Machine Elements in Mechanical Design SECOND EDITION Robert L. Mott, P.E. University of Dayton er an inget cra Plhing Corp ew Yo ann ein ana Toor awl rin nes ewok Osoed Sige Shylim tes Hae Presa Ed Shen Cth To my wife, Marge fete er en ‘ue children, Lym, Robert Jr and Stephen ‘aon be are D Benet ‘nd my Mother and Foter seo CR Gaps ope ys Pig Cong isin Min ed ‘spo Mc Pg Coope ine Ue Ss of Ane ‘Als tre No ptf sb ma epi opts ace ‘ym eam dese cal lg om ng oe hastge dro sae, se ese mg be Pe est oC Newt cin punising Copy ipo he Bisel Cmncees Cp of Copi, soe Mtn One [EWE seme Se 0 Del, moon nC 38 ny of Coes ii inion Das oboe ace mci deg Robet Mon 2. hm las gta ene ee Sevecnone3 [Mtn Deg 2 mots Ee uaa he aie iseue ssi Pog 56789 YorMerrill’s International Seri Engineering Technology TONKS sto rac bemmvorTZ enue Api Pal fr Tea, S714 Te Eros Dos or Tekin, AE Mong Rep 20053 Sr BSI pled acl, BSTC Arsen 05800 Meo Sy Pt Seo rn, Meco Thy nd ei 08 {ab Ma secompy Meena Pra Ro taenio Mien, 0620838 tndcon Coe Se Teo, Edie 852008 CC iat Ec, BHO harem Sate Poa ‘nd Ecroe Deze: Beton Plow Vero, Ted Et, DOB penn ramen ae Menno 053050 dr of tte cle nyt ceo Ece aati nd ewan S204ooaKt rocast monies, ALAGHLAN ‘canestt crs ri tad i Sv i 4821 masa ie Ct. 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Wig. Sh En Brs564 Mole sD asa Ma, 308 ‘Sec ad Seo Poa nck, ATTPreface “The aise of hs ink 0 poe te cons prose, ess ans ehiges eesary to deg mache cnet one {ound i meade a tems Sens cone soe af uy ‘say hi tk sl eho ecu ole for ace es alin lens a3 ym compe of Sect ‘Ths proces quer conieran te peter raga fn ind cen sdf he meres bee eons a hy wr geet "Olam we Fer ene» gy! be deed tami ner [Be spe. Thedesga min poche mb teh, ch oto, ce ‘ai, pick dante meal nd mot tne ube Sse Aloe an sf ye ein he shal crying ead ‘he emo in wih nto purse Force th hat mit Bp Povey nag, sh cont in oun Th the eine ‘Bough ote ren mi whe designe cch di ene, ‘This ook il eh sot prc eg cbs nis wa. "hse deed ohne meted rl ths ds, Toe cpt nonin oe easy ie ts ce a $e design arrose ache 9 fe ele Js eu hat eso ci eto wil Be De ene, at he perso egos ft Stein ection mano pus mie Whee pa Shee ge nd peo ne cae deo eset ise tt sens usgthitoo wah geat acai sues, seg of mst cle ra, ipromty. He tt rei oa of of tema, nhl meee, ee, Ie tn nett peeAmat ingot eres hia ee foo: lis dsgesto beset e ude nein ist couse in machine dag “Theis of os om te trator sane she in be es ofthe case The frat sao spropie for awosoue sequence and 383 ‘eters for tan dee pet cue. ‘Stes shld ale xed tir flr it tps 0 covered in lssoum sretoe peas explana af pass ae Stipend “adclue many empl oseme ‘The pial presen oh mat deo ale sg isons and Buell acting esses, ‘The tent adoses nd enone us sap progams acs ‘euncy lng, be salon pcs The parame show a ow Char tbe roam coe, abd sage utp. Ug nerve BASIC Lnguge lo the operat mate dso teeta pt iin he opm whle he compte arms l omg er he cule ce Spur gas ps, cous, sh and hn Rt). Tee sch ao Sess he weldnes of the popanenbl ers ter mp gas 6 Referees ober boos, sais, nd eh aes as te it ‘orn peseing aerate apo: ree e det ween. nado te emphasing sgn mackie ements, much of ‘hedicison covers comme avaiable maine carats an ries, ‘Shc mar dese oes que anopunum conten ae, wae ese us an phased composes, Foesoe ois the ous ison iit esi sect camel ‘vale compoens, suchas raling come! exis Bexblecoupins bl Sew, eect mz tl dvs cha res, chr, ad be Compton sn probe slaves eth he neato Stem of ‘Unis (Sand te US. Cusomery Ste eteound second), ‘aly gay. The toc ference we Sons Sanda ES, Mei race Gnd dy bein oc fr Testing ne. ra AT. ‘Antes Appent inde slag wth eld as in many cha "ett pee te enero make ro eg des, singlet Notes Conrering Computer Programs in Ths Book ‘Thode of mucin cements quel ioe may sys and ccubons. ‘otis fences peent een ia des betes oo {rach as ota des. Fors eo the at of ome prs te The tino sumed autos ess Gn ea vate sens ‘eter a ean ero rN a te eas eal ‘ty ie deer co ered the nop ai Sn we sie rag 4 ne, uso th orale se 2 tril rein a carpe ses bh an eae The ‘ewe meio ote tan oe rth res, the popu shal neat ie ge os BASIC lbw ein ming argh of ep Tse eset hte appre capo ih ‘adc. _ “ony Ech opine books acon by ch sows eae tite open dagen oe nadbon, be ogee pee ‘fe ep ou flow he Seyret ee ‘ene garam ies eeINPUT seen age Sperone igh ne thd sha Tees ite oat ich cores ct rte ged te se aad ne te he oon cei bp ts Ken a wee are anf hesitate opus PRT seen helo beaters aes emste prt eaptep ‘ot pan Tho sonal i gnc wba dt ‘rate fhe prepa The gran ae we tan BASIC gag a is wie sos conpat penal pal omg Thea stele ‘ens fhe BASIC nguyen ey i a ig ter ecient sso sass FORTRAM TASCAL Suen se nnd Cat tho eas a tee te api pgs ot nga ‘ewe ame sede ors connotea san sige BASIC ge ha yey aig eco eer {elves ube Thecoreaton ib etm ete ‘seine opm ends cnpanying eh psn, os tees ie rt aloe prom cos nto amine one base sea ponte pan Sane Otte popans se eins ern at opts, Soe le Sones ig ernst ee gags a epee ikl king ar le nae ape Features ofthe Second titan Phe ei ral rach ft ice, see ngs ave een mde ore te presen so ehace Cove af ly ‘very caer. Te allo i peat he parce,Each cher begs nh etn ale “Obie of Tis Chat” that srs the vel tes anise ipa xcept be Sete Wie dcuson of eeies in heater i cena caled You Nhe esis wchs easiness ‘lev o he eterna chase HB ed an ‘usr reset pe fh ese mist ae wen deg hth maT shear toe proper ae of mid ‘at te ai ate ga ong ae oan eons and onl the prope en Chap 2 Murs in Nena Desi ines 2 me secon n compose mt tht deeb he pel sata comme ed ther popes, conprins wth ei peso ematon ad Ser ets fo copone ae fo epost. hapeS“Desg fr Dilys Loans ee ref wi nega eso fe Opes of kad. mpore Sino nice regan lee enn of eos fr exiting the mal nce teh a peti eg cs. More ‘mle bes Ben ‘Tee dscusion octal aed oan. free ecard tie eon pol as bee xa Cope. Nore spine devin vais ave ben de in Chae 7a he tarts fess poss pg wi ma ave been aed 1 {fe Apes omprove te esa he as. ‘Chaplet Desi has en ee inne se ees ASME Sdn cf, New dao se sae ts ve ‘es nce. ‘Aconpieew scton on st is eld to ape 1 ‘hates I an 12 ong des hve Bes eens ied 1 Seay eid vans be Ameen Gru cs Mosinn ‘ean pose tunty hb pit ste tens hs bean alee Cape hare 15 “Rling Cat Beis” has Ysa ented tne Stns aso ison se rece ur Adlon mise ho iin tei is Bee ae Caper i Csces an Bes (ager 7 “Ese Motos” indies mae rman soa mtr ons. AC moe on vale pe es, seventy ‘ona 1 The Anpentes ave bee expand inthe eon prapenin soar dren hy nb ed ye Sen prot, Nye exe on roid eel uss tags ale te rt et hk te ec en ny Sule nei isang Camp, tse te red scons Sno ist an sn dsl may ea ee von ae ia ses Sec pen po oa eer ‘Ueno Dae, reo Pip Dn Dd pao ne ‘ste ts ent oad tn eld cote we Srinath woreda Bes Eo rosin Ste Unies bd Face Les Cum) Comune Co es Hane Hy tate Sef age, Wi at ake “thle: Fa Maden noo Tels Bd Nisua Vani ton Bek ee, Se Cae ena snug Fhmpc, rth Ce ec nd). eee re Use ey ta Seu a pif ne seen ah or pues eekContents “THE NATUKE OF MECHANICAL DESIGN 1 Obert 2 2 Tange bsipe 3 St Neel en ein 7 5 Cha Ea Machin Dan Dem, 8 Sse io es ad Com epic ask reo been gh Fae, Nn 1 [MATERIALS IN MECHANICAL DESIGN » 1 Shen ace 31 Sead eyed TodSimandcaids 2 Nieto No55 STRESS ANALYSIS 9 bsoay Sue Den 6 Exar teaser siete SecGen Soar asp er Te, on, eS Spat Tomar in oman ie Open es sane th Co abs 1 Secale Serene 7 econo xb Beams 96 Sam Cen Brn ores 86 ah Sey od Seng ein ake 95 4 COMBINED STRESSES AND MOMS CIRCLE 03 Opa ste 08 Sotescine s Nols cide Sd stew aeons ong Coes 10 [5 ESIGN FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOADING ct Objet owes ed ws Mi eg Sg 8) testp tl sve Seg) Sea Comping Ogura Osan Ses 135 5 cows: 61 Obie thse 75 Sen afte tosh 5 Gna Game fas he rms 2 © Stu ei: ome 14 tiger Gr ese Goes eautes it 12 Cohn Aas opam 1% 7 saines Sconce Sieses an rion rac Compson Sng 218 ‘noel eects 28 Desgeateomsena ins 225 Een ey 8 TOLERANCE AND HTS B Obcianl cate 26 Ate Oey 22 Sree foce fe 22 9 sharr DESIGN $53 Facetmn Sty ie ems 267 ™ ans 5hub eing Teion Oy 28 Miia Dignan 32 (Sin Roper Si Dee 27 10 KEV, COUPLINGS, AND SEALS To Obeaeotnschie 392 13. Mba top Tact Sreob Oem tngh 09 13 Slo I Shri famines 8 11 shun orars Med Obata Cte 07 ot toetowre ae fend ‘Stoo car atl doit Ss 85 Conon a be Frans oma Can ish he 12 ILICAL GEARS, BEVEL GEAR, AND WORMGEARING 1s Obpciarl te Ouse a6 UCL Mec Comey foe as 67 a we as 2 Seminal ta 04 125 Geen teal tn a9 1s Femmenstoyiel Can a En Goin dealer Pangtaseee RO? Secor omgee Dis sid Tie peice empresa 13 BRET DRIVES AND CHAIN ORES su ba Speaade U6 DesaneChe Om 382 "14 PLAIN SURFACE BEARINGS sis ‘abi idan ins Degree man ect Bang 82 Patel Castes rane es Fee Sn 15. ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS: Eo Obscis i Cer50 Teds atte Sng Leodtesetan ett15-10. eg Secon: abl and ht oth Conon 618 TEs Nawmiga be TED Taped Sve 2 ISU seal Conder te plain Bas 27 1518 Un fodcon Unione 16 MOTION CONTROL: CLUTCHES AND BRAKES ow beans isonet 69 Dein Cutr Bay 6 Tine fae wane stand $0 Inova Samm Bere Cede 653 ey secon Hein Rees 6 Sse tine 37 “ initiee 2 Ons Tse Casas 17 RECTRIC MOTORS on Vet bcc ts Cero Trt Muurslesen owe tt 1124 Fale ol Opeaton AC un Ma 85 Tos. Reno heme a ok erg sa Cains Tra AeMan tune dts 8 3 Conn ae 171) Ohe Test Mas 7 18 POWER SCREWS, BALL SCREWS, AND FASTENERS mm 1 foie ae tering 152 19, MACHINE FRAMES, BOLTED CONNECTIONS, AND WELDED rows 1 1 Oban sch 78 IE Meri heary 75) Tt ele ge 20 DESIGN PRoyects vo 2-1 Giese scape re 2 Dera ae Apenonnes a St retin Sota a 2 Roemenctnes iam “h Retcegin “h Serer ot Irteest dere nat Meta re le wae terse era Cea ty oo Shien ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS As ‘NoeThe Nature of Mechanical Design 1-1 Objectives af his Caper 1-2 amples of Mechanical Desens 1-3 lll Need in Mechanical Design 1-4) Functions rd Design Reiter 15 Citar Evahatng Machine Din Decne 1-4 Bane of he legion of Machine Ere it 2 Mechanical Des 1-7 Computer Progr in ths Bok 1-8 Design aluaions 19 Unit stems 1210, Dinan tetcen Wh, Fre, and Mss24 You Arethe Designer Con yas aire aie Lhe gr a nem cone Ps Petunia ere ethane tree Wado paar wut Your ois hp wut ‘oho intense eas ‘youn clos Be ar ‘Sen at pom ru ae! 1-1 OBJECTIVES OF THIS CHAPTER ‘Me gewatannen ot ses apn ins er you cove a os in tea or wie earthen ese {cider ann bet rar sig of ache cet neg tf age and ae ee el ofmehaic eg In acai desig, a dese or desig eset exes "erie reno sin apc ed A device ay es mong Par hata poweand aang spear fo. A aca [system compe of event echo dence ‘The, tdesan a echane em,you mst compet inthe eg of ‘hentia mathe cents congs the site. From hs OBS ces ‘he ame ois bok, fare Benen ie Meco Dei ‘Tort hs Dok ee tacton to each per, ne lle abt sen called Yo rete Desig The pup a re cesta i lt yor hig he tsa ai rund a the per a0 so ‘hapless sts ah haere eed Specie Otjectves Aer contig hs hp, you wie abe = Respite crane of mec syst in wich te apion af the nas dicted ss ok 8 ceva To ample te Seg Lis ht es sis rere en gett neha es Dee he inporance of meine etd aioe ets in 2 ore sonprente mecca sem, Wrestlers anon and dei equim fx sinc eis, sasha et of ea for enalaig proposed desis Wes with ppt nk neehei den aston bt the US. Casta Unt Seman tote is. Disingash tetas oc ands. then rope in bah Fire 1-1 ribRovered Bud Sm Corey of Bek & Deck (US) tc)4 Fie 1-2 Chin an (apt Mech Capri as Anes Call) Pret sgn cosines et node ences tat an endo an erated yee Kulp nt Fe of shine deen 1-2. EXAMPLES OF MECHANICAL DESIGNS ‘The rt of rh desig ac alin many es Commer rats sachs be mth, owe ol, aae sor apne an bose ‘ips ele dvs oe Figes I! a 1-2), Mec ‘Siew et i martingale che al, ate ‘enlace syle see hang re st Ome, (fees, and er ahs ee Fes 1-3, 18 2 1). ae Figure 1-3. in Cooveor ich Wika Maan Company, sony Handing Deve Picante Stern, Seri Heh, icky vem fashion, econsucin,wehaldegn nips we wel cee ice pve shove, ttn, Blin, cere, Coma nne art noes, paler. i tc dts comes i er dvs Fig I-Ssbus ane ath see setae, Sane sakes i aris eet ad Tassie eau! ami ce ie ues s,s, ad iy sehen fends apmsn pee oe {fe ats nc aig devi, Ss ey ace ae EES ERE lice Fes oF id oss {igre 16 Tar wih toate Aachen Cn, i,6 _twe narune oF mechanteas oFsien (Cain do ae meni ge eat nD Mein i Og pd, te Int HNeTIONS ND pEsioN meauiREMENTS 7 hone ety (ig ha nd ped ‘neo Fe 1-10 Airc Lng Car Asad nel Oss Coen, oe Sec ay 1-3 SKUS NEEDED IV MECHANICAL DESIGN ROERT a wd eos nd aot ti ly wae. You egdateaty Reve compel sounesinsvrsepoingiccooes ea ing eating Tact dawioean campur sie dessa Properie f mat Minuisiag cess Sti, dyna, stent of meals Kies a msi Buon se i, ad sing tis oa, on tol tachine chet an echelon Pesta ao eon owe Aa sans, ean, SE poner seca cont anthenalpecesng fe a otis thse ced als fe on anc 3-4 UNCTIONS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Re Sina obcne ofaeshaed ces, o cous ty pod 8 et ois tats ee, noi ad pace satan wa ‘etiin he sn ct mshi, orm ini stor choc tow be restea tuto dee fctn nd ein egret fx te vice ane nce a be vi std The en oneal bt thy sos says enpay aba pase 8 3 tno ngpors ee Oi ia ih ements epee ne eth degre See ect pee mine dan wbreer se ale of Statement of Function and Design Resiremens vert yo ree desis ped ees tt pat othe poet omit Theatre pe aie bese tracer ot aoe Rena te gl ote Hs ots econ of Be spel ee anon 0 meses sn 1 oreve pve th tte ghar Sh. FTA we onc tanh ace cme th eae aia Yection dade 4. To eee over at th ose ed fa np af tha inate esha es ys vv he en resements oa sae The floes oe ioe dn wan be ea oe ma DE SEE Ee nero your pie #08 cot lt as lo signs hl Sa antiga aa eesodeanets Tec ener cee et elf ns ve ae fon eee ‘Seta 1 There ot tai 1008 2 Tapa ton twee pin ent wh wn sed Moe 4. Th ie ees he pows a tn se ag 2050 em 4 Amr fin fara 1 este 5 Tem ots capiy fe er she 305 pon iho 6: Trea otp omit eve hi be whe om Thor tre rc 1. Thing an na hails st ene es cureRia Fon EvaLUATING MACHINE aEAteN OKCSIONE A, Theses tbe bt origi era 9 Saal sei aioe. The eer mth ton ce i i, wih a marr gh 2 10. Teco sergetd opt Ur) edu, per mec, wth sae 09 11 The tdicer mi epee te vente and cae pete yee te Une ies ener agi frm PE 12, Flue coupings wl bese te pt and out sho pais aa fodening ads Fo tig esi he er. 1s. The podasio uy 1000 is per ye 1 Amodete cost slo esl ehtng tr oa hon Cat rerio of ut seme an design resus ile http lot owed ee res ah ee ma) a be wate oe Gest, aig esha sun, do ont ets ‘earn Beg repens had lo ght ee, $e ame tine hey Sl flr al opty fr nao. Tat peng swe cig qesonehhat ens ae we iy regi ites al hese! mote 02 Roo atic? DMistibe aie que? Das ave be aes othe fine a? 5 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING AUACHINE DESIGN DECISIONS Designates a ate badd oe compa wit cn indo Uesandaes Foreanpe ices eigpprte aie sha low wih, shes pr fo a sachin tating lt est realy ave wey seo Scheseetons canine ame les ei dsp pres, "ern Deg, Csr shou esa er at we Ihe desinakig prose ny re Beas eh si od ‘ets muy alraie wins, exch con be uated nes ht ‘es, Tre mya be ite eg bt epee sal wo ward 2 pin dg. Thi he sgn sould maine Nene 28 mii sabes “The flowing re gel te for murine dese Site Pesotmace the dee 6 wich te Js mens ected serie) ey rnin at i ie ee ee de0 sso manfacie ase oso repent cf conpoens ase operon Low it oe Low peng nd mance ot Sea ie now wiht ow ms an raion snot operation se fail alle tr ed prs compet ‘rd sof ately sed yas or commer ble sonpes Arpeanece tt atv an appari we apiin Yovor your conedes ca spt aoa cera determi ee ‘teins oe eter sped ath design. Cera says of a ‘unconcerned because of ‘peor Yous ke no aut he eon eee ses ofthe ‘evan sae he safety of tse ning it oe who may esl. ‘Ascot perfomance ary enon. The ngrance of eeu ‘ena ares fon in eh 1-6 EXAMPLE OF THE INTEGRATION OF MACHINE LEMENIS NT [MECHANICAL DESIGN Mecha desis procs nig alc sig mecha compe ‘sand pt ogee asumph deed os, OF cure che cements mst be compl, we ote, perf sey (Hie The deste: mast onde ale ean of he ceast ‘eg cengred at agen in tt he ert wih wih a erie "oulseae how te dei of machin lens mst be nepal ih 2 ger men! Sn, et Coe te deny pelle for the Sal gata Seased i Seton In, Sos ha 0 compli he pt ‘bilo, ou ee ena died, pg peta You ‘pei for paste shal sa Bens, nd sa ol he iio Set pope ane ay a shown ae -. You should tesoyie tyoo eat mde ay deg doses ene Soh ‘te Fen you cose ur eo ahs he gus a worm aN oc fesse bv ger nt ob pes ped eon Ses es, hin es, rman be propa "Teaneck ples fhe being 9 they sue he ears te srl coatgon othe sing ae a8 ds ‘chon ae deg ret cen! roy ted el sing of Sons ar me Nace at sec Pr oi) ner gratin Fire 1-11 Coney Desi or ped ce Gein, stats en hl sa gs Yen eo in deel init min cree sp echo a rs be oe Shs a ‘on tr st, aan i see a Beartype speed reducers (see Chapter {1}. * esos consi, eed eco peed SEA ec ms tion te a weth andthe ction requiem kinenats) Yow ee st iatrpea: natant ope Isation ofthe Bs, apt traue ansmting cabin fae #615 the shal (as tough keys), and safe shaft design fon te inh ate pi Hise he is, oe sone nde endian ce a be or a {St Thos deer ms cone eng ad iy. andar he (fea nd tees Shas ayant ny a SORE Atte ga aes Thor haben = 1 The pata cose a i el Sas ope cnn he ena ee ale ee2 gg mite comidee,e an haves dati els othe sha tess ayia 1, Seison telat an ote sh ete cone sess Capt, eaings kes Desig fe Heng (Chapter 1 a-ring cate! Deans robe ‘sed ou il ns robs se commecily aval ewig fa ean tres eu. ae andy eee You ma dete he ‘ago eae ech Beate Fo he a ays and he ger ‘ess. Teratanl ped and reson dey ie fhe ea ei Sepa ih te oe WE he a oe sated ma be a ted. Fr example, cnt bist sal ways yo col 8) ine ‘puma dame ate bear sel ese sae ses es ‘Thebeving eee supa pra to sha the, Bae 3 tore mie dance ms alr tasted he shu. Oca, eter sho ote rly per ha ces. Whena pec beara foe the dace fh hl he Sear ea son a alate "rants ave tobe road coin othe Being ance en. endn acheve poe operon at expen oe bear. Now te ty (Chop 1) an eye cane sige, The Sanat of te Stieber te ey ba se nshadgh.Therge a ‘mt ete edn rng alain fo ec key eh nd ‘ae Once th Working components ne dsged, Be aug Ga fen Hoang “Tehoug dg races mat beth ceeve mt pre What pois ‘Soule detest neexps ian a0 bein ad ‘ely trae ce othe ator oo wh he pend ei mod? Hon vl evar elemets te sen toh fousg? Ho wi he peat in eae te ested? What sng atl Sl be ese Stal ‘ising be cing a weldmet, cat sent of mace prs? “The design pos aot ee imps a then ct pats in segues: he prs othe hl ot ergs fetes an copes, {ly othe sing. wl ba weer ffl hs gl pal ‘ly oc fs en cevgn. Uy he perp uk my in 0 ‘thse des cen coarctation a ae camporens. ‘hr oes, alld fern ioe a ao asepale eel Cogs heed Fee raves ae derlpe an ted die ler. 1-4 96IEN cnrcuLAHONs 13 1-7 COMPUTER PROGRAMS I THIS BOOK recta : mi eo vies eae eee re atlas armen Nhe arate ciency he sme papum peed inertial. You ae enero teh pen pote, en, lo somer he opm no aber guge chm FORTROGS snes them o puna ct HEN oe tobin yr ana eis 1 doe, le may sot ete ano nec ee Yolseyineweusnabeaton acres Topracks "Mem teachin ent bg design nd he mee the desig 2 Bawa heen, ig a ene ae pm 3. Sowina skh racing ne cet eto cigs eth fecal Spm ad Boodle othe drawings 6 cir the actual physical sation “ee 4 Waa teeta ere es ‘defection ofa beam, buckling of can, and son. Pei 5: Usa gen us erp 6 Wie ema tte wed ins om dayne he acs tot tis of he tis hrc I ads 5 a ae fel ade of yas veh ree ee Tce ae a bite cant be pope’ be oe 1. Se sc om be dese! ve 8. set it cet pom cnt, 9. ade te eee a eh,O vawie Ese i reich we @yceants WETS ‘a is 2 See SEES ete a tet ta) ON Soe a Tir. anna ae wn (108 OFS ASANTE 00mm rey Eevee aion)s25 mn ts Meade amas ts UM 0 aT Naum comers anh sac aaneee ass EX MRS yao Be a. Creruere) 1 BSD 00" Ta ETI CEE 40), ff oe Fayre 1-1 Spl Desi Cklton st uuinaystews 15 10 tbe ets nt reason, che te dg desis ad comp erage dilleenpvty or marl wud mae spe. 11 When esa, sistcony ek has en ete see al "ales fr af impo ep ree, ng andes. nen ‘Sets, eau sul tei, Fur 1-2 shows a same desgn calcu A eam Be espe 0 gen Sin pt mrt neg WhO yond The ds mes that etaga hp to eed rhe ts con eb. Die rasp ald ve ber se. The eee 1 cpa Be fee intone rss, coneing bth ett 8 ‘mbar ana chon Rls Chap ora of ets du ‘oben un sts Compas tis kw be etme y wiser te US. Customary ‘Ua Stem acne ee ners stem). "he pal wise he ya machi de. Sf, haben of Le Sule lean 8 Us, pe aed rec nee ag te ‘Nad For camennce te a wi eed sted ees. rei sped ot seu ate ot of age Ony tse wees edn Tt 12, wc fer Be of su tec eens heal eh ft qui sol he repo 8 nerve 210, ines sae mail 0, Te. hv ih Dapp pee shade sed. Tae 1) Bs exams frp Soties oho ote om oe stem ante. typos ble coer tr Ayo sold te ma he ‘Spe reo maga ae urs ened ac design 008 lee esombens of de autos (Tae Ito eta ape SS sample Problem Lt. Esp he Sameer liners is eared Oe 2 7S Salon Append 42 es te covering a 100 a = Bano The Die = 27550 BAB «98m es"lle 1-1 Typ Unit Used a machin sn oe US. Cooma Ua stu lasers in ta fe ttn om) a sea Stee cr) rue lic im) Fe rosa set) th on ONT Mn sa) wa Tee sen sail) ie sea) ain dere Tepe een Feit dere cauns CO Toeecemenal pie idee eh Na fount ay ere ouch i) je BT Pe aceon acetone 8) tips sien we itee tN See ests, rou rou hp = 1) sober eisy cepa ipa = 1 Kerprwane a epee Py) (hs = 173) Kat oka Bee GP = 179 Seti an ‘ce ed) es ce wines ied ( Mostafa eos ur pve ne rove tier pou) Rett xt eis ein ‘ape erda) om Te 1-2 Preis ed nih Ui Poe ym Fe ne aa er) me MI 1 oe Gama ‘ble 1-3 Quast Gimp fet Repo Rs (O10 15x mata ae BSN" adem iow eae say eis ea sais Owe ew heron SBN am se rvorsah Tile 1-4 Typ Oder of Maps er Commi Eaten Quits TE Coen oun US Cammy ta so Dice emem setae 6 22 hem, Sonttie ssi ss Eu ese Feceraieelt gon 1. pte gee s Bada te Len orton? cm rs enn Ye Malpas 2am Matiscesty seamen 20% soak ee ”18_swe warUne oF wicHanient BESS sample Prem 1-2. Ay eetic eo is xing a 1180 eas per tite pe, Exes he peed in ads per send a, Soon Ase o coer i quid {220 et as Ron pd = 1-10 DISTINCTION BETWEEN WEIGHT, FORCE, AND MASS Disinting mis be made ewer he ems oe mat ad ph Mass te oy o materia aod. foe saps or pled tate inachinge nt y's man crin on formant boty. Ci ese ‘Scio te py peneny, bt the ition ay de ‘od he nt fre ed 55 din het eed Tle “hee weight ase ih ook, ef toa ac reid tosis yas hace of iy Ta sane Wat he weg of Tse?” we Wold teres ewe fe ss om py sere =e = mats, = let = wed hea one to pany. We nl we P=RINS of peosials The, compte wight we =me= 75420981 iP) w= Themis = TN Renenbe that shown in Table he eee (sia a 1D n! In herons deta tee request pe mst LD edn sccelraione Dm nearer, th, we the Shas ‘tte it wig of Be PROBLEMS uc the devs ested intent 1-4 we 2 eof atone an esi eens in ie mater ase ia Scion I. Yoo orth tata ‘yal ee psf oration tenet desig get x» reowuins 19 “hod sh fran atone punto te pecs ‘Nd joe ee ep rs gyms om gs Aah nn et ee Amik cioh a kort nt, Amn feet 2 ae of wate Atzacmate andr dec frp ans gy Cas ‘cinta SS ota fete no ‘sera inethecotesinos byt eso set int Sarit became 1 Kae psi dnc neon ce 1 1 Beige on ne "* “PE AERO 4, fet ilies ros, peti aed cameos, tes {open 4-26 coven ics Expres ol ene ‘svat i Ta 2 “mm amen hi ane of 3 in Gime etl ome he 1 Goer ere ete 4 ga ef BSeaw Ne eles kpeatic 816 or pbs 6 Aside ttn ge WIIG A tin nd aes fie aug ManeS A848 Cover edd te spel punt EhEeemae inion | Sassoon "He Wet moe pmo tacit Cuno ite ena ee ane {sins we cet ot pes Gey untipncntnen cbc ‘an Sretateasen ectimeeereiSie wan 2. Sema on Hct Act dime nasewegnts —talieeaaga essen poe Sulcbeinanpt Comesteteagha Somme at eee is IU Comyn Comedies iht.Sonmie Spaces amc amine Sesh) 3h Tle apg aig at tae men mei ols Gat AtoitalyirmetemaeeiObin —gacticdsbere sen bnucii CosrihingrieNad — Enimouihe ise ee rain depen ye ie rN, eas CorpMaterials in Mechanical Design (jective of this Chter Properties of Meta, ofan snd ye Condon fr Ses and Het reine Stiles Ses Sacral Sel Catton Powdered Mere “lS an Caries Annum Tau Copper, Bras ant Boe Nick Alloys Poses Compose mats 3+ You Are the Designer +4 Yooresstlsinm apne tedeels camden team ty msvon ws Cima acein ye ht cage ares hou bee Cea 1 wagon 08 CO hen othe ale Sorte tame aie comer ams wasn Go be seer: oes 2-1. OBjecrives OF Ts CHAPTER Saison prema c mie ls and sytens tends rey oth Iara he ser see's Th dene as unde bow mes be sea oer lh mere te perfomance lhe prs bo ‘Sine he oye ut a sao eral pope The fs ably 19 commana eet hate! sper, mete, Shnstoruing poe pean, bal tenest perl. pas mae, machin, ed qu sore specs fen has seg fat Sess suze Ths chit fess othe of mara propa a in sn dos rer he eta) or chet ae meade ante 1-1 dosay ote eed otal peers aod pei fr Your ‘elec ar be et ofthe oo Al, hi heer Sones Ds spe. Ses study hee a ules jo rode eT whemver eis ‘Seed in ir caters, you wl be ena wih perf ale. Specie Objectives Ale comping chap, yo be al 1 Se the ps of ater ropes Hat agora to he sn of techn icra yen 2: Dea tems rene teeth sent, propor int eae li mie eacytnon dai nd pret etalon shar erg Fass rao mous 4 ait shear, aris, mac iy npc Sree dey oe of thermal pas. herd onlin deci ay Desrie h mtreofcron ad ally te monbedeseaion ten fo sel and th et of eat ds long lems ch prope iets Desi the ans of dtp te code shea wien of sel, Inc hotroing, clever bard lng teeing and se aden hy lw dein. hardeng, al caine a22_warenians MUMECHANICAL DESIEN 5. Deseret tel at cpie many of he esha ae comme. ily ves Des aca sel aden many ote eatin and es, Desi at on andsee in ofa om, dle, an mlesle Deseo meal, ropa es Desi eel pe of tol ant aries nd hee wes. 10. Derlam, eh tea hari 08 attain! 11, Deseret me adie ropes of tsi an brome 12. Ds sever types of lay, bth emai ad chermoplae, 18. Deere sever is cmpoie maternity roped 222 PROPERTIES OF METALS Matoe ees ae vey len made moet meas cr mea abyss ‘tees, obs. This son deere he mpc opts ‘nes sy fect oc, ‘Stent east andy oper formes another ype of mate ‘a ae wy deri om ne ent wich sage oe mall ‘pel inte fo ran oat br, caged betwen so lle lly tbls inten. Te agi he face on the bar an the Cevespning change ng sia noaeed and ected cons, ‘hing ot. Boss tees ne frie he pli ae ine ‘Sj teare tes poor athe spl re Te dat fom ih ese ‘esate in bow o ses sl aru, sh as se own in Fes 2nd 22 Inthe lowing pura, evel eng si a uty opis of meas ards. Tensile Sent, 5, ‘The pak of he sestain cae conse the aime ese seth sometimes called he ulin erg singly, he ee sent ACs ot es ete Nees apart ren on at a of eel esa, Te curve pets pater ek Hover, ice hal be [tsrmens loci aga aly ting od ore: ‘mer han me sentra san. T ppt Ses cowed bY ii te oly erga ctseseioalaren tees, Ae eck Ba Peoreanies oF merats 23 igre 2-1 Type SreeStin Dag or St fe cave ace ea pont dee ne as de, tered nen don Ths eos elena Se inaicainsvinveacittae Kiwini | incr ig ecg dn sew share tony oe Ue eof he caveat tee seg ia see cone (erm ie Lovet ato Fr 12, pil SeSta Dian er Aimed Oe Net “Having No Yield Pint " orotate2A_wattniais in MECHANICAL BESICN id Sent “That porn fh es in apa where ei ra ince sin Ah eo noises n set als the el sent TAS oper) Insts hat he marlin et ld or dogs pai, ema ely. anda age ep. te poi fying gate sia, asa Fg 2 the propery cal te id om aera tf steth, get shows be soessstcin dag om lista onlrous etalk mini ai or a cert sven sted, Notice tal atts am prnuned p lhmnerae hde aoee theses ee ntl Thal pan dees te et method ‘ch ne ra pul othe sah he orn feared eo Thegh by st amount, wily OP sie 02 The scion et sn the sess sain ce dees be me's yk wen os toak eter dure wl boo, eres were mae Fines eye po he ee mea sd Propetonl iit ‘hp on he ses tance wheres sighted ‘he propor! im Tha a above th sess a sen ot opr, Below he operon. Hose’ spots esis optical stax lnaecncal eign maths cy eda ise, ove the pearl imi 4 some poi, leh ute a, a material expres amount of sis anh il tetas rn hap alee eh Blo tat evel he eater etves comply esl. The pops tan esi tnt eat lsetn ty stengh Bee they ae es 1s determie they are ay eae Moss of sty in Fein (6) tht ar fhe steven gram thls sti, tess propo fen ao econ pop. Tat b= Stes = “hiss he dope ofthe stghtne prin of he dag. Te mas of Us nds ies the malt, es nce domain, _ Bot MoneRnES oF wetaLs 25 Duct nd Percent Bogan uc ep wisi a ee Tero of lynn we ar cea ‘etn esc ne te fh Sd ati sa th pte soe betes hn it mars vm ne Theil mi faye ee si emt ‘nce in sins, Foe how ype sen oe ote ee eet pe nee ea 2 in Te fer et wn. evo eve bed ‘et ith ee lg tee man's ee Feet denne el ee soe Shey orto cers ope Ta oan * 100% = Percest elongation ‘ier cpin as oe on pa ag ofa ae ‘eco par agh sca ar Tasso ae ‘Meester esc ‘stooea man usa roge easar n ‘Seta Pesan aes inf. Thal ae ‘pec earl cot ah efi be pi tenga Fine 2-3 Meaenen of Pere organ26 _marenats in ucchanteat 96si6n Shear Seegth Bothy regan tein senha heap opis ‘mtr Unt tee ese elm eprid, We wi ee along ese: y= 4/2 = Oy = Vil engin hear 205% = Unt engin est Piss Ratio ‘Wheaa materi sabes see sian, here sa sian ‘the essen Snesons persia fo the tno he Te ain Thea othe Sorting othe tel ln cle Poor's rata sly casted by the Gch ever (Te re eet my Snines efor hs atin) (See Fee 2-4) Typ ns af aes or Pons are 0-027 et 027-030 frst an 030-033 or lumina, Movs of Esty in Shear . The mde of lati isa. a of aig es sag tin, ene by GTi propery neste sles ut sear ai thats tavcitaee her deratn Therein eatamipbenor E.G, and assay a oat “Ths gion va wii te et ng of te mater Hardoss “The esstae ostinato by a etc an ict i aries. Sere peat dees, posse and pats mee Mt. ‘este Brel anes eer andthe Roslin eer ate mo {isl whe be meee. Fr stele Bel ard eer em Flore a arene se bl a i ter th penetra of Sotbig fore Then cases apna esain ne et mate an Theda fe aceon esd he Boel hn ater, ich sfbrevined BAN or HB Them qui beg acs he nd ied by hectare ofthe indenaton Far tel the abe of HB ang om ‘sori 1 or anal wb eta ve iy sen, ‘gh sedsin te aequene conto le hgh ngs, toe H Boa meoneens oF merats 27 the pects someting ae of ngen cae ert boar tre aig her hn el ester och ister esha sel ia Via under od fg os ote en ante ages ed as Ral, or RD Fortaer eis wea tena ho the Roskvell Csi sel o stg face pon deed cial peter mn phewsnc spe Rw ine—_— sone fered 5 Rea HRC Hany or Rokr ee oe ‘The Bilan Rocke mt sede par ‘pied antes, weet mercFigue2-5 Hadoes Comersns ocean tween esa seen pan 82. pt ‘Pete ory desley ste eis eye eso Ap teen te Hoel aes auner adhe erste of tee ‘erordig othe egtion tn = Apps ee ea i “elton ston in Fit 2-5 “Teampu earns ses ieee sen consier te ow se ant tines _ Sh or a iofedis OS dimes DSS forme Mw TD hao wl BLAH 222 moreerys or uetats 29 Tris sone ovr toeeth HRB aM HRC sas, Numa, HRS forth sir metal oso apgoxinat}y 10, whle HRC sud fecha meted ges frm 2 Use Huber abe 10 TURC mbes wn 8 ened Tse sh depen ME ne fr conparon purposes oy. Hives ad nda wear esac wl Seng Wes tae be dics er hag ty ws eid et th, Machiaiy Macias lated oh ese with wih amas can be cin od saan wi sna a He on atvare See sted ye mach Ie il dle mele gered Io ‘Sahni so machlys epee compra ee ig, the pence of Bes mer wih oe st npc Strength arabe suey apd ts, ech, ep vex as ‘apices A nese fogs npr mere sa {aga ned scien top aig erg ely Wh as ‘The secimer abe ey fone ker coi, ane ese srbed epost ngc srg The nom ey ed tenemos or mpc eng se be Cry es {ate Seng or EdarnceSvength Pas seed rented apo of or sts conn tt ary ‘i ime oe seve oats hone lec he ovens ofa Mae ae teed dr contd ci edo tei bis ores uh, Te eigen ‘te fe renga cael entrance Seth the ae See Cia Physical Properties Hare we ilu des cee ems epasion, tees ond yaad seca este Deity Deas dene he as pee volume fh teri. saw a athe! yt sem ad i ate US Casey Ut Sem, bere he pun eno be gotaoni Thema Ein “The count of thermal expamion ia men ofthe chang gh of uel feted oa are emptied bythe eon clare intent | sin tan 7 aan sth oleh aed Ais he ching ener. Viral al Ils and ses expand whinging tne But een maa ‘puna frst tes For machines nd aces ata ps of eae th on eter he feet als an ye ican et 0 he peo ance fhe sea and on esses ped Thermal Cnductty ‘Therma ont a propery fetes ands is iy trea Where mice Genet eaten encoun onan inert eat i pnert, he sy ofthe emer af emai’ os ‘etter anya lest he perma. Fx easel, WU get ‘pee ees py Genet fs hes da he ng ot Be "een the wor an he warmer wet. ot sequel afer eat causes scat ole eters, alg pl earn Wer. ce Resity Forte eews tht cond elsiiy whic lads, helical _zssvy ofthe mater iy pi a ise Eder es ‘See of he este ere by gen thse ofthe materi sa ‘easel in ocr (em). Brea cont nase a he ‘nace matealcote leis, otines ed ined of ‘ety I isotenepord a peenage te oe oa eleen ‘tral usb ero! Atel Cope Suns 2.3 CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL ‘Sela posite aos! wy wed matron emesis of 4s poeres hgh sng, hh ses ry, and restive ete of fatness te table, Scion et ee, Tassie wil sth meds edo desing ses an deter ie nos gun se es “The ler el eo aly oi, carbon, ence aoe ware ier Sean clement Caton as very son let one senha tes, diy fay se ally. The er eens et Baer. ‘lugs, catoson esse, antl. an eng ceri st Bh 2.1 CAMO AND ALLOY Steet 31 tempers The prin a Seow Th i aig denen prea en ys ‘eel hom. mle, vara Designation tens Tee maton he Amen Ses fo nS! a (AS, he Seve of Asn Epos AE) the sneronSc fe sal Marl (ASE, tne eee sn tens rae dn chien ra ep, “ For eo cus ally see ISSR SAB em we ait eats uch ea oa mt te sen cen eee and he st oo ste ps oy Ga vs ne ns inary alo cls er ncn Pague 28 tome ae ‘ase 2-I neta belay pos nportance of Carbon gh nose ls ois an 08 xis desman cae oa ent one pope eS ge {a he ite dpa concen nse xi wee ve dg se, ay de epee cut or aii oes Tecate eet eeoah ae carbon ranges from 0.18% to 0.23%. Nee ‘caro ates anes, eng nd ads ao incre dr he same condos of resin an eat teanet Sedan cera oo, me end in “Ast "ene as 430 $e vnsca ea Leaps ure2-4 lel Dsigtion Stenable2-1 Aly Grp he Namba See ra acute gt Bt ta 6 pe reece sporinet. Presence of areaed be enone ees tw Teco ol ne ay, te geet Sl oe 8 =, SS Sims” Sc Sutures o 8 C5208. oN za x Noa Se Ss Gast an SS Goon ny Sim» Goro ony a Sim anew any or re sincere ie Geocoenmnt . st Sitonanmn esce Si_ Secon 3188. ineng con otc cing ae lina sme canoe “jon en hee eto ig fei eer he gh a sl nay pies spn pn ow Gone of ee pao oaien res. 261 CARON ano ALLOY ste 33 Mei caro cso 10 pins ebon (08-59). Mam ‘chiens aig oie nih sang egsemen wih ey od sy sd oder bares eae cme fas ne po {ibs bave 51.035 pois catan 0S 980). The ih gta ott ovidesbete wr popes saa plains apn le cting egal thewiwe lures ae mb ne ‘so Ton nites, che, an may apa plement oe tee {ering sie! nial ona 1.0% ears Conve goes 1, 10. nd $210; th ui ug despa noel ye ps aig 10 pf ton ‘oy Groups ‘Asin in Tie 21 pps. a eagrve he mato of se, ada ale ia signa amt toe Ths ae aa na sem machine ps gu gh pte ‘es where there pars ate nl ste oth esr ee ‘os, ter ays, es eer e contd aes ot oe ‘ae of thei ads ees, cee eng, Niel impos the othe, stabi, dona esisaee of ‘Sealand sisted in ste he aly sel Chau spe “Tle 2-2- Uso Some es Str ‘Arketne ‘iS Fd ete pts ed a Shes 100 Gove ee shpat Ee, ey Asa cine pcs sa se ‘ch move we aed sss ge te Se ie pt 410 Ga aa ag Ges sts, is aie a dng ‘30 Gare os 5190 Hey as sci ps ‘mo Revi es a aes 50 Gre su Shesu fin, ead bain esses. and rep eae tempers Ih {sce ciom ies aif cots rises dsc Inthe eon on snes es, Made ao igre hrdeubay an ehespertur tex “able 2? coamo sels and hi ypc es ‘These lever apr apcon mise corm and rove pu rope eng, tyes, ahah abi Sy Frown. tag aitaring ego, to Re reine se hls coe 2-4 CONDITIONS FR STELS AND HEAT TREATMENT ‘Theft daily fs by he ay Dy ep ited Soe foes ibe ei working sch ior Shae oe rung tira is each saa san tape as, als ‘at, nd Sud mendes ate ede i hese ys. BL mo ahi Fanart tearing ay eds, Bed poe ih Seah axa ghd ti. Garon se bara se! frm te rly erin eave cod oe hs hy se rl oa levied pete that ce the aig ces, Te alg car ob dos eal ingrove seg and sufi nih. Cra a 8 we tv be ight enh ofthe waked forms, along wih ery sol sutce fash However, wea meal esate be ral shld bese hl solo Heat Treating Haring acs wih stl iste eae temperate tomas properties. Othe seve cen aa, ae sted thie el ae nag, sorting, ghar ch a te etd case hardening ae 2-7 shows empentar-in js fr tee at ese poe cess The jl RT ines omar UC eee Tove ert! ener tih he mrt ee fo ut be ‘i dting he eng fh el Ath pe etl temperate (Ce testemsioe comple, Tee empresa withthe min fe Sea. Fr most medumsbon (L398 oO on ses, UC pe ately S(O). Releteces ping eae ht etme pact a hold be eon. Ameaing xs Fa 2) pero ag te el above he pe Ska ei big ial te open no, The te el 204 CONDITIONS FoR STELS ANO NEAT TREATMENT 35 ey sng 5 one tate teas Fine 2-7 Heat etme Se “tty atm sacar amet tigen foment aura ee te selene ttmarnecaa ee eee36 Nerang Novag Fane 2-7 prin sib mast ae, aaa Fisher peruse above he formation ange sere See ome peony | iF (WC) The es i or steel sce Be Seas he Seth ht snes roe, Mocha and ‘eons eos proved ae era cence ‘Therein ning sd Tempe useing Fae 2-16) amply hag he tel ohove ‘heafrmatn fgets frm 68 Osh iy cok ‘valet men. The ap xg are rman ema, he ar snr ste Teepe wtih ate ms epee ‘Soysconpnon Analy cng ii of seca he tate rm och ete oss con hs hgh hades. TH ingrown nese eg ene on Ike. The smongechig i ate, a il mie ti The elon egg mem Spends on he ae wih olng ‘Siu posted ht mnie seo eer lo wer eoesing eerily grtomet ime te qarthig an inva rehetig eaters of a OFF Got then so Coin ck ron ers, This sess oli estes pope Serene ste andi stents eee wh mesg teen eae, wheno Scones 8 lets byan eee pee longo, Ths gc the oes he elo mr ee ‘egorements Fuhrer he ed i qc odtn has hl reves ad ay ge hie ache ats oa ara ete per 3 1 TC) ip ater chi "Tila ees ftenerng cats ope te, eves Ingen -1shor aps een er energie Ise in ese cats ae eee eng et pont, pee onion, ete ten eal hearst Bates eatin em Ingteapere Note rece ep oe cones ah be as fe enh a arses compriy thea cabo AST 18 ‘evi ey tel AIST #5). Even haps Bt ae te sie sa {socom heal secretes hier seh sadhana, Noe thease bards inh pear othe eating hes, ‘lads the eres ow ug aly can be heed. Whe ge Costas ees te ae hese ey on Asse ne of opie al a Be gee see rset say se Te lyse Ee ie AST mers Snceodion Fath een casos, edge ead fr ta fe, ASLO OCT 0%, wich nets at he ay was cg sd 2:4 CONDITIONS FoR Sre845 AND Sear HREAFEAT 37 espe a3 Epes the popes tt 0 aad | FF eng ine tespentres incurs he noms oe posible tng of prpeses ba 28 be eget forth aloy. To wc seagate he en ae eal ee 1 was sch afte tae Aopel Ad eee ‘squid ha amet proes fam a epi. Forth orp oe ‘geen be book ough inten py (ise Hadeing ‘amy cis te uo the ar eu mesg abou te hs st ve ave high des nat eth fi sale high et rs sce ora wears he ming tice ineoa Sed te oie ear oe pt penta eee hap 00 01am, duoah oe mene ae tn {sete ey bt a Tate er Te ‘ese hind era tne es sie fo ta oa ee Sse dr ce nga ne ea hts, cine nh ane ove 2 ov» io clo heed at ein, lysine a aad etre dh el lis ph wel tee {mais (a eh, cite wc, esha laste lane Reinga dst aren ‘he poss of a dig an inktn ade i ‘elt sti of eu rane tnt al one eaaerh races te attrmaon ne, Upon neat shin a Firre2-0- Till Cs Hrd Geant Set38 ‘hn ave te asomation se woul produce ei ef mare ‘ie eau or ih ons Fame hing sa coe ae ingens aed fra atl ans tine bea hepa flowed ueachig i thor) Seam owe oro dion hare a oes nih the pr ‘uum yg sgh wh he eguccy este cen pe Bese he cri andy oh tel caren sed psy reat be in hp, Te estan the tral oe trent ‘ets ina heigl. iseling he sie pone sd ey be ton sey od he tine of eps, dems he dep 0 whe ‘tral aces he tania eee, Rap coe ae bag iver te sre sul ht ht for ae odo being Be ee, the ster ste rod harden. Usa te ul ease arena Pouce a cae bs i the ne of Rockwell hess HRC $8 {ie espana HB 016) The he eile ‘along heel ote ese lev Caton iby els wi ene thin pot o contpealy cana mots memes Soe alloy ‘Sec wh pit ona caton se ese ype ven Se on: Yon den ean rig Nii, ndCrboitdig ‘The remsnig case sing posts, ring. cal. aod ating, acy ser he potion of he face he mel by ‘xorg 0 catering ues, Iisa Be epee a luecaton an ei tthe sue te pa Te cwzenaon ed ‘eh peneton of eat end se hema te cabo tenga Thluntetinest apse Nig sje ele) hs, i nes tr po fr genera ear essa. Wher high bd ang ‘scuba nado omer rustic regu wih gece. Ings peered cans he cer ease ‘Seveal sel ped as caries. Anon hese a 05, tuo 2,11, 818-8, HD 2, Agent AS ‘etd pope a ese bre! eNews a mer Tore tn eee perience by Yo wind reve Sees, and the cv trdee inser estan, Cay, PO ‘ey done, wil ay ays pee ace his fm HRC 3 fo ‘Socket Charnes or 5a (in hare), Carrhae vans tt allow he ese aoe rope eto me sete etemnts The epee cron ampere kes plc a sempre of proxi LOE G2OC) and su aes Temes qastiog ives he Hah seat, aug cn ame ‘ha tie Normal pat owe oc ov ar ing tes 28 Staines srens 39 baa spiny) ea ened Awan athe ‘lel low teapot oT Ser Se Tle sees nied entrant eens Appa Sar lenping ere es tse oe cn, seal Aco ec, nov pr ones Te a seein oe 2 pa i ached a a tenga AF, example, he emo ae hadi ert SOGT Ocean Sh ‘uh sn tng aga frees end cote ret a cabng DOG 88 listed in Appendix A-5. or “ 205. STAINUSS sees fees ale Te cst sea se elk ieee an cameniee ‘bythe SAE and the ASTM. Appeni A6 lit ries af seve In sivng both desizsions, te ropee sea pas, Mats ceameaionern garcinee wetter ent ini ageing once Srenetaa tact atalcura ssiearaieceoci Sea cane seis treme is nome ee nk sass ASA ee 8,4 6 a ps Ty a ee celta stg fa oe een as Sec Tn es a rs eee pn Ca ee Pepa mm ih ah A iF sso a ‘mye dicen Agatheinno dtarioe ding went Some exp are TAP, 16S ITH, PHS Mo, aad ANS ses ste. 26 STRUCTURAL Stee, os sacs desgey ast ounhes tb! te Ase in cy Tsing Her The mat one pe ASTI, “St sauna el pot 3600 pa Manse ee Dayco hd ee ml he att a tah sacha nega, Areas era has tres The vm open et ah sens ite apn te: uh act eae AST AS ADH ad AD whch surement 2k 5p clr ond Pit em a : nth seth desfsuearma wenoe ssc, isnt ache mtn The ve ot a ‘getup MPO. Senet et ger ert ‘hohe wal SLAY wee AST ABE, A, AS, ‘stash a apt 7 as th pops oe sti 2-7 OSTIRON Lange gas, msn severe, bashes, Hag pt ad beso ‘chines ae omc. Th ve pes sail san ‘ie rns of Senet, sity, mach, a wear este Cate rave an apes. The tee ms cane ae psf as oe sepa) eo, date, and ale wo. Appe A is he ropes ‘or eto {Gry vob airs vig ene steps aig om 29000 psi 8-1¢MPs late conse segs her, ee ‘ofetines shih as hc le rege One Sesstange of gy an at ‘Slander shu be din spans ere mp alas hy But has excele esac eae) mace, hs Dod ‘hice dani ai, dem sce ane Aptis Ine ‘ne Hock es, bak ar an ache nes The ayant ae fhe ASTM speteaion ASS in cles 3, 25,90 4, $d, here ‘umber es oe mum ee seas a Kips? (ed). Pox eae, ‘ss #0 gry a suit ene sent af © Ko 0 pe TS Hupp, Baus 5 bite, pa on det mt eX te papery Od sueath Duce bos have ger stent th ee saa te ae imps se more le Haney, dct l= we of AS3684specifcaton. Tx fst number refers othe tense sirength in Ks ‘oe sips a peassear et 2M ee Ku7 ME a cgson th igh ant aacmnanecnre ne eit atarianaegm smi dancen owen Seinonannd ar nog ete ithe ta tre meninges _resull fom heat treatin. “ Ser sroam vos 2-8 POWDERED METALS “lig pes hint ey pn ety sin nie escltr cee na ponies ee abe ae a, ‘fst noc pa te a ont ie ee ‘ce money spec y Spe poner eee Sone bate eran i ft tesa ite Rep orn sas rer meee mt som sucy ete a. Typed pate mae bye owt cetalogh Pah Iago tac paon Dc es at laksa ec yet ite 0 ob ‘Stel Aptana ee s& “oy 29 Sg ol one el npn ng Ci Powter etl Proc, Don, ale, Ind) nec42_egtimiats 1s michanient 06168 ‘wa ately ow deny wine ih pay The being ip ‘hid wa ric ty esto ee te pat, Te peo inna # Gael tbc Capte 1 nutes of me pow hve many potty frmltions 28 trader However, he el Pde Insti eles NPS) ig Seton a mts 2-9 dows pogo af soos pote tl ps, and ale Appt A HS propery ef some me owes. 2-5. TOOLSTEFIS AND CARBIDES When cating ead igh er resistin ae eed of achine pat eet eval a sees otis ay belt, Table 3-3 a te eer Pere nd ples for Bot common ol se 2210 ALUMINUM Asin wd wd sata and hai agains Chie none liste pope ae ght i, good carn ester reais ering and aching a ley gees del ago Soetdt f ste Hower s beg meh beet a. The tnd esas nay ays sted he Alona AS0- ‘ison uieaturigt sem The teen ay pe accor emioralogene ile 4st comme we alloy os. he second dig saber Ose ze, dats moans of ante ale Es lcd on imparts th aly. The ees impiety ‘port oes condita Wii tcp ee re hr Spee lysines by he a to Ui he ego “ible? sere conmon lly alg Wb forms i aichthey are ‘yp pusdin cone ofthe maj epiates The led Bs en afte yore vals span es of il pions The toes oun elctig late ly for prs pts "Toe mechl poe of els ys we depend 50 ‘he conion Fs was he seca of atc wt Afr 01 seg The flown it eer che teers ‘Mstum als, Note th ane ays sgn oe eng ther ceed y sare, Sait harden cond col wong of he {by awh need weniger ns ad eng se ae ‘uci The lowing eth epee ele fica No speci cone of popes provide. Act iis ‘uc ukaown, Ths tepersald B sep ea when the pn Be "oro eed genre 210 Awminyn a ‘le 2-3 Tool Shand Cais oo lew maa See gee M Moodtoumbase Vey Loe Viney cents “ ee ee iors, ae ow | Se item te sum enema El ore haters thet St ene 4 Aetwicine Got rate ea ae ‘old week steel See Cn ee F Cities Yas ia ae oe cena on Oem: & terol tear ht si he aes de siete, Socin ae wo emt weed al hereig pa oabebe tesfa ajocdponena ‘aie fem ye ha, uence Aa a Sel ay roe vane nporenc ners sea th oe by an ti fr asi ese Sate“pie 3-4, Haig Ay Gee eee sy eno i eo Ai len “Sloe iy ge ME {ne epee et pesca Maen Drees 6 gs a io esa hare Ages ol win et coed ants eves pede pops aie Be 3 re tie geam rent font teh ih sae inad oy dea. The Hate etx ne iy 118 a eh een ee aio a Titie2-3 Connon Narinan Mos aT OH 1 Cee en ee ‘ay eins Fem ‘ea Comal get ins SN EE then ‘Spine, ae preshe an sr ‘Sei See se oy Merton nt, Se ge seer Sect Rec Seni ea, me peat) see aenpp mis, Seer ee ee Satan Se me eee cataelare ‘oy pumas, Set woe Sects = fo; Sorts A Somme same eet ‘ifs ce ne Sieve sor eg ance 1 ae | Meant) ite sete ee santo 48. Tea peated A eis foe eating a on rats ped eatojs inte an te 9, 297 pos. Tele sf wed Py cr mee pers inde spre press, The recat Je ‘lon fr mh atl pels 8a Te Progr for durian ds einai 81 Beane thee at aya, tpnanterd a, he per hos cot led ord a ene pastas Fac marc! es apa, aly one of th ox vse ‘ype Nea rte iy al ares, as pal Sag adc ‘erence dist eal obi eat frees a ot ney. se or, eal eed ad wae The, Eber stent rege, tn be et xl afer omg we, ae Sow mani 20 TTANIUM, “Teplice src andcongnet che 1a ans and possi equmen ad-anling er, nme st ‘ear hase poder ean an igen wep a Ses aod densty ae ven ea ed smi 3 ms of sy fap 16» 1p 10 GP) an ety 0 16 a? (409 i Tyga yet ee ae 2 a wT KS (TEE 10 ‘MPa Drastaesoslm ne laiely NBD cs a uk ins "Te ilenon of trum uly flim fox pes amas ce ph nun pa ay, ate als, anda ao Ape TKS ows the popes fame tee res. Te epee he ‘poagol gos cies meaSul sate a frm tw emer, [ere ta tbe hgtcerrae, boda si ee “Tp rst of cme ure aan nde espa xpd viel eng ote tri Frexsmg. TESA Rasnespee ie sent 115000 pl (MS MPa As ae, ae als exh only sae eg bat od diy. ‘pepper gael by i ism toyed wis 20 ptm (Pats pope ee penta AT eo oe eat ea. fon, Sone os can igo ie Seah and wel. ‘Gece seaing, he ate fos and eb sare srg form nom. The re bt wee ces ee yma. ‘See Seer os ae sab, a dese ca ee popes ee ‘ec eds Tomb, matty rly, coment, ‘etenpentre sng wey, sd cp ces, ne 8 Be foom prt seg a du.2212 COPPER, BRASS AND BRONZE Copper widely wen say prea fr lesa pobig spp ‘om teu a igh deacon ahd od comes essa. ‘uel wed for mich prt bce ee seh compared wih is ays. bs and one Br aly fal of copper andi wth ce catenin nig tr st oO. Bs ee wed in mating sean esate reste corso sl ater Many as sos ao ave xen ‘Hina ad ae ne 5 eco ing, ete pars sate on stew chine elo basco bt ror aa ein cots ‘utc aan of Yo mpone mchnasy. ed as cna 3 10 [Sinn Sme ys ao vata a kom, "rola of ays of oper ie several ten ene one of chs say Tey ae well i ges, beans, and ot apa ‘hae gond renga ph ne esc ae eas Tough bron ae vb orp Php bce Caper ater ay eid phpor bc: Coppi a ps oy Alun bose: Capea ay ‘Sion boc: Cope scn ly a rn ave our in pe: Tn bone Copper alloy Leaed nw: Coppertin end ay ‘Noll i bro: Capersiich sh) Alin bro: Cope oy ‘The ca aly cg mange boi atl high sng fom of bas ‘cis ona sn tesa eent fhe sy ‘Manganese bots coi ope, a, a mses, athe UNS, oper aly ae este by he et owed ya fv ick nmber Naber 00 10980 reo Wraght aly; 0) fo ‘om feria castings Ste Ape A-12 pe Popes. 2213 NICKELBASED ALLOYS Nektar fer sa ipa operational igh apes sod in cei coma eons ice Bape aut eng ‘Sampo once, chem pcrang ystems tert mai tem eponet Some iil alos ae cal seers an ean ote fmm) sed ays ae prota. Telling st ge Se he cam eral sate oy pe Rie nasnes 47 ‘con Unters Nkl Co): Nee hami oy Moreira Nek! ihe operas Nhe een Nike Co; Niki aloe ‘Mosley ares tert Neem bdem fs, sone hema oo cose 2-18 pastes ss ine o wide vy of matin md a ‘polymers, The thousands of different plastics are er 1 cobiag ae femal ig aay Hm ie dg at hy i em he sonst: hen rm sacha cae ee any zest st ra pair agpsaon comple process and vs ay males comprises among popes eed eat, aeh ae col proces Mea the ppes Beasee eet ta ope nl cae esl pa mae ih poate st akc ete mer ac le tie ttre Thermapatis ‘sb: Guo enh wesc ngs ie nets deg ie a orm Uae ae a ean eve chen nd eis, an prs eg er4B _wartnuis in wechanicat besten Themoses Avro ree (ABS Goong sins iy, ok ete sens Used fr 0s, ce, ane a, 8 i tie is. ‘Potjeboate Excell ous nga reiase an nes ae ity se rca, owns a comes, fd pees dacs Alas an pump aed mee an Aci Good weather ssc ad gt esac: en be pa wih Cicele rspary. tensor, gute. ied oda Tees ss ad hss Pie cide (Gand tag, weuhe rte, iy. {sede etal coat, sal sings, date, ad mols. Paid Gon reg and ears, vey po rete apes Tesla tempers op oO Used ota el, ag anes, a ees pars. Asal Ha eh, ards, wear esos; om tion fool wen sce salen este Ue fr pr iy Socks, emer rs, planig pos. Parone lame: Acer mel with cep egos And ersin estos gn et ean a ese ol Ck ot ‘thee alle, pa, posh, cosy as, 2 UB Phe: hip, 0 mela and Siena sabi, ver god elect ropes Use for lng prs eal Stent ‘ear, emis, salon, esr plan en agers, ges, and suc and ccnp Ally all ad ce hem ve prope ses sa os a he pe Paes Ku bras when feed wth ss hes. High stenghand its, gon wea esac, Ue roses, sea Shapes dps 2215 COMROSITE MATERIALS noite sari comp of to mare tent mls tha ct later rae pepe ht ae difee m sn peealspe "hed compen Type onpotes se yore be ‘atl with os ering mae peed ii ‘esr an abe ne proper longo aio atthe pis sols purer agin elim eat ee rb a 2-18 composi wartninis 49 leer be perme fhe fal poke. Anan fits ane he cers cutee lowing 2. Type of ing es 2: Amount of Secon ine coe 4. rk of ex 5 Noobe finda ye 6 Oven ike fhe ml 1. Orato fe ye laine ech cer A. Comision of to mae tps of armpits or er eri ia Some of he more fen webs esa mers are spor, sin ers ass, panes, Type insenet ers l l toro, crop, aed arm Tae 2-6 as Some ote somites formes smbeaton eis and Res tpn artes sn a of Bloc ier Nos car rca lana hp ht ive Ieee cates mens eke le Rovian ovens am ey soe it eis Sonor sted brent aps Me roe Tate 2-5 amples of Compose Maer The Us peor omae pa penton (Gasepny Aone sa ns ks pri ba pe ecapaty Ae tes sis, gigs Gamieepny Aa et stent ore rig el er Anais Flnwn-oind ese vse wc sates ad ‘et ove cage ann Ccvspnen Seti nl SHE tr5_waTeRiALs In weeHanieat ossi6n ‘hopped or coins Simei fat ethno sees. Yr ae woes leper inary of pts ar ai i pclae. Wet Pacesing of Composites (ne ret hat sequen we pre composi proas ope [jes heme ai oa ing eed stage td the egg he ve with wet resi ach pet of hrc Be ded in ‘eb Io rode ie pris af he fisted we. Ae Be a? {eden mpeg cpl, he cae em i sogcted el ad Frese eng age enw he se en ee ug Rt had lle te elements a» tee dines ve Src, The Polmer tins tet ol theme thr peered on nent fo ine se Prinpreate Mater Anaerste meh of icing compose pots ss witha proses of reenter ithe en nate io prada ands, bras Sr sees Te rein frm cl prepress Iyer oewoundenoaformta rts heared hp and sks. The a Spite in jes ese fe wet pss Plyesertsed composes ar ole ode set mle compounds (346) me tinge be shee le tld ad shaped dae smhaeoy deen a presse Lr oly aes for om esis cine rss nt eset Parana whichthe Se racemes coved ih resins ipl hugh eso eo pce acomtinann ormin he ee ape ‘Thsproces ised pacer gsc shapes ams, hans, ogee) saat sets wed a seen aa sas. Planet inn do make pe, psi esl oct mo ets, inaraes ecu, on oll shape cores. The oan amet ah ele arty af tery ning hl ei ao eet uc ees engi and sas cess, ‘Nanas of Comptes Canpoies ah een ahanags wees amped with met pes ‘tou he Aer eines. cus agains whee we is eine On wong pater, egies, ogo ane dae al pode le ess han an be ntl i ets an lst. renga y he ese copes othe eng he bel ifs depndson hed of ely The wees msl Inde by ts ecti weey, fn she We pe lie ad 2:18 composite marenats 51 Inds he is ito N.S pe th des of te ‘eile ws temas pe nit value, Whe stig he Us esomay nt oti one esas sete dont adap wah Intrcagety, Tis is ssc the wegh the mae in unos ' Wa or ewig ane ess ponds wed ree ‘Therolthe seat ofa meal wap weigh see pce snengh The ni fms fey ose npn cables Ios. Tae? and Fae 2-10 sw eae aes acre "annerof Describing Compote Cosrcion ‘be used, See Figure 2-1, ‘ ne "alle 2-7 Compron ol Sci Steg 2nd Sec Md or Sec Maras Tet Soke spate ce som. Wey Soo cn ‘es “res” Sig’ Meee ‘9 He a3 ume a6 ue ee Om Se toe ‘wn 5 tie ease arn Bt Gace dew Tana 55% 199 eae 0 Wo tas ‘hee adapta Gg gay Compote E = 971098) Stone Peet he wen tion Compa = 0 HPs) ° cer Pte se awe AranitiEpoey Compote (E = 11.0% pip “oe et D> 6em con ae gy ogni = 4052 _warenus 1m Mechanical 988168 Discs “Disses AHL HTH fire Maire Sec Sec Atm Asis Tait Ga AaB Ci carta 10 Cnpre of pci SteathandSpiic Sines fr Selected Wena conpsie sade om seals eo stick i deed ty sing theoreti of cher ata re eae oe Showa ese 22 esgn Guides for Members Made from Compass ‘The most inporant ieee betes sing wih es a desing with Comes at me rtp ks tbe ages Wi te ‘Steg and snes opines cmponter ae Sent moe eau rope An tame belw ites the sto tba Referee 3] ges dt fhe rogers ofa rami pens compose eared in ee feet ects. Same of he a epee Bln “esse edt iia wh be es Tele stensh = 200 = 10> 10 pa Fie 21 ‘conto Fiber 18 COMPOSITE MATERIALS 53, 1 Naan for Dict glee Compote Mati wi Bors — | 12. Laminated Coie wh ow Ler Having Lay Pate:Teale oad u 9°—Perpencular tthe er deston Teme eng 2K = 0801 ps Compson Pte wih he hes Congres seth = Ki Loe Ws ‘These dm ast tt ele mses of congose materials ae comple, Tele ree he aa ine wath cous Bes xcs when inddo rs weak Ite compost made wth shore, cope es freee erp re rome mae Tense are wen the lads pear coms her cs when he mati ee tues If fhe es ae aa wove fom ofa eat hg ster, doy tre ers sed, ter tre mes, sh sa rea of pul feel Sih campos wold ave mae aie oper the fesions "Ts at opr eg de: Ale the er th se dracon of Avot import file mde is eran she nw ute compote seu ude he aio of henge nah een fie, hen Avoid shear aig, if pase Comeciosto compte meine fica acomplia roe places whee Fase fg fade cuit, The mane of Femingeonposies ae allows the rai of eve compan i one aut Bckets, bs, Rags, adhe Me i med ae he as Fem ofthe pr The es ude es Conn scr compte ito ine sere ‘When igh oe ns i dese ret ez, asia eas aie sd pan sch Bos he deg can aka he ft at he mot "esi atelier oe ano beam sae. Pag ‘ae hghstengh be on tes aur ers whe ing he ee fe shape na igh yet imate pedies nee design meso wih ore ten stent sn sles. Pete 2-13 sone esamps othe. Sus. Auten gee a ih cr maitre wth rng campo ler 5 composite warenints 55 (Wontar (Fai akc top ie Figee 2-15 Laine Pan wth phi Cons Besse mot composes seo palymce ae he mathe ee esate canst Bah sengh nd stds ene temperature ices. Ove of he eter hk tenga rsn Ops sp iid oe which a be tdpo OF GIF, Epoisaty pay ned {2 fom 2 0 350F (22-176. Any apaioe soe et pee shold eee with mae pea des ee Ava igh eres Ascescted extern isso, any let tin veges ‘sed fr amp ater. The shag an ce pat act eh ie, Thists rod reson implemen nse tad lot ote deen pole: eke manning como at in Me desonSh_wayennis oA wecnanleat Oe816N etvencts ‘nu Was, D.C in A Si See aig Mra, ‘STS ote Ease rat Ais ah tis Nery See Feta Anes Sse estan Maer AST 19-10 Sl temo Ene Rare Sl ‘Stern Ne lo Nak Ppt ad Set Sie 10 Va 2 Pagid eo. Nanos oon Mel 9 Pepe Se Sle Ie Maree on Spl Pre ese pn 0. rng a1 on eet i iO 1 SM tana Mea Hank 108 tp on Set at) Sis as, ASM itera, Be Set Craton. Mr es Ther Prop ee, Bele er Se Corpui, 18 Be Keren 6 Emcy Mare Fegeoer dnt Ege GCN). Remaela BO, ‘ides, Kee Sure Erg eo Ree, dd 8 Dro al Doig Cpt, ie wee Questions 2 Dry pt 5. eee nl ow me {iat ops fraud ey s.r be tech poi Ait Astin Ann Sad 18 Dy sa 8. Pe! Dee th Psi fu Nl New Yo se Shc rede Ho Yo, Come oan uk Oh ASS es (oa Eri a2 ‘ean HC Pope on sof Fr (er a Nor ean Ate, ‘enn ns 9, Shans Ms dane Tere ‘he rn omer (Soe Nea an Nt! Rena, a Peed Cn ton Pts In Des a ‘Seeding Me ‘ae Cane im 2 Cea ‘hs Fini, Othe Yn, Fes Mow ge Dey Two we fhe eta DAT A ad Th ‘ein Pac Str. Wen be sr aie 1 oper Maa Nes Pat Ob: AH Shen Rj lr Eger ‘Reto Me Oh ON “am Sn Se. lee of ‘hn eng DC ae ‘Se Sus t O AS ier tat pepe ou meta ey ef Ieericgoneds havea enc. ‘tina 2iinpslew of DF raie (£6 nda Pata 8 a ikembot ashe” mes nh nie ees (be acne Cae 1 Aare he eet ese {1 at pine wre see? en 17 ni ifn Tesi, teste eke el a re 3 1s "tet os HEB 1 “blotett ha huin eae hase of HE 1 2 pon ee Seen 1 Ki Si 8 8 ed at sien 1. Mire ca cia in et? 53 te tee soe ene NS set 11 oe mah oni L0 ? 2B Wau te gc son cmt Seah ed ni Stn dee A faut oe rms tate wuege 2. Bowie he pop ile eet esate ge a ene 2 Spee a AS 9800 De ‘he tions ths mai Senta elle 1 ve et me fe AS oe, ol amenable ‘gear ees oR HD Ee ti questions 37 59 Dosa te deci eee te eae near. 51, Bebe ee ec tig ‘arene ao tt snares oss el ae ti se Ha ste pin aly eat Sa 1s brenumuertns pale gm sae 4 Wh set em este eo ft meat ha gh 12 Nae ete lca {Deine i oe mate angen ah te, Sts at te [SIM ASS, Ceo {stars Ges St A, Gn 2 ascites aig oe 4 Mae pe prs cn es oe (Gow a or ert sO i alain 0 Pesce a ven 1 ties eta i in rors 45 Nae hin soy cnn tat ‘ene seh ote tyson al ae? Rate te ya ne as, {te pl oe 1 ene a ge UNS Si cmt 4 Kn ps boi 1 Dose a ies ee emote Plate an ep58 _warcenes 18 MECHANICAL DESIGN 5 Sages ble fs rat fer echo elena Ets ee Tonge Bat nh 2 Sits ag feet ene en poe me tem 1 Nano ps ee es ‘Shr ese re, etteo ta we itr ns cre {vere ier eC (Reo ween ego «Bob £6 ite cred mr 1 Deere rao rc « Ds pra, rae p= feat sone Dawid and fe ps of Fons mie hee Beer pth shoes Dn nytt Becta of mpi ais use mal ihe 6 pecs ec eget SSESINSA si oats mt ne (osha Tse WT nd Sn se Gone he ie ies of A 1 ‘Sc som St 0 te, ‘erode ye I Td NS, ‘Geert eae tet of hl ‘encanta Fe 0 oe de ses of exh fe Sercononte mae sw a ie Sea hace ‘emcee (0-38 308 Cire econ ee piles mate yt som 1 congste mi ‘nner eps ob beset ens Sen en le ile Se it em cama Segronpa oneal ce ‘nt Sev omen ay ‘Se sen ts tf cna Stress Analysis Objects of his Chater Plosoohy ofa Se Design epesenng Sees on 2 Stes emer Diet Sess: Tensan ad Compresitn (eirmaion under Dec xa Lodig Diet het Sess Relators betwee Tore ome, and Rtn! Speed Torsiral Shea Ses ‘osional Delomaton Toon in Members Having Nanci Cras Sects Trsion in Close, Thal Toes (fen Tbes ard a Comprion with hed Tues Vera Sentng Ses Special Sear Ses Formals Ses Duet Bencing Feral Cnet Bess Beam Delton uation or Dect Beam Shae Bears with Concerted Bending Hoes Conkined Nom! Suess: Sopepostin Principle Ses Concerns Noth Ses and Suen Rfucton Factor 38D4 You Are the Designer +4 ‘none tyra be pe adegr ge tule Was ed (Movuconiete cig ai sete te been! a anne oe Ta yar sco a yu ag pn Wlbose pret saan tape te th mn al Sy mle 1 Soeson ean cri ol ‘be fe tame ae teh pie = Str ripper corpo ‘emo S41. OMjecrives OF THis CHAPTER ‘Aden sense esuinge fey of opens ad systems ‘ora dvi ao ny tn alee, each em tere et mt degontas at bee of te as Ta ios of nu, hg stalks votesby feces tats an opting consis Sty may aa be conromie comps tr permite tes exceive even ng nig eal Now of hs book ens eve Schl Ris osm an esis ncn cements Bat tese metho: ae eon he ada Stes Thor pars bt ee hee dane Is ‘sneha you tne bape sous eagh fates, Bon tay ne oe Spec Obsties Ate sag caplet, 0 il 1 Hae evel he cg of re and oma as he sv inf ee, et sin nd conpesion fiesta ronal se for bt crane sis ver eg es inbeams vexing 2. Beste nee este essa iy dean ses ‘ne apn sg ec aoe ef ve reindeer le eal dere a eo 2 Rieger ine fan 4. Hse ned beam toi om 3-3 REPRESENTING STRESSES OW A Suetss HuEMENT 61 5 Be al to any belting ptt puss chants in te ‘aanode of beds monet be ean 6, Beablto ase ince af peronton io andi lene tat esac oder tt poi comtind tees 7 Beale to pop apy sue ceneionfsin es mae, 3-2 PHILOSOPHY OF A SAFE DESIGN ns book, very design apc wile te sess ees yd in dct rater, suooatcal easy at prt Wilt ak ue 805 le For be mea, ae wl ensue tt he es evel ee ‘elo de tina tele steph, We wl tee dcion hoe ea ‘tal ote perma at. ‘soot bre oot macho anes fg and wea. Fae tbe espns cet repens ne Cher) Waar ‘aces win the caprs dev he eas, suka gas Sage, a chs fr Wh concer. S63. REPRESENTING STRESES ON a STRESS ELEMENT eile teste of ses a pit ihn aay member ‘elo concer sl een cede er cleen ownage Jl:Innosaesiis suit wu wedinennl event at thor ie st coon ina pen pam uh aor ye The lee yes Sessa oes eames 1. Dies tele sts acing in th etn, 2 Diet compressive ses as inthe econ 3. Shar ses ie the, Ste pene wo J OE Fir 3-1 Sirs lene or Te Types a Sees8 ‘Toerandy deco mst ated on pie renin fhe aarying ‘nenbe Nol hl tee cments mt esas en cgi det tHeachonolte ped seer There cate no annie fos aoe, "Normal sree eres o cng, se shown 5 ei cand opoie cs ec. pal he ‘Sent whl compen sts no sith Shesaeses ne cree est Shear, eral eriteans, son, Ameach se, ton ox ent sabe shears een) Wea ‘Senet exerting ass downoad noe fe easy tring Ssuessupead on he pose prateliace Th eon a ple paso ‘hen orscinon Bu ret ony coxph resco a5 Steen wou abt en ein. ater nul edo spn ese th pair shear aves form bua Yp pac gota, coi a ‘Str sree oth te Wo sf he deme mas es ina eon at pyres hs pir Inman sh aes nee il shat shorn sso ps of eq ses tng on ral he burs fide desea Fae ie) an ange Sion Convention for Shae Sess ‘This ok dp the orig comes: Pose hor te ted to rete he ees in belt etn Nea sear see eno ottethelment ca couche ation A tute sbi meow dente hese isn le, For ‘amp n Fe avery plate aif shou sts Inds 1 sar eating on th een fc ta pend 1 th ‘Pussond puto au Then, atone i prentlarothe ‘insane rans fthesanl, 7 postin so ys ene 464 IRECT STRESSES: TENSION AND COMPRESSION Sess cnbe ened heir esse ey 24a er ‘wane ape se Normal eo) ei ese pst ot Conese nee) sary rn wich te eer a lea it tes he ot cl tes of he see, ge he ses Cine aed Bo the de sts frm = Forces = PA on ‘oe unis or ses ace aba egress fc per re. 5 Tae tet} Tate US. Cstoquy Unt Spt, te wi res ae ey 2-4 OWREET STHESES: TENSION AND COMPRESSION 62 {ERS nt tp. cones set otis eee as Kevin i, ie Spent ot le he ner OO ‘nu it es Ns ae he pe) Sheep es seal Ud te pal ste keel ace Snes ren saa Fa, bie mesic iP pal tage rao pal ete a as Nien? Tisrelaonip el cet cos sectoral a pls ‘spre in a “ " ExanplePrbien 1. Acree UNisppetios Ihaendanct ‘od fra shown in Fee 3-2. Comput the de ten es ne ta es Et aan Z —+— - + L——_ Fire 3-2 Tene tet nod ir Sein We we eatin Dy ~ Teme a a heap ‘erste force isthe circular cross section ofthe bar. It aea is ‘ee iN (eXI2 14 = 19 nt The, th ven est = 00 NI a) = 840 Nin’ = 40 Fa SS The oso te we of ton 0) me ows: 4. The bag meer wat ethbh staass axatysis 21 The fain af the a st haeh th seni the co {econo the meer 3. The ene usb firm stn me whe he i bing compe 4 The ue mst hoepeen ad oi 5: Inthe cof ompeson meaer le member us te rt pees ‘ely. Te cousins une which sing expected are used in Chae 6 3-5 DSTORMATION UNDER DIRECT AXIAL LOADING ‘Thelin frm compuesthe si ue ade avi eile odor shrug de tude al ogres a os Fue oy Inthisegation 6 heal vomaton fhe mene cig te al ad = ie! i at 1L= Ori onl kag of mene 2 Nols of sii athe mal A= Cotas a fc ener Noting hat. A the defrmton in lo be cp deve 3 sample Polen 3-2, Forte nar ec je ten swe in Fort 2 compte theo rman th ail oft ar} 0 ‘nn. The brs ade om ste having a mad of iy af 207 GP. Sotaon. Using eto 0-9 ges ok 40x KANIRAC AAR) Fire3-3_ ict he ona ey36, DIREC SHEAR STRESS ‘Dieser ses sc wb bape ene rahe ener rete at hes 0 owen a uch and ea euch 8 of Sagem sce Aner meal of el sear 8 wai seetith nde fhe be sed a etn Bein seeBchabats mae chat when stings Fae 393800 te "Frcs omit shea sts iia tat vied fe ee ting de iene sess eae he apie oe sasmed Be oa ‘bach ache os won fe at hat esting hee, Bo at bores shg tesa hora ret. Te sri we ee ete re eter (Te frm fe she scan ths be = Stag ena tear = Fi, oo “in moce rps ald te ete seri res, a wl ak te Peers econ ta sess fone 3 he shee — xanple Pole 3. Fit shh cringe Seve that [eels ibel ut (sors bat fe Fane an he ete Fb he ae toupaa gdh Te sh 225 dame a Tess a 5 i. The Keys sucrose, 09 00 eit cteng o 175i Cpt freon he ey ante hear 8 ‘aly is foe Suton Te tore Tse othe ads tea onte hey Feist aban fh sa Tene oe Fare = os piel in= 29 Nw he diet sen retin be compte sing gon 4, The 0 Thetihne casein heey ite lec Bree aon the ab “enero Sar sean the ky 8 rer, A= (91138) = 085i (EOS) ~ 160? —— 127 TORQUE POWER AND ROEATONALSCO 67 1-7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TORQUE, POWER, AND ROTATIONAL SPEED “Te io een te oer, eed eb a ge ss derby te nein onteweinn 120 a tn Sts, pve cg hee ow or en, secon iad Nod ead ed el second (rad). aa " ranplePoim Compt iano gue asa siting? Wt power ba tina a's Ne: Ts seule othe cut of ah ce pigtail slp Src Salmon. Use coun 6-5. T= 030 emis et) Te \a%nind= 108m tn sh caklios,th t of Nona tines caret and same vote Now, hove cant aan abe dennis, es. {Spinich air nts face tines Sine. Inte US. Cavamary Uni stem, roves pi eres a oe over eal SOW his Te yp fron elm Gouget Bate wrens ots pus ch i. cohesion {hallow fem ew camp oer cap oa Pec bobehiewbigseyeddeme ame oo ‘Tere ore wil aps. Yor dl et he va constant, 63060, wes Hermes nap Prin 3-5. Conte aos ig 8 ‘eat ipa Nth we nc sane tes ‘which the torque was Computed inthe example using SI wis.68 _smness anauvses Solon, Usp eatin 0-8, s60tbin T=(Somtoyi79 248 TORSIONAL SHEAR STRESS When’ ra, ising nome, api toa mene. es todlormy (ws cing» on fm arte he Membr ee fo spe Suck ‘wisn causes ser ste ihe meer oral cert fhe meer ‘het othe ses the sane eth expend ee eet a Ss. oneal shar, the Sat ste sao. “Theoret ae snl hn ache es faced ios easing por. Chace 9 coves sha orsna shear Sires Formula When skied oa xq h ater sae asa un sh expenses "he ett shin sain nd hae hap son her ae. See Fre 3-4 The ae of te maim rl he SS a oe ton Td on hte radio the salt a J he polar moves nei See Append A= fomas o rangle Problem 3-6, Cone masons sional sar sess ina st ang Gat 10 he cy tre a 4105 Solin. Use gion -T, £2 = 0 m2 + 98 a cr ORs Samm 4108045. 1 an tides compe th sonal she ste at om pi insite the sta hee el for ae 9 Ni «2090 er) oo 2:9 TORSIONAL OFFORMATION 69 Foe3-4 Stes Dibon Sok Shit ge 3-3 Stes Dist non Sat steel Bene ot, heh gn ee ‘ial teh rae citi nese Ford, is oeee ene el ct mai,Z, we Bate a) ‘Thc te etn ote annum ts she sts tm 2, ey Forms fr pl seion ans ae in Ape 3:9. TORSIONAL DEFORMATION, Wesel oto ian gin i ne sects med ele tothe etn ae cs settee af Tetget as or oy70_suness annus eth feml [rowenars Wee > Ange ot wis ans) bevsinn=r 1= Lees vr ch he fst incon ae ar oo Fee oa fon va or {410 TORSION 1W MEMBERS HAVING NONCIRCUIAR CROSS SECTIONS Televi af member aig nee whe ec a ss ‘ciara dite om bat cee ee stone vente fF] Toso =o {wee de et moto msde moo ea | the toi angle of vst for such meer, Te fxmus fr these fos ca be JL rovers ‘expres in sma forms othe formas wed for members of cic sts La ‘eon ow ad ut BE Tefal to eco wd er om nck oy tht Noe hat gon 5-12 ad (1) ae sao etn 0 and SL, ——— wih stain a for Za Aor. ero Fie 3-6 te mee Fre 3-6 Method tenn Vales for Kan @Q fr Sevra Typo fering the aes or Kd reel peso ne eos ell rs Sections ‘sachin des, These aes ae pri oy te fe meme ae {ree lm. eer end a, by weg fs a acre, te tise an angola iar gue ian Sex eee 2,8 ised eens tte pe, 1Example Poem 2-4, 20a sl crying» chin okt hs one led noe os are era tees an nk The Sqn 75m nie Copa te minum sear ses on sae pat ‘thea hen oe a 3190 inate. Ao. the gt a he ‘aut par 80, omg te ange fst vets pa Test ea Bel id = C5 HP Solio. Figae 6 shos be tos felting the ales fe Qk forte in eae 3-1) an O13), Toe e aa’ = 2081.75 = LIS) t= Kin = i Now he es nd ees ca be oped 1 (soi rug Ta EL, _ csanbansivin SR TS Weiss” OM nos Converge ane ows ees, 9 (0009 ae rt = 047 {211 TORSION IN CLOSED, THINAWALLED TUBES A sacral appah fr nd, walle be of wily any sage es ato (12 ad 13 mth pcm eae Kad Fie Siiousexchateehoinga conn wakes Thai and Qa wean ey =a 45 hee A = Are ens he matin Bony indebted ne inFame 37) 1 = Wal est beanie (0 Leng fe man bamlry ‘hese sus camped by hapa te erage esate ie wl However he al lassi in walt re ea wm es Ce sto ruses 73 Fee 3-7 Cle Tinted Tbe wha Cnt Wall Tes ro he wa, ad gph wil et 3 atten ies Fare na tu stor, Merde Toda mene ore on onto Sable ost aw on the ond eos ee et ‘loed shape. They posses ood effciensy he in being soso cht aroun of te es has noun ak 3-12 OPEN TUBES AND A COMPARISON Wind CLOstD TURES ‘Th rm ope ube le 1 hha peso Mbt ot com Plot soe. Foret, oe tibigs mnutond ra ace 360 af sel a ral frmdin he ds tape aie ear Ea ndso 0. Then he ea is weed alo the ci leg he oe Ineresing opr te opis ef sco ouch tos tals wei The flog cng nen espana sear tg ieesesenuon empl Pin £9, Fess ae bg, ‘ise Meet, Cmpo ean ay are aa ‘ose Piven Fe 3-8 Compson oe and Open Tes7A_sttess ansursis Satna. Noe ineunin 5-13), eng fis fats mete ing hoa ess ean snes propria oe vale of Exe, S18 VEBICAL SHEARING STRESS {eaten Ish tb tps had ae 4 am cami is 0 ‘Sent popu tte pron Tes mgr of LIED guy lo tanoene os ss wil exert seg fs, ‘a staan ee compe He st sa fas na cpu e elas sa sees on fe me Seer coe ebm wea hess oe thea shan sts cos Jai a032 fee J nS — 5180/3 et vou aw Forte open be bf te ti we a ie 6, Jaime sgt nomen tn of ec se kets ‘ean ndristhethshes testinal epee een ne koe cans Ube compet Fr ost seca, be en ane (ke 47y0.56715 = 091 3 ‘scree neu ais Spear orern ‘Not tt he age os sive soa oJ ote ed abe latvia peraeoa 6-9 re * atthe sfc te se abet fe pet he Tee Qi nin 0-1 cd est monet es Se moor of ee Sv we te ea ae ea “hfe ests nae . ee ents om Tete. aw enn ete invert eoortoal o © and 2, forthe Ohana er tal of ae ft ston hore he le whee these ne eee ce ee ee Spe ee eas etree the ratio JQ. cero ofthe area 4. igre 3-9 shows three examples of how Qs eamputed MIO wdc tcerctanenra ne eisiecencths menmeon mr ipo se= 0d gn shi = 20H? fetes ate sees in 58 ag 0 ees mh” a 2) + HO ~ ORS? The te seth soepin is Rao = 2/0 24045 «500 Those ve spe gue, he sia th open be ol be 3. ins eas Node han he ne se Fae 3-9 ean oA ed edo Conte fr Thee haps76 zal Pen -8. Figs 310 shows a sit spore eam caring tin at Te sh fe apt ons wih ‘noun sae an i ects otha. Theses bin “Spanbee whe ssi sr acu xe este a, seein (st compte be mating ess ht, a0 Ko trie Figee 3-10, Sac! Manen Qa Vrl Sar Shes Beano Ee Pr 316 Sludon, We no hat ¥ = 180, hms sag foe ae bean ‘tous evry teen pin and Al, = 2.00 Now he aie UT issued Sr pei 8-1 fem, Fem = (omni 834 ‘The rao the tol momen for eco so ca be compte rom win 7) Rete Fgce fr Bs Non. = Ay = akon = OMRON) = 1605 ‘Tee te masa sean esis 00 4608 “esa sdb hat ei eig s erane shearing srs bcae a) dementia sete ga se ess 08 ae fest avast ses one aac ee he Sane gatas te ‘hme ae ean ga sow he peso : = 93.8 = 988 ps Joie Scrat suena STRESS roRMuLAs 77 Sie res” Figure3-11- She Seta Geet nos eas be magi afte eri sharing ses ie sl amped othe beading ser he doing scion Fat hs en equa computed tal Tote whee til pram sh folowing 1. When be materi ote Bam a ately ow se st ch oot) 2. Whe te tenn mes 20 oa an tha he easing tsi aul fc exe athens py sapiens ed Sa 3. When the hn of he acon carpages oe seal, a {sins ae st ee, om haps, el ere shapes sock as wide-fange beams oe 14 SPECIAL SHEAR STRESS FORMULAS Eaton -16 a be canbe bee oe need teal esta {omen @ Thee a svc lc sc aes ‘sy oe farms fore mati ee she eee etme rai 302A en) ow wheres the al erase ae he ea, ice ta" 4034 frac) ow) shape tm" Vik prime sow Ion). JPR iste nebo ant tic gt of he eh (ean i us eg of te web exam wie78_stetss anatysis ‘Thine abe tax 2VA epost) pay ato ese ass te maximum shea sesh esas, ss sample Prion Stl. Cope he minum he sess he ean de sel i example 310 ung th sper shar site or fe Reng esto Staion, Using enon 3-16, tone Ee MU "2" gaara] "8 ‘This isthe sane her for expe be 3-9 ar expt ————$—— 3415. STRESS DUE TO BENDING. ‘A eamisa mente ht asd ast tis a Shad roe teniog monat i the eum, wich rel he devlpnent ee ses. Beng ess at a ere a her ene tome She The mata bend ses ia eam rn en wl ci pal fers om the nil fe ses. A Bl po, the Bere oma ber he ses tr on we Ms the ogi te eg me he ect she met ‘init aa setion Wh eset seul nia es the dsame from th neatal tothe cater ir oe ear eon Th a {ide ofthe ening atest ats Ue wit cos cn om sae of era the eu i oe mimi ese es oe tena ‘and 0 te masa compres ses co eerie ge 12 ‘Sow jc ston 8 bum ot sei. Natt psine Boag is when the dele shape of the Bx ooze upratwting ncoaeson oe the upper pu one as etn Ss tenn one fer prt Sah sham oo be se "hls wale, ‘Conversely nei bg css amo concave do The tare frm neSevelpd yt oh flown anion 2:18 18155 OVE ro seNoING 79 ete ef Ee FI eo aaa Intype Biase Fe 2-52 pic edn Sires Ostutn in a Sem Cs Secon 1 Ret mace stun it sce ‘3. The material ofthe beam must obey Hooke’ aw. a 4 Remand stem em [titans ‘nially straight a as a constant cross section, Aa cnt na “A j= ey ay "pit sh a aig ering Shar sess mt bee ore us beth sosin oh espaw onion a sty met teas came coud by sing te imho of combine ets pee in Char In mos pial ea ‘toohuelon rein totheirbeght sheer oe sen smash real. Fuhermae, tessa hong Sess cat eet her tke am soo, whte be se sess it A eam nth ‘ai ret, wich ood ie coon ca be ayy ig Ss tote fro sed eras ace. Fords es convene twine heer con mad, Z whee Z = ‘ie Tee minh becomes. vem ey Sint an ae game oper fhe cos son the Bem, 2, ‘eo, Then sn, stl eine eg se, th he ig ‘neat ows, BoM, a This eso he ee a oes sous fom i te reid Anas ef he bem sawn an be Stemi. ‘rangle Palen 5-2. Forte am sown in Fie 12, te ad Fe 0 the poe 10 The aes ea = 4 and = 6 Determitee ‘eed cn mils he ei te et tenga 210 Pie escent eign ie fr sacral Sa ene. Saaion. Using the ans ven fe, (120 6 180) i a8) ~ same ecole eam etn ina has i ale forte eine ma. ‘ho Aran Sd bea hp, S90, ay 2 = He fund Ape fis Al A er bt ale, ses Ua! cul ewe he WI2I6 e ag shape ing sein dls 710 {16 FUNURAL CENTER FOR BEAMS ‘Aba sein ms bee na nay at ensues sme eng ht ‘he teneny fa te etn owt tr he ad. gue 31 shows ot6 Wuaweas conten ron seas 8 oye 3-1 Symbian ‘resus in pure bending in the beam, st oa " sre aphid es ig vere sf sym {ie ie fact te as on uh ens pases gh fmt ten ria ey fre ein sae ee ‘Whe he so vei as of ymmety swt te ein sb Figure 3-14, care muse exercedin placemen ae oas I hei = meat Ith ie face ale aus es shonnas ym ue the a wel and {he tre formule uso ge acute rests rte sent ioe Sagan eens een he lane ins ied he sear cone. Fe)“ hose apna lcae os Nsw cenerarthes spss day the sy Api ad Fare 3-14 Nose Sco od apd aa, would case ‘ng ds pl bata site Few earl ete Q wot ease eeaz _sraess anatysis Ine it ow we fs ed, ore ne ig. ‘ole ems rhe he Bl ee ie OB ert SA17 BEAM DEFLECTIONS enn dpe shea cai itn sdectnapeen ‘ins A ban ht wn oy age emo pene Shp mans hood Gow weer eno te Sirorhraascs yn to, _ Conard ere eat shai ig 8. The ot sensi sD wenn ech web pay Setup tone game pests ‘ntunaon ics case akg Oe pst fen Soret cts ato some eoo ge Th eA 4H 4 G as 5 Gy % ar _ F (oyratiased la Speeanensionn? vane Fie 3-15, Shit Defetn Anal fa Doble educton Speed Rede So17 tea oesecrions 6) feced upland vier Bist dovaan Fo ot ge pesiman, be el detion fon fo eos eed OS a ar edo se in ein. To chat te dei, te many mets cng sf de as, Welt by he tee dees oi, een a ‘ear aad peck sl orn compte esto oat ay pi os seed it sn ay praca pons. Append ht ees ‘Seal eoer ‘a ny tn csp nl ite a leog can sl ost abcd yaa mas The Steen {sch comped sealer hia dts ne ed Shc ne - Example Prem 1 Forte tw gars, A988, nF 15 compute be ‘elaine mi between em inte peo he ae at ee ee shown in ar) Thee sparing oes, o mal fee, me se apts Isa Ii csr ener he ats athe ea sade eons a eens be eee Solon. Safa snp spate he wi ge once ad is cee se cate ia ped a Fa, _ousoy 5 2° Ser OD yO * OT Stl isa sing sop em aig tyme as Noe tthe gies beam ttn cass aps des. Sopepstion slows oie ch Fad Fe, sean pr loses ‘ete ago tots, Fn we cn compte the Geto ue ny othe 24038 cea cali Fa onan on sy ~~ HD sy” POI Nex we can compute son a ol tthe SD Fas at, cal Fess BMB009 ngs gp 28 an oma THM “BHP 0H e= 0001 in i828‘hee wal detonate Bis poy y= “002 ~ O00 |= 000830 Bec sh defeat 2 dete dwswar tel ate bec ate sao ee ™ 704 y= OD + 04063 = IO in ‘Thin ey rede ths een 3-18 EQUATIONS FOR DEFLECTED BEAM SHAPE ‘The genea rice rain te econ beam teeing te ea sdiemannef spportar pees ere. Thee beset a an tps amg th fa, veil shige, beng women, sp ofthe leet shape, an heal sion carve eh eam Feo ‘hows ages fore re co nat he de ay ning def ae af te beam fom isi stag poston. The pot of mada of ‘Set andthe momen ol ei, forte eam ina ease a sls ‘rresance Snag detection conta conte E ih he sop tof desi aes 1 mana proe recs, as sine nex ‘os inden amet bas neg ae ee isthe beading momen sth postin oh ea sure i Teg any ibe een. Th, it dears acres a ego ofthe form) =/o) (Oats, ysl) woul bedi thee ets lon yeh) ae as ae Joi EQUATIONS FOR OEFLECIEO stam SHAPE BS wejrao, ef Fire 3-16 Reais of on Veil tein ect, Being Mame, Slope of Deteced Beam Sipe and Aca Deleon Cane Bem whee wi ener om fr te od acon oth eam, Te st wo zusns al om h oberson ha hoa dea pe) elo sh eae one ee od the nr the eden pas jt en we sein vee Ta, ‘heal dain aa uc ote te eno forth oh factored sucess iepatis,Te wuts ofa ve fearey ae] vce m ‘re Yan ae cont ieee frm bounty coal ‘nn mays, ten, sar, anbendig wane apnea es he cometonal mane, adhe ean fr sho big mone can be ced ety te ices famicom. Wah Mat fnton he sean ttn restos abe foae = | abt d+ Ge The ons teyatn ms Berit am oan sions 3419 BEAMS WITH CONCENTRATED BENDING MOMENTS. gs 31 sad 3-6 show beam ld only wth connate oes of ‘Sed us For such i i any cobain, ie mae ga oni. Tht th a pts but caste wae he tenag move Muy mca dons ras, levers, ad bak ‘i bene ace ft os te ent ni a Be Bea i ‘otha Bats coment aumento he eam (Soe Example Prolens 8,318 and 16) Noein hes ihe cose end manent seo te Beam in comterlcns deton, be en dap pwede conan trod monet ac, the monet apa ie sample Problem 214, Tht crank shown in Fie 317 ip oa ekg inh he BO hzonl foes seeds acing erica. Tack pe abe pint 0, Dw dap fhe horn ao ‘he cua om Oo A. Tes da he shang fre lenient tres th ate nes complet fe des fe rz ao he Soluion. Wecan fs he vase Fb suai moments aon te in wo. oarkee Fe Fld) =m e4.s0209 = ‘Belo he avin of becom eave day sketch of io part ili frm he erica gar. When hi i done, messy 0 Sow etal faces al somes ale secton wher sprain sows. THe ‘sternal spied owner fre iret) pear rentoe a he Fi ‘Ako beaue Fs cs owen wh ep 0 he etna en ‘tral reson momen ets whe, = Feb (208) = 10 in ‘The shear and moment agri cnhenbe hohe soe me ‘The re ak mah ie cnleve tt Bu to ig Sapp. The Dety_atAMS with cONeENTHATTO BENDING MoWENIS BT pao Fie 3-17 Bening Moment 2 el Cah tweaze hr atte raion mame the etn tong te i ‘deve it the versal am fhe ck "Youshoa ota the shape a he smear oh hit Pat ‘tows tha be sia eet sn te secton ho hep dat ‘hement dees ea We move eat wad pit A. Taste ‘apo be cra be pidge cos secon ton ms Toate secon hgh bag amen Yo a coche esp the crank sig eng eveved ia etn 3 ramp Pole 3-18. Fue }-8 oe ie for atypeuser compe pt. Te face Foes he it eal toward heft ust the ‘ton, pig tech te pope ht Each py te en, ‘Draw the eo dara oh hr por the hea sn th ‘he ea fo ad teste momen! is,88 me, ed oe Benfng Memento Pt He Fe Salon. The fret dpa or he zn orion sows bel he Compl sto Motes he ah nd ton Dl he pit es, he ern Sema en one and eed ih be neta hat ce a 8.0 finan f Nan cased by he 80 fren 28m se ‘Aon ha then ones oe oes eae i a en be eo the ner a of teh part, The SNe oh Fler othe ps bea els pase Head in ages over ene leh The lia ede te moments by De couple cee So] Reacting mma Ban ‘elon he ets haga vert searing re am in ch cosa share aco ny Been eo gprs. The eadeg anes dapam ane Served om ier he et ed othe ‘he Chong a ate end, heen shear ere fan A 108, and eee onchange eng momen. rom BC the ose sea ‘ath een beng one fom 200 18 Neca tei srr fom CD thee mo change eng moet ade vale ‘Rn 65 Nn, The encased onsite nome 3D Cate the meat data ae py, eS ramp Pale 3-16. Faure 19 sons 3a in hihi ise ‘ihe theres reo arangena he a our temo B19 seks WITH CONCENMRARED BENDING MOMENTS 89 pew Tr. = mtr ae 3-19edig Momento Sa Cin 2 Cask Ich sf. ABC arene ax. The ba gu stony a eed ‘he tuba he wearing sop A, Bears ad Cv sgl ‘prs. ra he comple ay dau eet ABC or th te ‘Seg fc aad bg mons Ser Solin, To ety digas Show vie asking tee ae Not ah ee toy sa bein quan in al fc anda dein. Conse fn the fra lang sont at ernie th he crake of) scl 50 no teas The age, he T= (06\60i9 = 3m bi8 Tis ee of wre a fo ‘nee ati 9 he ht ‘Now the ling 8S eb One ayo ts vie hot th al serio th sh nd eed wie ad ‘omen avy the ck, is he dour fe fb pa down ‘so, bee the SDD pels ats 30 thea cas onsen esx he plane fine be ap a 2. le edhe st seston B, where he90 hte downs fread the amet tft he maga a econ oe resion aes a Ade Fe sing amet sa 4 (@bx60R) - mo ein RAN0ai» =o {060 ~ 1) oe} (00) = OR upras ke ‘Now, sommig soa santC, C@Dr60i9 + mo bin- RON =0 20+ 10 ig00i) = 20 upward ‘Now te ser and being omen dams canbe completed. The manent Surat espe spp at est 22 at uae ire lin 05 share, hen ops ty HO nce oe comet none 1. ahd aly eens ac he espe 20, CONBINED NORMAL STRESSES: SUPERPOSIION PRINCIPLE ‘Whe he same rs seo fa nding meter is ected obo ect eo eames esa tes being. he esi Sma tes cn fe coapad by he exbod of uperpeton. The feral. oudte ee sNell FA oa) ‘here esl tees ae pesive and corre ste emp ge 3-20 sows eam sje on apldcomar an he ‘ah hgh bet bow be bam. Resi the dn orate a ‘eel compet shows at ef uae ken tte ate 1 Thera pen ed teh intending wh es othe ‘oped conpesuon ce be bton 2 The hao compost, bess it cay fm he etl ns of te ‘eam, caved wit eono he bo acres ne tp 4. The vn compen ass et nse es om he ete et ‘Toe ses aay can proce by ong ah of sets ily nd ten combi th Ss a 8) pos 20, COWBINEO NORMAL STRESSES. SuPEAFOSITION paINCILE St Figure 3-20 eam Sbjct Cone Neral hess SS ‘camp Pole 3-17, Th caleerbesm Fre 1-2 ase Aen ‘Sand beam SXI2 Sesion mous = 2 = 157 ny ea = 23.8 ih ‘Thefre Fis 10 WO and te aan ge tro th bz show, sea 2¢nande= 60m. Cnpue the nonstate th am jose i sana Solaion. Fis, ese ee ns el sa ve componets. Nor, compu the beaig moments. Du oF My = Fa sah =92_stesss avauysis a= R= (6 N60) = S902 Compt be nil sess segs Being es aco Lat = MIZ roe the ection is symeti y= a2 = (200 i) 16280 ps Tas iste # ud compen at Fgue 3-206- Beda tes eo ox M2 = #6130 Bin. i) si ‘Dit comreine Bs tne a Fe 3-2 Diet ene set uF " oo FRIA-= 86D Tin) = 0p ‘isis unrm ars he ete os etn ge 3-208) ‘Now ems he se 3B soj—m+0y= 1620-700 +250 +11 90 pense ‘Now combine te sete a enn 8,4 ey a= 1628+ 7009 2390 1-680 mere) “Toe eng coined ste i savas Figs 3-280) 3-21. STRESS CONCENTRATIONS ‘The faroulseioed eae for comping ing ses do et ne an conpessve ors, tei noe’, a snl moments a pede ‘ae eruin canoes. One ssn tht the el fe meme ‘form og he sce ef fas ‘many pea mie dig stats, brea pone Somes we acest the prs oper he ee cam, Foeesare hl ‘aig gas, tain sks, a bl hens wal ave seven! dans ‘haere ei of howe! ete per sis meer lee S21 STRUSS concenteaTION 93 sec aig, Groove the Saf ow eins fein. Kept noe sh es ys ve teem. Smt ‘Son ener i inks may be dese wih eng rag oat, teks for ps, sew treat, reed ss, ‘Any ahs one doin leh tals es inthe part oe hs an he singe rele po: Defning se coe ti facie er wh he lm ue he "oni ses pet om he simple esas alos he desig ae ‘hese tus, The yb frase Ta, Inge eK oe ‘de lone: a+ Kime Fou Keo a0 Aeoening on hind sts posal fo heparin. Theva of cpeds oe sage othe dca, he pec rey. te pe fst Append A! inns sever fasts cement at ar Now ah caste etd canes te nasal es Us ‘he tomes compute by wing tet ectoe he vil cont, For exapl, a ape with le nec we fact nil es emp ae vee he amar css. ‘etl aes ough en he ‘Bat thee are oer ees in nach he poss wench oil es Reset fo eal ae ales app the escort ‘ston itr te cpu stess the fame pron othe sa, Fue 3-21 shows an tein die ha ems hen ron sts cet, ‘Th owing at ides on he we of es oncetao aces 1. The wos ase oc fr te sn esi, 2 Atnays we ses coceataton fics ayn ener wie fle Snug ease ie cracks sul ine et poets of gh be ea 3. Stes coset cin be inte fr st aig of aie atrial, becuse thea minus ext el tenga, the id i rested. The eager ual tong e th Toca 4 The sess concen fats in Append AI thet ves ‘asd on onthe eon them ah eon of aig 5, Use ses concent fas whe tabi matt de eer sui oes aig Beate al des tlhe es Ino seed tam Seas oe 6 Bren sets, ks cos excenive siete a latin aus ses coneataons. Chat Sceeth eesilomani. ‘ing, ing and seg enone seco age94_soness avaursis reosiens 95 S422 NOTCH SENSITIVITY AND STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR The moun which earn meer is wkend ye neo ‘rs cone then ba he matress Thee i ded = Fagen retin fist Enhance naa atch fe pcinen ‘NC Enda aa ted specie Tis for ole termined at es. Hower, scaly oud by Coming ie wes consent tr, dein reas Stn ahd "te areal he ch ven We ne Fire 9-2 Sees Conetatons Surce: Mearenens Chup re, ale, Noh Cana, USA a DK = 0) am ‘Whe 9 own, ca be compe fom vanplePablen 3-1 Compas maxim ses ina and bar white Sometime awe of SON Te pony hana Ppt Beta -0 ow ten Yates rst eta io, aiston 010 seed dryly tt apc i acy 6 T (07 Highstrenglh sees with hardness approsimately 78 400 (s, 200 Ksi or , s fel "4h MPa have aus of om 0.991055 Se celrence [afte de cason ed los tg Bec ete at 9 isos he pols ati oak wilasune arg = "Ome =A, te mo cones vale Fig 3-22 Sep Rnd a Stee Al Tense Fee / anes 2 Bo AP Sinan 0.9, Sty 3, * Rew la ig ae sf Snih 0 Alone Marino Mae & Fons E Peay Metco Ss fa Abed New Yor Hed Pea BS." Fagen 8 en oe 2. Apa Se Masa 62, Yung WC ants oan Face CAG rea D9” Sree Ne Lad Mae el Bek diane. Did= awit rid (S00 jon to ie-tn =80hse «StalS"SoonaiieW Bprty Caan 22 (OHO 5 gat rons ava nso an Canesion ia a cui eter 8 and a ASE 180809) 99 6 ne! = 5 Pe rec en tna 2 Compt eae oT asm |. Aleiesentenamcisrucacist Ste ne ie dl aoc Biuraaptwecol ers 2 Aematesmaaugmie eee (Sonata ina eee tartnmenaie aston gae96 _staess anatysts bw t a mae om AS 0h ie S60 0 se) ‘Seon 8697 Woah um ‘eaten Tan) Pe cat thesoneU 0 Bleghsichin hat ‘Sul ompeste ove oot ee tne Ow Cana eg 4 Gong e ses nemo feo fgee 2 ete eo Sten ner Fare 320, bls 4d 2) Cont te ne a in fran aed re 1, ieange tre am ben a, er ‘eprom nae ‘Bie ah ep 1. Re pe ied Be 91 Terie 1. Cea hes he sein ace ‘ets det ae 9.31 Epon am og ant ae cmp ese ne {shinee te ober 1. Gupte rs he Ss eo» Fire 3-24 bln 5) se niche a igs Comte nl ater tes ina id ‘thi fanags dete of 138 Ba Iain sped 0, 12 Camp te non shares aloe ‘hae di ined ser wen 3 ‘Sots oueratasyetes rs 1. Compt hang wit rte ae tfc eh of aT Nanci Ment Ton 1 A ses, 25. a le 0 imag sel ose Scene rate 15 BSS se batten +t Figure 3-25 ren 15) bij comp ae ow gece 20 oa ae i Eiediush fase hence soe bed Frog ope einer futons ed 1. & team sy pla cre te hatin ge Sp eS ‘este ft nf eae Sesto pote cana Se. 1 Ring ach tes te wit Recah ne he Stele fer St om an € Aon Sane Sl he ks Si nc big en may 1 ec ea fg 1, 0. fovea ba pba smn Sate nn np ei i atten overt ‘ha nd deen eng as pete Se anand = iene 3-27 rable 20 and 2) nonis 7 ty ec ol eres 2 Fe os ose fa 18 "woes espe ni Ses er Pt it Z pod Fire 328 ttn ed own Pe 9 ie 9 Benet He cme a Finre 3-28 (Poblen 29 fo romete ae ‘Sibu cmntipe Ay ale spa Fine 3-90 Prem 29)9B sraess auncess eas wih eset edn Nome Far polns 2 tau daw te fed dagran fn he rar tal team prin oh pen ues Ther dev he compl a ening Ione grams Wht ste the smb Yds le gp pte Stetering sein ce any econ Burbage sme! esse. For eas having nbs ail leat, os may ect whch por flr te 2% Ue Figs 3 21 ewe 2 ie Pe 1 ie Pe 8 B. Ue Powe oh 5S. UeePgae 3 Ue Pe 5 Ue we 0, 2 tier 338 3S Dae awe mUee Fg 3, Sie awe + 2 Fire 3-31 ro = Fire 1-12 (ble 2) Fire 3-39 (room 2 Fipre 3-38 len 27) se ee] ~ — Bote | Te Figure 3-34 (Polen 28 and) Fe 9-37 Pe 2) Fiore 3 (elem 35) rosuens 99 +; es Fiowe 342 (bles 3 an 6) Combined Noma Shes p Toe a Fiowe3-01 poten 7) 2% Com ani seal ean Fine 3-48 protien 3) 2 Father hn a Fg 80, cm tess tet ne te edon _sraess ants eg Conte ait (ne rte a “ee ee Teh Somscen Santee peste Roce Cone ain Pcitetoed Fe L018, Teco io ‘Seige Teva enero en acne mn or Snr tzama Sey eve eo SSG Spee eon es == i nnn in Toe IN A BSS een pi fo SSX sige sn ces ee The lena eat fe 4s, Ress rgse 1, are un Sc wl ein te gpa hee en eign ost ed om Resear dena, ee ree eet Beetle eigronions, tl en pat a nearest. Thee eran Cea A ccna nT abe we se 2 9 (rable 39 Fie. ‘tres Cnctations 1 ge sone se om ei seta al Ue Fire 3-46 (rte 0 Fig 3-47 (olen 47 reostens 101 ‘in eH a ci ca Soi acy 19 Aconeer are hwp in ge ie 9. ar pein ge ‘Spat ees of, eg Se Sa ts fest heey seme (10 hy (mph amen eae, } Fore 1-49 ron 9) iton _sraess avatysts sine E53 olen 5 Combined Stresses and Moht’s Circle bjs os Chapter Genel Case Contig Svss Mah Cle Mahe Ciel Pactie Feber Case When Both Pinca Sesies Have the Son Sn aks Circle Special Ses Condos Anat Cals Leading Consors 103+ You Are the Designer Ht cops deipig i ati ea Wer hs ly ae ies ie pobrpetesetos guna aren ope tess be seit tein acon’ cb el em fay ater ing cal eon ‘Ronse Fea Contech peice Sequmil nawolonoeddein Trowel ba. bessAmraae 2 Teme a) Skemaeaaisleatereratemdinwy he ke cng in cuss of 0 fon Be 22ipoowcentem elim osoonche ears tenew Anse een isbn aes ced on pedal ce ee son Semiealbesgp Youve 130s atin hosel heb a Beal oe St noe ge actus aah ed nl 1 Ss eniashilecrpee¥eIbt. geese stn hse akc oe ue nse pe seta feengne ean nig P2 Tei wh yaa se» cos Hoe Evtebec depen Gon tathtar do eens nt meer eh Wht ‘Scot wade nesalugpotes Aa se Bema ama ode mac Evtacrndacur ie etaazccleorO_ Seer tne chee? thease enn emobs. | Yarwell ncn rr sang be ‘liar tenpebnesiaéne be igre she mail he Ca wl ruse dey tear mbetenteriocie exe yr cmb ear hikes ane es 441 OBKCTIVES OF THis CHAPTER Chapler3reviwe thas estas ani or wich onl oe yp tess feu a uA coeed were cass Ween m0 re pe of Toning rape oa member ht sae normal Sess (enn a rest The iil superposon naswe ose sch cae ‘nary mace den tus, a enn oor embers subjene seven perf seus. Tischer pests th (dsj cn ase ae Ue gel case ot cobind toa ad hea Sess, The over oes eto geet se untae dst on of ses a acaryig sumer ado éteie te mim sues, ter alo She 50h 2 able dn or als can te xml. The peal cof coin preset analy oo fst Thea ey esl pup a led Mob? cel tae Specie Objectives Aer camping Sts cap, you wl be al o> 1, Mute a varity combine stress mses lees mer Fire 4-1 Layo of he ad Fame Sepp View Fee Sec ire 42 Propo Brick Deion06 _cawsinso steesses and MORES rin 1 Aue acaryig member ttl combi sesso dee he ‘st eal sea natu hese Oe a es lee. 3. Detrich eles i hh te paimus ees eg, 4 tera ee fess nan elena spied econ 5. Dra the compete Ma's ete a an ili ope aye fre 422. GENERAL CASEOF CoMAINEO STRESS Tosiual te nrc of comin es, xi sense 2 nl logeat of the uearyig meme” of wfc coabed aca and shat Sree oF don we wl cose o-nensinl ters cod tonsa Fig 4 Tan sae gd th crea ‘Seton be mente ba mae “he nr sees, a8, cul Be ue re sl oreo to beng he noel res wet comps ene ie vss wal be posting in te ope es, oe ses en "Th sea sts cole ue odes Sy, ro shew oe vee sear ses The be sas oon ep rat be ecto seat sees For tal nates shew ets ping ont ene Te iat ‘Spends othe ran an parle yas. Aue ser es nett tnds ore ese emesis). ste Sy agave The magus usb eto maa lees lim iseesssya deter te mags sd ip acl ese Stee, ‘in ero sow thom pope eset lee. The cane Tekwig he ein pic sess sites prs. 4-2 Cuntaat CASE OF Comsseo suaess 107 Wit es le dete ns te te dmie he main aoa sts, non sa ee a ince ih es sees or The loa pace fn Maximum Normal tres: Princip Stress Teco oft si ta se esses rds an Iu ora srs inate mannan pp ne can com ome igo Teme we The coninton oi apt sess pats he sim corm sic he mapa es a imum ses, a maps ne coapre “ Fate ernest oss. inp ‘wos el whee he ee intentions te pel se act led he pc pine ate ed ean $= taeste, o wy ‘Tees isms ome poe ah ‘herstinu cl tes, Te, imum ed sea sc rc th minus pial sso on ‘nih stes ene ened casa o hate ip sees een. shrek ohn Fare 44 Pec See tenet108 asim ber Stes (niet rent of te ses cement the main she sess wl ca Tis mage an congue es gato Ta ws ‘Theanine eet on mich he miu sees income fo $= Lanne, ~ 6) « ‘The me ewan he pil res eles dhe maximise es eet ayn ‘Os te ce shar ss eet tre wil be arma ees of xa gies pare 10 Be pues on whch emo se Sess ae eng Thee smal tess ave te ase erttoyt “6 Nat shat ihe tre fe Wap nema steses. Theologians the pr sents esau es. sample Polen 41. A as supp roe vo Resin cai ‘wo cain ete, as horn in Fig 65. Thess athens xen arlene sha eg bed inthe ple. Src asa docks ror on he sil ben ned var De io const stem along the ass. Spot C exes el bt ope Teruo esa Porte econo show, een te ste snon oo eles. on the ont anace of thea anh postive #5) 0 the srk 1, Demi estes lect Kithe ry laea sho estenesce theses eet 2. Cometh pga resent cst a heres in ic thy 3. Dra theses eeent on wich piglet nd sow is ‘eon eee a, 4-2 GENERAL CASE OF ComAINED srRESS 109 ort ittn f Hn as ting (lg ett Fiore 45 Sat fr ple Pb 61 4 Compt min share oe lem lh sn ‘plane on which tacts, serena 4 Br hess ceeoni he in et ‘orientation tothe original wax, * Seestenassataors Solu. se Kis oben ta pera ‘therein Ae, the ba one os ea eee aot se eg ne ri te hint a he oEveouens het Soba Teton wen toe 7 xD (asi =i o.= (138 bin Ti} = Ba “The arn shea aes con eles Kin. ayaa ova ‘hos sre onthe ah sete seme and an pede Ses ee, ‘ie Ti ace eased gr the ese na coke de to; hehe pate decor fr shear seas, ern oe Sead ‘Sesion he min ee a ele ‘kp, yids he shes ses ng onthe fe fa ee ha erent teats pl tbe ys Ths lee 420% 22 Di6= 250% y= (10 iN w aie ps ‘Toes be aorma sts, anh sear ss. sow nthe srt clement Fave 2 Noe ta ses ibe Sesion 0a g| JT Fie $6 Ser and Beg Moment Darin othe hat Le £2 GINEEAL cast OF commeneD STRESS Figure 47 Sees Gane slong. Ala of te ares mS Beg andi so ac shows in eer rhe en oe ens We ans compose icles nti dee, a eitony (41 tough 2. The asim psa atte. RE “ 21 0002) + VERT FETT c= 4015 + 4535 = 83509 ‘re msinun pnp es i ot ET 8 re 22-6000 - VETTE ananis~ans 0s compression ‘The deon nw the sas cpl ses acti 6. base ~ 9 a 6, Jacan2i sr)» ra? il steve an be sows ones ment 2 ised Fre Nate tht the deen is shown neaton eral esa ‘phe ihe dein ote cl ses lie oe pad ae, The postive en or 4, ids tt hepa sees Seed 8 ned ‘loki a soa eto,1 Fire 4-8 Precipl Sees on aS ent Now he asim hers leet cab eae ig asa 4) ecg 8: ee MEGA oe “ ae TTT cn OS he opis of shear esse an 2, A in ma at ‘pce dso. "Teena of the ee! on wish he wim shar stress 6 foun fom Eaton 45 $= basalt, 2) ws 5 bao DRI = ‘The gine sig cl fo a coerce ration af he Se "Tee il oa ess cg oe eso tis se met, ste Bete «6 = 8002 = 4015 ps Figure 49 sows es eet on hic th minum Ser ss ti ‘eno he vg ses elemst, Note athe angle between hs cent | {ide pcp sess deneatsoo in avi 8S \ -fscoceey i etal role, Ae aos ees tow the reqnsed sss cen wate cnedeumeskaons. Aug ee abs | | {fry soear os sl whieh cose ea, meat (Ser ead ler sedi ea escola pot, | 4-2 sown cineur 113 Fie 4-9 Relatin ofMasim She Ses Eanes Ora ‘res Benet 4.3 WOHRS cite Bes fh many terms si noid nd he many alts ert contin of te ll reese maim she Se, ‘ri aber hh panty ema Use he papi aid Man cl helt nz cs nds eer "fr Be eon Be pom oes "Ae Mob’ ie const, cn be il ore loin: 1, Fag the msnina ao inn ric Sess andthe deo say a 2. Ft asia tar see arenaon ft ssn wich or 2. Finn th vale of he al ees htt oe panes re nino ser ese, 4. Fife aes of aad sh ess theta cee wt fey one “Theda nud eset Moss We fai the same Be ‘wold cong the receding vale, et he papi proach a5 ‘as ann oh company th oe 9 ea sesh tO ‘yo mal perpen pce oan eee ao, thc ce be axils I rh aed Ti pareve ‘iene suns wars ome the ess lie oa) lypese snd angen ecg ee ees pS feb reson af Mo's ce When paler nem she sess know th song deg aaa canbe oe, ag he ‘tou tories fae Sadia thu charterHe_couainto sraessts ANO wonR’s cntcie ots cic canst ass: Pes se ses aa to deni he mages addres fe rman sar tess gt he ee. Da estes cleat he piste Nema sexes on any 80 otal pepo lnes ze ru sen ses postive p= sing ouvard fom the cnet Cts tees ae ne "etd iva oe Be Gta ron of al ma esses ein ite con ectonsar lt Shear ses caieed tbe ie ty fed 0 eth emi twee) esa, a ane ere Setupaeetngl core system a ch he pstv zal as reese pave ene gral ees, ane pol vr reps oie ck) he sss. Tht eed wl be Feed asthe o oe Paton onthe le cresting te ress acting on te Bees ‘ie tes emt Ihe tid ne ype eo pts {oe ee ao, 208 ‘ram he ie comeing he pits “Therein pe rote te cai at he er of Mors le he ape ae oa ata res whee oops 2 ‘The folowing ee cane ete vind te es tp as Shown. Fae 10 Notte et ented postive, ‘ae, pose alr save. Tass ary forthe preset ‘erin ee an sont of pone td nese as ld 1 aio ight i es, Rover By apc cen shat aetna { boty ‘The pi bed 05. sano afr ean of he ante syle: Wecan row poe ih the Cnuaton othe ace 7, Drew te complete ice ihe cea Oa a of how Fie ti116_cowainso srasssts AND Mour's cinext A. Thepsin rte ci sence ht este va oft sina pile, 9. The pit weet le aes he st hel ge nian al es 10, Tecoartes of heft ing e ainu se ste nd te ror ies hi to hele hang te ini sh, ‘The fing eps rele 0 deerme he als of insnson of the inca es eet sh eam he sl cen 0th ‘ind ran is npra oe th ages oe Madr cele ae ily “bbl here angle: Rein Fe ie om HOU he es oblate, reese the oa ati tea Be ue. The ine From Otto he pt 7 epee hori pas. OF ar he Segments 90 apart a 1 isting he oie feature of Mohs ete vig made bern we ca cone he evelopment the pres. 1H The ae 24 is mesure te cass on Be cia eed 0 the rats Now har = aie) ‘esas imgoran one the denn fom the ste ti (be, ‘eo canted ce. Ts ceva fr eres te el fe te ppl res eles oh rl eet poe 12, Thea om aioe leah veria trae oa 24, Pom he roe of eck, a een tt 229-2, : of Fire 412 Diply of Rss om Mars Cele (ype (Sanu te ee s7 woneseneut MP ‘etn pra wi be Sin om ea since hss cement oe ‘eorthaed haat depen pa neces ee 45 pet on the aca element somone 1,3 a i he pcs of ig Ma's kita an eg {scene theyre oes, shen Sa Coutnint Nonsaganeaganann Sey redder area sibegenttuau bean a swans on _eosmaamlecese nie a sorta camry (= a2 8090-2 = doi pi bong 2p RAVER TORR 88 4 014015 + 4935 «89% athe it ie te ice Prmense co lt Fire 4-13 Ses on femen18 01S — 4535-9 athe fe ite of ec a8 ‘The afte a cet leet hal aris the maa shear ‘este sash orto he ete hse Rel hat ‘hs sth average tom ses, 41 pi 0 24, = tad) = ea 4019 = 356 Sasori Note dt $y mst Be mead celia he ra xa tthe tection ieee tne 2 2 = oP 2h = Fase HP desueaemr soa woweseicie 119 Figure 415 Completed Mos Cie ‘Notte tes cee c hi he asin ser ses as mst be ‘ted comers om he retin the gn eee 13 Fge 416 shows the ree sess denen, They itil tose ‘Sova Fires ot aad 8 CoE Fgze 416 Res fom Mohr ice Ai ol ample Plan 4-2 ——120 _consinen srsses ana wour's cincie 464 MOHRS CIRCLE PRACTICE PROBLEMS ‘Toa penan sing Mohr’ cise fr he ine, my se consi. Ba sith pace under ety acon o meal ab shea Ses, You ‘Soul fe ale to cecte the nee step quel an aca, Te ale on Fase 121 hess eof ta (Eames les 10) aba a ‘Ser steer lane Yor ave cone te Mk ce for ‘ach Refre loing a the sols i Figs 4-17 trough 42. From te ice, detente vo ppl suse Ue mas sea ses, ade lnc om nih these eet a Then the pen lene, the cal ses deme, a he sana hear ss ema ees Freer wih ret ote xan drei Fiore 417 Solon or angle ren 4-3 Pras Mob fr Mobs Cie sample Pollen a. * te Pip No 43 soKS aK Sake GT 44 sos) t0Ks Nokes 4S “sons “tooks Maks Lp snows Sake sare Sy 47 Vw Sans “Seas ar So Caw, Sn Sou Ca % fie eco ie VE gem egilen some Figure 4-18 Soin fo ample Pte 4 1m445 CASE WHEN BOTH PRINCIPAL STRESSES AVE THE SAME SIGN ‘Remember th loth robles peed hs ar ae ple es rons, Alc Bayless roses ese eae seg ie ‘oe witia one pine Obras al lccarng members te edie. ‘Son obs Te asp re tha oes es he hd recta se, it eases. he Sine se Wl dete re ttoumum ser tee, ng wth he 90 pp ste oh es pla, ‘hvala beet alles ae pose Ss hat ne seas he oer compres Bate rae pin sere ne wil te ode 0 reno ese rte ames ashes, yor mas cose ee. Sinenso ce A ar empl wi yt us tai, Example Prben 4-2. Fig 42) hos hina pide bc oan ‘ser ese wh ts cs Demin he pn ess he ae ‘tu ser ety ne natin Be ms ser es See, Te ‘aera peste Spe, be wal kas One ate of ‘tates 0, Sitios Tis x camp of» tis es pablo fom clemety rng fide oie seal elon he rie he $04 CASE WHEN BOTY PRINCIPAGSTAESEP Wase ThE Sam SIGN 125 4 ego reese ge it ght eter ey tonne gr) (ee rere isthe og ena he al fee 82 sees as had Cd Sd ere with Is Ends Closed ‘ie eed = 6280p ens) ‘The essnthe cafe doo te nop tes, isin ih ‘heat ot eels. 2, sonpsnsoia 2° BSBA 00 pb dessin) ‘he ano hes ress pid inte tos. Pat (the gesows the ses cle he he 2 a stows the coretondag Maks cz Bee heat 90 tpl hee ‘tees, and athe pil sess he ne. The ele weld eh atin hea tes eg he ra oe e315 po ‘Bol oie pa the Ape, We cove chose pe or snus seat he pn. Te ene edn aa Domai ependodar toe ae fe cee Leis, ere nosh ess onic The Mohr’ ci rt pe is shona inti ate The unum hes op ea e620 i stich woul be peed fm hy pe “This ppc shod ese ay ine he mo ini ese ins i, sess oem hve he sane sgn Sry. os pr the ier, srs de as wie eon he nce an See Eg. The oral sess he perp ces ten he hes ppl suse cl se seer and ig ore te sch at > o> oy tha ea eso he ‘decent il ey beFate ine Fre 4-23, we can come ta oso pH 0, = 6380p tan (vo = VEO —O12= 6290p ‘ance £24 shows i aoa examples in which te 0 ipa sree he gen lne hve the se gn Then he a esi th thd ‘tn sae be dg tad ene NOW sel orrimpse on Fire 4-24 Mobs ie Cassin WB Te Pcl Sess Have the Sm in 5 one's CIRCLE Fo SPECIAL STHESS CONDITIONS 127 ‘he oro. Tiss tsa he miu ae re woe cathe Boks ce vig ees as 4-6 MOHRS CIRCLE FoR SPECIAL STRESS CONDITIONS ‘Mocs i ied here odessa th lbp mse te ae Stes, the peal tse, nthe ma shea Sess or he eg spel eaes Pe wii sion Pie nil eompresion re ob see ‘Uni son costines wi snl har ‘Thee renga, eat esol sess cnn an hey wl be ln er caplet ait fe hess and en nets. These fale ener bes oe thea the pcp trees ae am Pare Uniaxial Tension ‘The res condon pode in a ps andr ene tt specie is pore anes Pre 2 sows the Ses elena be coespoas TE lotr cele Not tt tees rial tr, ea fo ppd ses te minimum pial ses is ea he ats ‘Sessa eg a 1 mera Fire 425, Mobs Gee or Pare Uni Tenon128 _cowaisto sTHisses AND wout's enext Pure Uni Compson ute 1-26 stow ue ul compres ai wold rod yaa Sird eompreson te. Met's ci shows to, = Ds ‘ae adhe agate af he maxima sea se Pure Tonion Fur 2 shows ht the Mo's sk oth pci ces its cetera he ‘gn othe te a al thera be ee otha the tepid shea 5 Tete ag =f = y= ‘Uni Tension Combined with Toso hear ‘Thi isan import ped eae case ess the tet cnn i aga saying beng le whe simanenaly taney Sue “Ths the tp often aon o wich th pede Areva sta, preset in Charts fe pees acl yt Nat's ie m Fre 2 hows ha tuo ReRadsolsine= VETTE 7) teats R= 92+ VGA ws eyes R= 0/2 VGA “s) comes and wel concep ced ple org canbe aps from eine 7) for the praesent ore j + Finwe426- Nebr Cor Pre Uni Conpeson Fire 4-27’ Cec Fare oo She co ot + Lt Fiore 4-28 Mab’ Ce for Usa Ton Coane’ wi esol Shear nyFw 429 Chor Barn Belin and Tension vin, Anca smin Su 42h ce nea ‘a cd cn sme SSP Cat metre er aed a Penicictende peer nberaoe vam ccs he be mate es eee ow ne 7s te etn mos of he ba oe Now he or meet hs sia sea ses i he xy ae pei A ning maps, 12M wn 1 pci mt A et eae ncn wh ea, ee eet thenane i nt a ona mene aa = MEET TE ary cana 1 Now rm Append A= tha 2, 22. Eun 12) then ewe as aT ee oy us euveien wo dente anti inte tmers ois eqn be te ln! oe, Ty The he enton eae, toa 1 eto 427 ANALISS OF COMPLEX LOADING CONDITIONS ‘Toe camps sh inh cate ile ele Single a gametes ndlolngcondns for vlc te ces Ses as eo De pares bing iar mets fies nd sents of mati I mre conpes, ‘oer esor ang conins wee ole, you nt bese compte ‘nereue says meee sa ew eat nm tc te Mes Chee deed Conse Keke, at wel oa ip pesomance aig a, The eset oly ole es gk garden cmeig Be fb then ore a ighnigh nel. Te aling wut ke oes ntae ef sn, besli, ab npn eee the caning etn oe wel “Go mt a sof sch a stg member wou be om lsh yeni! srs aa ing ran tbs we potest ch. Pies Ths reas wou ei he sess keto in alt pte destin tht cl be wed he ng the corte oe Nee or eel po ae owe. “Aster etn of tates wos mode the mig fhe eo of the Wheaton ma) THe Ueto ol robe di ‘st imo see ond salou ley Poet sap od ea ol be deed on th ea an he exer as wo b pe o omroprise pis The ample ate woud Be pat wale a npr ss rogram ale fie som ens Te Ot fo he ‘poems res andi a each the eens: Tee a8 eloed ote compte: msel other cn sae testes i he win Be ode Most ach agama essa the ‘num ar ses exch ken cag he ned cay he Nets eile Ape orm oe, ald hen eres, fe, onptdy combing he ini soe Seton To reco fle dcuson of he von Moen ses a 5) See dle Ese. ‘een nis programs contr aa lr mp com. es engieing nek sans, la a ote.132_commnta sresses ano woHE'S cneut PROBLEMS Forth ving ss of gen ess an dente able, dw Complete Mohri nd be icp see he asin shea Sey, nee pac escleme andthe simu er Sess en. Aah ‘Stes composts 0 sown are uae Sr, telnet te 1 38 ee ey es Design for Different Types eel ee ¥ Loadi {oie “ans Sone | bw ‘Sym “he of Loading {Sete eee oe ae oe oe ts ae] BOSE GR “a 52 tonic oie ii SoMa OME | 3 ~425ps 320 2p 53 Rest easng and Ses ato 2-150 MPa -40MPa} 27 MOMP2100MPa 8D MPa °F Endurance Strength 1B 150MPa -40MPa| 28 250 MP2 1S0MPa 0 MPa S-4 Factors Ailectng the Endurance Strength eae eee Seinen eet ee ee ee Se om troneataeaa mah a 5) pedema tee Serger thom att colnet 5-5. Mette Comps bsp err Die see tuibebtom tte San jorete hat Getrbe Ses den 5-10. Example Dsin Peds " ‘cin Then Gn ascent Fry ap tect ge 1 RacimFewe)J6inChipe. Foes. fone af 00 ht one ae of ihe sh os toe of tan The Gcotthetr Then one Makes oe lo spies o te Sus Dreads oem ‘aeons Aon br id a pein eet Sin eeoe fave nebo dane. 1 RepeaPoten ire ieFacess7 Wi je i moe a ine Nava ant un eof 1S i Beiofgeet Cup Farenheit te deme on este te 4a cea we cmon te tan offre ne Moe thea onto eo fsecin he Ga | i 13+ tou Are the Designer echt rt ad 4 wee tect duos bade hos ‘peck voc ge #7 sod» po city sdesings gale wi ae te sett Gple ert oe we (eke scons apd et power 1 BIECTIVS OF THIS CHAPTER tise desineegny wennec ama ti fr eeion ey nee comin Th ets at es ams ae sept sec ep compre wh eee fe pie nc oe cons ees aman fred eth eat of eal, enn ees arco a he path rote sul SERS tne eta pope ese mt Bao Ti te sco aha pt jee Stef eg sto eet ioe tg sou be pect steal ang pes nie sai Reps and evened Pectuzing ‘Shek or inst Fond Mati ps a many and vai, Amat te sere i tie s Heme tie and be mater. er consent Sle mento me in re rs mai ceeslape of eres sue ah ys a, he 10foe wr so (Co 0m fren tel = om raion 6 Aglare pe ows, Co Go 10.erbenting {Go 09 fora tesion Ge 038 for tsinl shear1 Compt te ens endaneseagth 5 fom n= SACD eo Tse te he on fics th wt Be wedi hi ook esti the ounce sengih eter arse sacha engrae el es, ‘hey hal end xanple Problems for Eating Endurance regis —— sample Polen $2, siete eric enh for shat steeds ‘ang ig is mache om ASL SD cldawn se! md Bsa ‘Santer of 13 i Sluion, rom Appenty 3, we ol aint seg 00K ‘Then gr 9 we elie he modern seg 1 838K Frenchie pat Fs Suter. 15, eS tt, C= 9, The Il lcr y1.0Posse were sg moh ed aro etppetses Ga 1d ene the atm eae, ie eon (Sie enue codaabe Seng fr te ha tials = 8 KO9OKL ONL) = 32 KS Se ‘vamp Praen$3. sine he ota seh fo ese odin Tap shee wee epee tal ea, stb mache om ‘tel vga kine sno 10K, Mn seta 9 tol Ton sq Solon. The machined sue woud pou &moied elt eng Forte ater of ppsimaey Kia red om Eure We wl we (Comat L Sb Cy~O€ recs Sel: and = 08D or a8 eso, Tea then nt enrace stegh it 9 Ks. 90.10.99) = 25.3 Ks Et ocsien Fon ovFFeAeNt T¥Es OF Lonainc ISI sample Palen 5-4. bars ue nism fo ‘pied AIS sel ito be aos rey ree ros 1d Este the endian Sangh fhe a ae ese cons Solion. pen 43s the sine eg fe Bt ASt 131 "Hoo 67 MPF 33 shows te oes ensue seg fo 8 ‘pprouimsely 90 MP rs old sie We eC = 0992 fmf, Co = LO i wah et ed Cy = D3 ace the be ‘asc ronal hear ate, We ll eee ta eda STE oy art ees ern Seg 4, = (SDPO GO AHO)» 940 Fs (Seah Sion 9, Cte) ‘5-6 DESIGN FOR DIFERENT TYPIS OF LOADING ‘athedesaners reponse machine at inser opr ner esol Toate sis. Ts dee pring eS tp eer oats or esperney ad compsin etd et ‘hades. The nines ee ef es ht he pat lb emi ose under opesing sonst. Soe dese re be terms Song ses owl seo fe ress. We wise des ses 1 Emphasize ol fener ermiig he prep ao "The econo wht deg seas sete te the seen tte typeat nd cthe ut nthe selmi mae Theos Ids onder hoe az low ste Sayeed and evesed Shock ring 11 npr osnie te Atty te mse in atten 0 ‘tegh and sie The mss fase aaa ert be ‘murals ante meres Be eas fy a Chaser 2) ‘Most mache ars a mate fo tle males, py hey 5 tel tft ldo ost ig. Wom metals, He152 _otS1GN FoR DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOADING sluinon an copper aly dct, Fx se nag itis abies ht ‘hep eng fhe mati be sacar an 5515 io esr oat rep face. Gry eat eos ie tees one pts an ome prs made om pone etl wee 5:7. PREDICTIONS OF FAILURE Faire ay f pein wet cose ints ston: ‘Maman eal sess they Mina teases tery Dison ene hey (ca the wn ies teary a he Mie Heacy her) Swe eteson Comping thease ste i pr withthe tes tht woul ped fel he termini fet of ric desig fair, NTs two ems ue eed Irehagelys bok asia Namal Stes Theory of Flore Ths tery states tat» mtr wl facta wb se maximum sel tes temionor compen ced he nae gh he mae Id invery iments, ma fri tilde pore, ial tensa ‘congeson The sd ns etd open es are tas of istype ating Terre al nee put mast see ae toa sabi fr try ope ad preston fa Maxim Shear tess Theory of are Tisha sesh te mater esto when he mimo ser ‘es i obcaritg pt ends nasi sha sess pet 2 tenet pcinen we lg ep. In Sco 4-61 shown tt in 1S shuaton be mage of he tinan Ser Ss soe the ‘open tee The, when ying Begs, De aged Ss by a 1 saul Te arepcding matin se Sei p= 5/2 The sium shea es tery ofall has tea hows by egies oe $y coete ord mera seed ay conan eral {dea ser ite eo seas ten canes at ‘inept tbe de om docile mea ne st sor compe revsed nnn, hea ostomy shop beer Baa 5-9 PREDICTIONS oF FAMLURE 153 =| Distortion Energy Theory ‘Ao sometines ill te ne Mie hor fhe MieHeny theo, hry pies vey cre pedcion af ae of de tera net sk aso amy eters arm se ce sombid wee ‘reste cline esto seer erm I wo pil sess om Maks de are cl, ay, then Ni ‘Toe tari nay hry ofr ses haar cus wen he von ‘Mies es exces he et stg thera at hen” > ‘The Soderberg itr forFuctating Sees ‘Real fe Seton 52h th eo cain ret ees he non ‘wc hep isto mea Sess pear ante wth an ering Shes suprinpoudon the man ss ee Fue 4) One tof are eto er the Soleterg dag, ioe in Fae nv | forte eve of norma sees oy. Msn ess td he vont an ering sess pte along the vera au ale wn th eratig ses is zr ea) Ses), wo ree the ets ches ‘he yl srt ofthe mera Fare dr aning ts wath eo eat es fevered pete), woul be reste theses hes ‘Reeadaece strength tel Aedes ho pot i See | nance FireS-11 Sorter ite Fact See154 cae Sore ae Tes using ess. be pi eesti he Scone of ean ad tering ses plas on he aga el he Seer ne tsa be sale. Convert, sambnaon cue the ee oul epee eae ale “rpv sg acto Sorter ae oduct sin es ie ‘nthe dag. Acal pati sess ets hold Deh es a se 5-0 DESIGN FACTORS “The tem dee ft ts mes f te line salty oa oaing ‘none Weve esol Voce te eg tor nme ‘erent oe atl om wich he compet abe mde ded Teds oro deemed ses, contin lel De alloate Sires Te he sta Ss ch be pe bec sd bes ante design ses Fr some inf od, is otecosee oe upa ‘enh om niche dein fr, Be como fo teat ‘poe sess dhe Senge ema Sl oe cas,praly [EP case fhe acing conse in Cope eS ‘acorn apd loa ee coh ante seg the ar ‘acon 5-9 ese nethd for computing ee Stes oss {oe seve Ate Vn tig sd aes The desert eerie hata rele ae fr the ds tse shoe in sy pes on ene ae te deen toro des Stessispovened cos ebay state setingoepniatons sch the Aenean Soc of MecancalEnees he Amen Gea Maa fs Asovatn he US. Dearne of ees he Anta Aan, ce ‘he Amerzan tte f Set Costa. Fr cue, best a Ince ae presen eign aro esi sree. one compas ae Moyet ow ples speci design arose ons ence i ‘Snr conde Tate asec of ter sci, his book wil we thf: 1. Normale for sates race ements, Dele mera nero Yon of moderate uncer wih rept fo marl proper, eat Td, or afeiny of esters ayo. Uv N= 3 2, Sie secures Dace mati wiih conden in he owe eral oper, maple oa an aay fess sa weueNe? 5. Sc rate. Brie ei ih Hh cones ithe fe ‘peri contin Use N= 3 4 Machine coments. Brit tel it mode uceainy bout ater oper, lols or Sess ams. Use N= oir — 5-4 MEMMODS OF COMPUTING OfSIGN FACTOR OF OESIGN srHe_T5 5. Moc slone. Dil atl wth iy stot soe combination f terial poe, uh, ss as, prt sn sdk oe ‘put olin ie W = 4c 5-9 METHODS OF COMPUTING DESIGN FACTOR OR DESIGN STRESS Nine ren aes ae conires how with ft comin ps of ‘kal ceo ote ad mae af ding. Carel esto al be ‘oe seg ss he deren cs The flowin sols arsed 0r5¢* Uinta seth 52 = Uline compen gh 1 Yad seg or il er y= al seat in sbi 5+ Endura Seng mater eat eoitions so Entre steht condions (se A: Brite Mater under Slat ands ‘hen hea pied tes, snl eso or amps nay oe icon ste miu eral e's thy ale Bess ie te is o yl sess coments itn sl ans be ape he onptig he pie ses (se A Tene Ses wenseY ot Neate ry (Ce 2: Compe Stes aa sN oe on ae A: Ba Se ‘Ue Moh’ elo termite pins eo and Ith rina ste ofthese ii orcomprene it Case At er A they ao eet a, oo ‘Any ses one ters sol be gp the computed sees. | |156 _o¢sion ron ourentnt T1945 oF Losaine: (ase 8: ele Materials ude Fate Loads ‘Nospeiesonmeniatn wb pe rs ml wie ties ‘ecient, When itis i eves od oan sal Be oe oer ey Urata Sam Ts tse, ase: Ductile Mater ver Sate ands ‘Tao ine tr wil be dscusedbare The minum srr es hoy of i ‘aie th ee conserve of he wo and some ane tae The i t ees Neer stomco om a Fig 5-17 Scene for Fob 27 TT Feee 5-19 beam or Pobiens 37,3839168_pssien ton oustaexr rYP6F oF eonoise } ies 1 ep as a et ‘een Sour tan rte eg pe i Fh pt share 5.29 de omy i ANSHOGHR a be eco ‘ue soedein ae of 80 lth so he ‘Sls aonh nt Cnt he en sie ee 1 fare pt dete bien a ‘Extended Sener ts ge ite wp Tne sires mil Swe he um engl Ae he Si sey ee mcd hee deer tat a feceipin Figur 5-20 Bea for role 4, $1 Telok oon Fie taj on Fee 5-21 tinker Polo #2 (6 Theta sot a ge 5.22 at ese veel dof 0 ge Sh Comp heey ee se thebean mit om AST SORT Dh 4 Ease de ti de aprons ‘ot fn As 88 oe Se ltt eo 30 0 inp tei nan tree ‘oe is 4 Fore cine dt nen 8 rou Set te tn re ‘Medes uy ona abe Po tm Lenn sie Fine 5-22 Beam or Pons 3, $4 Fie 5-23 Cate for Poles 5,647170_pesion FoR oursenent 186s 9F Loaaine 1 Fore cee sbda yoten A fg 5.28 shows eg a ig ‘peace osha sat ea oun nd HD BC St Borate Osiaee cugae eae snbe mte mosuvs 171 ud iar 5-24 Sh for Pe {30 0971 ss ome te ti de 19 The spe a son i 5.25 sta oe eon FSarwisami och noseton Ast yee Fiore 5-25 alo Pls 4,50 1» Fu decotscthetia abn conte sateen ses reigns stces cence) Sesh e039, SESE Re Swe te be Fre am ted ate ‘es fics Behe i ‘fete sons in ge 2a for. St te ta, en ese cel oct Bo baer los here po Soo danse fi Fle unr nd owner he ee ‘em AIS 8 pee Fe 5-26, Bean or bln 5, 52 espn ables For ech fe following pons, compte he reese dsigno achve a ‘inna egal 3.8 Spy he sae dens, nd mea forte put te dese Work om anette a wee 30 to le a eee ma 1Bitmen ae, am IT OT al Te asm base fete cme alg Soest mf ae pt of Medaka mae exh Cnet edi i i Fire 5-27 kor Dei bl 33 5. Camlactedesgal teh she i Fi WieSancay rineiyeaic nator he eben AO opartes ‘eam oe no ea he BebunarO aoe il Feomesarnae Beet ect ebay ef te eas gre y enc, ea\ 172 _pesicy rox pireReNt pvees oF Louoine j sts LA | aus i Lf a | rot oa ean Law 2409, Fiure5-30 Yok and od fr Dein eens 57,5858 Fipze 5-20, team or Dest ren St Atleast ae att A ge a conveyer sem ete | {osbo nveis tome smibard wad fon oo ape irae Tet ged et tinge overs nse Benge | == SMS | [ress Fie 5-29 ng for Coney Syston er Ds Polen 36 [7 Fg Sows oe sneha the veal hs i fence y ore Detgrbe ete ke tit mye i (west ied ny cs. Been wen 14, rhe spem some mp0, dee the lead eee ban ows PeBY You Are the Designer 4 puonsombeelavintndigngcon team matte ded ean nts Your tun mice te whe cad ney how emote Wa svbsine mtottctongoesy ‘Sagal cey sac we eee fac fart tasined es brvamloted Sultiraae Host Srtcun ands: Swcomoniocee wie Eitan te anc jan Yon sede manga tte Columns 61 Otectines of his Cher 6-2 Popes of he Cros Seton ofa Colm cia 3 ed Fy and Eecve Length Smet 6-4 Skendomes ato c 6-1 Waste pr Concer 6-5 Tanston Senders Ratio For ee 6-6 Long Clue Ars: The Euler Formula nee $27 Shar Column Aral Te. loss Forma ' 8 Ek hs an Cs eos © 6 ones oF ras carmen £9, Te De of ak EF ‘columns sul member ha cares nal pages ela hat 1D sks lan ' {ends falby este sbi, ung. rater than Br rst mae enc hos ; {aL Ela thecomio awh e Shape! Be aes 5-12. Colan anal Fegan . ‘Sint vig oh stalgh ue nA th Pat of oc. E ‘atc dleion the aus of the ous cs sae. Ten i ais ‘ete: th cole wi cops. Ovi Kid asap ae Rs bese in rcs a mcr eet. ‘Colmes eee) gan slender acne aber issoshot. trios edo ue, ae ans mas temas eee a Chair 5. This cher presents sever mets of alan a Uesanng ols ese say der ay ing cmon. Serie Objectives ‘Ate conleing caper, ou wi ae 0 1, Rec ht tel og sede compen member sub ns — Ips elma io preven Baking, 5176 2. Spay ese shapes he ens sear us. 3. Cont te radia of yan fhe clan set. 4. Spe a ite ae rhe ena, nd tei he elena schon (Compt eres ra xu Sls he proper mato of ods fr x soa Hed on te ‘tne od he pe a spar andthe agate DeSean, Datemie wt ala i gosh san the we ote ers at congas he exam me ete Efe rma fr th sas ad sn fog cles seth J Bho forma forthe zal design of ht lm, 10. Ana crooked coasting he aval ad 1 Anaya clis inc the oped wits ae amount of se ‘ry dering emai ee Ss a he sins st feet of he centri osach cols der oa 6-2 PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION OF A COLUMN ‘The tender fora col obec cent nese and neon Arson secon wit ts leg the mae tached ‘member Or sor. Cresson rapt ha ingots 1 The setae, A. 2 The mom fine ofthc st, 1 wth eget 1 te as bout shhh ei stimu, 4. Te eat aloft seo of the oo etn The is of atin cops om, ie oy Acme o backlash af rata ‘montis a mum, Fit savsashech scl hal se etn cs sc Th expe bchig 2 bce Bah Tr ‘reach sme hei an fr thes. Yu can mortal FHetoozsa by Husry seaman ler oF ete sick wi il nd ‘cen mage cae uli. (6-3. END FATTY AND EFFECTIVE LENGTH The em edly ees othe ma whch hen f te cl pte. Tem nga ate the moe esa eed he i 1 i $03 fro seery aNoesrecrivecevern ITT 6 © Fire 6-2 uring Ti, Rc Cau. Genel peace of eB C. ya ron Fi Rat an endfor ot eden on Thre fe ie pte ned eth amy tami a sas oatatn en Teepe d fel sae tinh elem cj peps oe ‘Ss ay ts pea78 ‘esl Pe Tat 6 o o o Fins 6-3 Vhs of fr tve Leng, =H or Dee fd oectos Afonso agin eo a espn, An xan coin oy sed aang eee at se 5 iy sp red The deve poe any teaser) for he aed el of he ala Fete colon od eae ed i ne pe aba aga ios of sede lum "hie endian y te exam of fp Th tp cdo fraps neta a anges, the wrt case fr aus od “he mane upto tbe clase ales te ete ene fe clam, dered as Lam o seine clei cm ben Kina ic aa nse ee he ist values given for Kae theresa valves based on che shape of the seal ene se ese eee ye te nv para ome hpi a net een tenets cpt tp SCEQWihsiaaTnve: tele robo RETNA rr sa fos teansinion stenoaness eavio 179 6-4 SLENDERNESS RATIO “hesenknr rioting th coma os as. ‘aes atin Th Sedna * Lira = KU we ‘We ise te denies ao sine si othe meta em ing beaks of ai, ena ded cous 6-5. TRANSITION SLENDEENESS RATIO. 1 te flowing sets wo mets fo amgng sph, etn ned tomar preset th Ele na rn. see ccs a8 Sofason foros clas “hechie wich eto depends ont ae fe tl ender sess ifr he clung aad lata he oto sens ai clue conto, Cy eed as G oo whe Bs be modus of lai fhe materi ecu di he ‘ed seat oe mera “The ecm cot iit inte lig poe fe nai si, ntl adel counes 1 Fete en coma, comp is eta dees at, 2 Compt te vate 6 5. Compa; wth KL. Beate Crepes th ue of he see fata saree sla om ht ne, he ret he comp Sonindates wich pe ef ana shold we east Lisette, te oes ln. Use Flr sein, ced Seton TRL isles ta Ch coba sstr. Usehe Bonn rm, esrb i etn 67 Fig 64 gl Bove tire ‘The ve of heli cso min ender i ee ent he tert poperese mais oes atl eng Foy fies cs ef metal afte be mosh of iy nt const. “hs, eve of Cans ave We ge ot he el eng pres 65 an 8 sow the slg vas el lau, ep hey fr the nea el sen ext fr eh atl, The gesFigure 6-5 Viton Senders ato Cv. al Seng or Sel iH Fee 6-4 Anas ofa Stag, Cray Ladd Clue Yom Fipr6-6 Tension Senders at Cs. el Seog or Ainstow ta be ae of dress ey tng intense. Tipe Tac fs enrgn discs ae owing io, 6-6 LONG COLUMN ANALYSIS: THEEULER FORMULA “The naif ng coluanemlys te Eak om, HA, in? “ Py ‘The euton Ges itl load, at which colnet Bsn io teste tem frm oe Ene oma i ten dine, Noe tat om ation 5 eA Pe et ui he ii te ais of rai vk pea ‘Ten sel. otf « TDA? ‘ist oft Eo eon asin sen problem in which Bete (espe arnt ge acl toss section ca ei Te ‘sobet finn ese as sate cx Be aly Etermie om ution 8 "Moke te uci nd i dependent only on amet eng a8 ceo clo of clans dh Ses of em reeset the ShaiSaeastety These ft ster atinabed tall Fortes ‘Rosi fen of nel sy a hte mae a «ee ‘Shommapcaton oer seg tril aig tse sles £, 00k pom wel. rcase alae i rete occu at iting oa at ha she nepotism Dorcaring emt Bar an apn the dvi factor oh yl ‘rng oth lt ag fsa ts he ote eel a onan 3) or oh Fs a mache ces eps, «sn Sct one SOLU AAS: INE EULER FORDNULA 183 coro Sen Forster cms wth wel kien asa ed iy 2 Inserncarcan hui rch 28 A fcorat 2 ndintnecensthn isin Cone fever ng clus. whine ane ‘hou the aloe nd sy. or whe spl Sng see, ge fet aid Tesunmary, betel of chasis devin acme tat he lot sppedio carn sae, the etl cE a. The OS ing etiolated 7. > ie big ad Mowat st = acu pid ad Desi fate hn, ‘The aul pli en, P, mus estan Example Prem 6-1. co as oid ia 5 sen, 128i in Sant hep of 498 apne bth sma oe AIST TO CD wel wht woe ae colina stg? Salado. We wil ow te poe in Fe 1. Fore at clan, be nda is = 10 Te fle ‘engi enh acl gh: RL= 480 f= S40, 2. rom Agen 1 rs 0 oud sei, Dit 1288 =0312Si0 5. Compt the ender ai: 4 Compt the colin cost meq 9. For AIST 0 CD stl, the yd renin 1 ps ott mas ay 12 Foro “Vm =\ — i th 5. canst KLirispraterthan he counstangané dr formlt shoul Use fhe aero nth age wold rod acre lod rece han t | Hens | wainie "sn rd ten o i 51 at] o ‘Then tn i i " wa _ ec ! iusto eisai seer fa at mame i evs Kr Nace tthe ten ae Eos Sheva ene et en Ao) Be stn clas oo ge Ase ad welten | ‘vhs tet cee bet gee ‘Ninety soe te ara tet. LeU "ettcciital proche eyed Cet bees SEN tanya be deed PO i Sisto uae esos ou eee pein ~408 } (6-7 SHORT COLUMN ANALYSIS: THE JOHNSON FORMULA ‘When th el senders a fra etn, KL, es ie aston ‘ee. Csthenth com stad i Beason ela shoul ee igre 6-4 Jona Form Canes ‘The cen be srt co ate yh stent ofthe mater inalion ots sites, As shown inh reign sea a eta frag clae wen wg he Elem sample Polen 2. Deen he ctl a 2 el oan ag ‘ecg ous etn, [mb a alee esos {ose AST 0 BR sel. The oer ea eco inserted ce hing socket nd nel see The wet el ed ee Fee 68) Free 68 oh ft eng Pen 6-2186 _couunns Slaton 1. Campa senders. Thera fan mn be sepa bot ‘hens tps he ast ve, Ta be su wh ote vi" vie ‘The aun et paed edly wch X= 08 Then, aw Sasa unas 45» 642 2 Compt ano senders rin Forte AST 00 Re, (Ohta, = BMPs. Ther, fom egaton 6, Gn pre 0 4. Then KL © he coli is hat, Ue th J 8, Jonson frm 0 ont the ssp r= am wn SREP Pease ow ess wo “Tsien nA ds fcr woul tae oe api deter seth alone (6-8 EFFICIENT SHAPES FOR COLUMN CROSS SECTIONS An fc hope oe ht provides proce ith sal sou ‘muta nt tas of tugs, testa of be os secon ad tensions ‘Semin ie ale ahead rat. rom De ein sleaer res ro, KL we can ee hts gs ae, he era ges Sl he otal ad egos,» male sce a es 4 ler os Sea son There esesleto ma ie ali ration desgy a cet aun rs sen. ‘Unless eg ay tres with eet to he ates te cos eon, cs woul elo but wit get othe si is he lest a yan. So nclann with egal aj orb asf yaton inayat ‘eae 2 THe G80 9F couunns 187 cy tH rin Ls 8 me Stee sat tn Unssgcots skinme Re Figure 6-9 Clann CSc ‘Revenant dion fai of tin: vn ‘his inte at ven eof eal we sal ty 0 main the ‘bet oii omatina Be ada ton. shape wha ome finer ists are stud a fom cent ‘Sapte deta ares deed tis a tow pps nd bes, squire oo bi, and sated etm scons ade ‘rom strc apes peda te er onan eet Sl ey ‘ens add gue elon gah ot asc the alow etn. Fane -9 sea ome of the sas nthe ce othe ‘ston nie 6H), be estan be comers ie te ae, ‘cuban te omen ener The lig sme the ein ston, The usp secton in esa toe econ apeinstig he ton sue ke re ss The Hla ht 2 Sp ad ‘athend ley hay anes wel Te amet of eth rept ‘he FY mil saerthan rth Cx abt tye mie me a ‘ha for mst er ati dsget a heed teams whi ly ‘natn. Ths hs pe wd ese roms 6-3 THEDESIGN OF COLUMNS ‘na dig sitntin he exec cathe wold te tow aw ‘hep eit by he pate. The ener wo thn es ovine