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•Doppler
Doppler Principles
•Color
Color Principles
The Doppler Concept Color/Doppler
To the observer,
the engine sound
appears to fall pitch
While this plane on the
ground appears to have
a constant pitch
An Analogy Color/Doppler
its frequency.
Color/Doppler
e Ultrasound
Doppler Effect
In ultrasound Im aging, echoes received from m ost tissues will be at the same
frequency as the transmitted beam. However, if echoes re ceive d are from
tissue s or blood cells that are m oving, the transmitted and received frequencie s
will not be the same. This “shifted” frequency c an be used to determine the
relative velocity and t he direction of t his m oving tiss ues. This effect is known as
the Dopple r Principle . Essentially, the grea ter the frequency shift, the higher
the ve locity of the moving object. Additionally, movement towa rd the transduce r
results in a higher rec eived frequenc y, and mov ement awa y in a lower received
frequency.
e Ultrasound
Doppler Effect
TXM TXM
RCV RCV
GEMS-A Marketing
Doppler Concept Color/Doppler
When sound strikes a blood cell,
the echo bounces back at the
same frequency
•You
You can think of it as the movement of the blood
stretching or compressing the sound wave, thus
changing the frequency.
•Doppler
Doppler instruments measure this change in
frequency in order to determine velocity.
Color/Doppler
e Ultrasound
Spectral Doppler
Spectral Doppler, of high value in ultrasound diagnosis, can be used for
evaluation of blood flow, includes two kinds:
- Pulse Doppler(PW)
(PW)
GEMS-A Marketing
Color/Doppler
Pulse Doppler
• The Doppler
processor puts a dot
on the “spectrum”
based on the
velocity of a moving
object.
Doppler Processor Color/Doppler
• When several
objects move at the
same velocity, the
corresponding dot
on the spectrum is
brighter.
Doppler Processor Color/Doppler
Doppler Information Color/Doppler
Velocity
Turbulence
Intensity
In general, flow toward the transducer will be above the baseline, and flow
away from the transducer will be below the baseline.
Color/Doppler
Doppler Shift Equation
fd = 2V ft Cos θ
c
fd = Frequency shift (ft-fr)
ft = Transmitted frequency
θ = Angle of ultrasound beam with
direction of blood flow
V=velocity of blood flow
then fd = 2825 Hz
(Between 20 Hz & 20 kHz)
Doppler Angle
90 80
70
60
As Doppler angle 50
increases, echo 40
Doppler shift 30
frequency decreases. 20
(Pls note length of Red
10
Arrow)
0
e Ultrasound
R R R R
Pulse Repetition
Period
* Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) is the number of times per second that
transducer transmits a pulse.
GEMS-A Marketing
Color/Doppler
e Ultrasound
The maximum Do ppler shif t velocity measu rable in Pulse Do ppler is limited t o one
half t he samp lin g rat e d ef ined by the PRF, which is mainly determined by th e samplin g
dept h. For a given t ran sd ucer and dep th, this maximum m easurable velo cit y, which is
known as t he Nyquist Limit , can be calculated using t he following equation :
PRF
Nyquist Limit =
2
Remember:If t he sp eed o f the blo od is faster t han one-h alf of th e PRF th e sign al will alias.
27th January
GEMS- 2007
A Marketing By : Mahendra Mehra
The Aliasing Problem Color/Doppler
e Ultrasound
CW Dop pler is used primarily in diagnosing abnormalities in which range resolut ion is no t important
or when the user is interest ed in t he q uantification of high velocity jet s.
CW PW
GEMS-A Marketing
Color/Doppler
Double Transducer
Transmit
Receive
θ
Blood
Flow + 2-D
= CFM
Color Doppler Color/Doppler
Carotid at 90 0
Fl ow Direction
Flow
Ambiguity
Excellent
Doppler Shift
Excellent
Doppler Shi ft
A
B
C
Color/Doppler
Dealing with the Doppler Problems
A
B
The flow velocity is the same in the vessel, but the angle makes
it look like the blood is accelerating from A to B to C.
Dealing with the Doppler Problems Color/Doppler
• What is going on here?
• Why is the blood flow multi-colored,
colored, rather than all red or
all blue?
Dealing with the Doppler Problems Color/Doppler
• What is going on here?
• Why is the blood flow multi-colored,
colored, rather than all red or
all blue?
Velocity
Turbulence
Intensity
• It appears to be more
sensitive (no zero angle to
worry about).
Color/Doppler
• Thank You
Thank You
Remember,,, enough “GAS”
solves all problems !!
• G = GA IN
• A = A NGLE
• S = STE E RING