ESAT Data Communications

8/27/2014
The transmission,
reception and
processing of DIGITAL
INFORMATION to and
from one or more
points.
Digital
Signal
Analog
Signal
Analog
Signal
Digital
Signal
Fernando Victor V. de Vera, ECE, M.Tech
fvictor.devera@gmail.com
2011, TOP ECE Review
The PROCESS OF SENDING DIGITAL

INFORMATION between two or more
points.
Information that has been PROCESSED,
ORGANIZED AND STORED is called
DATA.
DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (DTE)

DATA COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
(DCE)
Systems of
Interrelated
Computers
And
Computer
equipment
it is a general term that describes the

INTERFACE EQUIPMENT used at the stations
to adapt the digital signals from the
computers and terminals to a form more
suitable for transmission.
8/27/2014
QUESTION
It is the general term that describes the
equipment that converts the digital signals
to analog signals and INTERFACES THE
DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT to the
analog transmission system.
Data communications refers to the

transmission of
A. Voice
B. Video
C. Computer data
D. All of the above
CSU Channel Service Unit

DSU Digital Service Unit
QUESTION
Data communications uses
A. Analog methods
B. Digital methods
C. Both Analog and Digital
D. Computers
QUESTION
Serial Transmission
There is ONLY ONE TRANSMISSION LINE used thus
ONLY ONE BIT CAN BE TRANSMITTED AT A TIME.
Also known as SERIAL-BY-BIT
Parallel Transmission
The BITS ARE TRANSMITTED SIMULTANEOUSLY
during the time of a single clock pulse.
Also known as PARALLEL-BY-BIT OR SERIAL-BYCHARACTER.
The digital circuit often used to perform

parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel
data conversions.
A. Shift register
B. ADC
C. Modem
D. XOR gates
8/27/2014
QUESTION
The speed of serial data transmission is
usually expressed in:
A. Baud
B. Bps
SIMPLEX
HALF-DUPLEX
FULL-DUPLEX
FULL/FULL DUPLEX
C. Hz
D. m/s
QUESTION
Which of the following is not true about
data transmission?
A. The two types are serial and parallel
B. Data can be transmitted via satellite
C. Only computer terminals can be connected
to a data communications link
Defines the way two

or more devices are
connected in a LINK.
Two-point or Point-toPoint
Multi-point
LINK The physical

connection between
devices.
D. The information sent is coded prior to
transmission
Involves only two devices connected

EXCLUSIVELY IN ONE LINK.
Involves two or more stations SHARING A

SINGLE LINK.
8/27/2014
Identifies HOW
DEVICES ARE
INTERCONNECTED
either PHYSICALLY
or LOGICALLY.
BUS
STAR
RING
MESH
TREE
Devices are
CONNECTED
THROUGH A
CENTRAL
CONNECTIVITY
DEVICE called a
HUB.
Devices are SHARING ONLY ONE LINK or

transmission line.
Devices are
CONNECTED IN A
LOGICALLY
CLOSED LOOP or
ring.
A variation of the star

topology.
Contains multiple
hubs.
The devices are

connected
REDUNDANTLY
with each other.
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10
11
PRESCRIBED BIT
SEQUENCES used for
encoding characters ad
symbols.
Also known as
CHARACTER SETS,
CHARACTER CODES,
SYMBOLS CODES AND
CHARACTER
LANGUAGES.
12
Data Link Control

Characters
Graphic Control
Characters
Alphanumeric
Characters
QUESTION
Baudot Code
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
An asynchronous communications
system uses ASCII at 9600 bits/sec, with
8 data bits, one start bit, one stop bit,
and no parity bits. Calculate the
maximum percent efficiency in this
system.
A. 75%
B. 85%
C. 80%
D. 90%
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QUESTION
QUESTION
A string of characters making up a

message or part of a message.
The dots and dashes in Morse code is

analogous to:
A. String
A. Binary 1s and 0s
B. Message
B. High and Low level
C. Block
C. Positive and Negative
D. Information
D. Yes or no
It is simply the
PROCESS OF
MONITORING THE
RECEIVED DATA
and determining
when a transmission
error has occurred.
Error Detection
Error Correction
Redundancy
Echoplex
Exact-Count Encoding
Parity
Checksum
Vertical and Horizontal
Redundancy Checking
Cyclic Redundancy
Checking
QUESTION
QUESTION
Errors in data transmission is usually

caused by
Which error detection method involves

polynomial?
A. Delayed sending
A. VRC
B. Poor selectivity
B. LRC
C. Poor sensitivity
C. CRC
D. Noise
D. Checksum
8/27/2014
QUESTION
QUESTION
An error detection system that uses a

BCC (block check character) at the end of
a block
The basic building block of a parity

generator
A. CRC
B. XOR gate
B. VRC
A. Shift register
C. ADC
C. LRC
D. Flip-flop
D. Hamming code
The process of
determining errors
and correcting them.
Symbol Substitution
Retransmission
Forward Error
Correction (FEC)
A popular error correction technique

developed by R.W. Hamming.
2n m + n + 1
where:
m = number of hamming bits
n = number of bits in the character
QUESTION
QUESTION
How many Hamming bits would have to

be added to the data block containing
128 bits?
A simple but time-consuming way to

ensure an error free transmission is to
send the data multiple times.
A. 9
A. ARQ
B. 7
B. Redundancy
C. 6
C. CRC
D. 8
D. VRC
8/27/2014
QUESTION
QUESTION
The minimum number of Hamming bits

required for a 17-bit character
An error detection wherein the character

is transmitted twice
A. 4
A. Redundancy
B. 5
B. Error detection
C. 6
C. Retransmission
D. 7
D. Double transmission
QUESTION
An error detection scheme which
requires full-duplex operation where
each character is transmitted
immediately after it has been typed
from the transmit terminal.
A. Redundancy
B. Retransmission
C. Echoplex
D. Error detection
To synchronize means to COINCIDE or

AGREE IN TIME.
Each character is framed between START and

STOP bits.
Types:
Examples:
Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
X-Modem Protocol
Y-Modem Protocol
Z-Modem Protocol
Kermit
Blast
8/27/2014
QUESTION
A UNIQUE SYNCHRONIZING CHARACTER is
transmitted at the beginning of each
message
Examples:
Used to signal the beginning and end of

a character in asynchronous
transmission.
A. Start and stop bits
B. SYN character
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
Link Access Procedure (LAP)
C. Parity
D. Error detection
QUESTION
QUESTION
Synchronous protocol usually begins

with
A. Start bit
Which of the following is true about

synchronous and asynchronous
transmission?
A. Asynchronous is faster
B. Stop bit
B. Synchronous is faster
C. SYN character
C. Synchronous is faster in parallel
D. Parity
transmission
D. Synchronous and asynchronous is of about
the same speed
QUESTION
QUESTION
Used to ensure the orderly flow of data

between the line control unit and the
modem
The main reason that serial transmission

is preferred to parallel transmission is
that
A. Serial interface
A. Serial is faster
B. Parallel interface
B. Serial requires only a single channel
C. Interface
C. Serial requires multiple channel
D. All of these
D. Parallel is too expensive
8/27/2014
QUESTION
The CCITT specifications for modem
interfacing
A. V series
B. X series
C. I series
D. Q series
Data Communication Protocols are SET OF

RULES AND REGULATIONS governing the
ORDERLY EXCHANGE OF DATA WITHIN THE
NETWORK.
A formal description of a set of RULES AND
CONVENTIONS that govern how devices on
a network exchange information
Connection Oriented a logical connection

is established between the endpoints prior to
the transmission of the data, for higher
reliability.
Connectionless protocols where the data
are exchanged in an unplanned manner
without prior coordination between
endpoints.
Syntax
The structure or format of the data within a
message.
Semantics
Meaning of each section of data.
QUESTION
QUESTION
The character that indicates the

message number, destination and other
facts are collectively referred as:
A character used to facilitate the orderly

flow of data from source to destination.
A. Header
B. alphanumeric
B. Graphic control characters
A. Parity
C. Error correction character
C. Control characters
D. Data link control characters
D. Datalink control characters
10
8/27/2014
TOP ECE Review >>Bringing you Forward
The name for

set of
standards for
comms
among
computers.
Defines the ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL,

FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION accessing the data
network.
Responsible for PHYSICAL ADDRESSING,
CONFIGURATION, TRANSMISSION MODES,
CONVERSION FROM BITS TO SIGNALS, AND
DETERMINING THE TOPOLOGIES USED.
Responsible for LOGICAL ADDRESSING AND

ROUTING OF DATA.
Responsible for keeping the INTEGRITY OF

DATA FROM NODE-TO-NODE.
Responsible for ERROR DETECTION AND
ERROR CORRECTION.
Like the Data Link Layer, it is responsible for

KEEPING THE INTEGRITY OF DATA FROM
END-TO-END.
It also performs SEGMENTATION OF DATA
from upper layers before transmission.
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8/27/2014
It is responsible for network availability.

It also includes NETWORK LOG-ON AND
LOG-OFF AND AUTHENTICATION.
Responsible for TRANSLATION of one code

to another.
Responsibilities include TRANSLATION,
ENCRYPTION AND COMPRESSION.
QUESTION
The MOST INTELLIGENT of all layers in the
OSI.
The end-to-end delivery of the entire

message is the responsibility of the
_____ layer.
Serves as the INTERFACE BETWEEN THE

USER AND THE NETWORK.
A. Network
B. Session
C. Transport
D. Presentation
Circuit Switching
Message Switching
Packet Switching
It is used for making a standard telephone call

on public telephone network.
The call is established, transfer information
and terminated.
It is a TRANSPARENT SWITCH.
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8/27/2014
A form of STORE-AND-FORWARD
NETWORK.
Data are divided into smaller segments,

called PACKETS.
Blocking cannot occur because of the

message storage capabilities of each switch.
Packet switching is sometimes called HOLDAND-FORWARD network.
Local Area
Networks
(LAN)
Metropolitan
Area
Networks
(MAN)
Wide Area
Networks
(WAN)
Types of network where devices are

connected in a relatively SMALL
GEOGRAPHIC AREA.
The term Ethernet refers to the family of localarea network (LAN) products covered by the
IEEE 802.3 standard that defines what is
commonly known as the CSMA/CD protocol.
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8/27/2014
10 BASE 5
10 BASE 2
10 BASE T
10 BASE FL
Where:
fb
Tx
Lmax
Media
= Data rate in Mbps

= transmission mode
= maximum segment length in 100m
= Transmission media
Example: 10Base-2 = 10Mbps, baseband

transmission, 185m
Ethernet
System
Transmission Medium
10Base-5
10Base-2
10Base-T
10Broad-36
10Base-FL
10Base-FB
10Base-FP
100Base-TX
100Base-FX
100Base-T4
1000Base-LX
1000Base-SX
1000Base-CX
Coaxial cable (RG-8 or RG-11)

Coaxial cable (RG-58)
UTP/STP category 3
Coaxial cable (75 ohms)
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
UTP/STP category 5
Optical Fiber
UTP/STP category 5
Long wave Optical Fiber
Short wave Optical Fiber
Short Copper Jumper
QUESTION
For an Ethernet bus that is 300 meters in length, using
a cable with a velocity factor of 0.66, and a
communication rate of 10 Mb/s, calculate the total
number of bits that would be sent by each station
before it detects a collision, if one station begins to
transmit at the first possible moment such that its
transmission would not be detected by the other
station before it began its transmission.
A.
B.
C.
D.
20
30
25
35
X.25 Packet Switching

Frame Relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
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8/27/2014
QUESTION
The CCITT specifications for data
communications
A. V series
B. X series
C. I series
D. Q series
X.25 defines how packet-mode terminal can be connected

to a packet network or PDN for the exchange of data.
X.25 defines how the users DTE communicates with the
network and how packets are sent over that network using
DTEs.
QUESTION
What is the minimum data rate of CCITT
X.21?
X.25 has a
transmission rate
of 1.544 Mbps.
X.25 specifies 3
layers:
A. 56 kbps
B. 20 kbps
C. 1.5 Mbps
Packet Layer
Network Layer
Frame Layer
Data Link
Physical Layer
Physical (X.21)
D. 64 kbps
WAN Technology
with Higher data
rate at lower cost.
Data rate can be
up to 44.376 Mbps
Bursty data or
bandwidth on
demand.
Operates on the
physical and data
link layers.
Uses:
Uses Two Virtual Circuits:

Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
Uses only two layers:

Frame Layer Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer
Variable packets
Statistical Mux
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8/27/2014
Application Adaptation
Layers
ATM network uses the cell as

the basic unit of data
exchange.
A cell is defined as a small
fixed-sized block of
information.
The cell used is 53-byte cell
with 5 bytes header and 48
bytes as the payload.
Accepts transmission from

upper-layer services and
maps them into ATM cells.
ATM Layer
Provides Routing, traffic
management, switching
and multiplexing.
Physical Layer
Defines the transmission
medium, bit transmission,
encoding and electricalto-optical transformation.
QUESTION
The CCITT specifications for ISDN
ISDN is a set of
protocols that
combines digital
telephony and
data transport
services.
ISDN incorporates
all communication
connection in a
home or building
into a simple
interface.
A. V series
B. X series
C. I series
D. D series
QUESTION
What equation defines the composition
of an ISDN basic access line?
Bearer (B) 64 kbps

Data (D) 16, 64 kbps
Hybrid (H) 384, 1536, 1920 kbps
A. 2B + 2D
B. 2B + D
C. B + 2D
D. B + D
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8/27/2014
QUESTION
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
23B+D and has a transmission rate of 1.544 Mbps
or 30B+D and a transmission rate of 2.048 Mbps.
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
A _____ converts information from nonISDN format to ISDN format.

A. TE1
B. NT1
2B+D and has a transmission rate of 192 kbps.
C. NT2
D. TA
Network
Termination 1
(NT1)
Network
Termination 2
(NT2)
Terminal
Equipment 1
(TE1)
Terminal
Equipment 2
(TE2)
Terminal Adapter
(TA)
Reference
Point R
Reference
Point S
Reference
Point T
Reference
Point U
10-Item Multiple Choice Questions
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8/27/2014
QUESTION
QUESTION
The total amount of useful information

that is processes or communicated
during a specific time period.
Who states that the information

capacity is a linear function of
bandwidth and transmission time?
A. Data rate
A. C Shannon
B. Throughput
B. H Nyquist
C. Success rate
C. R Hartley
D. All of these
D. W Tomasi
QUESTION
QUESTION
A device that connects two dissimilar

networks.
Which of the following is used in a star

topology of LAN?
a. Gateway
a. 10Base2
b. Router
b. 10Base5
c. Bridge
c. 10BaseT
d. Any of these
d. Any of these
QUESTION
QUESTION
In FDDI, what do you call a special

network frame which is passed around
the network from device to device?
The collision domain is the ___ distance

data travels between two stations.
A. Cell
B. Maximum
B. MAC frame
A. Minimum
C. Virtual
C. Token
D. A and B
D. Packet
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QUESTION
QUESTION
Assume six devices are arranged in a

mesh topology. How many cables are
needed?
Considered to be the first FTP by Ward

Christiansen.
A. 6
b. XMODEM
B. 5
a. Bisync
c. YMODEM
C. 720
d. None of these
D. 15
QUESTION
QUESTION
What is the size of an ATM cell?
In asynchronous transmission, the gap

time between bytes is ___.
a. 53 bits
a. Fixed
b. 424 bits
b. Variable
c. 48 bits
c. A function of the data rate
d. 5 bits
d. Zero
QUESTION
The total amount of useful information
that is processes or communicated
during a specific time period.
A. Data rate
B. Throughput
C. Success rate
D. All of these
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8/27/2014
QUESTION
QUESTION
Who states that the information

capacity is a linear function of
bandwidth and transmission time?
A device that connects two dissimilar

networks.
A. C Shannon
b. Router
B. H Nyquist
a. Gateway
c. Bridge
C. R Hartley
d. Any of these
D. W Tomasi
QUESTION
QUESTION
Which of the following is used in a star

topology of LAN?
a. 10Base2
In FDDI, what do you call a special

network frame which is passed around
the network from device to device?
A. Cell
b. 10Base5
B. MAC frame
c. 10BaseT
C. Token
d. Any of these
D. Packet
QUESTION
QUESTION
The collision domain is the ___ distance

data travels between two stations.
A. Minimum
Assume six devices are arranged in a

mesh topology. How many cables are
needed?
A. 6
B. Maximum
B. 5
C. Virtual
C. 720
D. A and B
D. 15
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8/27/2014
QUESTION
QUESTION
Considered to be the first FTP by Ward

Christiansen.
What is the size of an ATM cell?
a. Bisync
b. 424 bits
b. XMODEM
a. 53 bits
c. 48 bits
c. YMODEM
d. 5 bits
d. None of these
QUESTION
In asynchronous transmission, the gap
time between bytes is ___.
a. Fixed
b. Variable
c. A function of the data rate
d. Zero
21

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8/27/2014

Fernando Victor V. de Vera, ECE, M.Tech

2011, TOP ECE Review

The PROCESS OF SENDING DIGITAL

2011, TOP ECE Review

DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (DTE)

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

it is a general term that describes the

2011, TOP ECE Review

Data communications refers to the

CSU Channel Service Unit

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

The digital circuit often used to perform

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

to a data communications link

Defines the way two

LINK The physical

D. The information sent is coded prior to

2011, TOP ECE Review

Involves only two devices connected

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

Involves two or more stations SHARING A

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

Devices are SHARING ONLY ONE LINK or

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

A variation of the star

The devices are

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

Data Link Control

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

A string of characters making up a

The dots and dashes in Morse code is

B. High and Low level

C. Positive and Negative

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

Errors in data transmission is usually

Which error detection method involves

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

An error detection system that uses a

The basic building block of a parity

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review

A popular error correction technique

2011, TOP ECE Review

2011, TOP ECE Review