Concrete Structures.
*American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol St. N.W.,
Washington, DC 20001.
American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 19150, Detroit, MI 48219.
1
2 AWWA C304-99
ASTM* A648Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for

Pre-stressing Concrete Pipe.
ASTM C33Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates.
ASTM C39Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens.
ASTM C192/C192MStandard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Laboratory.
ASTM C469Standard Test for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poissons Ratio
of Concrete in Compression.
ASTM C512Standard Test Method for Creep of Concrete in Compression.
ANSI/AWWA C301Standard for Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe,
Steel-Cylinder Type.
Concrete Pipe Design Manual. American Concrete Pipe Association.
Concrete Pressure Pipe. AWWA Manual M9. AWWA, Denver, Colo. (1995).
FAA AC150/5320-6CAirport Pavement Design and Evaluation.
FAA AC150/5325-5CAircraft Data.
Manual for Railway Engineering. American Railway Engineering Association,
Washington, DC.
Sec. 1.3
Applications
PCCP is used principally in the transmission and distribution of water in
municipal, industrial, and irrigation systems. It is also used in plant piping systems,
seawater cooling systems, sewer force mains, and gravity sewers. Other applications
include inverted siphons, liners for pressure tunnels, and culverts with high earth
covers.
Sec. 1.4
Pipe Structure
Two types of PCCP are produced: LCP and ECP. The cross sections and
elements of both types of pipe are shown in Figure 1.
PCCP is made up of the following components:
1. A high-strength concrete core acts as the principal structural component of
the pipe and provides a smooth inner surface for high fluid flow. The core includes a
steel cylinder that functions as a watertight membrane, provides longitudinal tensile
strength, and increases circumferential and beam strength. In ECP, the steel cylinder
is contained within the core; in LCP, the steel cylinder forms the outer element of the
core. Attached to the steel cylinder are steel bell and spigot joint rings that, together
with an elastomeric O-ring, provide a watertight and self-centering joint between
sections of pipe. Concrete for ECP is vertically cast within steel molds. LCP concrete
is centrifugally cast or placed within the steel cylinder by radial compaction.
2. High-tensile steel wire, helically wrapped around the core under controlled
tension, produces uniform compressive prestress in the core that offsets tensile
stresses from internal pressure and external loads. PCCP can be designed to provide
the optimum amount of prestress needed for required operating conditions.
*American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959.
American Concrete Pipe Association, 222 West Las Colinas Blvd., Suite 641, Irving, TX 75039.
Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, DC 20591.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE
Figure 1
Schematic pipe-wall cross sections for lined- and embedded-cylinder pipe
4 AWWA C304-99
3. A dense cementmortar coating encases and protects the wire-wrapped

prestressed core from physical damage and external corrosion.
Sec. 1.5
Tolerances
The design procedures of this standard are consistent with the manufacturing
tolerances given in ANSI/AWWA C301.
Sec. 1.6
Definitions
1.6.1 Limit state: A condition that bounds structural usefulness. The following three types of limit states are considered in the design of PCCP:
1. Serviceability limit states, which ensure performance under service loads.
2. Elastic limit states, which define the onset of material nonlinearity.
3. Strength limit states, which provide safety under extreme loads.
1.6.2 Limit-states design: The limit-states design method required definition
of all limit states that are relevant to the performance of a particular structure,
followed by the design of the structure, so that the probability of not exceeding a limit
state is assured.
1.6.3 Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
Sec. 1.7
Metric (SI) Equivalents

The conversion factors in this section are consistent with those provided in
ASTM E380-82, Standard for Metric Practice. Values of constants and variables
are given in both US and SI systems of units throughout the standard. In those
instances where direct conversion of units is not possible, equations applicable to
both US and SI systems of units are given in this standard.
To convert from
to
Multiply by
Area
square inches (in.2)
square metres (m2)
0.000645
Bending Moment
pound-force inch (lbf-in.)
newton metre (Nm)
0.112985
Force
pound-force (lbf)
newton (N)
4.448222
Length
foot (ft)
inch (in.)
metre (m)
metre (m)
0.304800
0.025400
Weight per Unit Volume

pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)
kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m3)
16.018
Pressure or Stress
pounds per square inch (psi) (lbf/in.2)
pascal (Pa)
6894.757
Steel Area per Unit Length of Pipe

square inch per foot (in.2/ft)
square millimetre per metre

(mm2/m)
2116.667
Temperature
degree Fahrenheit (F)
degree Celsius (C)
TC = (TF 32)/1.8
Volume
cubic yard (yd3)
cubic metre (m3)
0.764555
SECTION 2: LOADS AND INTERNAL PRESSURES

Sec. 2.1
Notation
Di
H
If
Pft
Pg
Ps
Pt
Pw
We
Wf
Wp
Ws
Wt
c
m
s
Sec. 2.2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
inside diameter of pipe (in. [mm])

height of earth cover over pipe (ft [m])
impact factor
internal field-test pressure (psi [kPa])
internal pressure established by the hydraulic gradient (psi [kPa])
internal pressure established by the static head (psi [kPa])
internal transient pressure (psi [kPa])
internal working pressure (psi [kPa]) = max (Pg, Ps)
external dead load (lbf/ft [N/m])
weight of fluid (lbf/ft [N/m])
weight of pipe (lbf/ft [N/m])
surcharge load (lbf/ft [N/m])
transient load (lbf/ft [N/m])
unit weight of concrete (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
unit weight of mortar (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
unit weight of steel (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
Design Loads and Internal Pressures

To purchase pipe manufactured according to ANSI/AWWA C301, the purchaser
must specify the magnitudes of design loads and internal pressures and the
distributions of external loads on the pipe. The types of loads and internal pressures
given below are those normally required for the design of buried pressure pipe. The
references given for determining various external loads and their distributions are
guidelines that define acceptable practice. The purchaser may need to specify
additional loads for special conditions not covered by this standard.
Sec. 2.3
Loads
2.3.1 Working loads. Pipe shall be designed to include the following working
loads of long duration.
2.3.1.1 Pipe weight Wp computed using nominal pipe dimensions and the
following material unit weights:
c = 145 lb/ft3 (2,323 kg/m3)
m = 140 lb/ft3 (2,243 kg/m3)
s = 489 lb/ft3 (7,833 kg/m3)
2.3.1.2 Fluid weight, Wf , computed using 62.4 lb/ft3 (1,000 kg/m3) as the unit
weight of fresh water. If fluids other than fresh water are to be transported by the
pipe, then the actual unit weight of these fluids shall be used.
2.3.1.3 External dead load We computed as the sum of earth load and
surcharge load if any.
Earth load is computed in accordance with AWWA Manual M9; ACPAs Concrete
Pipe Design Manual; or AASHTO HB-15, division I, section 17.4; or by recognized
and documented analytical procedures based on soilpipe interaction.
6 AWWA C304-99
Surcharge load, resulting from the dead load of structures or other surface loads
that are not transient loads as defined in Sec. 2.3.2, is computed in accordance with
ACPAs Concrete Pipe Design Manual.
2.3.2 Transient loads. Transient load Wt for which the pipe shall be designed
includes the following vertical surface loads of short duration, whenever applicable.
2.3.2.1 Highway live load, computed in accordance with AASHTO HB-15,
AWWA Manual M9, and ACPAs Concrete Pipe Design Manual. HS20 loading shall be
used unless other loading is specified by the purchaser.
2.3.2.2 Railroad live load shall be computed in accordance with AREA Manual
for Railway Engineering and ACPA Concrete Pipe Design Manual. Cooper E-72
loading shall be used unless other loading is specified by the purchaser.
2.3.2.3 Aircraft live load shall be computed using appropriate aircraft wheel
loads (see FAA AC150/5325-5C, Aircraft Data), in accordance with FAA AC150/
5320-6C, Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation and ACPA Concrete Pipe Design
Manual.
2.3.2.4 Construction live load, if specified by the purchaser, shall be computed
using the specified load and earth cover in accordance with ACPA Concrete Pipe
Design Manual procedure for highway live load.
2.3.3 Impact factor. Computation of Wt shall include application of appropriate impact factors If in accordance with the applicable live load standard, or ACPA
Concrete Pipe Design Manual.
Sec. 2.4
Internal Pressures
2.4.1 Internal working pressure.
the pipe shall be designed is:
The internal working pressure Pw for which
P w = max ( P g , P s )
(Eq 2-1)
2.4.2 Internal transient pressure. Internal transient pressure Pt for which the
pipe shall be designed is the internal pressure, in excess of the internal working
pressure Pw caused by rapid changes in pipeline flow velocity. The hydraulic design
of the pipeline should include an analysis of transient effects. In the absence of a
design transient pressure specified by the purchaser, the value of Pt for which the
pipe shall be designed is:
P t = max ( 0.4P w , 40 psi [ 276 kPa ] )
(Eq 2-2)
2.4.3 Internal field-test pressure. Internal field-test pressure Pf t is the test

pressure to be applied to the pipe after its installation. In the absence of a field-test
pressure specified by the purchaser, the value of Pf t for which the pipe shall be
designed is:
P f t = 1.2P w
(Eq 2-3)
SECTION 3: LOAD AND INTERNAL-PRESSURE

COMBINATIONS
Sec. 3.1
Sec. 3.2
Notation
fcr
FT1, F T2
FW1
FWT1FWT6
=
=
=
=
Pft
Pg
Ps
Pt
Pw
W1, W2
We
Wf
Wp
Wt
WT1WT3
1
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
final prestress in core concrete (psi [kPa])

design-factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations
design-factored working-load combination
design-factored working plus transient load and internal-pressure
combinations
internal field-test pressure (psi [kPa])
internal pressure caused by the hydraulic gradient (psi [kPa])
internal pressure caused by the static head (psi [kPa])
internal transient pressure (psi [kPa])
internal working pressure (psi [kPa]) = max (Pg, Ps)
design working load and internal-pressure combinations
external dead load (lbf/ft, [N/m])
weight of fluid (lbf/ft [N/m])
weight of pipe (lbf/ft [N/m])
transient load (lbf/ft [N/m])
design working plus transient load and internal-pressure combinations
factor equal to 1.1 for ECP and 1.2 for LCP
factor equal to 1.3 for ECP and 1.4 for LCP
Load Factors for Limit-States Design*

The factored load combinations given in this section are based on minimum
recommended load factors for use with the limit-states design procedures described
in Sec. 8.
Sec. 3.3
Minimum Combined Design Loads and Pressures

1. The minimum combined design load and pressure shall be Pw of 40 psi
(276 kPa) in combination with We equivalent to 6 ft (1.83 m) of earth cover based on
trench loading at transition width, and unit earth weight of 120 lb/ft3 (1922 kg/m3)
with 45 Olander bedding for earth load and fluid weight and 15 Olander bedding
for pipe weight. Pt = 0, and Wt = 0.
2. The maximum calculated tensile stress in the pipe wall shall not exceed fcr
when the pipe weight alone is supported on a line bearing.
Sec. 3.4
Working Loads and Internal Pressures

Pipe shall be designed for all of the following combinations of working loads and
internal pressures:
W1: W e + W p + W f + P w
(Eq 3-1)
W2: W e + W p + W f
(Eq 3-2)
FW1: 1.25W e + W p + W f
(Eq 3-3)
* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.2.
8 AWWA C304-99
Sec. 3.5
Working Plus Transient Loads and Internal Pressures

3.5.1* Pipe shall be designed for all of the following combinations of working
plus transient loads and internal pressures:
WT1: W e + W p + W f + P w + P t
(Eq 3-4)
WT2: W e + W p + W f + W t + P w
(Eq 3-5)
WT3: W e + W p + W f + W t
(Eq 3-6)
FWT1: 1 ( W e + W p + W f + P w + P t )
(Eq 3-7)
FWT2: 1 ( W e + W p + W f + W t + P w )
(Eq 3-8)
Where:
1 = 1.1 for ECP and 1.2 for LCP
3.5.2 Pipe shall be designed for the following factored combinations of
working plus transient loads and internal pressures:
FWT3: 2 ( W e + W p + W f + P w + P t )
(Eq 3-9)
FWT4: 2 ( W e + W p + W f + P w )
(Eq 3-10)
FWT5: 1.6 ( W e + W p + W f ) + 2.0W t
(Eq 3-11)
FWT6: 1.6P w + 2.0P t
(Eq 3-12)
Where:
Sec. 3.6
Working Loads and Internal Field-Test Pressures

Pipe shall be designed for the following combinations of working loads and
internal field-test pressures:
FT1: 1.1 ( W e + W p + W f + P f t)
(Eq 3-13)
FT2: 1.1 1 ( W e + W p + W f + P f t)
(Eq 3-14)
Where:
Sec. 3.7
Load and Pressure Factors

The load and pressure factors for the various loading conditions are summarized
in Table 1 for ECP and in Table 2 for LCP.

For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.4.
Table 1
Load and pressure factors for embedded-cylinder pipe

Load and Pressures
Loading Conditions
We
Wp
Wf
Wt
Pw
Pt
Pft
Working load and pressure combinations

W1
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.0
W2
1.05
1.05
1.05
FW1
1.25
1.05
1.05
Working plus transient load and pressure combinations

WT1
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.0
1.0
WT2
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.0
1.0
WT3
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.0
FWT1
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.1
1.1
FWT2
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.1
1.1
FWT3
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.3
1.3
FWT4
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.3
1.3
FWT5
1.65
1.65
1.65
2.0
FWT6
1.6
2.0
Field-test condition
Table 2
FT1
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
FT2
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
Pw
Pt
Pft
Load and pressure factors for lined-cylinder pipe

Load and Pressures
Loading Conditions
We
Wp
Wf
Wt
Working load and pressure combinations

W1
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.0
W2
1.05
1.05
1.05
Working plus transient load and pressure combinations

WT1
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.0
1.0
WT2
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.0
1.0
WT3
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.0
FWT1
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.2
1.2
FWT2
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.2
1.2
FWT3
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.4
1.4
FWT4
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.4
1.4
FWT5
1.65
1.65
1.65
2.0
FWT6
1.6
2.0
Field-test condition
FT1
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
FT2
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
10
AWWA C304-99
SECTION 4: MOMENTS AND THRUSTS

Sec. 4.1
Notation
Cm1e, Cm1p, Cm1f = moment coefficients at invert resulting from the distribution of
external loads, We or Wt, and pipe and fluid weights, Wp and Wf
Cm2e, Cm2p, Cm2f = moment coefficients at springline resulting from the distribution of
Cn1e, Cn1p, Cn1f = thrust coefficients at invert resulting from the distribution of external
loads, We or Wt, and pipe and fluid weights, Wp and Wf
Cn2e, Cn2p, Cn2f = thrust coefficients at springline resulting from the distribution of
Di = inside diameter of pipe (in. [mm])
Dy = outside diameter of steel cylinder (in. [mm])
hc = core thickness, including thickness of cylinder (in. [mm])
hm = coating thickness, including wire diameter (in. [mm])
M1 = total moment at invert (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
M2 = total moment at springline (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
M2r = redistributed moment at springline (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
M1cap = moment capacity at invert and crown (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
N1 = total thrust at invert (lbf/ft [N/m])
N2 = total thrust at springline (lbf/ft [N/m])
No = thrust resulting from final prestress (lbf/ft [N/m])
P = internal pressure (psi [kPa])
Po = decompression pressure that relieves final prestress in the core
concrete (psi [kPa])
R = radius to the centroid of the coated pipe wall (in. [mm])
We = external dead load (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wf = fluid weight (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wp = weight of pipe (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wt = transient load (lbf/ft [N/m])
Sec. 4.2
Distribution of Loads
The total working and transient loads on the pipe shall be determined using the
provisions of Sec. 2. The earth-pressure distribution on the pipe and moments and
the thrusts in the wall resulting from the working and transient loads shall be
determined from recognized and accepted theories, taking into account the characteristics of installation, such as those given by Olander (1950) and Paris (1921) (see
appendix B). The bedding angle for Olander and Paris distributions shall be selected
on the basis of design pipesoil installation. Unless provisions are made to support
the pipe weight over a wider width, the bedding angle for pipe weight shall be 15 for
installation on soil beddings.
Sign conventions for moments and thrusts in the references cited above may
differ. The sign convention for moments and thrusts in this standard is
1. A thrust in the pipe wall is positive when creating tension in the pipe wall
and negative when creating compression in the pipe wall.
2. In the vicinity of the crown and invert, a moment is positive when creating
tension at the inside surface of the pipe and negative when creating compression at
the inside surface of the pipe.
11
3. In the vicinity of the springline, a moment is positive when creating tension

at the outside surface of the pipe and negative when creating compression at the
outside surface of the pipe.
Sec. 4.3
Moments and Thrusts

4.3.1 Prestress thrust.
from prestressing is
The thrust at invert, crown, and springline resulting
N o = 6D y P o
(Eq 4-1)
Where:
Po = the decompression pressure that relieves the final prestress in the
core, as defined in Sec. 6.3.3. Dy is in in., and Po is in psi. The metric
equivalent of Eq 4-1, with Dy in mm and Po in kPa is
No = D y Po
4.3.2 Moments and thrusts from combined loads.* The thrusts and moments
resulting from pressure, external loads (earth, surcharge, transient, and construction
loads), and the weights of pipe and fluid, for a pipe with uniform wall are
M 1 = R [ C m1e ( W e + W t ) + C m1p W p + C m1f W f ]
(Eq 4-2)
M 2 = R [ C m2e ( W e + W t ) + C m2p W p + C m2f W f ]
(Eq 4-3)
N 1 = 6D y P [ Cn1e ( W e + W t ) + C n1p W p + C n1f W f ]
(Eq 4-4)
N 2 = 6D y P [ Cn2e ( W e + W t ) + C n2p W p + C n2f W f ]
(Eq 4-5)
Where:
Di + hc + hm
R = -------------------------------2
(Eq 4-6)
When Dy is in mm and P is in kPa, substitute Dy for 6Dy in Eq 4-4 and 4-5.

The moment and thrust coefficients are obtained from the assumed distribution
of earth pressure selected for the design installation.
4.3.3 Moment redistribution. When the moment, M1, given by Eq 4-2 is
greater than the moment capacity at the invert, M1cap, the moments at the invert
and springline, M1 and M2, obtained using Eq 4-2 and 4-3, shall be redistributed as

12
AWWA C304-99
described in this section. M1cap for ECP is the M1-moment limit at the invert
corresponding to the steel-cylinder stress reaching a limiting value and is computed
according to the procedure in Sec. 7.4.2 and 8.9.1. M1cap for LCP is the M1-moment
limit at the invert corresponding to the coating strain reaching the compressive
strain limit after cracking of the core and is computed according to the procedure in
Sec. 8.9.4. For loads exceeding the limiting load that produces M1cap at the invert, the
redistributed moment at the springline M2r is
M 2r = M 1 + M 2 M 1cap
(Eq 4-7)
Where:
M1 and M2 are given by Eq 4-2 and 4-3
SECTION 5: DESIGN MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Sec. 5.1
Notation
CE
Cs
C
Ec
Ect
Em
Es
Ey
fc
fci
fct
fm
ftm
ft
fs
fsg
fsu
fsy
fyy
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
f *yy =
s(18,250) =
st(n)
s
c
m
(18,250)
=
=
=
=
=
concrete modulus of elasticity multiplier

concrete shrinkage strain multiplier
concrete creep-factor multiplier
design modulus of elasticity of core concrete (psi)
average modulus of elasticity of test concrete (psi [MPa])
design modulus of elasticity of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
design modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
core concrete compressive strength at wrapping (psi [MPa])
design compressive strength of test concrete (psi [MPa])
design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
design 28-day tensile strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
design tensile strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
tensile stress in prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
gross wrapping tensile stress in wire (psi [MPa])
specified minimum tensile strength of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
tensile yield strength of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
design tensile or compressive yield strength of steel cylinder
(psi [MPa])
design tensile strength of steel cylinder at pipe burst (psi [MPa])
extrapolated shrinkage strain of concrete test specimens at 50 years
(18,250 days)
shrinkage strain of concrete test specimens on n-th day after loading
strain in prestressing wire
unit weight of concrete (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
unit weight of mortar (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
creep factor at 50 years (18,250 days)
Sec. 5.2
13
Materials and Manufacturing Standard

The concrete core, mortar coating, steel cylinder, and prestressing wire shall
conform to the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301.
Sec. 5.3
Properties of Core Concrete

The core concrete may be placed by the centrifugal-casting method, by the
vertical casting method, or by the radial-compaction method. The concrete placed by
the centrifugal method is referred to in this standard as spun concrete and that
placed by the vertical casting method as cast concrete. Concrete placed by radial
compaction, which has been shown to have strength, shrinkage, and creep properties
equivalent to spun concrete, is also considered as spun concrete in this standard.
5.3.1 Compressive strength of concrete. The minimum design compressive
strength of the core concrete, based on 28-day tests of concrete cylinders in
accordance with ANSI/AWWA C301, shall be as follows:
Cast concrete fc = 4,500 psi (31.0 MPa)
Spun concrete fc = 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa)
5.3.2 Minimum compressive strength of concrete at wrapping. The minimum
compressive strength of the core concrete, based on tests of concrete cylinders in
accordance with ANSI/AWWA C301, at the time of wrapping shall be as follows:
Cast concrete fci = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa)
Spun concrete fci = 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa)
but not less than 1.8 times the initial prestress in the core (that is, the initial
prestress in the core shall not exceed 0.55 fci ).
5.3.3 Tensile strength of concrete.* The design tensile strength of the core
concrete is
f t = 7 f c
Where:
fc = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete in psi
f t = 0.58 f c
Where:
fc = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete in MPa
(Eq 5-1)
14
AWWA C304-99
5.3.4 Modulus of elasticity of concrete.*

the core concrete is
E c = 158 c
1.51
( fc )
The design modulus of elasticity of
0.3
(Eq 5-2)
Where:
c = 145 lb/ft3
fc = design 28-day compressive strength of concrete in psi
E c = 0.074 c
1.51
( fc )
0.3
Where:
c = 2,323 kg/m3
fc = design 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa
Each factory where PCCP is to be manufactured shall perform a qualityassurance test to determine the modulus of elasticity of the concrete mix with the
aggregates and cement to be used in the pipe manufacture. If the measured modulus
of elasticity is less than the value computed from Eq 5-2, the design modulus of
elasticity shall be modified for all pipe manufactured using these aggregates and
cement.
The average modulus of elasticity of concrete produced at the factory shall be
determined from tests of at least five molded cylindrical test specimens of concrete
meeting the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301. The test specimens shall be molded
and cured in accordance with ASTM C192 and tested in accordance with ASTM C469
at an age of 28 days to determine their modulus of elasticity.
Five companion test specimens shall be molded and cured in accordance with
ASTM C192 and tested in accordance with ASTM C39. The mean 28-day compressive
strength x and the standard deviation s of the sample of five test specimens shall be
computed. The design 28-day compressive strength of the test concrete shall be
f ct = x 0.84s
(Eq 5-3)
For purposes of these tests, fct shall range between 4,500 and 6,500 psi (31.0 to
44.8 MPa).
The modulus of elasticity multiplier is
E ct
C E = ------------------------------------------1.51
0.3
158 c
( fct )
(Eq 5-4)
Where:
Ect (psi) = the average of the five or more modulus of elasticity test results
c = 145 lb/ft3
15
E ct
C E = -----------------------------------------------1.51
0.3
( fc t )
0.074 c
Where:
Ect (MPa) = the average of the five or more modulus of elasticity test results
c = 2,323 kg/m3
If CE is less than 0.9 for all pipe manufactured using the aggregates and cement
used in the test, the design modulus of elasticity shall be reduced by multiplying the
result of Eq 5-2 by CE, and the modular ratios given in Sec. 6 and 8 shall be increased
by dividing them by CE.
The quality-assurance test to determine modulus of elasticity shall be made
annually or whenever the sources of aggregate or cement are changed.
5.3.5 Stressstrain relationship of concrete.* The design stressstrain relationship of the core concrete is shown in Figure 2A.
5.3.6 Creep and shrinkage properties of concrete. Each factory that manufactures PCCP shall perform a quality-assurance test of concrete creep and shrinkage
on a mix with the aggregates and cement to be used in the manufacture of pipe
(without additives or admixtures). If either the measured concrete creep factor or
shrinkage strain is more than the value computed in accordance with ACI 209R-82,
the design creep factor and shrinkage strain shall be modified for all pipe
manufactured using these aggregates and cement.
The creep and shrinkage-strain properties of concrete produced at the factory
shall be determined from tests of at least one set of molded cylindrical test specimens
of concrete meeting the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301. The test specimens shall
be molded in accordance with ASTM C192. Each set of test specimens shall include
5 specimens for creep tests, 5 specimens for shrinkage tests, 5 specimens for
modulus-of-elasticity tests, and 10 specimens for compressive-strength tests. Each of
the specimens shall be cured and stored in accordance with the requirements for
Standard Curing in Section 6.1 of ASTM C512. Creep specimens shall be tested in
accordance with ASTM C512. Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity shall
be determined in accordance with ASTM C39 and C469, respectively.
Immediately before loading the creep specimens, the compressive strength of
concrete shall be determined by testing five of the strength specimens in accordance
with ASTM C39.
Creep-test specimens shall be loaded at 7 days to a compressive stress level
ranging from 30 to 40 percent of the compressive strength of the concrete at loading
age.
Strain readings of loaded specimens shall be taken immediately before and after
loading, 7 days after loading, and 28 days after loading. Shrinkage strains shall be
measured at the same times as strain readings of loaded specimens. Additional strain
readings may be taken at other times.
The 28-day compressive strength of concrete shall be determined by testing the
remaining five strength specimens in accordance with ASTM C39 and averaging
their results. The 28-day modulus of elasticity of concrete shall be determined by
testing five test specimens in accordance with ASTM C469 and averaging their
results.
16
AWWA C304-99
Figure 2
Stressstrain relationships for concrete and mortar in tension and compression
17
In addition to the items required by ASTM C512 to be included in the report,

the following items shall be reported:
1. Shrinkage strains at designated ages (-in./in. [mm/mm]).
2. Compressive strength at 28 days of age (psi [MPa]).
3. Modulus of elasticity at 28 days of age (psi [MPa]).
4. Cement content of the concrete (lb/yd3 [kg/m3]).
5. Water/cement ratio.
The average of five specific creep strains plus the initial elastic strains
measured up to 28 days after loading shall be extrapolated using the BPKX model
of drying creep (Bazant, Kim, and Panula [1991, 1992]) or the ACI 209R-92 model of
drying creep to compute the specific creep plus instantaneous strain at 50 years. A
procedure for the extrapolation is discussed in Ojdrovic and Zarghamee (1996). The
resulting creep factor at 50 years is computed by dividing the specific creep strain at
50 years, (18,250) by the specific initial strain.
The concrete creep factor multiplier C is the ratio of the creep factor at 50 years
to the computed value of the creep factor using ACI 209R-92.
( 18,250 )------------------------C =
2.0
If C is greater than 1.1, for all pipe to be manufactured using the aggregates
and cement used in the test, the design creep factor shall be increased by multiplying
the creep factor given in Eq 6-16 by C.
The average of five shrinkage strains measured at 28 days after loading of the
creep specimens shall be extrapolated using the BPKX model of shrinkage (Bazant,
Kim, and Panula [1991, 1992]) or the ACI 209R-92 model of shrinkage to compute the
shrinkage strain at 50 years, s(18,250). A procedure for the extrapolation is discussed
in Ojdrovic and Zarghamee (1996). The concrete shrinkage strain multiplier Cs is the
ratio of the shrinkage strain at 50 years to the computed value of the shrinkage
strain using ACI 209R-92.
s ( 18,250 )
C s = ------------------------700
If Cs is greater than 1.1 for all pipe to be manufactured using the aggregates
and cement used in the test, the design shrinkage strain shall be increased by
multiplying the shrinkage strain s given in Eq 6-17 by Cs.
Creep and shrinkage measurements shall be made whenever the sources of
aggregate or cement are changed.
Sec. 5.4
Properties of Coating Mortar

The mortar coating is a cement-rich mixture of sand and cement that is applied
as a dense and durable coating with a minimum thickness of 0.75 in. over the outer
layer of prestressing wire.
5.4.1 Compressive strength of mortar. The design compressive strength of the
coating mortar is fm = 5,500 psi [37.9 MPa].
5.4.2 Tensile strength of mortar.* The design tensile strength of the coating
mortar is
f tm = 7 f m
(Eq 5-5)
18
AWWA C304-99
Where:
f m = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar in psi
f tm = 0.58 f m
Where:
f m = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar in MPa
5.4.3 Modulus of elasticity of mortar.*
coating mortar is
1.51
E m = 158 m
The design modulus of elasticity of the
( fm )
0.3
(Eq 5-6)
Where:
m = 140 lb/ft3
f m = 5,500 psi
1.51
E m = 0.074 m
( fm )
0.3
Where:
m = 2,242 kg/m3
f m = 37.9 MPa
5.4.4 Stressstrain relationship of mortar. The design stressstrain relationship of coating mortar is shown in Figure 2B (page 16).
Sec. 5.5
Properties of Steel Cylinder

The cylinder shall be fabricated from either hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel sheet,
conforming to the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301. The minimum wall thickness
of the steel cylinder shall be USS 16 gauge (1.52 mm).
5.5.1 Yield strength of steel cylinder. The design yield strength of the steel
cylinder in tension shall be
fyy = 33,000 psi (227 MPa)
or the specified minimum yield strength, whichever is greater.
5.5.2 Strength of steel cylinder at burst. The usable design strength of the
steel cylinder at burst for a pipe subjected to hydrostatic pressure shall be
f *yy = 45,000 psi (310 MPa)

Figure 3
19
Stressstrain relationship for steel cylinder in tension and compression
If the specified minimum yield strength of the cylinder steel is greater than
45,000 psi [310 MPa], the larger value may be used for f *yy.
5.5.3 Modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder. The design modulus of elasticity
of the steel cylinder shall be
Ey = 30,000,000 psi (206,850 MPa)
5.5.4 Stressstrain relationship of steel cylinder. The design stressstrain relationship for the steel cylinder is shown in Figure 3.
Sec. 5.6 Properties of Prestressing Wire

The prestressing wire shall be hard drawn steel wire conforming to ANSI/
AWWA C301. The minimum diameter of wire shall be USS 6 gauge (4.88 mm) for all
pipe sizes (see Figure 4).
5.6.1 Gross wrapping stress of wire. The design gross wrapping stress fsg, the
stress in the wire during wrapping, is 75 percent of the specified minimum tensile
strength of the wire.
fsg = 0.75fsu
5.6.2 Yield strength of wire. The design yield strength of wire fsy is 85 percent
of the specified minimum tensile strength of the wire.
fsy = 0.85fsu
20
AWWA C304-99
Figure 4 Stressstrain relationship for 6-gauge prestressing wire in tension after

wrapping at fsg
This stress level corresponds to the 0.2 percent strain offset in a wire before
prestressing.
5.6.3 Modulus of elasticity of wire. The design modulus of elasticity of wire,
after wrapping at fsg, for stress levels below fsg, shall be
Es = 28,000,000 psi (193,050 MPa)
5.6.4 Stressstrain relationship of wire.* The design stressstrain relationship for prestressing wire, after wrapping at fsg, is shown in Figure 4 and is given in
the following equation:
fs = sEs
for s fsg /Es
= f su { 1 [ 1 0.6133 ( s E s fsu ) ]
(Eq 5-7)
2.25
}for s > f sg E s
21
SECTION 6: STRESSES FROM PRESTRESSING*

Sec. 6.1
Notation
Ac
As
Asj
Asf
Ay
CE
CR
Cs
C
Dy
Ec
Es
Ey
fc
fic
ficj
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
fcr
fsg
fis
fisj
fsr
fsrj
fsu
fiy
fyr
hci
hco
hm
I
ni , nr
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
ni, nr =
Po =
R
Rf
Rj
RH
s
=
=
=
=
=
core concrete area, excluding steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/m])

total area of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
area of the j-th layer of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
area of the final layer of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
concrete modulus of elasticity multiplier
wire intrinsic-relaxation multiplier
concrete shrinkage strain multiplier
concrete creep factor multiplier
outside diameter of steel cylinder (in. [mm])
design modulus of elasticity of core concrete (psi [MPa])
design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
design modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
initial prestress in core concrete (psi [MPa])
initial prestress in core concrete after applying the j-th layer of
prestressing (psi [MPa])
final prestress in core concrete (psi [MPa])
gross wrapping stress in prestressing wire = 0.75 fsu (psi [MPa])
initial stress in a single layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
initial stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
final prestress in a single layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
final prestress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
specified minimum tensile strength of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
initial prestress in steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
final prestress in steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
thickness of inner core concrete (in. [mm])
thickness of outer core concrete (in. [mm])
thickness of coating, including wire diameter (in. [mm])
intrinsic relaxation of wire at 1,000 h, percent of initial stress
modular ratios of prestressing wire to core concrete at wrapping and
at maturity, respectively
modular ratios of steel cylinder to core concrete at wrapping and at
maturity, respectively
decompression pressure that relieves final prestress in the core
concrete (psi [kPa])
wire-relaxation factor for a single layer of prestressing
wire-relaxation factor for the outer layer of prestressing
wire-relaxation factor for the j-th layer of prestressing
relative humidity (percent)
design shrinkage strain for a buried pipe
22
AWWA C304-99
sci , scom , sm = shrinkage strain for inner core, outer core and coating, and coating
only, respectively
s1, s2 = shrinkage strain for inner core and outer core, respectively, when
volume-to-surface correction factor = 1.0
t1 = time period of exposure of pipe to outdoor environment (day)
t2 = time period of exposure of pipe to burial environment before water
filling (day)
= design creep factor for a buried pipe
ci, com, m = creep factor for inner core, outer core and coating, and coating only,
respectively
1, 2 = creep factor for inner core and outer core, respectively, when
volume-to-surface correction factor = 1.0
, = creep and shrinkage volume-to-surface ratio correction factor,
respectively
, = creep and shrinkage relative humidity correction factor, respectively
Sec. 6.2
Prestress Losses
The state of stress in PCCP is governed by the prestress losses resulting from
creep and shrinkage of concrete and mortar and relaxation of the wire.
Sec. 6.3
State of Stress With a Single Layer of Prestressing

6.3.1 Initial prestress. The initial prestress in the concrete core, the steel
cylinder, and the prestressing wire is
A s f sg
fic = --------------------------------------------A c + n i A s + n i A y
(Eq 6-1)
fiy = nific
(Eq 6-2)
fis = fsg + ni fic
(Eq 6-3)
where compression is taken as positive, and tension is taken as negative.

6.3.2 Final prestress. The final prestress in the concrete, the steel cylinder,
and the prestressing wire, after creep and shrinkage of the concrete core and the
mortar coating and relaxation of the prestressing wire, is
f ic ( A c + n r A s + n r A y ) ( A s E s + A y E y )s A s Rf sg
---fcr = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A c + ( n r A s + n r A y ) ( 1 + )
(Eq 6-4)
A c ( f ic n r + E y s ) RA s fsg n r ( 1 + )
fyr = f iy + -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A c + ( n r A s + n r A y ) ( 1 + )
(Eq 6-5)
A c ( f ic n r + E s s ) RA s f sg n r( 1 + )
fsr = f is + Rf sg + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A c + ( n r A s + n r A y ) ( 1 + )
(Eq 6-6)
23
6.3.3 Decompression pressure. The decompression pressure Po, the pressure

that just overcomes the final prestress in the core, is
f cr ( A c + n r A s + n r A y )
Po = ---------------------------------------------------------6D y
Sec. 6.4
(Eq 6-7)
State of Stress With Multiple Layers of Prestressing

6.4.1 Applicability.* This section applies to pipe with multiple layers of
prestressing where the clear radial distance between layers is nominally equal to one
wire diameter. For designs with greater radial distance between prestressing layers,
special designs are required.
6.4.2 Initial prestress. The initial prestress in concrete for a pipe with
multiple layers of prestressing is the sum of the initial prestress caused by each layer
of prestressing:
fic = fic 1 + fic 2 + fic 3
(Eq 6-8)
A s1 f sg
fic 1 = -----------------------------------------------A c + n i A s1 + n i A y
(Eq 6-9)
Where:
A s2 f sg
fic 2 = --------------------------------------------------------------------A c + n i ( A s1 + A s2 ) + n i A y
(Eq 6-10)
A s3 f sg
fic 3 = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------A c + n i ( A s1 + A s2 + A s3 ) + n i A y
(Eq 6-11)
The initial prestress for each layer of prestressing wire is

fis1 = fsg + ni( fic 1 + fic 2 + fic 3)
(Eq 6-12)
fis2 = fsg + ni( fic 2 + fic 3)
(Eq 6-13)
fis3 = fsg + ni fic 3
(Eq 6-14)
The initial prestress in the steel cylinder is given in Eq 6-2.
24
AWWA C304-99
6.4.3 Final prestress. The final prestress is given in Eq 6-4 for concrete core
and Eq 6-5 for steel cylinder, with As = As1 + As2 + As3. The final prestress in the j-th
layer of prestressing is
A c ( f ic n r + E s s )
R k A sk f sg n r( 1 + )
k = 1
= f isj + R j f sg + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A c + ( n r A s + n r A y ) ( 1 + )
fsrj
(Eq 6-15)
6.4.4 Decompression pressure. The decompression pressure for a pipe with

multiple layers of prestressing is given in Eq 6-7, with As = As1 + As2 + As3.
Sec. 6.5
Modular Ratios
The modular ratios for concrete where fc is in psi are as follows:
Cast Concrete
Spun Concrete
ni
109 ( fc)0.3
100 ( fc)0.3
ni
117 ( fc)0.3
107 ( fc)0.3
nr
93 ( fc)0.3
95 ( fc)0.3
nr
99 ( fc)0.3
102 ( fc)0.3
At Wrapping:
After Maturity:
Where fc is in MPa, replace fc in the above equations with 145 fc.

Based on the quality-assurance test of concrete modulus of elasticity discussed
in Sec. 5.3.4, if the design modulus of elasticity needs to be reduced, then the modular
ratios described in this section shall be increased by dividing them by CE.
Sec. 6.6
Design Creep Factor and Design Shrinkage Strain for Buried Pipe*
For a buried pipe, the creep factor and shrinkage strain s are
( h co + h m ) com h m m + h ci ci
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------h ci + h co
(Eq 6-16)
( h co + h m )s com h m s m + h ci s ci
s = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------h ci + h co
(Eq 6-17)
Where:
ci, com, m, sci, scom, and sm are creep factors and shrinkage strains for the
inner core, the outer core plus the coating, and for the coating, respectively.
If, based on the quality-assurance tests of concrete creep and shrinkage
discussed in Sec. 5.3.6, the design creep factor and shrinkage strain need to be
increased, the values of and s computed in Eq 6-16 and 6-17 shall be multiplied by
C and Cs, respectively.
25
The volume-to-surface ratio of a cylinder with only one exposed surface is equal
to its thickness. Creep factors and shrinkage strains are expressed in terms of
volume-to-surface ratios as follows:
ci = 1 (hci)
(Eq 6-18)
com = 2 (hco + hm)
(Eq 6-19)
m = 2 (hm)
(Eq 6-20)
= s1 (hci)
(Eq 6-21)
and
sci
scom = s2 (hco + hm)
(Eq 6-22)
sm = s2 (hm)
(Eq 6-23)
Where:
and are volume-to-surface correction factors for creep and shrinkage.
1, s1, 2, and s2 are the creep factors and shrinkage strains for inner core
concrete and outer core concrete for the special case of = = 1.0. The functions (h)
and (h) of the volume-to-surface ratio h are:
(h) = 2/3 [ 1 + 1.13e
(h) = 1.2e
0.54h
0.12h
(Eq 6-24)
(Eq 6-25)
Values of 1, 2, s1, and s2 are determined on the basis of the following design
scenario for exposure of buried pipe:
1. The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are exposed to an outdoor
environment with a specific relative humidity RH for t1 days.
2. The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are exposed to a burial
environment with 92.5 percent relative humidity for an additional t2 days.
3. The inner surface of the pipe is exposed for the remainder of the pipes
service life to a 100 percent relative humidity environment (water-filled condition),
while the outer surface continues to be exposed to the burial environment.
The minimum values of t1 and t2 for which the pipe shall be designed are
t1 = 270 days (9 months); t2 = 90 days (3 months).
Longer exposure periods may be specified by the purchaser.
Values for 1, 2, s1, and s2 are given in the following table for t1 = 270 days, t2
= 90 days, and two different relative humidities of the preburial environment. The
design relative humidity before burial may not exceed 70 percent. For a design
relative humidity between 70 and 40 percent, the constants 1, 2, s1, and s2 shall be
computed by linear interpolation between the values given in the table. For a design
26
AWWA C304-99
relative humidity less than 40 percent, the constants 1, 2, s1, and s2 shall be those
given in the table for RH = 40 percent.
Cast Core
Spun Core
Constant
RH = 70%
RH = 40%
RH = 70%
RH = 40%
1.76
2.12
1.06
1.27
1.79
2.14
s1
184 106
262 106
111 106
157 106
s2
299 106
377 106
Values of 1, 2, s1, and s2 for cast core concrete when t1 270 days or t2 90
days may be calculated from the following expressions:
0.05
0.65 + ----------------------------------------------1 = 2.35 ------------------------------+ 0.6
0.6
0.6
1 + 10 t 1
1 + 10 ( t 1 + t 2 )
(Eq 6-26)
0.65
2 = 2.35 ------------------------------- + 0.65
0.6
1 + 10 t 1
(Eq 6-27)
s1 = 312 10
s2 = 780 10
0.225 ( t 1 + t 2 )
( 0.225 )t
-------------------------------------1- + ----------------------------------t 1 + t 2 + 55
t 1 + 55
(Eq 6-28)
( 0.4 0.09 )t
------------------------------------------1- + 0.225
t 1 + 55
(Eq 6-29)
Where:
= 0.8 and = 0.7 for RH = 70 percent
= = 1.0 for RH = 40 percent
Values of 1, 2, s1, and s2 for spun core concrete are 60 percent of the values
calculated for cast concrete.
Sec. 6.7
Wire-Relaxation Factor
6.7.1 The wire-relaxation factors for pipe with a single layer of prestressing,
using ASTM A648 wire with normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to
fsg = 0.75 fsu, are as follows:
R = 0.111 3.5( As /Ac ) for cast concrete
(Eq 6-30)
R = 0.132 3.1( As /Ac ) for spun concrete
(Eq 6-31)
6.7.2 The wire-relaxation factors for multiple layers of prestressing, using

ASTM A648 wire with normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fsg = 0.75 fsu,
are as follows:
27
A A s1
A s1
R1 = 0.113 5.8 0.64 -------- + 0.36 -----s- -------A
Ac
Ac
c
for cast concrete
(Eq 6-32)
A sf
A A sf
- + 0.83 ------0.127 5.0 0.17 -----s- ------A
A
A
for cast concrete
(Eq 6-33)
A s1
A A s1
R1 = 0.101 2.5 0.65 -------- + 0.35 -----s- -------
Ac
A c Ac
for spun concrete
(Eq 6-34)
A sf
A A sf
- + 0.94 ------0.127 2.5 0.06 -----s- ------A
A
A
for spun concrete
(Eq 6-35)
Rf =
Rf =
Where:
R1 = the relaxation factor for the first layer
Rf = the relaxation factor for the final layer of prestressing
The relaxation factors for the other layers of prestressing are obtained by linear
interpolation.
6.7.3 Each factory where ASTM A648 wire is made for PCCP shall perform a
quality-assurance test of wire relaxation. The normal intrinsic relaxation of wire for
an initial stress of 0.7 fsu at 1,000 h, determined in accordance with the requirements
of ASTM A648, is denoted by I. For normal intrinsic relaxation, I = 6.8 percent of the
initial stress. The wire intrinsic relaxation multiplier, CR = I/6.8, is the ratio of the
intrinsic relaxation of wire to normal intrinsic relaxation. If CR > 1.1, the
wire-relaxation factors shall be calculated based on the provisions of Sec. 6.7.4 and
6.7.5.
6.7.4 The wire-relaxation factors for pipe with a single layer of prestressing,
using ASTM A648 wire with higher than normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fsg = 0.75 fsu, are
R = 0.035 + 0.146 CR (0.95 + 2.55 CR )(As /Ac ) for cast concrete
(Eq 6-36)
R = 0.004 + 0.128 CR (2.01 + 1.09CR )(As /Ac ) for spun concrete
(Eq 6-37)
6.7.5 The wire-relaxation factors for multiple layers of prestressing, using wire
with higher than normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fsg = 0.75 fsu, are
A s1
A A s1
R1 = 0.044 + 0.069 C R 5.8 0.64 -------- + 0.36 -----s- -------A
Ac
Ac
c
for cast concrete (Eq 6-38)
A sf
A A sf
R f = 0.050 + 0.077 C R 5.0 0.17 -----s- ------- + 0.83 ------- for cast concrete (Eq 6-39)
A
Ac
Ac
c
28
AWWA C304-99
A s1
A A s1
R1 = 0.032 + 0.069 C R 2.5 0.65 -------- + 0.35 -----s- -------A
A
A
c
for spun concrete (Eq 6-40)
A sf
A A sf
- for spun concrete (Eq 6-41)
- + 0.94 ------R f = 0.050 + 0.077 C R 2.5 0.06 -----s- ------Ac
Ac Ac
SECTION 7:
Sec. 7.1
CRITERIA FOR LIMIT-STATE LOADS AND

PRESSURES*
Notation
Ac
As
Ay
d
ds
Dy
Ec
Em
fcr
fc
fm
fsg
fsu
fsy
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
fyy
ft
ftm
FT1, F T2
FW1
FWT1FWT6
=
=
=
=
=
=
Po =
Pk =
W1, W2 =
WT1WT3 =

center-to-center wire spacing (in. [mm])
wire diameter (in. [mm])
design modulus of elasticity of core concrete (psi [MPa])
design modulus of elasticity of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
final prestress in core concrete (psi [MPa])
design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
0.75 fsu = gross wrapping stress (psi [MPa])
specified minimum tensile strength of wire (psi [MPa])
0.85 fsu = wire tensile yield strength, corresponding to 0.2 percent
offset strain (psi [MPa])
design tensile yield strength of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
design tensile strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
design factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations
design factored working-load combination
design factored working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
decompression pressure (psi [kPa])
maximum internal-pressure limit under working plus transient
condition (psi [kPa])
design working-load and internal-pressure combinations
design working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
* For commentary see Appendix A, Sec. A.16.
29
k = tensile strain limit in core concrete at first visible cracking

km = tensile strain limit in coating mortar at first visible cracking
t = tensile elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of concrete
core, ft
tm = tensile elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of coating
mortar, ftm
w = tensile strain limit in core concrete for working conditions alone
wm = tensile strain limit in coating mortar for working conditions alone
Sec. 7.2
Limit-States Design
PCCP shall be designed for the following limit states:
1. Serviceability limit states
2. Elastic limit states
3. Strength limit states
Sec. 7.3
Serviceability Limit-States Design Criteria

The serviceability limit-states design criteria for working and working plus
transient conditions shall be as follows:
7.3.1 Core crack control. The tensile strain at the inside surface of the core
shall be limited to the following:
load and pressure combination W1: w = 1.5 t
load and pressure combinations F T1, WT1, and WT2: k = 11 t
7.3.2 Radial tension control. The calculated radial tensile stress at the
interface between the inner core and cylinder of ECP shall be a maximum of 12 psi
under working-load combination FW1 and under working-plus transient-load
combination WT3.
7.3.3 Coating crack control. The tensile strain at the outside of the coating
shall be limited to the following:
load and pressure combination W1: wm = 0.8 km
load and pressure combinations F T1, WT1, and WT2: km = 8 tm
The tensile strain at the outside surface of the concrete core shall be limited to
the following:
load and pressure combination W1: w = 1.5 t
load and pressure combinations F T1, WT1, and WT2: k = 11 t
7.3.4 Core compression control. The maximum compressive stress at the inside surface of the core shall be limited to the following:
load combination W2: 0.55fc
load combination WT3: 0.65 fc
30
AWWA C304-99
7.3.5 Maximum pressures.

to the following:
The maximum internal pressure shall be limited
ECP
load and pressure combination W1: Po
load and pressure combination WT1: min. (1.4 Po , Pk )
LCP
load and pressure combination W1: 0.8 Po
load and pressure combination WT1: min. (1.2 Po , Pk)
Where:
Pk = the internal pressure that, acting alone, produces (1) strain in the
coating of 0.5 km; or (2) axial tensile stress in the core of 5 f c
where fc is in psi or 0.41 f c where fc is in MPa for ECP, and
3 f c where fc is in psi or 0.25 f c where fc is in MPa for LCP,
calculated using the uncracked properties of the net section, whichever is less.
Sec. 7.4
Elastic Limit-States Design Criteria

The elastic limit-states design criteria also represent serviceability requirements, because exceeding the elastic limits does not cause failure of the pipe. These
criteria apply to working-pressure and load plus transient-pressure and load
conditions or to working-pressure and load conditions if no transient condition is
required. The elastic limit-states design criteria are as follows:
7.4.1 Wire-stress control. The maximum tensile stress in the prestressing
wire from load and pressure combinations FWT1, FWT2, and F T2 shall remain
below the gross wrapping stress, fsg, and the maximum compression in the core from
the same load combinations shall not exceed 0.75 fc.
7.4.2 Steel-cylinder stress control for ECP. The maximum tensile stress in the
steel cylinder of ECP from load and pressure combinations WT1, WT2, and F T1 shall
remain below the design yield strength of the steel cylinder fyy should the concrete
crack at the inside of the pipe wall at the crown and invert. Also, to preclude
separation of the cylinder from the outer core, should the inner core crack, the tensile
stress in the cylinder caused by external load alone (with zero pressure) from load
combination WT3 shall not exceed the compressive prestress in the cylinder.
Although the application of pressure increases the tensile stress in the cylinder, the
pressure also compresses the cylinder against the outer core concrete so that the
maximum condition for separation occurs with zero pressure in the pipe.
Sec. 7.5
Strength Limit-States Design Criteria

The strength limit-states design criteria, applied to the working plus transient
conditions, are as follows:
7.5.1 Wire yield-strength control. The maximum tensile stress in the prestressing wire shall not exceed its yield strength, fsy , when the pipe is subjected to
the factored load and pressure combinations FWT3 and FWT4.
31
7.5.2 Core compressive-strength control. The maximum combined moment

and thrust at the springline shall not exceed the ultimate compressive strength of the
core concrete when the pipe is subjected to the factored load combination FWT5.
7.5.3 Burst pressure. The stress in the prestressing wire shall remain below
the specified minimum tensile strength of the wire when the pipe is subjected to a
factored pressure combination FWT6.
7.5.4 Coating bond-strength control. To ensure satisfactory mortar-coating
bond strength, the minimum design spacing of prestressing wires in the same layer
shall be d/ds
2 for ECP and d/ds
2.75 for LCP. The maximum center-to-center
design spacing of prestressing wires in the same layer shall be 1.5 in. (38 mm), except
for LCP with wire in. (6.35 mm) in diameter and larger, the maximum design
spacing of prestressing wires shall be 1 in. (25 mm).
7.5.5 Pipe manufacture and storage in adverse environments. * Pipe manufactured and stored in hot and/or dry environmental conditions should be protected
against excessive heat and drying effects. Adverse environments for pipe manufacture and storage exist when (1) the normal maximum daily temperature exceeds
90F (32C) during the two-month period after pipe manufacture, referred to as a hot
environment; or (2) the mean relative humidity is less than 40 percent during the
two-month period after pipe manufacture, referred to as an arid environment.
Protection of pipe in adverse environments shall be provided by the treatments
indicated in the following matrix and list.
Pipe Treatment(s)
Environmental Condition
Not Arid
Arid
Not Hot
None
1,2
Hot
1,3
1,4
Pipe treatments:
1. Mortar coating shall have a minimum moisture content of 7.5 percent of
the total dry weight of the mix.
2. A curing membrane shall be applied to the exterior of the pipe to retard
moisture loss from the mortar coating.
3. Whitewash, paint, or other material shall be applied to the exterior of the
pipe to reflect solar radiation.
4. A curing membrane shall be applied to the exterior of the pipe to retard
moisture loss from the mortar coating. The curing membrane shall be light in color.
Whitewash, paint, or other material shall be applied over the curing membrane to
reflect solar radiation.
32
AWWA C304-99
SECTION 8: CALCULATION OF LIMIT-STATE LOADS

AND PRESSURES*
Sec. 8.1
Notation
Ac
As
Asj
Ay
b
ds
dy
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
dw =
Dy =
e =
eo =
Ec , E m =
Es , E y =
fc
ft
fci
fco
fcr , fyr , fsr
=
=
=
=
=
fcy =
fmi , fmm , fmo =
fms =
fsu =
fs =
fc (), fsj (), fy () =
fsrf =
fy =
fyy =
f *yy =

area of the j-th layer of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
width of pipe cross section equal to 1 ft (0.30 m)
wire diameter (in. [mm])
distance between midsurface of steel cylinder and inner surface of
core (in. [mm])
clear distance between two layers of prestressing wire in pipe with
multiple layers of prestressing (in. [mm])
radial distance of line of action of thrust N from inner surface of core
(in. [mm])
radial distance of line of action of thrust No from inner surface of core
(in. [mm])
design modulus of elasticity for core concrete and coating mortar,
respectively (psi [MPa])
design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire and steel cylinder,
respectively (psi [MPa])
concrete stress at inner surface of core (psi [MPa])
concrete stress at outer surface of core (psi [MPa])
final prestress in core concrete, steel cylinder, and prestressing wire,
respectively, compression is positive (psi [MPa])
concrete stress at midsurface of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
stresses at inner, middle, and outer fibers of coating, respectively
(psi [MPa])
coating stress at center of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
specified minimum tensile strength of wire (psi [MPa])
stress in the outer wire relative to the state of decompressed core
concrete (psi [MPa])
stress in core, the j-th layer of prestressing wire, and steel cylinder,
respectively, corresponding to strain (psi [MPa])
final prestress in outer layer of prestressing wire, compression is
positive (psi [MPa])
stress in steel cylinder relative to the state of decompressed core
concrete (psi [MPa])
tensile yield strength of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
design tensile strength of steel cylinder at pipe burst (psi [MPa])
33
Fci , Fy , Fco , Fs , Fm = stress resultants in the inner core section, steel cylinder, outer core
section, prestressing wire, and coating, respectively (lbf/ft [N/m])
FT1, F T2 = design factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations
FW1 = design factored working-load combination
FWT1FWT6 = design factored working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
hc = core thickness, including thickness of cylinder (in. [mm])
hci = (Dy Di)/2 ty = thickness of inner core concrete (in. [mm])
hm = coating thickness, including wire diameter (in. [mm])
k, k, k1 = dimensionless factors related to locations of neutral axis, defined in
Sec. 8.9.1 through 8.9.4, separately
m = modular ratio of coating mortar to core concrete
M1, M2 = bending moment at invert and crown or springline, respectively
(lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
Mci , My , Mco , Ms , Mm = moment of stresses in the inner core section, steel cylinder, outer core
section, prestressing wire, and coating, respectively (lbf-in. [N-m/m])
n, n = modular ratio of prestressing wire and steel cylinder to concrete,
based on design moduli of elasticity
No = thrust, resulting from final prestressing (lbf/ft [N/m])
Nsg , Nsy = thrust that produces fsg and fsy stresses in prestressing wire (lbf/ft
[N/m])
Nyy = thrust that produces fyy stress in steel cylinder of ECP (lbf/ft [N/m])
N1, N2 = thrust from internal pressure and loads at invert or crown, and
springline, respectively (lbf/ft [N/m])
NK = maximum thrust limit under working plus transient conditions (lbf/ft
[N/m])
Pb = burst pressure (psi [kPa])
Pk = maximum pressure limit under working plus transient condition,
Eq 8-1 and 8-2 (psi [kPa])
ts = part of core under tensile softening in the descending section of
stressstrain diagram (in. [mm])
tt = part of core under tension in the ascending section of stressstrain
diagram (in. [mm])
ty = thickness of cylinder (in. [mm])
W1, W2 = design working-load and internal-pressure combinations
WT1WT3 = design working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
, m = ratio of the depth of Whitney block to the depth of the compression
region for core and coating, respectively
ci , co , mi , mm , mo = strain in the inner and outer surfaces of the core, and in the inner,
middle, and outer surfaces of the coating, respectively
y, s = strain increments in the midsurface of steel cylinder and center of the
outer layer of wire, relative to the state of decompressed core,
respectively
cr = concrete strain corresponding to fcr
k = tensile strain limit in core concrete at first visible cracking
km = tensile strain limit in coating mortar at first visible cracking
sg, sy, su = prestressing wire strains corresponding to fsg, fsy, and fsu, respectively
t = tensile strain in the extreme fiber of the core
t = elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of core concrete, ft
34
AWWA C304-99
m
s
sj
y
2
m
r
Sec. 8.2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
dy/ts in Sec. 8.9.1 and (hc dy)/ts in Sec. 8.9.2

hm /2hc
ds /2hc
[( j )ds + ( j 1)dw ]/hc
dy /hc
k/t 1 = 10
co /t 1 or ci /t 1
km /tm 1 = 7
radial tension between inner core and cylinder of ECP (psi [MPa])
Limit-States Design Procedures

The design internal pressures, stresses, strains, and moments in the pipe wall
shall not exceed the limiting design criteria given in Table 3 for ECP and in Table 4
for LCP.
Stresses and strains in the pipe wall shall be calculated from moments and
thrusts in the pipe wall resulting from internal pressures, external loads, and the
weights of pipe and fluid. Moments and thrusts in the pipe wall shall be calculated
by the procedures given in Sec. 4 using load and pressure factors presented in Sec. 3
and summarized in Table 1 for ECP and in Table 2 for LCP. The calculation of
stresses and strains from moments and thrusts and the calculation of limiting
pressures and moments shall follow the procedures defined in this section.
Sec. 8.3
Maximum Pressures
The maximum pressure Pk as defined in Sec. 7.3.5, is as follows:
For ECP
0.5 km
5 f c
P k = P o min. -------------------, 1 + -------------
fcr
cr
(Eq 8-1)
Where fc and fcr are in psi.

0.5 km
0.41 f c
P k = P o min. -------------------, 1 + ---------------------
f cr
cr
Where fc and fcr are in MPa.
For LCP
0.5 k m
3 f c
-, 1 + ------------P k = P o min. -------------------
f cr
cr
Where fc and fcr are in psi.
0.5 k m
0.25 fc
-, 1 + ---------------------P k = P o min. ------------------
f cr
cr
Where fc and fcr are in MPa.
(Eq 8-2)
Table 3
35
Design load combinations and calculation references for embedded-cylinder pipe criteria
Limit States
and Location
Serviceability
at Full Pipe
Circumference
Serviceability at
Invert/Crown
Applicable Load
Combinations
Calculation
Reference
W1
(Eq 6-7)
WT1
(Eq 8-1)
W1
Sec. 8.9.1
FW1
(Eq 8-5)
WT1, WT2, F T1
Sec. 8.9.1
WT3
(Eq 8-5)
W1
Sec. 8.9.2
WT1, WT2, F T1
Sec 8.9.2
Inner core compression limit:

0.55 fc
fci
W2
Sec. 8.9.2

0.65 fc
fci
WT3
Sec. 8.9.2
Cylinder stress reaching yield:

fyy
fyr + n' fcr + fy
WT1, WT2, F T1
Sec. 8.9.1
WT3
Sec. 8.9.1
FWT1, FWT2, F T2
Sec. 8.9.2
FWT3, FWT4
Sec. 8.9.2
FWT5
Sec. 8.9.3
FWT6
(Eq 8-4)
Purpose
Limiting Criteria*
# Po
To preclude core
decompression
To preclude coating cracking
Pressure limit:
min (Pk, 1.4 Po)
P
To preclude onset of core

microcracking
Inside core tensile strain limit:

ci
1.5t
Inner core-to-cylinder radial tension

12 psi (0.82 MPa)
limit: r

visible cracking

ci
k = 11t

12 psi (0.82 MPa)
limit: r
Serviceability at
Springline

microcracking and to control
microcracking of coating
Outer core tensile strain limit:

1.5t
co
Outer coating tensile strain limit:

mo
0.8km = 6.4tm
To preclude coating visible

cracking

co
k = 11t

mo
km = 8tm
To control core compression
#
#
Elastic Limit at
Invert/Crown
To preclude exceeding limit

stress in steel cylinder
Onset of tension in cylinder:

0
fyr + n' fcr + fy
Elastic Limit at
Springline
To preclude exceeding wire

fsg wire stress limit plus core
limit stress, fsg, and maintain compression limit:
fsg
core compression below 0.75 f c fsr + nfcr + fs
0.75 fc
fci
Strength at
Springline
Burst Pressure
To preclude wire yielding
fsy wire stress limit:

fsy
fsr + nfcr + fs
To preclude core crushing
Ultimate moment: M
To prevent burst failure
# Pb
# Mult
*See Sec. 8
See Sec. 4
36
AWWA C304-99
Table 4
Design load combinations and calculation references for lined-cylinder pipe criteria
Limit States
and Location
Serviceability
at Full Pipe
Circumference
Serviceability at
Invert/Crown
Serviceability at
Springline
Purpose
Limiting Criteria*
# 0.8 Po
Applicable Load
Combinations
Calculation
Reference
W1
(Eq 6-7)
WT1
(Eq 8-2)
To preclude core decompression
To preclude coating cracking
Pressure limit:
min (Pk, 1.2 Po)
P

microcracking

ci 1.5t
W1
Sec. 8.9.1

visible cracking

ci k = 11t
WT1, WT2, F T1
Sec. 8.9.1

microcracking and to control
microcracking of coating

co 1.5t
W1
Sec. 8.9.2
WT1, WT2, F T1
Sec. 8.9.2

0.55 fc
fci
W2
Sec. 8.9.2

0.65 fc
fci
WT3
Sec. 8.9.2
To preclude exceeding wire

limit stress, fsg, and core
compression stress of 0.75 fc
fsg wire stress limit plus core

compression limit:
fsr + nfcr + fs
fsg
0.75 fc
fci
FWT1, FWT2, F T2
Sec. 8.9.2
To preclude wire yielding
fsy wire stress limit:

fsr + nfcr + fs
fsy
FWT3, FWT4
Sec. 8.9.2
To preclude core crushing
Ultimate moment: M
FWT5
Sec. 8.9.3
To prevent burst failure
FWT6
(Eq 8-4)
#
#

mo 0.8km = 6.4tm
To preclude coating visible

cracking

co 11t

mo km = 8tm
To control core compression
#
#
Elastic Limit at
Springline
Strength at
Springline
Burst Pressure
#
#
# Pb
# Mult
*See Section 8
See Section 4
Sec. 8.4
Maximum Thrust
The maximum thrust Nk is
N k = 6D y P k
Where Dy is in in. and Pk is in psi.
N k = D y P k
Where Dy is in mm and Pk is in kPa.
(Eq 8-3)
Sec. 8.5
37
Burst Pressure
The burst pressure of the pipe is
A y f yy + A s f su
P b = --------------------------------------6D y
Where Ay and As are in in.2, f
yy
(Eq 8-4)
and fsu are in psi, and Dy is in in.
A y f yy + A s f su
P b = 2 --------------------------------------Dy
Where Ay and As are in mm2, f
Sec. 8.6
yy
and fsu are in MPa, and Dy is in mm.
Radial Tension
The maximum radial tension, r, developed between the inner core and steel
cylinder of ECP at the invert or crown of the pipe subjected to the bending moment
M1 is computed as the maximum of
r =
h ci
------- f t ( 1 + v 2 ) 2 ----y- for v 2 0
Dy
k
h ci
------ f t 2 -----2 ( 2 ) for 1 and 2 > 0
Dy
h ci
1
------- f t 2 ( 1 + 2 ) -----2 --- ( 1 + ) 2 for > 1 and 2 > 0

Dy
(Eq 8-5)
as 2 = ci / t 1 ranges from 1 to 10. The value of k is computed by the procedure

described in Sec. 8.9 for computation of stresses and strains in the pipe wall
subjected to moments and thrusts.
Sec. 8.7
Combined Loads and Internal Pressures at Design Limit States

The maximum loads that may be combined with any specified internal pressure
and the maximum internal pressures that may be combined with any specified
external load for each of the design limit states defined in Sec. 7 shall be determined
using the combined moment-thrust design limits described in Sec. 8.2, together with
the relationships between internal pressure, external loads, pipe and fluid weights,
and moments and thrusts given in Sec. 3 and 4.
Sec. 8.8
Lines of Action of Thrusts

The radial distance from the inside surface of the pipe to the line of prestress
thrust No is
0.5bh c + nA s ( 1 + s ) + ( n 1 ) A y y
e o = h c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bh c + nA s + ( n 1 ) A y
(Eq 8-6)
38
AWWA C304-99
and to the line of combined-load thrust N resulting from internal pressure and loads is
0.5bh c + ( n m )A s ( 1 + s ) + ( n 1 ) A y y + mbh m ( 1 + m )
------------------------------e = h c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bhc + ( n m ) A s + ( n 1 ) A y + mbh m
(Eq 8-7)
Where:
n = Es /Ec
n = Ey /Ec for both cast and spun concrete
m =
Em
-------Ec
for mm tm
(Eq 8-8a)
E m tm
--------- 8 ------------------- 1
7E c ( mm )
for tm < mm < km
for mm k m
In Eq 8-8a, mm refers to the strain in the mortar coating resulting solely from
the thrust Ni and is calculated from the following equation:
Ni
mm = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E c [ bh c + ( n m ) A s + ( n 1 ) A y + mbh m ]
i = 1,2
(Eq 8-8b)
For pipe with multiple layers of prestressing, set As = Asj and As (1 + s)

= Asj (1 + sj).
Sec. 8.9
Conformance With Limit-States Criteria*

The computations of the stresses and strains in the pipe wall and of the moment
limits used to ensure that pipe design conforms to all limit-states criteria for the type
of pipe selected shall follow the equations and the procedures stated in this section.
The computations of stresses and strains in the pipe wall subjected to moments
and thrusts shall follow Sec. 8.9.1 for the invert and crown and Sec. 8.9.2 for the
springline. In both cases, the computation procedure is as follows:
1. Assume a strain value for the extreme fiber of core concrete in tension. In
Sec. 8.9.1 and 8.9.2, this is done by assuming a value for 2.
2. Assume a gradient for the linear strain distribution resulting from the
bending moments and thrusts acting on the section of pipe. In Sec. 8.9.1, this is done
by assuming a value for k and in Sec. 8.9.2 by assuming a value for k.
39
3. Compute the stress distribution over the cross section using the stress
strain relationships for the constituent materials described in Sec. 5 and the residual
stresses resulting from prestressing.
4. Compute the stress resultants in the constituent materials and set up the
equation for the equilibrium of internal stress resultants and applied thrusts. If the
equilibrium of forces is not achieved, change the strain gradient assumed in step 2
and repeat the calculations.
5. Set up the equation for the moment equilibrium of internal stress
resultants and the applied bending moment and thrusts. If the equilibrium of
moments is not achieved, change the assumed value of the strain at the surface of the
core in step 1, and repeat the calculations.
When moment limits corresponding to the strain and stress limit criteria are
computed, use the following procedure:
1. Use a strain equal to or less than the strain limit at the stress limit. In
Sec. 8.9.1 and 8.9.2, this is done by assuming a value for 2. Assume a gradient for
the linear strain distribution resulting from the applied bending moments and
thrusts. In Sec. 8.9.1 this is done by assuming a value for k and in Sec. 8.9.2 by
assuming a value for k.
2. Compute the stress distribution over the cross section using the stress
strain relationships for the constituent materials described in Sec. 5 and the residual
stresses resulting from prestressing.
3. Compute the stress resultants in the constituent materials and set up the
equation for the equilibrium of internal stress resultants and applied thrusts. If the
equilibrium of forces is not achieved, change the strain gradient assumed in step 1
and repeat the calculations.
4. Compute the moment from the equilibrium equation for moments considering the internal stress resultants and the applied thrusts. Change the strain in step 1
and repeat the calculations until the maximum moment is found. Set the moment
limit equal to the maximum moment.
The computation of the moment limits for the ultimate compressive strength of
the pipe wall shall follow Sec. 8.9.3 at the springline and Sec. 8.9.4 at the invert and
crown. The computation procedure shall be based on an assumed compressive-strain
limit of 0.003 for the extreme fiber of the core or coating and a rectangular (Whitney)
compressive-stress block and shall follow the procedure for moment limits corresponding to the strain limit criteria described in this section. The moment limit
calculated by the procedure in Sec. 8.9.4 is used in the moment distribution
procedure described in Sec. 4.3.3.
8.9.1 Strains, stresses, thrusts, and moments at invert and crown. The strain
equations stated below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall using
the assumed value of strain at the inside surface of the core as expressed by the
nondimensional factor 2 and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the
nondimensional factor k (see Figure 5). The stress equations stated below are based
on the stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5 and the strains at the critical points of the
pipe wall.
40
AWWA C304-99
Figure 5
crown
Schematic of strain and stress distributions in pipe-wall cross section at invert and
Strain Equations
Stress Equations
ci = ( 1 + 2 ) t
fci = ( 1 + 2 )f t
y = ci 1 ----y-
for 2 0
= 1 -----2 f t
for 0 < 2
= 0
for 2 >
fy = nf t ( 1 + 2 ) 1 ----y-
fcy = f t ( 1 + 2 ) 1 -----y for 2 0 and all
k
for all 2 and 1
= f t 1 -----2 ( 1 )
for 0 < 2 and < 1 or
= 0
for 2 > and 1 ----2
for 2 > and 1 ----- < < 1

2
co = ci 1
--- 1
k
41
fco = f t ( 1 + 2 ) 1
--- 1
k
+ s-
s = ci 1
--------------1
k
+ s- 1
fs = nf t ( 1 + 2 ) 1
-------------- k
1+
fms = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) ---------------s 1 f cr
k
1 + m
mm = ci ---------------- 1 cr
k
1 + 2 m
mo = ci -------------------- 1 cr
1 + m
fmm = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) ---------------- 1 fcr
k
1 + 2m
fmo = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) -------------------- 1 f cr
The ratio of moduli of mortar and concrete m is computed from Eq 8-8a, in

which mm is the strain in the mortar coating resulting from the combined effect of
thrust N1 and moment M1.
F = 0 implies
N o N 1 = F ci + F y + F co + F s + F m
(Eq 8-9)
Where
Fci = bkhc ( 1 + 2 )f t
for 2 0
= f ci + F c i = btt ( 1 + )f t + bt t ( 2 )f ci
for 0 < 2
= btt ( 1 + )f t
for 2
Fy = A y ( f y f cy )
bh
Fco = --------c- ( 1 k )f co
2
Fs = A s ( f s fms )
Fm = F m + F m
where F m = bh m m ( f co f cr ) and F m = bh m f mo
M about wire center = 0 implies
M 1 N 0 [ ( 1 + s )h c e o ] + N 1 [ ( 1 + s )h c e ] = M ci + M y + M co + M m
(Eq 8-10)
42
AWWA C304-99
Where
eo and e are given by Eq 8-8 and 8-9, respectively, and
---
Mci = F ci h c 1 + s k
for 2 0
2
- F ( 1 + )h + t
= F ci ( 1 + s )h c t t v 2 + 1
----------ci
s c
t --------------
3
3
for 0 < 2
-
= F ci ( 1 + 2 )h c t t 2 + 1
----------
3
for 2 >
My = F y h c ( 1 + s y )
1k
Mco = F co h c ------------ + s
3
2 m
4m
Mm = Fm h c ---------- s + F m h c ---------- s
3
For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing wire ( f = 2 or 3), the expressions
for s, fs, fsr, Fs, and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
prestressing wire, and
sj =
( 2j 1 )d s + 2 ( j 1 )d w
-----------------------------------------------------------2h c
for j = 1, ..., f
Where:
dw = the total clear mortar thickness between wire layers.
For the j-th layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire, sj is
f srj nf cr
sj = sj -----------------------Es
Where:
sf sj
sj = s 1 ------------------ sf + k
and s is the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire.
The stress layer in the j-th layer of prestressing wire fsj is calculated from the
prestressing wire stressstrain function Eq 5-7 substituting sj for s.
In Eq 8-9
f
Fs =
Fsj
j=1
43
Where:
Fsj = A sj ( f sj fmsj )
and fsj and fmsj are given by the expressions for fs and fms with s replaced by sj.
M is calculated about the center of the outer layer of prestressing wire by
adding
f1
Ms =
Fsj hc ( sf sj )
j=1
to the right-hand side of Eq 8-10.
Nk.
Eq 8-10 is valid for N1
For N1 > Nk, M1 shall not exceed the M1-moment limit corresponding to the
elastic limit stress fyy in the steel cylinder. This will ensure that the limit criterion
specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. This M1-moment limit at N1 is computed by linear
interpolation between the calculated M1-moment limit at Nk and the zero moment
corresponding to the axial thrust Nyy that causes yielding of the steel cylinder in the
absence of external load.
N yy = A c f c ( cr + yy ) + A y f yy +
Asj fsj ( srj + yy)

j=1
Where:
fc(cr + yy) = the stress in softened concrete calculated for strain at the onset
of cylinder yielding where cr = fcr / Ec.
yy = the circumferential strain increment that produces cylinder
yielding.
f yr + f yy
yy = ------------------Ey
and fsj (srj + yy) is the stress in the j-th prestressing wire layer, calculated
using Eq 5-7, for strain srj + yy where srj = fsrj /Es.
8.9.2 Strains, stresses, thrusts, and moments at springline. The strain equations stated below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall using the
assumed value of strain at the outer surface of the core as expressed by the
nondimensional factor 2 and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimensional factor k (see Figure 6). The stress equations stated below are based on the
stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5 and the strains at the critical points of the pipe
wall.
44
AWWA C304-99
Figure 6
Schematic of strain and stress distributions in pipe-wall cross section at springline

Strain Equations
Stress Equations
co = ( 1 + 2 ) t
fco = ( 1 + 2 )f t
1
ci = co ----- 1
k
1
y = co --------------y- 1
k
for 2 0
= 1 -----2 f t
for 0 < 2
= 0
for 2 >
1
fci = ( 1 + 2 ) f t ----- 1
k
1
fy = n ( 1 + 2 ) ft --------------y- 1
k
1
fcy = ( 1 + 2 ) f t --------------y- 1 for 2 0 and all or
k
all 2 and 1
-----2 ( 1 ) 1 f t
for 0 < 2 and < 1
or 2 > and 1 ----- < 1

2
= 0
s = co 1 + ----s-
for 2 > and < 1 ----2
fs = n ( 1 + 2 ) f t 1 + ----s-
fsg + f sr nf cr
for s ----------------------------------Es
fs
fsg + f sr nf cr
for s > ----------------------------------Es
f s ( s ) + f sr nf cr
45
f sr nf cr
s = s ---------------------Es
2 m
mo = co 1 + ---------- + cr
k
Note that fs(s) denotes the stress in the prestressing wire calculated for a wire
strain of s from the wire stressstrain function (Eq 5-7).
F = 0 implies
N o N 2 = F ci + F y + F co + F s
(Eq 8-11)
Where:
Fci = ( 1 k )bh c f ci
Fy = A y ( f y f cy )
Fco = bkh c ( 1 + 2 ) f t
for 2 0
= ( F co + F co )
where F c o = bt t ( 1 + v )f t and
F co = bt t ( 2 )f co
= btt ( 1 + )f t
for 0 < 2
for 2 >
Fs = A s f s
M about wire = 0 implies
M 2 + N o [ ( 1 + s )h c e o ] N 2 [ ( 1 + s )h c e ] = M ci + M y + M co
Where:
eo and e are given in Eq 8-6 and 8-7, respectively, and
( 1 k ) h
Mci = F ci ( 1 + s )h c --------------------------c
3
My = F y h c ( 1 + s y )
k
Mco = F co h c s + -----
for 2 0
(Eq 8-12)
46
AWWA C304-99
2
- + F h t
= F co h c s + t t 2 + 1
----------co
c s
t --------------
3
3
for 0 < 2
-
= F co h c s + t t 2 + 1
----------
3
for 2 >
For serviceability criteria, set e = eo. This requirement is consistent with the
requirement that tensile stress in the mortar coating at the springline be neglected.
For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing ( f = 2 or 3), the expressions for
s, fs , fsr, Fs , and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
sj =
( 2 j 1 )d s + 2 ( j 1 )d w
----------------------------------------------------------2h c
j = 1, ..., f
Where:
For the j-th layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire sj is
f srj nf cr
sj = sj -----------------------Es
Where:
sf sj
sj = s 1 ------------------
sf + k
s = the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire.
The stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire fsj is calculated from the stress
strain function (Eq 5-7) substituting sj for s.
In Eq 8-11
f
Fs =
F sj
j=1
Where:
Fsj = Asj fsj ,
and fsj is expressed by fs with s, fs, and fsr replaced by sj , fsj , and fsrj ,
respectively.
adding
f1
Ms =
Fsj hc ( sf sj )
j=1

Equation 8-12 is valid for N2 Nk.
47
elastic limit stress fsg in the outer layer of prestressing wire ( f = 1, 2, or 3). This will
ensure that the limit criterion specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. The M2-moment
limit at N2 is computed by linear interpolation between the calculated M2-moment
limit at Nk and the zero moment corresponding to the axial thrust Nsg that causes
elastic limit stress in the outer layer of prestressing wire without external load.
N sg = A c f c ( cr + sg ) + A y f y ( yr + sg ) +
Asj fsj ( srj + sg )
j=1
Where:
fc (cr + eg), fy (yr + sg ), and fsj (srj + sg ) are the stresses in the core
concrete, steel cylinder, and the j-th layer of prestressing wire, calculated from
the stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5.3.5, 5.5.4, and 5.6.4, respectively; yr =
fyr /Ey; srj = fsrj /Es is the wire tensile strain corresponding to the final
prestress in the j-th layer; and sg = sg srf is the circumferential strain
increment.
yield strength fsy of the outer layer of prestressing wire ( f = 1, 2, or 3). This will
ensure that the limit criterion specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. The M2-moment
limit at N2 is computed by linear interpolation between the calculated M2-moment
limit at Nk and the zero moment at the axial thrust Nsy that causes yielding of the
outer layer of prestressing wire without external load.
N sy = A c f c ( cr + sy ) + A y f y ( yr + sy ) +
Asj fsj ( srj + sy )

j=1
Where:
fc (cr + sy), fy (yr + sy), and fsj (srj + sy ) are the stresses in the concrete
core, steel cylinder, and the j-th layer of prestressing wire, calculated from the
stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5.3.5, 5.5.4, and 5.6.4, respectively; yr = fyr /Ey;
srj = fsrj /Es is the wire tensile strain corresponding to the final prestress in the
j-th layer; and sy = sy srf is the circumferential strain increment.
8.9.3 M2-Moment limit for ultimate compressive strength of core concrete. The
strain equations stated below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe
wall using the ultimate strain of 0.003 at the inner surface of the core and the
assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimensional factor k (see Figure 7).
The stress equations stated below are based on a rectangular (Whitney) stress block
for core concrete in compression, the stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5, and the
strains at the critical points of the pipe wall.
48
AWWA C304-99
Figure 7 Schematic of strain and stress distributions for computation of M2-moment limit for
ultimate compressive strength of core concrete
Strain Equations
Stress Equations
ci = 0.003
fci = 0.85fc
k y ( 1 + s )
y = ci ---------------------------------------k
fcy = 0.85fc
for dy kd
= 0
for dy > kd
fy = Ey y and shall not exceed fyy fyr + nfcr

1 k
s = ci --------------k
fs
fs(s) + fsr nfcr
In the above equations, fs (s) denotes the stress in the prestressing wire
calculated for a wire strain of s from the wire stressstrain function (Eq 5-7), and
f c
= 0.85 0.05 -------------- 4 for f c 4,000 psi
1,000
If fc is in MPa, substitute 145 fc for fc in the equation for .

F = 0 implies
N 0 N 2 = F ci + F y + F s
Where:
Fci = bkd(0.85fc).
Fy = A y (fy fcy ).
Fs = fs A s .
(Eq 8-13)
49
Note that if s su = (1.63fsu + fsr nfcr)/Es, then set fs = fsu + fsr nfcr and
s = su. Furthermore, if
f sg
s E s 2.25
163f su
------ < s < ----------------+ f sr nfcr
, then set fs = f su 1 1 0.6133 ----------
Es
Es
fsu
k
ci = --------------- s
1 k
and
y
k -------------1 + s
y = s --------------------------1 k
M about wire = 0 implies
M 2 + ( N o N 2 ) [ ( 1 + s )h c e o ] = M ci + M y
(Eq 8-14)
Where:
eo is given by Eq 8-6, and
k
Mci = F ci d 1 -------
2
My = Fy(d dy).
For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing wire ( f = 2 or 3), the expressions
for s , fs , fsr, Fs , and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
sj =
( 2j 1 )d s + 2 ( j 1 )d w
-----------------------------------------------------------2h c
for j = 1, ..., f
Where:
For the j-th layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire sj is
f srj nf cr
sj = sj -----------------------Es
Where:
sr sj
sj = s 1 ------------------- sf + k
and s is the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire.

The stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire fsj is calculated from the stress
strain function (Eq 5-7) subsituting sj for s.
50
AWWA C304-99
Figure 8 Schematic of strain and stress distributions for computation of M1-moment limit for
ultimate compressive strength of coating
In Eq 8-13
Fs =
Fsj
j=1
Where:
Fsj = Asj fsj
and fsj is expressed by fs with s , fs , and fs r replaced by s j , fs j , and fs r j ,
respectively.
adding
f1
Ms =
Fsj hc ( sf sj )
j=1

8.9.4 M1-Moment limit for compressive strength of coating. The M 1-moment
limit for LCP computed in accordance with the procedures of this section is used in
the moment-redistribution procedure described in Sec. 4.3.3.
The strain equations stated below express the strains at the critical points of
the pipe wall using the ultimate strain of 0.003 at the outer surface of the coating
and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimensional factor k1 (see
Figure 8). The stress equations stated below are based on a rectangular (Whitney)
stress block for coating mortar in compression, the stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5,
and the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall.
Strain Equations
51
Stress Equations
mo + cr
- [ ( 1 k 1 )d 1 + d y ]
ci = -------------------------k1 d1 + h m
mo + cr
y = -------------------------- ( 1 k 1 )d 1
k1 d1 + h m
fci = 0
fy
( 1 k 1 )d 1
-------------------------- n ( f cr + E c mo )
k1 d1 + h m
f yy + f yr nf cr
fcy
mo + cr
- k d
co = -------------------------k1 d1 + h m 1 1
fco
E c mo + fcr
- k d for k1d1 > 0
fco = ---------------------------k1 d 1 + hm 1 1
= 0, otherwise
mo + cr
-------------------------- ( k 1 d 1 + h c s )
k1 d1 + h m
E c mo + f cr
- ( k1 d1 + hc s )
fs = n ---------------------------k1 d1 + hm
fms = 0.85fm
= 0
mo = 0.003
fmo = 0.85fm
= 0
for hm hcs < mhm

otherwise
for k1d1 > hM
otherwise
In the above equations,

mo ( k 1 d 1 + h m )
h m = ---------------------------------------- mo + cr
The depth of the Whitney block mhm, in which
fm
f =
m = 0.85 0.05 --------------
1,000 4 with m 5,500 psi
should not be taken greater than the mortar thickness hm.
If fc is in MPa, substitute 145 fc for fc in the equation for m.
F = 0 implies
N 0 N 1 = F ci + F y + F co + F s + F m
Where:
Fci = 0.
Fy = Ay(fy fcy).
Fco = bk1 d 1 f co .
Fs = As(fs fms).
Fm = bmhm(fmo).
(Eq 8-15)
52
AWWA C304-99
M about cylinder = 0 implies

M 1 + N o ( e o d y ) N 1 ( e d y ) = M co + M s + M m
(Eq 8-16)
Where:
eo and e are given by Eq 8-6 and 8-7, respectively, and
k
Mco = F co d 1 1 -----1-
3
Ms = Fs(d1 + hc s)
Mm = F m ( d 1 + h m m h m )
For LCP, the cylinder and the first layer of prestressing wire are lumped into an
equivalent steel area. Analysis is performed using the following modifications:
1. Set Ay, dy = 0
2. Replace n by n* where
A ( n 1 )
n* = n 1 + -----y- -------------------n
As
for k 1 0
A n
n* = n 1 + -----y- ------
As n
for k 1 < 0
3. Replace wire diameter ds by d*s where

nA s d s ( n 1 )A y t y
d*s = -----------------------------------------------------nA s + ( n 1 )A y
for k 1 0
nA s d s nA y t y
= ---------------------------------------nA s + nA y
for k 1 < 0
For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing ( f = 2 or 3), the expression for
s, fs, Fs, and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
sj =
( 2j 1 )d s + 2 ( j 1 )d w
-----------------------------------------------------------2h c
for j = 1, ..., f
Where:
In Eq 8-15
f
Fs =
Fsj
j=1
Where:
Fsj = As( fsj fmsj )
and fsj and fmsj are given by the expressions for fs and fms with s replaced
by s j .
53

replacing Ms in Eq 8-16 by
f1
Ms =
Fsj ( d 1 + h c sj )
j=1
SECTION 9: DESIGN SELECTION TABLES

In order to make AWWA C304 easier to use, design selection tables are included
for 16-in. through 60-in. [410-mm through 1,520-mm] LCP. Sec. 9.4 summarizes the
criteria used in these tables. Designs for conditions other than those listed in Sec. 9.4
or the selection tables must be obtained by implementing the design procedures
specified in this standard. The following three design examples are presented to
demonstrate the use of the design selection tables.
Sec. 9.1
Design Example 1
Given conditions are as follows:
pipe size
= 24 in. (610 mm)
= 175 psi (1,206 kPa)
working pressure (Pw)
= 0.4 Pw
transient pressure (Pt )
field-test pressure (Pf t )
= 1.2 Pw
earth cover
= 12 ft (3.65 m)
soil density
= 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m)
bedding
= type R-1
All of the design conditions fall within the criteria given in Sec. 9.4. Using the
design selection table for 24-in. (610-mm) LCP with type R-1 bedding, an earth cover
of 12 ft (3.65 m), and a system working pressure of 175 psi (1,206 kPa), the required
As is 0.32 in.2/lin ft (677 mm2/m).
Sec. 9.2
Design Example 2
pipe size
= 36 in. (915 mm)
= 150 psi (1,034 kPa)
= 50 psi (345 kPa)
transient pressure (Pt )
= 165 psi (1,138 kPa)
field-test pressure (Pf t )
earth cover
= 8 ft (2.44 m)
soil density
= 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m3)
bedding
= type R-2
The specified transient pressure of 50 psi (345 kPa) is less than the transient
pressure used in the selection tables (0.4 150 psi = 60 psi [0.4 1,034 kPa = 414 kPa])
and the specified field-test pressure of 165 psi (1,138 kPa) is less than the field-test
pressure used in the selection tables (1.2 150 psi = 180 psi [1.2 1,034 kPa = 1,241 kPa]),
therefore the selection tables can be used. From the table for 36-in. (915-mm) LCP with
type R-2 bedding, an earth cover of 8 ft (2.44 m), and a working pressure of 150 psi
(1,034 kPa), the required As is 0.37 in.2/lin ft (783 mm2/m).
54
AWWA C304-99
Sec. 9.3
Design Example 3
pipe size
= 48 in. (1,220 mm)
= 150 psi (1,034 kPa)
= 0.4 Pw
transient pressure (Pt)
field-test pressure (Pft)
= 1.2 Pw
earth cover
= 16 ft (4.88 m)
soil density
= 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m3)
Find the required As for each bedding class.
All of the design conditions fall within the criteria stated in Sec. 9.4. Using the
design selection table for 48-in. (1,220-mm) LCP with a working pressure of 150 psi
(1,034 kPa) and an earth cover of 16 ft (4.88 m), the required As for each of the five
bedding details is as follows:
Bedding Detail
Required As (in.2/ ft)
R-1
R-2
.66++
R-3
.63++
R-4
.58++
R-5
.53++
The hyphen () in the Required As column for R-1 bedding indicates that a
special design is required. This could include a second layer of prestressing wire, a
larger-diameter prestressing wire, a higher concrete strength, a thicker steel
cylinder, a thicker concrete core, or some combination of these items.
The two plus signs (++) next to the As value under R-2 bedding indicate that a
28-day compressive strength of 7,000 psi (48.3 MPa) is required. The single plus sign
(+) next to the As values under R-3 and R-4 beddings indicates that a 28-day
compressive strength of 6,500 psi (44.8 MPa) is required. Standard 28-day compressive
strength of 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa) is sufficient for the design under R-5 bedding.
Sec. 9.4 Lined-Cylinder Pipe Standard Prestress Design Tables

Tables 514 and Figure 9, which follow, list the amount of prestressing wire (As),
in square inches per linear foot, for working pressure and earth cover combinations
commonly used. These designs are based on the criteria specified in this standard
and the following:
1. Concrete-core thickness = pipe diameter 16.
2. Mortar-coating thickness = in. (19 mm) over the wire.
3. Transient pressure (Pt ) = 40 percent Pw or 40 psi (276 kPa), whichever is
greater.
4. Field-test pressure (Pf t ) = 1.2 Pw .
5. Transient external load = AASHTO HS20 truck loading (two trucks
passing) on unpaved road.
6. Prestressing wire = 6 gauge ASTM A648 class III.
7. Steel-cylinder thickness = 16 gauge (1.52 mm).
55
8. Minimum 28-day compressive strength of concrete core ( fc) = 6,000 psi

(41.4 MPa), except where higher-strength concrete is required as denoted by the
following:
a) + = 6,500 psi (44.8 MPa)
b) ++ = 7,000 psi (48.3 MPa)
c) +++ = 7,500 psi (51.7 MPa)
9. Average relative humidity of storage environment = 70 percent.
10. Time in outdoor storage (t1) = 270 days.
Burial time after outdoor storage (t2) = 90 days.
11. Concrete modulus multiplier (CE ) = 1.
Wire-relaxation multiplier (CR ) = 1.
Concrete-shrinkage multiplier (CS ) = 1.
Concrete-creep multiplier (C) = 1.
12. Earth loads = Marston/Spangler theory for rigid pipe using transition
width trench (same as positive projecting embankment condition).
13. Backfill density = 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m3).
14. Rankines lateral pressure ratio coefficient of internal friction = K = 0.19.
15. Settlement ratio projection ratio = rsdp = 0.5.
16. Pipe stresses are determined using Olanders coefficients.
Designs to meet criteria different from those stated in this section can be
developed using AWWA C304.
56
AWWA C304-99
Embankment condition indicates trench width at top of pipe exceeds transition width.
For bedding types R1 and R2, trench bottom shall be over excavated and bedding material shall extend to
depth b below bottom of pipe if subgrade is rock or other unyielding material.
The bedding types illustrated above are referenced in Tables 514.
Figure 9
Bedding details for prestressed concrete cylinder pipe embankment condition
Table 5
Bedding
Type
R1
30
Bedding
Angle
R2
45
Bedding
Angle
R3
60
Bedding
Angle
R4
90
Bedding
Angle
R5
150
Bedding
Angle
57
Standard prestress design16 in. (410 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment
Loading
(ft)
System Working Pressure (psi)

0
25
50
75
100
125
14.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28+
150
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.32++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.32++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.32++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.32++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.32++
175
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28+
0.37+++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28+
0.37+++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28+
0.37+++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28+
0.37+++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28+
0.37+++
200
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.32++
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.32++
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.32++
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.32++
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.32++
Indicates special design required
*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As ) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin ft.
Refer to Figure 9.
58
AWWA C304-99
Table 6
Bedding
Type
R1
30
Bedding
Angle
R2
45
Bedding
Angle
R3
60
Bedding
Angle
R4
90
Bedding
Angle
R5
150
Bedding
Angle

Cover Embankment
Loading
(ft)

0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.29+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.29+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.29+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.34++
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.34++
0.2
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.34++
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.31+
0.40+++
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.31+
0.40+++
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.31
0.40+++
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
14.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.27
16.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.27
18.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.31+
20.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.29+
0.34++
0.40+++
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.29+
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.34++
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.31+
0.40+++
Refer to Figure 9.
Table 7
Bedding
Type
R1
30
Bedding
Angle
R2
45
Bedding
Angle
R3
60
Bedding
Angle
R4
90
Bedding
Angle
R5
150
Bedding
Angle
59

Cover Embankment
Loading
(ft)

0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26+
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.31++
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.31++
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.31++
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.31++
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.31++
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.37+++
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.37+++
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.31
0.37+++
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.31+
0.37+++
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.31
0.37+++
Refer to Figure 9.
60
AWWA C304-99
Table 8
Bedding
Type
R1
30
Bedding
Angle
R2
45
Bedding
Angle
R3
60
Bedding
Angle
R4
90
Bedding
Angle
R5
150
Bedding
Angle

Cover Embankment
Loading
(ft)
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.30
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.32
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34+
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.29
0.30
0.32+
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.35
0.37+
0.38++
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.37+
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.35+
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33+
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30+
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40+
0.42+
0.43++
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.40+
0.41++
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.39+
0.40++
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37+
0.37++
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34+
0.35++
Refer to Figure 9.
Table 9
Bedding
Type
R1
30
Bedding
Angle
R2
45
Bedding
Angle
R3
60
Bedding
Angle
R4
90
Bedding
Angle
R5
150
Bedding
Angle
61

Cover Embankment
Loading
(ft)
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.28
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.31
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.30
0.34
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.30
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.33
0.37+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.30
0.33
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.30
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.40+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.33
0.36+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.30
0.33
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.39
0.42++
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.36
0.39+
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35+
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.41
0.44+
0.47++
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40+
0.43++
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41+
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.37+
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33+
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.46+
0.48++
0.51+++
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45+
0.46++
0.49++
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.45+
0.46++
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.42+
0.43+
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38+
0.39+
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.49
0.50+
0.52++
0.54+++
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.47
0.49+
0.51+
0.52++
0.54+++
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.49+
0.50++
0.52+++
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.46+
0.46+
0.47++
0.49+++
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43+
0.44+
0.45++
Refer to Figure 9.
62
AWWA C304-99
Table 10
Bedding
Type
R1
30
Bedding
Angle
R2
45
Bedding
Angle
R3
60
Bedding
Angle
R4
90
Bedding
Angle
R5
150
Bedding
Angle

Cover Embankment
Loading
(ft)
25
50
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.32
0.37
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.32
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.31
0.36
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.31
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.34
0.39
0.43+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.30
0.34
0.38+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.31
0.35
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
75
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.32
0.37
0.43
0.46++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.29
0.33
0.38
0.42+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.30
0.34
0.38+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.32
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
100
125
150
175
200
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.45+
0.50++
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.46++
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.34
0.38
0.42+
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.37
0.41
0.45
0.49+
0.53+++
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.32
0.33
0.36
0.38
0.42
0.45+
0.49++
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.45++
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.39+
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.51+
0.55++
0.59+++
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.48
0.50++
0.54+++
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.46
0.48+
0.51++
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.44+
0.46++
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.41+
0.41
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.52
0.54+
0.57++
0.60+++
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.50
0.53
0.55+
0.57++
0.60+++
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.53+
0.55++
0.56+++
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50+
0.51++
0.52+++
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.46+
0.47++
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.58+
0.61++
0.64++
0.66+++
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.60+
0.62++
0.64+++
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.56
0.58+
0.59++
0.61+++
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.55+
0.56++
0.57+++
0.59+++
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.52+
0.53++
0.54+++
Refer to Figure 9.
Table 11
Bedding
Type
R1
30
Bedding
Angle
R2
45
Bedding
Angle
R3
60
Bedding
Angle
R4
90
Bedding
Angle
R5
150
Bedding
Angle
63
Standard prestress design42 in. (1,070 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment
Loading
(ft)
25
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.33
0.39
0.45+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.34
0.40
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.31
0.37
0.44
0.49+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.33
0.38
0.43+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.29
0.34
0.39
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.31
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
50
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.42
0.47+
0.52++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.31
0.37
0.42
0.47+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.33
0.38
0.42+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.31
0.35
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
75
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.34
0.40
0.46
0.51+
0.57++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.41
0.47
0.51++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.27
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.47+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.27
0.31
0.35
0.39
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.28
100
125
150
175
200
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.38
0.44
0.50
0.55+
0.60+++
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50+
0.55++
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.36
0.41
0.47
0.50++
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.39
0.43+
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.41
0.45
0.50
0.55+
0.60++
0.65+++
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.51
0.54++
0.59+++
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.47
0.51+
0.55++
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.38
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.48+
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40+
0.40
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.57
0.61++
0.66+++
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.51
0.54
0.57+
0.61++
0.66+++
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.54+
0.57++
0.61+++
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.53+
0.55++
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.47+
0.48++
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.62
0.64+
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.59
0.62+
0.64++
0.46
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.57
0.60+
0.62++
0.64+++
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.59+
0.60++
0.62+++
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.53+
0.54++
0.55+++
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.66++
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.65+
0.66+++
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.64+
0.66++
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.58
0.59+
0.60++
0.61+++
0.63+++
Refer to Figure 9.
64
AWWA C304-99
Table 12
Bedding
Type
R1
30
Bedding
Angle
R2
45
Bedding
Angle
R3
60
Bedding
Angle
R4
90
Bedding
Angle
R5
150
Bedding
Angle

Cover Embankment
Loading
(ft)
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0

0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.33
0.40
0.47
0.52++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.35
0.41
0.47+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.33
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
25
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.31
0.38
0.45
0.51+
0.57++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.33
0.39
0.46
0.51+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.41
0.46+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
50
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.35
0.42
0.50
0.56+
0.62++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.31
0.38
0.44
0.50
0.55++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.34
0.40
0.46
0.51+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.29
75
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.40
0.47
0.55
0.60++
0.66+++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.29
0.30
0.36
0.43
0.49
0.54+
0.59++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.33
0.39
0.45
0.49+
0.54++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.46+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.31
0.34
100
125
150
175
200
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.45
0.52
0.58+
0.65++
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.41
0.47
0.56
0.60++
0.64+++
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.39
0.43
0.49
0.54+
0.59++
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.35
0.38
0.42
0.47
0.51+
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.39
0.37
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.53
0.59
0.65+
0.37
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.50
0.54
0.63+
0.66+++
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.38
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.48
0.51
0.56
0.60++
0.64+++
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.41
0.44
0.47
0.50
0.52+
0.56++
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.46
0.47+
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.62
0.66+
0.44
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.59
0.63
0.66++
0.44
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.57
0.61
0.63
0.66+++
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.58+
0.61++
0.63+++
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.54+
0.55++
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.62
0.64
0.66+
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66+++
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.66
0.51
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65+
0.66+++
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.60
0.61+
0.62++
0.64+++
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.66+++
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.66+
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.66++
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.66+
0.66+++
0.58
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.66+++
Refer to Figure 9.
Table 13
Bedding
Type
R1
30
Bedding
Angle
R2
45
Bedding
Angle
R3
60
Bedding
Angle
R4
90
Bedding
Angle
R5
150
Bedding
Angle
65

Cover Embankment
Loading
(ft)
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0

0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.31
0.39
0.47
0.54+
0.61++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.34
0.41
0.48
0.55++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.29
0.36
0.42
0.48+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.33
0.38
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
25
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.29
0.36
0.44
0.52
0.60+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.32
0.39
0.46
0.53+
0.59++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.34
0.41
0.48
0.54+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.33
0.38
0.44
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.29
50
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.34
0.42
0.50
0.58
0.64++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.30
0.37
0.44
0.52
0.58+
0.65++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.27
0.33
0.40
0.46
0.52+
0.58++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.32
0.38
0.44
0.48+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.31
0.35
75
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.39
0.47
0.55
0.62+
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.43
0.50
0.57
0.64+
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.39
0.45
0.52
0.58+
0.64++
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.38
0.43
0.49
0.54+
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.36
0.40
100
125
150
175
200
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.43
0.46
0.53
0.61
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.40
0.43
0.48
0.55
0.62+
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.41
0.45
0.51
0.57
0.63+
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.40
0.44
0.49
0.54+
0.58++
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.45+
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.52
0.55
0.61
0.66
0.41
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.57
0.63
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.51
0.55
0.59
0.64
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.51
0.54
0.58
0.61+
0.65++
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.50
0.51+
0.53++
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.66
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.63
0.66+
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.61
0.65
0.66+++
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.61
0.64
0.65++
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.51
0.52
0.55
0.57
0.59+
0.60++
0.63++
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66+
0.59
0.60
0.63
0.65
0.66++
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.64
0.65
0.65+++
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.66+
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.65
0.66
0.66++
0.66+
0.65
0.66+
0.64
0.64
0.65
0.66+
0.66+
Refer to Figure 9.
66
AWWA C304-99
Table 14
Bedding
Type
R1
30
Bedding
Angle
R2
45
Bedding
Angle
R3
60
Bedding
Angle
R4
90
Bedding
Angle
R5
150
Bedding
Angle

Cover Embankment
Loading
(ft)
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0

0
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.36
0.45
0.54
0.62+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.31
0.39
0.47
0.56
0.62++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.34
0.42
0.49
0.55+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.32
0.38
0.45
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.28
25
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.33
0.42
0.51
0.60
0.66+++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.29
0.37
0.45
0.53
0.61+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.33
0.40
0.47
0.55
0.60++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.32
0.38
0.44
0.49+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.34
50
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.33
0.39
0.48
0.58
0.65+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.34
0.43
0.51
0.60
0.66++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.28
0.31
0.39
0.46
0.54
0.60+
0.66+++
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.32
0.38
0.44
0.50
0.56+
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.27
0.31
0.35
0.40
75
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.45
0.54
0.64
0.28
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.49
0.57
0.65+
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.45
0.52
0.60
0.66+
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.38
0.44
0.50
0.55+
0.61++
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.29
0.32
0.34
0.37
0.41
0.46+
100
125
150
175
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.61
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.49
0.56
0.64
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.51
0.58
0.65+
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.56
0.61
0.66+++
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.51+
0.45
0.47
0.50
0.52
0.55
0.58
0.62
0.66+++
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.56
0.59
0.65
0.45
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.54
0.57
0.62
0.66+
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.57
0.61
0.64
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.58+
0.60++
0.56
0.58
0.61
0.63
0.66
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.64
0.66+
0.54
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.66++
0.53
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.64
0.66++
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.58
0.61
0.64
0.66+
0.65+
0.66+++
0.65
0.65++
0.64
0.66
0.65++
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.66++
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.66+
0.66+++
200
Refer to Figure 9.
APPENDIX A
Commentary
This appendix is for information only and is not a part of AWWA C304.
SECTION A.1: INTRODUCTION

AWWA C304, Standard for Design of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe,
referred to as the standard, provides a unified procedure for the design of PCCP and
supersedes all other conflicting or additional requirements on the design of the pipe
in the documents referenced in the standard.
SECTION A.2: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 3.2

OF THE STANDARD
The load factors in this standard were developed by a committee of technical
representatives from the structural engineering consultants and from each ACPPA*
producer. The committee reviewed the results of industry tests (Zarghamee, Heger,
and Dana 1988a; Zarghamee 1990) and compared designs obtained using this
standard with the prior experience with prestressed concrete pipe. The developed
load factors were also compared with other standards used in the structural
engineering practice and were found to be conservative.
SECTION A.3
COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 3.5.1

OF THE STANDARD
The load factors for the load combinations corresponding to the elastic limit
states are determined by manufacturing tolerances (that is, material and geometric
variabilities of the manufactured pipe) so that the probability of exceeding these
limits is less than 0.001. The higher value of 1 for LCP accounts for the effect of
manufacturing tolerances and the smaller dimensions of the pipe on the combined
loads that produce the elastic stress limit of the wire.
* American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association, 11800 Sunrise Valley Dr., Suite 309, Reston, Va.
20191
67
68
AWWA C304-99
SECTION A.4: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 3.5.2

OF THE STANDARD
The higher value of 2 for LCP accounts for the effect of manufacturing
tolerances and the smaller dimensions of the pipe on the combined loads that produce
yielding of the wire.
The value of 2 of 1.3 for ECP for the wire yield criterion is the same as the
ultimate strength-load factor used since the early 1980s for dead, water, and earth
loads on rigid pipe in the AASHTO* Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.
The same ultimate strength-load factors are also found in the proposed ASCE
Standard for Direct Design of Buried Concrete Pipe. Design studies for typical LCP
showed that the wire yield limit does not govern the design of typical LCP, and the
actual load factor for wire yield strength is much larger than 1.4. Combined load
tests conducted by the industry on ECP (Zarghamee 1990) demonstrated that coating
cracks, developed under combined loads at wire yield, disappear or become less than
0.002 in. (0.050 mm) after pressure is removed. These tests demonstrate that the
wire yield limit state is actually a damage criterion, rather than an ultimate strength
limit state.
SECTION A.5: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 3.6

OF THE STANDARD
The higher value of 1 for LCP accounts for the effect of manufacturing
tolerances and the smaller dimensions of the pipe on the combined loads that produce
the elastic stress limit of the wire.

OF THE STANDARD
The moment and thrust coefficients corresponding to the Olander load
distribution (Olander 1950) are stated by Smith (1978). Paris presents moment and
thrust coefficients in his paper (Paris 1921).
* American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol St., N.W.,
Washington, DC 20001.
American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.
69

OF THE STANDARD
A method of analysis for obtaining the moments around the pipe accounting for
the tensile softening of coating mortar and concrete core is presented by Zarghamee
and Fok (1990). The validity of the simplified moment-redistribution procedure
stated in Sec. 4.3.3 is discussed by Zarghamee, Fok, and Sikiotis (1990).
SECTION A.8: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 5.3.3 AND

5.4.2 OF THE STANDARD
The tensile strength of concrete is based on the results presented by Raphael
(1984). Note that this strength is used only to define the peak of an idealized bilinear
fit through an otherwise concave and smooth curve of finite curvature.
SECTION A.9: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 5.3.4 AND

5.4.3 OF THE STANDARD
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is based on the results reported by Pauw
(1960). The modulus of elasticity calculated using Pauws formula concurs with the
results obtained using the formula stated by ACI* 318-83, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, when fc is approximately 5,000 psi (34.5 MPa) or less,
but it gives lower values for high-strength concrete.
SECTION A10: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 5.3.5

OF THE STANDARD
The stressstrain relationship of concrete and mortar is idealized to account for
the tensile softening and the stiffness of concrete and mortar when strained beyond
the microcracking stage. A comprehensive discussion of the implications of this
stressstrain relationship is presented by Heger, Zarghamee, and Dana (1990).
When concrete and mortar are stressed in tension, their stressstrain behaviors
may be approximated by the trilinear diagrams presented in Figure 2, which depicts
the following three distinct states:
1. The virgin state, in which the concrete or mortar is uncracked.
2. The strain-softened state, in which microcracking of the concrete or mortar
occurs.
3. The cracked state.
Microcracks are minute, short, unconnected cracks, visible only with the aid of a
microscope, usually occurring at the aggregate/cementmortar interface. Microcracks
*American Concrete Institute, 22400 W. 7 Mile Rd., Detroit, MI 48219.
70
AWWA C304-99
occur in a random pattern and are unaligned with the tensile stress field. The phrase,
Onset of microcracking, in Figure 2 indicates the boundary between the virgin state
and the strain-softened state. The phrase, Onset of visible cracking, in Figure 2 refers
to the tensile strain at which point no additional stress is transferred across the
fracture process zone delineating the boundary between the strain-softened state and
the cracked state. Near this point, microcracks coalesce and become aligned with the
stress field to form surface fissures, or macrocracks, which become visible to the
unaided eye as strain increases.
In the literature on testing of prestressed concrete, Kennison (1960) discusses
an incipient crack as follows: This microscopic crack is not readily visible to the
naked eye and is defined as a crack, 0.001 in. in width and 12 in. long. Kennison
continues, The first visible crack is defined as a crack 0.002 in. in width and 12 in.
long and can usually be observed with normal eyesight if a meticulous examination
of the surface is made.
SECTION A.11:

OF THE STANDARD
Although f *yy is empirically obtained, test results show that the average yield
strength of steel sheets used in the fabrication of the cylinder is significantly higher
than the specified minimum yield strength, and agrees with the value stated in
Sec. 5.5.2.
SECTION A.12:

OF THE STANDARD
The stressstrain relationship for the prestressing wire was derived from test
results performed on the virgin wire and then corrected for the prestretching effect so
that the relationship is linear when fs fsg.
SECTION A.13:
COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 6

OF THE STANDARD
An accurate procedure for computing the state of stress in buried prestressed

concrete in an environment with a varying relative humidity, similar to that of a
buried pipe, is presented by Zarghamee and Dana (1991). Based on the results of this
procedure, the simplified procedure presented in this standard was developed. The
justification of the simplified procedure and a discussion of the accuracy of this
procedure is presented by Zarghamee, Heger, and Dana (1990).
SECTION A.14:
71

OF THE STANDARD
In the proposed procedure for computing the final prestress in prestressed

concrete pipe with multiple layers of prestressing, the part of the coating that
becomes partially prestressed by the second and third layers of prestressing is
neglected. Small-diameter pipe manufactured with relatively large intermediate
coating thickness between wire layers requires special design.
SECTION A.15:
COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 6.6

OF THE STANDARD
For a design relative humidity of less than 40 percent, creep and shrinkage may
be computed from the model by Bazant, Kim, and Panula (1991, 1992). Their results
show that when relative humidity is decreased to less than 40 percent, the increase
in creep and shrinkage is small. For practical purposes, the creep factor and
shrinkage strain computed for a design relative humidity of 40 percent may be used
for drier environments.
SECTION A.16:

OF THE STANDARD
A comprehensive discussion of the limit-states design criteria, including the

experimental justification of each criterion and comparisons of the results of carefully
conducted combined-load tests with the calculated combined-load limits corresponding to these criteria, is presented by Heger, Zarghamee, and Dana (1990).
SECTION A.17:

OF THE STANDARD
A simplified rule for determining if pipe manufactured within the continental

United States must be protected against hot environments, as defined in Sec. 7.5.5,
is that protection is necessary only for pipe manufactured from May 15 to September
15 at locations where, for 60 days or more, the maximum temperature exceeds 90F
(32C). These locations are shown on the accompanying US Department of
Commerce, Environmental Services Administration, Environmental Data Services
map of the mean annual number of days during which the maximum temperature is
90F (32C) and above (Figure A.1).
Application of white paint to the exterior surface of mortar-coated PCCP was
shown by one series of tests to reduce the surface temperature of pipe exposed to
solar radiation from about 135F (57C) to about 90F (32C).
72
AWWA C304-99
Figure A.1 Mean annual number of days maximum temperature of 90F (32C) and above, except 70F (21C) and
above in Alaska
73
To determine if pipe manufactured within the continental United States must

be protected against arid environments, as defined in Sec. 7.5.5, consult the
accompanying mean relative humidity maps, prepared by the aforementioned
services, for different months of the year (Figures A.2 through A.5).
SECTION A.18:

OF THE STANDARD
For further details and a discussion of the procedure for calculating the
limit-state loads and pressures, see the paper by Zarghamee, Fok, and Sikiotis
(1990). An example of the design procedure is presented in appendix C of this
standard.
SECTION A.19:
COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 8.9

OF THE STANDARD
The methodology of AWWA C304 is based on extensive theoretical work reported

by Zarghamee and Fok (1990) and on extensive experimental work, including
combined load tests reported, and compared with the simplified procedures that are
the basis of this standard by Heger, Zarghamee, and Dana (1990). These references
state that the standards assumptions and simplifications are consistent with test
results. One of the assumptions of Sec. 8.9 is that applied thrusts act on a circular
reference axis. Zarghamee and Fok state, Although the location of the reference
axis . . . is arbitrary, it is recommended that it be at the centroid of the coated pipe
cross section calculated for the pressured pipe in absence of any bending moments
from external loads and pipe and fluid weights.
As shown in Figure 5 of Sec. 8.9.1 and Figure 6 of Sec. 8.9.2, the reference line
of action of the computed thrust is at the centroid of the transformed coated pipe
cross section calculated for the total thrust. The total thrust is comprised of the
thrusts applied by external loads, pipe self weight, contained fluid weight, and
internal pressure. An exception to this selection of the line of action of the computed
thrust is in the computation for serviceability criteria at the springline, in which a
simplifying approximation of neglecting the coating while setting e = eo was compared
with actual test results and was determined to be valid (Zarghamee, Fok, and
Sikiotis, 1990).
Computations of moments and thrusts from the combined loads are based on
elastic theory for a circular ring of constant thickness and radius R to the geometric
centroid of the cross section. Although R does not coincide with the radius to the
center of the cross section used in Figure 5 and Figure 6, the resulting difference is
negligibly small. The use of R for the computation of applied moments and the use of
the transformed centroid as the location for the application of thrust to the cross
section is consistent with accepted engineering practices for the design of statically
indeterminate structures.
74
AWWA C304-99
Figure A.2
Mean relative humidity (JanuaryMarch)
Figure A.3
Mean relative humidity (AprilJune)
75
76
AWWA C304-99
Figure A.4
Mean relative humidity (JulySeptember)
Figure A.5
Mean relative humidity (OctoberDecember)
77
Appendix B
References
ACI. 1982. Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and
Temperature Effects in Concrete Structures. Report No. ACI 209R-82, Pub.
SP76-10, ACI, pp. 193300.
Bazant, Z.P., J.K. Kim, and L. Panula. 1991, 1992.
Improved Prediction Model for Time-Dependent Deformations of Concrete. Materiaux et
Constructions, Part 1, V. 24, No. 143, pp. 327
345; Part 2, V. 24, No. 144, pp. 407421; Part
3, V. 25, No. 145, pp. 2128; Part 4, V. 25, No.
146, pp. 95101; Part 5, V. 25, No. 147, pp.
163169.
Heger, F.J., M.S. Zarghamee, and W.R. Dana.
1990. Limit States Design of Prestressed
Concrete Cylinder Pipe. I: Criteria. Journal of Structural Engineering, 116:8:2083
2104.
Kennison, H.F. 1960. Tests on Prestressed Concrete Embedded Cylinder Pipe. Journal of
the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, November,
pp. 7798.
Ojdrovic, R.P., and M.S. Zarghamee. 1996. Concrete Creep and Shrinkage Prediction
From Short-Term Tests. ACI Materials
Journal, ACI, 93:2:169177.
Olander, H.C. 1950. Stress Analysis of Concrete
Pipe. Engineering Monograph, No. 6, October. US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver,
Colo.
Paris, J.M. 1921. Stress Coefficients for Large
Horizontal Pipes. Engineering NewsRecord, 87:19:768771.
Pauw, A. 1960. Static Modulus of Elasticity of
Concrete as Affected by Density, ACI Journal Proceedings, 57:6:679688.
Raphael, J.M. 1984. Tensile Strength of Concrete. ACI Journal Proceedings, 81:2:158
165.
Smith, W.W. 1978. Stresses in Rigid Pipe.

Transportation Engineering Journal,
ASCE, 104:TE3:387392.
Zarghamee, M.S. 1990. Evaluation of Combined Load Tests of Prestressed Concrete
Cylinder Pipe. In Pipeline Design and
Installation, K.K. Kienow, ed., ASCE, pp.
572585.
Zarghamee, M.S., and K.L. Fok. 1990. Analysis
of Prestressed Concrete Pipe Under Combined Loads. Journal of Structural Engineering, 116:7:20222039.
Zarghamee, M.S., and W.R. Dana. 1991. A
Step-by-Step Integration Procedure for
Computing State of Stress in Prestressed
Concrete Pipe. In Computer Analysis of
the Effects of Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Changes on Concrete Structures,
Pub. SP-129, A.C.I., pp. 155170.
Zarghamee, M.S., F.J. Heger, and W.R. Dana.
1988a. Experimental Evaluation of Design
Methods for Prestressed Concrete Pipe.
Journal of Transportation Engineering,
114:6:126.
1988b. Predicting Prestress Losses in Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe. Concrete
Int'l.: Design & Construction, ACI,
10:10:5964.
Zarghamee, M.S., K.L. Fok, and E.S. Sikiotis.
1990. Limit States Design of Prestressed
Concrete Cylinder Pipe. Part II: Procedure. Journal of Structural Engineering,
116:8:21052126.
1990. Concrete Creep and Shrinkage and
Wire Relaxation in Buried Prestressed
Concrete Pipe. ACI Structural Journal,
87:5:512522.
78
APPENDIX C
Pipe-Design Example
SECTION C.1: INTRODUCTION

The design example included in this appendix uses the US system of units. If
designs using the SI system of units are required, proper equations should be used
where direct conversions of units are not possible. These equations are provided in
AWWA C304-99.
The design procedure requires calculation of the following:
1. Residual stresses in the concrete and steel elements of
the pipe from prestressing after losses caused by the
creep and shrinkage of concrete and wire relaxation.
References1
2. Moments and thrusts at invert and springline of the

pipe resulting from the factored load and pressure
combinations specified in Table 1 for ECP and Table 2
for LCP.
3. Internal-pressure capacities and moment capacities in
the pipe wall.
4. Strains and stresses in the pipe wall resulting from
moments and thrusts caused by the factored load and
pressure combinations.
The internal pressures, moments, strains, and stresses in the pipe wall are
compared with the internal-pressure capacities, moment capacities, and strain and
stress limits specified in Table 3 for ECP and Table 4 for LCP.
The design procedure is iterative. An initial wire area is assumed and, using
this area, all design criteria are checked. If any of the criteria are violated, a new
larger wire area must be assumed. If none of the criteria is violated, the initial wire
area must be decreased. If an estimate of the final wire area is not available, the
following systematic procedure may be used:
References
1. Compute the minimum and maximum allowable wire

areas for the pipe from the AWWA C301 wire-spacing
requirements.
AWWA
C301-99,
Sec. 3.2.2
2. Compute the wire area required by the burst pressure

criterion.
Eq 8-4
Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to AWWA C304-99.
79
80
AWWA C304-99
References
3. Compute the wire area required from the maximum
pressure criterion.
Eq 8-1
Eq 8-2
4. Check all other criteria using the minimum wire area

that satisfies the maximum wire spacing, the burst
pressure, and maximum pressure requirements.
Sec. 8.2
5. If any criterion is violated, a design using the maximum

wire area that satisfies the minimum wire spacing
requirement may be checked to determine if a feasible
design exists.
6. If a feasible design exists, the smallest acceptable wire
area may be determined by trial and error. If no feasible
design exists, other design parameters such as wire
diameter, number of layers of prestressing wire, concrete
strength, and core thickness must be modified.
In this example, representative calculations are presented to illustrate the
design procedure. It is assumed that the final design wire area for the example pipe
has already been determined; the calculations presented are for checking the design. 1
SECTION C.2: DESIGN PARAMETERS

References1
Pipe:
72-150 ECP with cast core
Core:
Di
= 72 in., Dy = 75.5 in., hc = 5.5 in.
Pressures: Pw = 50 psi, Pt = 60 psi, Pf t = 180 psi

Earth load and fluid weight:
We = 6,000 lb/ft, Wt = 0
2
Wf =
Wire:
6 gauge, ds = 0.192 in., Class III, fsg = 189,000 psi,

fsu = 252,000 psi, Es = 28 106 psi
fsy
= 0.85 fsu = 0.85 252,000 = 214,200 psi
sg =
2
Di f
72 62.4
------------------ = ------------------------------------- = 1,764 lb/ft
4 144
4 144
Sec. 5.6.2
ds
0.192 = 0.0175
-------- = ----------------2 5.5
2h c
Sec. 8.1
f sg
189, 000- = 6, 750 10 6
------- = ---------------------Es
28 10 6
Sec. 8.1
References1
sy =
Coating:
Cylinder:
f sy
214, 200- = 7, 650 10 6
------ = ---------------------Es
28 10 6
hm = 0.75 + ds = 0.75 + 0.192 = 0.942 in.
Sec. 8.1
AWWA
C301-99
Sec. 3.1.5
m =
hm
0.942 = 0.0856
-------- = ----------------2h c
2 5.5
Sec. 8.1
Di + hc + hm
+ 5.5 + 0.942- =
--------------------------------- = 72
----------------------------------------39.22 in.
2
2
Sec. 4.1
16 gauge, ty = 0.0598 in., fyy = 33,000 psi,

f y*y = 45,000 psi, Ey = 30 106 psi
hci =
Dy Di
75.5 72
------------------ t y = ------------------------ 0.0598 = 1.69 in.
2
2
Sec. 8.1
dy
D y D i t y 75.5 72 0.0598
------------------- ---- = ------------------------ ------------------ = 1.72 in.
2
2
2
2
Sec. 8.1
dy
------ = 1.72
----------- = 0.313
hc
5.5
Sec. 8.1
Steel cylinder and concrete cross-sectional areas:
Concrete:
Ay
= 12 ty = 12 0.0598 = 0.7176 in.2/ft
Sec. 8.1
Ac
= 12 (hc ty) = 12 (5.5 0.0598) = 65.28 in.2/ft
Sec. 8.1
fc
= 5,500 psi (cast)
Ec
= 158c1.51 fc 0.3 = 158 1451.51 5,5000.3

= 3.84 106 psi
Eq 5-2
6
Es
28 10 - = 7.29
------ = -------------------------6
Ec
3.84 10
Sec. 8.1
6
Ey
30 10 - =
------ = -------------------------7.81
6
Ec
3.84 10
Sec. 8.1
ft
= 7 f c = 7 5, 500 = 519 psi
Eq 5-1
f
6
519 - =
-----t- = -------------------------135 10
6
Ec
3.84 10
Figure 2
k = 11t = 11 135 106 = 1,487 106
Figure 2
81
82
AWWA C304-99
References1
Mortar:
fm = 5,500 psi
Em = 158 1401.51 5,5000.3 = 3.64 106 psi
m
6
Em
3.64 10
-------- = --------------------------- = 0.948 before softening
6
Ec
3.84 10
ftm = 7 f m = 7 5, 500 = 519 psi

tm =
f tm
6
519
--------- = --------------------------- = 143 10 in. in.
6
Em
3.64 10
km = 8tm = 8 143 106 = 1,144 106

Environment: RH = 70%, t1 = 270 days, t2 = 90 days
Sec. C.2.1
Eq 5-6
Sec. 8.8
Eq 5-5
Figure 2
Figure 2
Sec. 6.6
Moment and Thrust Coefficients

References1
Earth load (bedding: 90 Olander):
Cm1e = 0.1247, Cm2e = 0.0885, Cn1e = 0.3255, Cn2e = 0.5386
Pipe weight (bedding: 15 Olander):
Cm1p = 0.2157, Cm2p = 0.1016, Cn1p = 0.1029, Cn2p = 0.3026
Fluid weight (bedding: 90 Olander):
Cm1f = 0.1208, Cm2f = 0.0878, Cn1f = 0.2703, Cn2f = 0.0617
SECTION C.3: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM

WIRE AREAS
Sec. C.3.1
Maximum Prestressing-Wire Area Based on Minimum Wire Spacing

References1
The minimum allowable center-to-center wire spacing is twice the
AWWA
wire diameter or 0.384 in. Therefore, the maximum prestressing-wire C301-99,
area based upon the minimum wire spacing is
Sec. 3.2.2
2
Asmax =
2
d s
12
3.14 0.192
12
----------- -------------- = ----------------------------------- --------------- = 0.905 in.2/ft
4
0.384
4
0.384
Sec. C.3.2 Minimum Allowable Prestressing-Wire Area Based on Maximum

Wire Spacing
References1
The maximum allowable center-to-center spacing of wire is 1.5 in.;
therefore,
AWWA
C301-99,
Sec. 3.2.2
Asmin =
Sec. C.3.3
2
d s
12
3.14 0.192 - ------12- = -------------------------------------------- ------ 1.5
1.5
4
4
= 0.232 in.2/ft
Minimum Prestressing-Wire Area Based on Burst Pressure

References1
The pipe shall have the necessary strength against burst when
subjected to the load combinations FWT6.
Pb = 1.6 Pw + 2.0 Pt = 1.6 150 + 2.0 60 = 360 psi
Sec. 7.5.3
Eq 3-12
Pb =
A y f y*y + A s f su
6D y P b A y f y*y
-------------------------------------- A s = ----------------------------------------f su
6D y
As
2
1,175.5 360 0.7176 45, 000
6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.519 in. ft
252,000
Eq 8-4
Thus, the prestressing-wire area required for the burst pressure

criterion (0.519 in.2/ft) is the minimum allowable prestressing-wire
area.
SECTION C.4: STATE OF STRESS CALCULATIONS

Sec. C.4.1
Modular Ratios
References1
= 109 ( fc)0.3 = 109 (5,500)0.3 = 8.23
Sec. 6.5
ni = 117 ( fc)0.3 = 117 (5,500)0.3 = 8.83
Sec. 6.5
ni
= 93 ( fc) 0.3 = 93 (5,500)0.3 = 7.02
Sec. 6.5
nr = 99 ( fc)0.3 = 99 (5,500)0.3 = 7.47
Sec. 6.5
nr
83
84
AWWA C304-99
Sec. C.4.2
Creep, Shrinkage, and Wire Relaxation

References1
For RH = 70%, 1 = 1.76 and 2 = 1.79.
Sec. C.4.2.1
Sec. 6.6
Volume-to-surface ratios
References1
hco
Dy Di
72.0- = 3.75 in.
= h c ------------------ = 5.5 75.5
---------------------------2
2
/3 1 + 1.13e
0.54h ci
/3 1 + 1.13e
0.54 1.69
(hco + hm) =
0.54 ( h co + h m )
0.54 ( 3.75 + 0.942 )
(hm) =
(hci ) =
Sec. C.4.2.2
/3 1 + 1.13e
/3 1 + 1.13e
Eq 6-24
= 0.969
/3 1 + 1.13e
0.54 h m
/3 1 + 1.13e
0.54 0.942
Eq 6-24
= 0.726
Eq 6-24
= 1.120
Creep factor
References1
ci = 1 (hci) = 1.76 0.969 = 1.705
Eq 6-18
com = 2 (hco + hm) = 1.79 0.726 = 1.300
Eq 6-19
m = 2 (hm) = 1.79 1.12 = 2.005
Eq 6-20
Sec. C.4.2.3
( h co + h m ) com h m m + h ci ci
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------h ci + h co
( 3.75 + 0.942 )1.3 0.942 2.005 + 1.69 1.705

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 1.304
1.69 + 3.75
Eq 6-16
Shrinkage factor
References1
(hci) = 1.2e
(hco + hm) = 1.2e
(hm) = 1.2e
0.12h ci
= 1.2e
0.12 ( h co + h m )
0.12 h m
0.12 1.69
= 1.2e
= 1.2e
= 0.980
0.12 ( 3.75 + 0.942 )
0.12 0.942
Eq 6-25
= 0.683 Eq 6-25
= 1.072
Eq 6-25
References1
For RH = 70%, s1 = 184 106 and s2 = 299 106
sci
= s1 (hci) = 184 10
Sec. 6.6
0.980 = 180.3 10
Eq 6-21
scom = s2 (hco + hm) = 299 106 0.683 = 204.2 106
Eq 6-22
sm = s2 (hm) = 299 106 1.072 = 320.5 106
Eq 6-23
( h co + h m )s com h m s m + h ci s ci
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------( h ci + h co )
6
( 3.75 + 0.942 )204.2 0.942 320.5 + 1.69 180.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
( 1.69 + 3.75 )
Eq 6-17
= 177 106
Sec. C.4.2.4
Wire relaxation
References1
Sec. C.4.3
A
0.519
= 0.111 3.5 -----s- = 0.111 3.5 --------------- = 0.0832
A
65.28
c
Eq 6-30
Initial Prestress
References1
fic =
=
A s f sg
----------------------------------------------A c + n i A s + n iA y
Eq 6-1
0.519 189,000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = 1,293 psi
65.28 + 8.23 0.519 + 8.83 0.7176
fiy = ni fic = 8.83 1,293 = 11,417 psi

fis
Sec. C.4.4
Eq 6-2
= fsg + ni fic = 189,000 + 8.23 1,293 = 178,359 psi Eq 6-3
Final Prestress
References1
fcr
f ic ( A c + n r A s + n r A y) ( A s E s + A y E y )s A s Rf sg
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A c + ( nr A s + n rA y ) ( 1 + )
1,293 ( 65.28 + 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
( 0.519 28 10 + 0.7176 30 10 )177 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
0.519 0.0832 189,000

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
Eq 6-4
= 947 psi
85
86
AWWA C304-99
References1
cr =
fyr
f cr
947 - = 247 10 6
------ = -------------------------6
Ec
3.84 10
A c ( f ic n r + E y s ) RA s f sg n r ( 1 + )
= f iy + -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A c + ( n r A s + n rA y ) ( 1 + )
Eq 6-5
6
65.28 ( 1,293 1.304 7.47 + 30 10 177 10 )

= 11,417 + ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
0.0832 0.519 189,000 7.47 ( 1 + 1.304 )
m ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
=m23,371 psi
fsr
Ac ( f icn r + E ss ) RA s f sg n r ( 1 + )
= fis + Rfsg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A c + ( n r A s + n rA y ) ( 1 + )
Eq 6-6
= 178,359 + 0.0832 189,000

6
65.28 ( 1,293 1.304 7.02 + 28 10 177 10 )

+m ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
0.0832 0.519 189,000 7.02 ( 1 + 1.304 )
m ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 151,426 psi
65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
Sec. C.4.5
Decompression Pressure
References1
Po
f cr ( A c + n r A s + n r A y )
---------------------------------------------------------6D y
947 ( 65.28 + 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 )

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 155.3 psi
6 75.5
Eq 6-7
SECTION C.5: MINIMUM PRESTRESSING-WIRE AREA

BASED ON MAXIMUM PRESSURE
The minimum prestressing-wire area shall meet the following requirements:
References1
Criterion:
Load combination:
Po
Pw
W1
Sec. 7.3.5
Pw + Pt
min (Pk, 1.4 Po )
WT1
Sec. 7.3.5
Pw = 150 psi < Po = 155.3 psi; therefore, loading condition W1 is satisfied.
87
To check the loading condition WT1, first calculate

References1
0.5 km
5 f
Pk = Po min -------------------, 1 + -------------c-
f cr
cr
0.5 km
5 f
, P o 1 + -------------c-
= min P o ------------------- cr
f cr
Because,
5 f
5,500
P o 1 + -------------c- = 155.3 1 + 5
---------------------- = 216.1 psi
f
947
cr
and
6
0.5 k m
1,144 10
- = 155.3 0.5
----------------------------------------------P o ------------------ = 359.6 psi

cr
247 10
Pk = min [216.1, 359.6] = 216.1 psi

and
min (Pk, 1.4 Po ) = min (216.1, 1.4 155.3) = 216.1 psi
Therefore,
Pw + Pt = 150 + 60 = 210 psi < 216.1 psi
and loading condition WT1 is satisfied.
SECTION C.6: STRESS FROM PRESTRESSING FOR

FINAL DESIGN AREA
The prestressing-wire area for the final design that satisfies all design criteria,
determined using a computer program to perform iterations, is 0.565 in.2/ft. This area
is greater than the minimum wire area needed to satisfy the burst-pressure
requirements described in Sec. 3.3. The state-of-stress calculation for As = 0.565 in.2/ft
follows the calculation procedure stated in Sec. C.4 for As = 0.519 in.2/ft and produces
the following results:
References1
fcr
= 1,028 psi
cr =
fyr
f cr
1,028 - = 268 10 6
------ = -------------------------6
Ec
3.84 10
= 24,918 psi
88
AWWA C304-99
References1
yr =
fsr
= 150,192 psi
sr =
Po
f yr
24,918- = 831 10 6
------ = --------------------Ey
30 10 6
f sr
6
150,192
----- = ---------------------- = 5,364 10
6
Es
28 10
= 169.36 psi
No = 6Dy Po = 6 75.5 169.36 = 76,720 lb/ft
Eq 4-1
Using the above prestress values, Pk' can be computed as shown earlier.
Pk = 230.44 psi
Nk = 6Dy Pk = 6 75.5 230.44 = 104,389 lb/ft
Eq 8-3
Pipe weight can now be computed for As = 0.565 in.2/ft.

Wp =
---------- ( D i + h c )h c c + ( D i + 2h c + h m )h m m --144
A
+ ( D y t y )t y ( s c ) + ( D i + 2h c + d s ) -----s- ( s m )
12
= ---------- ( 72 + 5.5 )5.5 145 + ( 72 + 2 5.5 + 0.942 )0.942 140 --144

+ (75.5 0.0598) 0.0598 (489 145)
( 72 + 2 5.5 + 0.192 )0.565 ( 489 140 )
+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
= 1,654 lb/ft
Furthermore, the location of the neutral axis for prestress thrust is

eo
0.5bh c + nA s ( 1 + s ) + ( n 1 )A y y
= h c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bh c + nA s + ( n 1 ) A y
Eq 8-6
0.5 12 5.5 + 7.29 0.565 ( 1 + 0.0175 )

= 5.5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 5.5 + 7.29 0.565 + ( 7.81 1 )0.7176
( 7.81 1 )0.7176 0.313
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 5.5 + 7.29 0.565 + ( 7.81 1 )0.7176
= 2.839 in.
89
SECTION C.7: SERVICEABILITY AT FULL PIPE

CIRCUMFERENCE
The serviceability at full pipe circumference includes the following criteria and
load combinations:
References1
Criterion:
Load combination:
Core decompression limit
W1
Table 3
Coating cracking
WT1
Table 3
In other words, the prestressing-wire area must satisfy for loading combination W1:
Pw
Po
Pw = 150 psi < Po = 169.36 psi

and for loading combination WT1:
Pw + Pt
# min (Pk, 1.4 Po )
Because
min (Pk, 1.4 Po ) = min (230.44, 1.4 169.36) = 230.44 psi,
Pw + Pt = 150 + 60 = 210 psi
# 230.44 psi
Therefore, both requirements are satisfied.
SECTION C.8: SERVICEABILITY AT INVERT/CROWN

Limit states of serviceability at invert/crown include the following criteria and
load combinations:
References1
Criterion:
Load combination:
Inside core cracking
W1
Table 3
Inside core visible cracking
WT1, WT2, FT1
Table 3
FW1, WT3
Table 3
Calculation procedures for all of the criteria and load combinations are similar.
The detailed calculations for the inside core visible cracking criterion under the load
combination WT1 are shown below; the results for other criteria are summarized at
the end of the section.
90
AWWA C304-99
Applied moment and thrust at invert for load combination WT1:

References1
M1 = R [ C m1e ( W e + W t ) + C m1p W p + Cm1f W f ]
Eq 4-2
= 39.22[0.1247(6,000 + 0) + 0.2157 1,654 + 0.1208 1,764]

= 51,694 lb-in./ft
N1 = 6Dy P [Cn1e (We + Wt ) + Cn1p Wp + Cn1 f Wf]
Eq 4-4
= 6 75.5(150 + 60) [0.3255(6,000 + 0) + 0.1029 1,654

0.2703 1,764] = 93,484 lb/ft
The procedure for determining the strain and the stress distribution in the cross
section caused by applied loads is iterative and requires satisfying the force and
moment equilibrium equations. An iteration cycle is demonstrated below for trial
values of
2 = 1.696
k = 0.704
Sec. C.8.1
Constants
References1
khc
0.704 5.5
-------------- = ----------------------------- = 1.4362 in.
1 + 2
1 + 1.696
tt
ts
= 2 tt = 1.696 1.4362 = 2.4358 in.
dy
1.72 - = 0.706
------ = ----------------ts
2.4358
Sec. 8.9.1
Sec. 8.9.1
Sec. 8.9.1
The location of the neutral axis under the thrust N1 is given by

e
0.5bhc + ( n m ) A s ( 1 + s ) + ( n 1 )A y y + mbhm ( 1 + m )
------------------------------= h c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bh c + ( n m ) A s + ( n 1 ) A y + mbhm
Eq 8-7
0.5 12 5.5 + ( 7.29 0.365 )0.565 ( 1 + 0.0175 )

= 5.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 5.5 + ( 7.29 0.365 )0.565 + ( 7.81 1 )0.7176 + 0.365 12 0.942
( 7.81 1 )0.7176 0.313 + 0.365 12 0.942 ( 1 + 0.0856 )
+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 5.5 + ( 7.29 0.365 )0.565 + ( 7.81 1 )0.7176 + 0.365 12 0.942
= 2.996 in.
91
Where:
m = 0.365 is calculated by trial and error for tensile softened coating when
the pipe is subjected to a tensile thrust of N1 alone.
References1
The tensile strain in the coating is
N1
mm = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E c [ bh c + ( n m )A s + ( n 1 )A y + mbh m ]
m
Em
t m
--------- 8 -------------1
7E c
mm
Eq 8-8b
Eq 8-8a
For trial value of m = 0.365,

93,484
mm = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
3.84 10 [ 12 5.5 + ( 7.29 0.365 )0.565 + ( 7.81 1 )0.7176 + 0.365 12 0.942 ]
= 309 106
m
Sec. C.8.2
6
6
3.64 10 - --------------------------
-----------------------------------8 143 10 - 1 = 0.365
6
6
7 3.84 10 309 10
Strains
References1
ci
= (1 + 2)t = (1 + 1.696)135 106 = 364 106
Sec. 8.9.1
6
6
y = ci 1 -----y = 364 10 1 0.313
--------------- = 202 10
k
0.704
Sec. 8.9.1
6
6
1 - =
co = ci 1
--- = 364 10 -------------153 10
k 1
0.704 1
Sec. 8.9.1
1+
6
6
+ 0.0175
s = ci --------------s- 1 = 364 10 1
--------------------------- 1 = 162 10
0.704
Sec. 8.9.1
1 + m
6 1 + 0.0856
6
mm = ci ---------------- 1 cr = 364 10 ---------------------------- 1 268 10
0.704
Sec. 8.9.1
= 71 106
1 + 2 m
6 1 + 2 0.0856
6
mo = ci -------------------- 1 cr = 364 10 ------------------------------------- 1 268 10
k
0.704
Sec. 8.9.1
= 26 106
92
AWWA C304-99
Sec. C.8.3 Stresses

References1
Because 0 < 2 = 1.696 < = 10 and = 0.706 < 1,
fci
= 1 -----2 ft = 1 1.696
--------------- 519 = 431 psi
10
nf t ( 1 + 2 ) 1 ----y- = 7.81 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) 1 0.313

---------------
0.704
k
fy =
Sec. 8.9.1
Sec. 8.9.1
= 6,069 psi
fcy
= f t 1 -----2 ( 1 ) = 519 1 1.696

--------------- ( 1 0.706 ) = 493 psi
10
Sec. 8.9.1
fco
1
1
f t ( 1 + 2 ) --- 1 = 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) --------------- 1 = 588 psi
0.704
k
Sec. 8.9.1
1+
1 + 0.0175
fs = nf t ( 1 + 2 ) ---------------s 1 = 7.29 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) ---------------------------- 1
k
0.704
Sec. 8.9.1
= 4,542 psi
1+
fms = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) ---------------s 1 f cr
k
Sec. 8.9.1
1 + 0.0175
= 0.948 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) ---------------------------- 1 ( 1,028 ) = 384 psi
0.704
1 + m
- 1 f cr
fmm = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) --------------- k
1 + 0.0856
= 0.948 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) ---------------------------- 1 1,028 = 256 psi
0.704
1 + 2m
- 1 f cr
fmo = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) -------------------
Sec. 8.9.1
1 + 2 0.0856
= 0.948 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) ------------------------------------- 1 1,028 = 94 psi
0.704
Where:
m = 0.948 corresponds to the condition of no tensile softening of
mortar, because the tensile strain in the coating is
mm = 71 106 < tm = 143 106.
Sec. C.8.4
Internal Forces
References1
Fci = btt (1 + ) ft' = 12 1.4362 (1 + 10) 519

= 49,196 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.1
Fci = btt ( + 2) fci = 12 1.4362 (10 1.696) 431

= 30,841 lb/ft
Fci = Fci + Fci = 49,196 + 30,841 = 18,355 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.1
Sec. 8.9.1
Fy
= Ay( fy fcy) = 0.7176(6069 493) = 4,001 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.1
Fco
bh c
5.5
--------- ( 1 k )f co = 12
-------------------- ( 1 0.704 )588 = 5,744 lb/ft
2
2
Sec 8.9.1
Fs
= As( fs fms) = 0.565(4,542 + 384) = 2,783 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.1
Fm = bh m m ( f co f cr ) = 12 0.942 0.948(588 1,028)

= 2,358 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.1
Fm = bh m fmo = 12 0.942 (94) = 531 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.1
Fm = Fm + Fm = 2,358 531 = 2,889 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.1
Sec. C.8.5
Sum of Forces
References1
F = No N1 (Fci + Fy + Fco + Fs + Fm)
Eq 8-9
= 76,720 93,484 (18,355 4,001 + 5,744 + 2,783 2,889)

= 46 0
Sec. C.8.6
Internal Moments
References1
Mci = F ci ( 1 + s )h c t t 2 + 1
------------ F ci ( 1 + s )h c + t t --------------2
3
3
Sec. 8.9.1
1 10
= 49,196 ( 1 + 0.0175 )5.5 1.4362 1.696 + ----------------
3
10 1.696
( 30,841 ) ( 1 + 0.0175 )5.5 + 1.4362 --------------------------- = 72,248 lb-in./ft
3
1
93
94
AWWA C304-99
References1
My = Fy hc(1 + s y ) = 4,001 5.5 (1 + 0.0175 0.313)
Sec. 8.9.1
= 15,503 lb-in./ft
1k
1 0.704
Mco = F co h c ------------ + s = 5,744 5.5 ------------------------ + 0.0175
3
Sec. 8.9.1
= 3,670 lb-in./ft
2 m
4m
- s + F mh c ---------- s
F m h c --------- 3
Mm =
Sec. 8.9.1
0.0856- 0.0175
= 2,358 5.5 2
--------------------------
3
4 0.0856
531 5.5 ---------------------------- 0.0175 = 795 lb-in./ft
3
Sec. C.8.7
Sum of Moments
References1
M = M1 No [(1 + s)hc eo] + N1[(1 + s)hc e] Mci

My Mco Mm
Eq 8-10
= 51,694 76,720[(1 + 0.0175)5.5 2.839] + 93,484[(1 + 0.0175)

5.5 2.996] 72,248 15,503 + 3,670 + 795 = 46 0
Therefore, equations for equilibrium of forces and moments at the invert are
satisfied.
Note that ci = 364 106 < k = 1,487 106 and, therefore, the strain limit
corresponding to the visible crack control inside the core is satisfied.
References1
To check the radial tension when there is no fluid pressure, repeat Sec. 8.6
the same calculations iteratively until 2 and k values that satisfy
both equations of equilibrium are determined. Because the strain in
the inner fiber of the core for both loading conditions FW1 and WT3
is not tensile, radial tension does not develop.
The results for the final iteration cycle for all serviceability limit states at
invert/crown obtained using a computer program are summarized in Table C.1. Note
that small differences with hand calculations are caused by roundoff.
Table C.1
95
Summary of calculations for serviceability at invert/crown

Load
Combination
N1
(lb/ft)
M1
(lb-in./ft)
Strain or
Stress
Limiting
Value
Criterion
Satisfied
Inside core
tensile strain
1.5 t)
(ci
W1
66,304
51,685
0.199
0.368
108 106
1,203 106
Yes
Inside core
tensile strain
k)
(ci
WT1
93,484
51,685
1.684
0.704
363 106
1,487 106
Yes
Yes
Limit-State
Criterion
#
#
Core-to-cylinder
radial tension
12 psi)
(r
WT2
66,304
51,685
0.199
0.368
108 10
1,487 10
FT1
87,883
56,853
1.210
0.641
299 106
1,487 106
Yes
FW1
2,135
59,018
1.773
0.363
26 psi
12 psi
Yes
WT3
1,646
51,685
1.917
0.491
28 psi
12 psi
Yes
SECTION C.9: SERVICEABILITY AT SPRINGLINE

Limit states of serviceability at springline include the following criteria and load
combinations:
References1
Criterion:
Load combination:
Outer core microcracking
W1
Table 3
Coating microcracking
W1
Table 3
Outer core visible cracking
WT1, WT2, FT1
Table 3
Coating visible cracking
WT1, WT2, FT1
Table 3
Inner core compression
W2, WT3
Table 3
The detailed calculations for outer core visible cracking and coating visible cracking
under load combination WT1 are shown below. The results for other criteria are
summarized at the end of the section.
Applied moment and thrust at springline for load combination WT1:
References1
M2 = R [ C m2e ( W e + W t ) + C m2p W p + C m2f W f ]
Eq 4-3
= 39.22[0.0885(6,000 + 0) + 0.1016 1,654 + 0.0878 1,764]

= 33,491 lb-in./ft
N2 = 6Dy P [ C n2e ( W e + W t ) + C n2p W p + Cn2f W f ]
Eq 4-5
= 6 75.5(150 + 60) [0.5386(6,000 + 0) + 0.3026

1,654 0.0617 1,764] = 91,507 lb/ft
96
AWWA C304-99
The procedure for determining the strain and the stress distribution in the pipe
cross section at springline caused by the applied loads is iterative and requires
satisfying the force and moment equilibrium equations. An iteration cycle is
demonstrated below for the trial values of
2 = 0.296
k = 0.702
Sec. C.9.1
Constants
References1
Sec. C.9.2
1
1
--------------- kh c = ------------------------0.702 5.5 = 2.979 in.
1 + 2
1 + 0.296
tt
Sec. 8.9.2
ts
= 2 tt = 0.296 2.979 = 0.882 in.
Sec. 8.9.2
hc dy
5.5 1.72
----------------- = -------------------------- = 4.286
0.882
ts
Sec. 8.9.2
Strains
References1
co = (1 + 2) t = (1 + 0.296) 135 106 = 175 106
Sec. 8.9.2
6
6
1
1
ci = co ----- 1 = 175 10 --------------- 1 = 74 10
k
0.702
Sec. 8.9.2
1
6 1 0.313
6
y = co --------------y- 1 = 175 10 ------------------------ 1 = 4 10
0.702
Sec. 8.9.2
6
6
0.0175
s = co 1 + ----s- = 175 10 1 + ------------------ = 179 10
0.702
k
Sec. 8.9.2
f sr nf cr
6 150,192 7.29 1,028
s = s ---------------------- = 179 10 ----------------------------------------------------------------6
Es
28 10
= 5,811 106
2 m
6
2 0.0856
mo = co 1 + ---------- + cr = 175 10 1 + ---------------------------- + 268 106
0.702
k
Sec. 8.9.2
Sec. 8.9.2
= 486 106
Sec. C.9.3
Stresses
References1
For 2 = 0.296 satisfying the inequality 0 < 2 < = 10,
fco = 1 -----2 ft = 1 0.296

--------------- 519 = 504 psi
10
fci
1- 1 = ( 1 + 0.296 ) 519 -------------1 - 1 = 286 psi

( 1 + 2 ) f t --- k
0.702
Sec. 8.9.2
Sec. 8.9.2
1
0.313-
fy = n ( 1 + 2 )f t --------------y- 1 = 7.81 ( 1 + 0.296 )519 1
----------------------1
k
0.702
= 112 psi
Sec. 8.9.2
= 4.286 > 1; therefore,
1
0.313
fcy = ( 1 + 2 ) f t --------------y- 1 = ( 1 + 0.296 )519 1
----------------------- 1
k
0.702
= 14 psi
Sec. 8.9.2
fs = n( 1 + 2 ) f t 1 + ----s- = 7.29 ( 1 + 0.296 )519 1 + 0.0175

------------------
k
0.702
= 5,026 psi
Sec. C.9.4
Sec. 8.9.2
Internal Forces
References1
Fci = (1 k )bhc fci = (1 0.702)12 5.5 286 = 2,813 lb/ft

Fy
= Ay ( fy fcy) = 0.7176(112 + 14) = 70 lb/ft
Fco = btt (1 + ) ft = 12 2.979(1 + 10)519 = 102,043 lb/ft

Because 0 < 2 = 0.296
Sec. 8.9.2
Sec. 8.9.2
Sec. 8.9.2
# = 10,
Fco = btt ( 2) fco = 12 2.979(10 0.296)504 = 87,418 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.2
Fco = Fco + Fco = 102,043 + 87,418 = 14,625 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.2
Fs
= As fs = 0.565 5,026 = 2.840 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.2
97
98
AWWA C304-99
Sec. C.9.5
Sum of Forces
References1
F = No N2 (Fci + Fy + Fco + Fs)
Eq 8-11
= 76,720 91,507 (2,813 69 14,625 2,840) = 66 0
Sec. C.9.6
Internal Moments
References1
( 1 k )h
Mci = F ci ( 1 + s )h c --------------------------c
3
Sec. 8.9.2
1 0.702 )5.5 = 14,205 lb-in./ft

= 2,813 ( 1 + 0.0175 )5.5 (------------------------------------3
My = Fy hc(1 + s y) = 70 5.5(1 + 0.0175 0.313) = 271 lb-in./ft
Because 0 < 2 = 0.296
# = 10,
s
- + F h t
F co h c s + t t 2 + 1
----------co
c s
t -------------
3
3
Mco =
Sec. 8.9.2
Sec. 8.9.2
10-
= 102,043 5.5 0.0175 + 2.979 0.296 + 1
--------------
3
10 0.296
+ 87,418 5.5 0.0175 2.979 ---------------------------
3
= 21,795 lb-in./ft
Sec. C.9.7
Sum of Moments About Wire

References1
M = M2 + No [(1 + s) hc eo] N2 [(1 + s) hc e] (Mci + My + Mco)
Eq 8-12
= 33,491 + 76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.839] 91,507 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5
2.839] (14,205 271 21,795) = 581 lb-in./ft
For serviceability limit states at springline, the contribution of mortar stress to
force and moment equilibrium has been neglected, the coating in computing the line
of action of thrust N2, that is, e = eo, has been neglected at the same time.
Because the equations of equlibrium of forces and moments are satisfied,
convergence has been achieved and the calculated stresses and strains are correct for
the loading condition WT1.
Table C.2
99
Summary of calculations for serviceability at springline

M2
(lb-in./ft)
Strain or
Stress
Limiting
Value
Criterion
Satisfied
64,327
33,482
0.478
0.300
170 106
1,203 106
Yes
W1
64,327
33,482
0.478
0.300
378 106
1,912 106
Yes
WT1
91,507
33,482
0.296
0.702
175 106
1,487 106
Yes
0.300
106
1,487 106
Yes
Limit-State
Criterion
Load
Combination
Outer core tensile strain

1.5 t)
(co
W1
Outer coating tensile

strain
0.8 km)
(mo
N2
(lb/ft)
Outer core tensile strain

k )
(co
Outer coating tensile

strain
km)
(mo
Inner core compression

0.55 fc )
(fci
#
(fci # 0.65 fc )
WT2
64,327
33,482
0.478
170
FT1
85,708
36,830
0.183
0.606
160 10
1,487 10
Yes
WT1
91,507
33,482
0.296
0.702
486 106
1,144 106
Yes
106
106
Yes
1,144
WT2
64,327
33,482
0.478
0.300
378
FT1
85,708
36,830
0.183
0.606
473 106
1,144 106
Yes
W2
3,623
33,482
2.223
0.705
1,536 psi
3,025 psi
Yes
WT3
3,623
33,482
2.223
0.705
1,536 psi
3,575 psi
Yes
The outer core tensile strain limit is satisfied, because co = 175 106 < k =
1,487 106.
The outer coating tensile strain limit is satisfied, because mo = 486 106 < km
= 1,144 106.
It could be demonstrated, following the same calculational procedure, that all
other criteria are satisfied for all relevant load combinations. The results for the final
iteration cycle obtained using a computer program are summarized in Table C.2.
SECTION C.10:
ELASTIC LIMIT AT INVERT/CROWN
The elastic limit states at invert/crown include the following criteria and load
combinations:
References1
Criterion:
Load combination:
Yielding of cylinder
WT1, WT2, FT1
Table 3
Onset of tension in cylinder
WT3
Table 3
For the load combination WT1, stresses and strains in the pipe invert satisfying the
equations of equilibrium of forces and moments have already been calculated. Using
fy already calculated for WT1, yielding of the cylinder does not occur, because
fy
= fyr + n fcr + fy
= 24,918 + 7.81 1,028 + 6,069 = 10,820 psi
# fyy = 33,000 psi
100
AWWA C304-99
Table C.3
Summary of calculations for elastic limit at invert/crown
Limit-States
Criterion
Yielding of cylinder
fyr + n fcr + fy
# fyy
Onset of tension in cylinder

0
fyr + n fcr + fy
Cylinder
Stress
(psi)
Limiting
Stress
(psi)
Criteria
Satisfied
1.684
0.704
10,840
+33,000
Yes
51,685
0.199
0.368
16,400
+33,000
Yes
56,853
1.210
0.641
12,296
+33,000
Yes
51,685
1.917
0.491
22,973
+33,000
Yes
Load
Combination
N1
(lb/ft)
M1
(lb-in./ft)
WT1
93,485
51,685
WT2
66,304
FT1
87,883
WT3
1,646
The steel cylinder is in compression and, therefore, cannot yield in tension. The
results for the final iteration cycle for all elastic limit states at invert/crown obtained
using a computer program are summarized in Table C.3.
SECTION C.11:
ELASTIC AND WIRE-YIELD STRENGTH

LIMITS AT SPRINGLINE
Elastic limit and the wire-yield criteria at springline and the corresponding load
combinations are as follows:
References1
Criterion:
Load combination:
Wire elastic limit
FWT1, FWT2, FT2
Table 3
Inside core compression limit
FWT1, FWT2, FT2
Table 3
Wire-yield limit
FWT3, FWT4
Table 3
The calculational procedure for the wire elastic and yield limits and core
compression limit of 0.75 fc is similar to the previously shown procedure for
serviceability limits. The calculation for the wire-yield criterion is demonstrated
below, because that criterion controls the design. The calculation procedure is shown
for N2 > Nk. Under this condition, the criterion check is performed by comparing the
moment at springline with the moment capacity at springline. The moment at
springline is computed accounting for the moment redistribution, because the
moment capacity at invert is exceeded, and moment is redistributed from invert to
springline. The computation of critical thrust at invert at cylinder yield is presented
in Sec. C.11.2. This is required for calculating the moment capacity at invert and
moment at springline after redistribution, stated in Sec. C.11.3.
Sec. C.11.1
Limit State of Wire Yielding at Springline

Moments and thrusts corresponding to load combination FWT3 are calculated
using the load and pressure factors stated in Sec. 3 of the standard and the equations
stated in Sec. 4 of the standard.
101
References1
N1
= 1.3 6 75.5 (150 + 60) 1.3 [0.3255 (6,000 + 0)

+ 0.1029 1,654 0.2703 1,764] = 121,529 lb/ft
M1
= 1.3 39.22 [0.1247 (6,000 + 0) + 0.2157 1,654

+ 0.1208 1,764] = 67,202 lb-in./ft
N2
Eq 4-4
Eq 4-2
= 1.3 6 75.5 (150 + 60) 1.3 [0.5386 (6,000 + 0)
Eq 4-5
+ 0.3026 1,654 0.0617 1,764] = 118,959 lb/ft

M2
= 1.3 39.22 [0.0885 (6,000 + 0) + 0.1016 1,654
Eq 4-3
+ 0.0878 1,764] = 43,538 lb-in./ft
Sec. C.11.2
Critical Thrust at Invert at Cylinder Yield, Nyy
References1
When the invert is subjected to thrust alone, the tensile strain in the core at
cylinder yield is given by
c
f yy + f yr
6 33,000 + 24,918
- = 268 10 + ------------------------------------------= cr + yy = cr + ------------------Ey
30 10 6
Sec. 8.9.1
= 1,633 106
Because c > k = 1,487 106, fc (cr + yy ) = 0.
The strain in the prestressing wire at cylinder yield is
s
= sr + yy = 5,364 10
+ 24,918- = 7,295 10
+ 33,000
-----------------------------------------30 10 6
Sec. 8.9.1
Because wire strain s is greater than the strain at the elastic limit of the wire fsg /Es
= 189,000/28 106 = 6,750 106, the stress in the wire must be computed from the
nonlinear stressstrain relationship of the wire. Therefore, the critical thrust at
cylinder yield is
fs
E 2.25
= f su 1 1 0.6133 s ------s-
f su
fs
= 252,000 1 1 0.6133 7, 295 10
Eq 5-7
6
6 2.25
10 -
28
--------------------252,000
= 198,333 psi
Nyy = Ac fc + Ay fyy + As fs = 65.28 0 + 0.7176 33,000

+ 0.565 198,333 = 135,739 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.1
102
AWWA C304-99
Sec. C.11.3
Moment Capacity at Invert and Redistributed Moment at Springline

References1
Sec. 8.9.1
Because Nk < N1 < Nyy, moment capacity at the invert M1cap

is calculated by linear interpolation between the moment capacity
at Nk and zero moment capacity at Nyy.
Sec. 7.4.2
Moment capacity at Nk at invert, Mcap(Nk) is equal to the
moment capacity based on the cylinder yield at Nk, but not greater
than the moment capacity based on the onset of tension in the
cylinder for the thrust calculated with zero pressure and unfactored
earth load, and pipe and fluid weights.
The calculation procedure for computing the moment capacity for a given thrust
is iterative and similar to the procedure described before for elastic limit at the
invert. For each selected trial value of k and 2, the stresses and strains are
computed and the equilibria of forces and moments are checked. The only difference
is that the new values of 2 are determined from the condition in which the stress in
the cylinder reaches yield rather than from the equilibrium of moments equation. In
this example, in the final iteration cycle 2 = 17.771 and k = 0.908. Stress in the
cylinder is
References1
fy =
n f t ( 1 + 2 ) 1 ----y-
Sec. 8.9.1
0.313
= 7.81 519 ( 1 + 17.771 ) 1 --------------- = 49,858 psi
0.908
fy
= fyr + n fcr + fy = 24,918 + 7.81 1,028 + 49,858

= 32,969 33,000 psi
Moment capacity based on the cylinder yield at N1 = Nk, denoted here as

M1yy(Nk ), is calculated from the sum of moments about the wire at invert:
M1yy(N'k)= No[(1 + s) hc eo] Nk [(1 + s) hc e] + Mci + My
Eq 8-10
+ Mco + Mm = 76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.839] 104,389

[(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.973] + 15,196 + 138,745 800 + 5,093
= 95,932 lb-in./ft
where the location of the line of action of thrust, e = 2.973 in., and the moments on
the right-hand side of the equation are calculated following the procedure in Sec. C.8.
103
The moment capacity at the onset of tension in the cylinder is calculated

similarly at pressure equal to zero with
References1
N1 = [Cn1e (We + Wt ) + Cn1p Wp + Cn1f Wf ]
Eq 4-4
= [0.3255 (6,000 + 0) + 0.1029 1,654 0.2703 1,764]

= 1,646 lb/ft
In the last iteration, when the cylinder stress reaches the onset of tension, 2 = 8.247
and k = 0.569. Stress in the cylinder is
fy = 7.81 519 ( 1 + 8.247 ) 1 0.313
--------------- = 16,864 psi
0.569
fy
Sec. 8.9.1
= fyr + n fcr + fy = 24,918 + 7.81 1,028 + 16,864

= 25 psi 0
Sec. 8.9.1
Moment capacity, based on onset of tension in the cylinder at Nk, denoted here
as Myo(Nk), is calculated following the above procedure for moment capacity at
cylinder yield. The result is shown below.
M1yo(Nk) = 76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.839] +
Eq 8-10
1,646 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 3.216] + 42,424 +

45,982 45,814 + 14,602 = 272,648 lb-in./ft
Because M1yy(Nk) < M1yo(Nk), the moment capacity at Nk at invert is
M1cap(Nk) = 95,932 lb-in./ft.
The moment capacity at N1 is calculated by linear interpolation:
M1cap =
N yy N 1
(121,529)------------------------- M
----------------------------------------------------( N ) = 135,739
95,932
N yy N k 1cap k
135,739 (104,389)
= 43,483 lb-in./ft
Sec. 8.9.1
Because M1 > M1cap, the applied moment redistributes from invert to springline,
as follows:
M2r = M1 + M2 M1cap = 67,202 + 43,538 43,483
= 67,257 lb-in./ft
Sec. C.11.4
Eq 4-6
Critical Thrust at Wire Yield, Nsy

References1
When the stress in the prestressing wire reaches yield, fs = 0.85 fsu and sy =
0.92883 fsu /Es, because for this value of sy
fs
------ = 1 (1 0.6133 0.92883)2.25 = 0.85
f su
1
Eq 5-7
104
AWWA C304-99
References1
fsy
= 0.85 fsu = 0.85 252,000 = 214,200 psi
sy =
c
Sec 5.6.2
0.92883 f su
0.92883 252, 000
------------------------------- = --------------------------------------------------- = 8,359 106
Es
28 106
= cr + sy = cr + sy sr
= 268 106 + 8,359 106 + 5,364 106
= 13,455 106
Sec. 8.9.2
Because c > k = 1,487 106, fc (cr + sy) = 0

y
Figure 2
= yr + sy = yr + sy sr
= 831 10
+ 8,359 10
Sec. 8.9.2
5,364 10
= 12,892 106
Sec. 8.9.2
f yy
6
33,000
Since y > yy = ------ = ---------------------- = 1, 100 10 , f y = f yy
6
Ey
30 10
Since y > yy = 33,000 psi
Figure 3
Nsy = Ac fc + Ay fy + As fsy = 65.28 0 + 0.7176 33,000

+ 0.565 214,200 = 144,704 lb/ft
Sec. C.11.5
Sec. 8.9.2
Moment Capacity at Wire Yield

Because Nk < N2 < Nsy , the wire yielding criterion is not checked by comparing
the stress in the wire with its yield strength, but the criterion is checked by
comparing the applied moment with the moment capacity at springline at wire yield.
The moment capacity at wire yield is calculated by linear interpolation between the
moment capacity at Nk and the zero moment capacity at Nsy .
Moment capacity at wire yield at the springline for N2 = Nk, denoted here as
M2sy(Nk), is calculated iteratively following the procedure similar to the procedure
described for the calculation of the moment capacity of cylinder yield at invert at Nk.
Calculations of stresses and strains are performed following the procedure of Sec.
C.9. In the last iteration, when the wire stress reaches wire-yield stress, 2 = 18.745
and k = 0.790. The strain in the wire can be checked as follows:
References1
co = (1 + 2) t = (1 + 18.745) 135 106 = 2,666 106
Sec. 8.9.2
6
6
0.0175
s = co 1 + ----s- = 2,666 10 1 + ------------------ = 2,725 10
0.790
k
Sec. 8.9.2
f sr nf cr
6 150,192 7.29 1,028
= s ---------------------- = 2,725 10 ----------------------------------------------------------------Es
28 106
Sec. 8.9.2
= 8,357 106 = sy
Table C.4
105
Summary of calculations for elastic limits and wire yield limit at springline
Limit-State
Criterion
Load
Combination
N2
(lb/ft)
M2 or M2r
(lb-in./ft)
Applied Stress
or Moment
Limiting
Value
Criterion
Satisfied
FWT1
100,657
36,830
3.103
0.754
173,574
189,000
Yes
FWT2
170,759
36,830
0.197
0.431
162,403
189,000
Yes
FT2
194,279
40,513
2.296
0.690
170,476
189,000
Yes
Wire elastic limit,

fsg
fs
Core compression
limit,
0.75 fc
fc
FWT1
100,657
36,830
3.103
0.754
170,694
184,125
Yes
FWT2
170,759
36,830
0.197
0.431
170,820
184,125
Yes
FT2
194,279
40,513
2.296
0.690
170,769
184,125
Yes
Wire-yield limit for

M2sy
N2 > Nk , M2
FWT3
118,959
43,526
167,238
167,997
Controls
FWT4
183,625
43,526
1.223
0.579
166,357
214,520
Yes
Finally, the moment capacity at springline at N2 = Nk, denoted here as M2sy (Nk),
is calculated from the sum of moments at springline as follows:
References1
M2sy (Nk) =
No [(1 + s) hc eo] + Nk [(1 + s) hc e] + Mci + My + Mco
Eq 8-12
= 76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.839] + 104,389 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.973]
+ 98,690 27,675 26,829 = 106,488 lb-in./ft
where the location of the line of thrust, e = 2.973 in., and the moments on the
right-hand side of the equation are calculated following the procedure in Sec. C.8.
The moment capacity at N2, denoted here as M2sy (N2), is calculated by linear
interpolation:
N sy N 2
144,704 (118,959)
( N ) = ------------------------------------------------------ 106,488
M2sy(N2)= -------------------------M
N sy N k 2sy k
144,704 (104,380)
= 68,003 lb-in./ft
Sec. 8.9.2
Because the applied moment at springline after redistribution is M2r = 67,257

lb-in./ft M2sy(N2), this criterion is satisfied and controls the design.
The results for the final iteration cycle for all elastic-limit and wire-yield criteria
at springline obtained using a computer program are listed in Table C.4.
SECTION C.12:
CORE CRUSHING AT SPRINGLINE
The limit state of core crushing at springline requires that the applied moment
at springline for the load combination FWT5 does not exceed the moment limit for
ultimate compressive strength of core concrete.
106
AWWA C304-99
Moment and thrust at springline for the load combination FWT5 are calculated
as
References1
M2 = R (1.6 Cm2e We + 2 Cm2e Wt + 1.6 Cm2p Wp + 1.6 Cm2f Wf )
Eq 4-3
= 39.22 (1.6 0.0885 6,000 + 0 + 1.6 0.1016 1,654

+ 1.6 0.0878 1,764) = 53,586 lb-in./ft
N2 = (1.6 Cn2e We + 2 Cn2e Wt + 1.6 Cn2p Wp + 1.6 Cn2f Wf)
Eq 4-5
= (1.6 0.5386 6,000 + 0 + 1.6 0.3026 1,654

1.6 0.0617 1,764) = 5,797 lb/ft
Following the procedure given in Sec. C-11, it is shown that M1 < M1cap, and
there is no moment redistribution from invert to springline.
The location of the neutral axis is calculated by trial and error until force
equilibrium is satisfied. In the last iteration, k' = 0.4597.
Sec. C.12.1
Constants
References1
= hc (1 + s) = 5.5 (1 + 0.0175) = 5.596 in.
Sec. C.12.2
0.85 0.05 (fc/1,000 4) = 0.85 0.05 (5,500/1,000 4) = 0.775
Sec. 8.9.3
Figure 7
Strains
References1
ci
= 0.003
y
0.313
k ------------------0.4597 -------------------------------( 1 + s )
( 1 + 0.0175 )
= ci -------------------------------- , = 0.003 --------------------------------------------------------0.4597
k
= 992 106
6
1 k
1 0.4597
s = ci --------------- = 0.003 --------------------------- = 3,526 10
0.4597
k
Sec. 8.9.3
Sec. 8.9.3
Sec. 8.9.3
= cr sr + s = 268 106 + 5,364 106

+ 3,526 106
Sec. 8.9.3
f sg
6
189,000
= 9,158 106 > sg = ------ = ---------------------- = 6,750 10
6
Es
28 10
107
Therefore, the nonlinear stressstrain relation of the prestressing wire should

be used for computation of wire stress.
Sec. C.12.3
Stresses
References1
fci
= 0.85 fc = 0.85 5,500 = 4,675 psi
Sec. 8.9.3
Because kd = 0.775 0.4597 5.596 = 1.994 > dy = 1.72 in.,

fcy
= 0.85 fc= 4,675 psi
fy = Ey y = 30 10 992 10
6
Sec. 8.9.3
6
= 29,760 psi
Sec. 8.9.3
but fy may not exceed fyy fyr + n fcr.

fyy fyr + n fcr = 33,000 24,918 + 7.81 1,028 = 16,111 psi < fy
= 29,760 psi
Sec. 8.9.3
Therefore, fy = 16,111 psi.

6 2.25
fs
6 28 10
= 252,000 1 1 0.6133 9,158 10 ----------------------
252,000
= 224,113 psi
Eq 5-7
fs = fs + fsr nfcr = 224,113 150,192 7.29 1,028

= 66,427 psi
Sec. C.12.4
Sec. 8.9.3
Forces
References1
Fci = b k d 0.85 fc = 12 0.775 0.4597 5.596 0.85
5,500 = 111,845 lb/ft
Sec. C.12.5
Sec. 8.9.3
Fy
= Ay ( fy fcy) = 0.7176 (16,111 4,675) = 8,206 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.3
Fs
= fs As = 66,427 0.565 = 37,531 lb/ft
Sec. 8.9.3
Sum of Forces
References1
F = No N2 (Fci + Fy + Fs)
Eq 8-13
= 76,720 + 5,797 (111,845 + 8,206 37,531) = 3 lb 0
108
AWWA C304-99
Sec. C.12.6
Moments
References1
0.775 0.4597
k
Mci = F ci d 1 --------- = 111,845 5.596 1 ---------------------------------------
2
2
Sec. 8.9.3
= 514,393 lb-in./ft
My = Fy (d dy ) = 8,206 (5.596 1.72) = 31,806 lb-in./ft
Sec. 8.9.3
Moment limit for ultimate compressive strength of core M2ult is:

M2ult = (No N2) [(1 + s) hc eo ] + Mci + My
Eq 8-14
= (76,720 + 5,797) [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.839]

+ 514,393 + 31,806 = 318,679 lb-in./ft
Because M2 = 53,586 lb-in./ft < M2ult = 318,679 lb-in./ft, the core crushing
criterion for the load combination FWT5 is satisfied.
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American Water Works Association

Effective date: March 1, 2000.

AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

Copyright 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

American National Standard

Copyright 1999 American Water Works Association

The AWWA Standards Committee on Concrete Pressure Pipe, which reviewed

General Interest Members

R.Y. Konyalian, Consultant, Huntington Beach, Calif.

Loads and Internal Pressures

Load and Internal-Pressure

Working Plus Transient Loads

Moments and Thrusts

Design Material Properties

Stresses From Prestressing

Commentary for Sec. 6.4.1

Sum of Moments ................................. 94

Schematic of Strain and Stress

Schematic Pipe-Wall Cross

Load and Pressure Factors for

Standard Prestress Design

Standard Prestress Design

American Water Works Association

AWWA STANDARD FOR

DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

*American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.

ASTM* A648Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for

Copyright 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE

Schematic pipe-wall cross sections for lined- and embedded-cylinder pipe

Copyright 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

3. A dense cementmortar coating encases and protects the wire-wrapped

Metric (SI) Equivalents

square metres (m2)

newton metre (Nm)

Weight per Unit Volume

kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m3)

Steel Area per Unit Length of Pipe

square millimetre per metre

degree Celsius (C)

cubic metre (m3)

Copyright 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE

SECTION 2: LOADS AND INTERNAL PRESSURES

inside diameter of pipe (in. [mm])

Design Loads and Internal Pressures

Copyright 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

The internal working pressure Pw for which

2.4.3 Internal field-test pressure. Internal field-test pressure Pf t is the test

Copyright 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE

SECTION 3: LOAD AND INTERNAL-PRESSURE

final prestress in core concrete (psi [kPa])

Load Factors for Limit-States Design*

Minimum Combined Design Loads and Pressures

Working Loads and Internal Pressures

* For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.2.

Copyright 1999 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

Working Plus Transient Loads and Internal Pressures

FWT5: 1.6 ( W e + W p + W f ) + 2.0W t

FWT6: 1.6P w + 2.0P t

Working Loads and Internal Field-Test Pressures

Load and Pressure Factors