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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
8hoursagobyMarkHughes(/author/markhughes)
Learnaboutthecurrentgenerationofoscilloscopesandhowtousethemtomeasure
variouscircuitelements.
SupportingInformation
BasicOscilloscopeOperation(http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/basicoscilloscopeoperation/)
Theoscilloscopeisaninvaluablediagnosticinstrumentthatcanbeusedtotroubleshootproblemcircuits,verify
productdesignbeforedeliverytoconsumers,andreverseengineerproductsfor"hacks".
WewillexplorethevarioususesofanoscilloscopeusingtheTektronixMDO3104thatwasprovidedbyTektronix.Part
1willshowtheversatilityofthecurrentgenerationofoscilloscopes.
GettingaScope
Whenpreparingarticles,wetypicallyprovidealinktopurchasethepartsrequiredfromvariousvendors.Duetothe
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
Whenpreparingarticles,wetypicallyprovidealinktopurchasethepartsrequiredfromvariousvendors.Duetothe
highcostofthemachineusedinthisarticle,itseemedprudenttofindanoptionforreaderstoacquireamachinein
someothermanner.Ifyoucannotaffordtopurchaseanewoscilloscope,youcanrent,renttoown,lease,finance,or
purchaseusedmachinesfromcompaniessuchasMicrolease(https://tracking.cirrusinsight.com/61f01ca9b9354ea1
9672d348e9189ad9/microleasecomusproductstektronixoscilloscopesmdo4054c).
ANoteBeforeWeBegin
AllexamplesinthisarticlearebasedontheTektronixMDO3104oscilloscope.
WhilepreparingthisarticleIcontactedseveraltestinstrumentmakersRigolandBKPrecisionalsoofferedtomake
testinstrumentsavailableforthisarticleandIwouldliketothankallcompaniesfortheirgenerosity.Theyareallworld
classinstruments.
ThisarticleisnotintendedtobeahowtoguidetotheTektronixMDO3104.Itismeanttoshowyouthevarious
capabilitiesandfunctionsofmostmidrangeoscilloscopesthroughtheuseoftheTektronixMDO3104asanexample.
IwillshowthestepsneededtousethemachineIhaveitislefttothereadertoseethedocumentationontheir
specificscopeforspecifickeypressesandmenuoptions.Iuseboldtoindicatephysicalmanipulationofthescope
throughknobturnorbuttonpress,andquotationmarkstoindicateamenuchoice.
OscilloscopeDisplays
Oscilloscopesallowustodeterminerelationshipsbetweencertainvariablesinelectricalcircuits.Earlyoscilloscopes
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
Oscilloscopesallowustodeterminerelationshipsbetweencertainvariablesinelectricalcircuits.Earlyoscilloscopes
wereonlyabletoshowtherelationshipthatexistsbetweenpotentialdifferenceandtime.Todaysoscilloscopes
continuethetraditionofmeasuringvoltagevs.timewhilealsoprovidinganextensivecollectionofsophisticateddata
analysiscapabilities,displayfeatures,andtriggeringoptions.
Tounderstandwhatelectricalrelationshipsexistinyourcircuits,youhavetoknowhowtointerpretwhatispresented
toyou.
Thisisatypicalsinglewaveformdisplayinanoscilloscope,showingthetimeonthehorizontalaxisandpotential
differenceontheverticalaxis.
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
Inthelowerleftpartoftheimage,youwillsee500mV
Thatindicatestwothings:
Channel1isdisplayedontheoscilloscopeinyellow.
Forchanneloneeachgridrectanglecorrespondsto500mVintheverticaldirection.Sowehave"500millivolts
perdivision"with8verticalrectanglevisible,andthus
500 mV
8 divisions = 4 V
visibleinthevertical
1 division
direction
Inthebottomleft,youwillseeanotherboxthatsaysAFGSine100.00kHz1.0000Vpp:
AFGIndicatestheArbitraryFunctionGeneratorisactive(Iusedittocreatethiswaveform)
Sineistheshapeofthewaveform
100.000kHzisthefrequencyofthewaveform:100,000cycleseachsecond.
1.0000Vppistheamplitudeofthetransmittedwaveform.
Inthebottomcenterthereisanotherboxwith:
4.00s5.00GS/s
T0.000000s1Mpoints0.00V
4.00sisthevalueofeachrectangleinthehorizontaldirection:"4microsecondsperdivision."Thedisplay
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4.00sisthevalueofeachrectangleinthehorizontaldirection:"4microsecondsperdivision."Thedisplay
includes10rectangles,so
4.00 s
10 divisions = 40s
oftimeisvisibleacrosstheentirescreen.
1division
HowtoMakeBasicMeasurementswithanOscilloscope
Toillustratejusthowfartheseoscilloscopeshavecomeoverthepastfewdecades,Iwillbeginbyshowingyouhow
manydifferentwaystheoscilloscopecanbeusedtomakebasicmeasurementsoffrequency(orperiod)andpeakto
peakamplitude.
ActivatetheArbitraryFunctionGenerator
Beginbyconnectingoscilloscopechannel1totheArbitraryFunctionGenerator(AFG)BNCconnectoronthebackof
thescope.ActivatetheArbitraryFunctionGeneratorbypressingtheAFGbuttondirectlyabovetheChannel1probe
input.Pressthefirstbottommenubuttonbelow"Waveform"anduserotaryknobMultipurposeatoselect"Ramp."
TurnonChannel1
PresstheChannel1buttontoactivateit.RotatetheHorizontalScaleknobclockwisetoadjustthescaletospread
outacompletewaveovermostofthescreen.UsetheHorizontalPositionknobtoadjustitslocationonthescreenif
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
youlike.
UsingtheGraticuletoMakeMeasurements
Thelinesonanoscilloscopedisplayarecalledagraticule.Therearemajorandminorgridlines(ordots)thatareused
tomeasurewaveforms.Majorgridlinesaredisplayedassolidordottedlinesthatrunthewidthorheightofthe
oscilloscopescreen.Thevoltageandtimethatcorrespondtothedivisionsformedbythemajorgridlinesareshownat
thebottomofthedisplay.Minorgridlinesaresubdivisionsbetweenmajorgridlines.Thereareusually4or5
subdivisionsbetweengridlines.Inthefollowingexample,IusedtheHorizontalPositionrotarydialtomovethe
waveformsothatthepositivepeaksofthewaveformlineupwithmajorverticalgridlines.
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
Intheverticaldirectionthereare500mVperdivisionandthedistancefromlowestpointtohighestpointis4
rectanglesfor
500 mV
1 division
Inthehorizontaldirectionthereare4.00sperdivisionandthereare5divisionsbeforethesignalbeginstorepeat,
giving
4.00 s
1 division
5 divisions
1 period
20s
1 period
UsingtheCursorstoMakeMeasurements
Digitaloscilloscopestakeallguessworkoutofusingthegraticule.Activatethecursorsbypressingthe
CursorsbuttonanduserotarydialsMultipurposeaandMultipurposebtomovethemtothepartsofthewaveform
thatyouwouldliketoinspect.Inthefollowingexample,Imovedthecursorstothepositivepeaksofthewave.
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
Youwillseeintheupperrightcorneranewboxthathasinformationaboutthevaluesofpotentialdifferenceandtime
forthepointsaandb.Hereweareinterestedintheintervaloftimebetweenthetwopoints,i.e.,20.00
TodeterminethePeaktoPeakpotentialdifference,switchtohorizontalcursorsbypressingandholdingtheCursors
buttonagain,selecting"CursorsScreen"and"BarsHorizontal."ThenuseMultipurposeaandMultipurposeb
knobstoadjustthepositionofthecursorsand"Cursorslinked"toaidyouradjustment.Youcanmovebetween
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
knobstoadjustthepositionofthecursorsand"Cursorslinked"toaidyouradjustment.Youcanmovebetween
horizontalandverticalmeasurementsbypressingtheSelectbutton.
Hereweareinterestedinthepotentialdifferencebetweenthetwopoints,i.e.,2.000
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
Hereweareinterestedinthepotentialdifferencebetweenthetwopoints,i.e.,2.000
Belowisavideowalkthroughofthestepsyou'llneedtofollow.Eachstepusesorangehighlightstoindicatethe
appropriatebuttonorknobyou'llneedtouseontheTektronicsmodel.
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
UsingtheDigitalVoltMetertoMakeMeasurements
AusefulfeaturefoundinmidrangeoscilloscopesistheDVM(DigitalVoltMeter).TheDVMtooldoeseverythingyou
mightexpectabasicmultimetertodo.EnableitbypressingtheMeasurebuttonintheWaveInspectorboxandthen
"DVM,"anduseMultipurposeatoselect(forexample)"Frequency."HereIamdisplayingthefrequency(inthe
center)alongwithfrequencystatistics(ontheright).IcouldalsodisplayAC+DCRMSvoltage,DCvoltage,orAC
RMSvoltage.
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
Pressthebottommenubuttonbelow"AddMeasurement"anduseMultipurposebtoselect"Period",followedby
"OK".Thenrepeat"AddMeasurement"anduseMultipurposebtoselect"Amplitude",followedby"OK".NowPeriod
&Amplitudeareshownatthebottominalessobtrusivefashion.Youmayremovethembyselectingthebuttonbelow
"RemoveMeasurement"followedby"RemoveAllMeasurements".Youmaysimplifythedisplayatanytimeby
pressingtheMenuOffbutton.
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
OntheMDO3104,uptofourmeasurementscanbedisplayedatthebottomtherearenumerousmeasurementsto
choosefrom(seehttp://www.tek.com/manualtopic/measure(http://www.tek.com/manualtopic/measure)formore
information).
MeasurementsfromtheTerminal
JustwhenyouthoughtI'drunoutofwaystomeasurethesamewaveform,herecomestheterminal.Iconnectedto
theoscilloscopewithTelnet,turnedtheDVMonremotely,setittorecordfrequency,andqueriedthevalue.To
accomplishthisfeat,youwillhavetoplugtheoscilloscopeintoaswitchorrouteronyourlocalnetworkwithan
Ethernetcable.TheoscilloscopewillobtainanIPaddressfromtheDHCPserveranddisplayitonthescreen.
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Thenuseyourfavoriteterminalprogramtoconnectwiththeoscilloscope.HereIusedPuTTY(http://www.putty.org/)
toconnecttotheIPaddressonthescreenusingtheTelnetprotocol.
Thedefaultportis4000.
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
YoucanaccomplishthesameonaWindowsmachinebyopeningtherundialog("WindowsKey"+"R")andtyping
"telnet192.168.0.404000".
DVM:MODeFREQuency//SetsDVMMeasurementmodetofrequency
DVM:MEASUrement:VALue?//Queriestheoscilloscopeandreturnsfrequencymeasurement
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
MeasurementsfromaWebBrowser
Whystrainyournecklookingupordownattheoscilloscopescreenwhenyoucanlookatyourcomputermonitor
instead?HereIhaveloggedintothewebinterfacetoinspectmywaveform.ItisassimpleasnavigatingtotheIP
addressofyouroscilloscopeonport81.
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BasicWaveformAnalysiswithanOscilloscope
UsingAdvancedMath
Themathtoolallowsallmannerofmathematicalfunctionstobeperformedonwaveformsfromsimplearithmeticto
FastFourierTransformsandeverythinginbetween.HereIamusingthefrequencymeasurementfunctionto
determinethefrequencyofmywaveform.
PresstheMathbuttontoenterthemathmenu,followedby"AdvancedMath","EditExpression".UseMultipurposea
toscrollthroughthefunctionsandSelecttochoose"Frequency(1)"andfinally"OK".
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Themathmenuissomewhatdifficulttosee.Itisredinthelowerleftcorner.Whereitdisplays100kHz,itis
indicating100kHzperdivisionintheverticaldirection.Thehorizontalredline(theresultofthemathmodule's
computation)isonedivisionabovezero,whichindicatesaconstantreadingof100kHz.The2.00sindicatesthat
thereare2.00sperdivisioninthehorizontaldirection.
AdditionalInformation
Formoreinformationtohelpyouunderstandthisparticularoscilloscope,checkouttheseresources:
TektronixOscilloscopeBasics(http://www.tek.com/document/online/primer/xyzsscopes/ch1/oscilloscopebasics)
3104Teardown(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFX47ZGOn_o)
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3104Teardown(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFX47ZGOn_o)
B&KPrecisionOscilloscopeGuide(https://bkpmedia.s3.amazonaws.com/downloads/guides/en
us/oscilloscope_guide.pdf)
MDO3000SeriesManual(http://www.tek.com/oscilloscope/mdo3000mixeddomainoscilloscope
manual/mdo3000series0)
What'sNext?
Inarticlesthatfollow,IwillusetheTektronixMDO3104oscilloscopetotroubleshootavarietyofdigitalcircuitsandto
decodedigitalsignals.
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