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Color/Doppler

•Doppler
Doppler Principles
•Color
Color Principles
The Doppler Concept Color/Doppler

Moving objects and stationary objects


sound differently to the observer...

To the observer, the


engine sound appears
to rise in pitch

To the observer,
the engine sound
appears to fall pitch
While this plane on the
ground appears to have
a constant pitch
An Analogy Color/Doppler

You can think of it as a moving object that either

compresses or stretches the sound wave , thus changing

its frequency.
Color/Doppler

e Ultrasound

Doppler Effect
In ultrasound Im aging, echoes received from m ost tissues will be at the same
frequency as the transmitted beam. However, if echoes re ceive d are from
tissue s or blood cells that are m oving, the transmitted and received frequencie s
will not be the same. This “shifted” frequency c an be used to determine the
relative velocity and t he direction of t his m oving tiss ues. This effect is known as
the Dopple r Principle . Essentially, the grea ter the frequency shift, the higher
the ve locity of the moving object. Additionally, movement towa rd the transduce r
results in a higher rec eived frequenc y, and mov ement awa y in a lower received
frequency.

GEMS-A Mar keti ng


Color/Doppler

e Ultrasound

Doppler Effect

TXM TXM

RCV RCV

If th e reflecto r is mo ving toward the If th e reflecto r is traveling away


transmitter, the received frequ ency from the transmitter, the received
will be higher than the transmit frequency will be lower th an the
frequency. transmit frequency.

GEMS-A Marketing
Doppler Concept Color/Doppler
When sound strikes a blood cell,
the echo bounces back at the
same frequency

But when the blood cell is moving away


from sound source,the reflected echo
will be at a lower frequency.

And when the blood cell is moving


towards the sound source,the reflected
echo will be at a higher frequency

•You
You can think of it as the movement of the blood
stretching or compressing the sound wave, thus
changing the frequency.
•Doppler
Doppler instruments measure this change in
frequency in order to determine velocity.
Color/Doppler

e Ultrasound

Spectral Doppler
Spectral Doppler, of high value in ultrasound diagnosis, can be used for
evaluation of blood flow, includes two kinds:

- Pulse Doppler(PW)
(PW)

- Continuous Wave Doppler (CW).

GEMS-A Marketing
Color/Doppler
Pulse Doppler

In Pulse Doppler, the transducer emits few


cycles of pulses at a time into the human body. Pulse Doppler
Echoes reflected from moving structure
including blood cells, experience
a Doppler shift in frequency. Single Transducer
Using the Doppler equation, the echo
information obtained within the ‘Sample Range Gate
Volume’ is analyzed for shifted frequency θ
Content and displayed as a graphic waveform
which gives information about blood flow velocity
.at a particular point in vessel.

11/12/01 Doppler.ppt WPS 6


A Doppler Processor Color/Doppler

• The Doppler
processor puts a dot
on the “spectrum”
based on the
velocity of a moving
object.
Doppler Processor Color/Doppler

• When there are


objects moving at
different speeds, the
Doppler processor
displays a dot for
each object.
Doppler Processor Color/Doppler

• The vertical position


represents the
object’s velocity.
Doppler Processor Color/Doppler

• When several
objects move at the
same velocity, the
corresponding dot
on the spectrum is
brighter.
Doppler Processor Color/Doppler
Doppler Information Color/Doppler

There are 3 key pieces of information in a Doppler signal

Velocity

Turbulence

Intensity
In general, flow toward the transducer will be above the baseline, and flow
away from the transducer will be below the baseline.
Color/Doppler
Doppler Shift Equation
fd = 2V ft Cos θ
c
fd = Frequency shift (ft-fr)
ft = Transmitted frequency
θ = Angle of ultrasound beam with
direction of blood flow
V=velocity of blood flow

11/16/01 Doppl er.ppt WPS 2


Color/Doppler

 It so happens that, for diagnostic ultrasound,


the Doppler Shift lies in the audible range.

For example, if v = 0.5 m/s, fo = 5 MHz,


angle = 30 ° and c = 1540 m/s,

then fd = 2825 Hz
(Between 20 Hz & 20 kHz)

11/16/01 Dop pler.ppt WPS 3


Color/Doppler

Doppler Angle
90 80
70
60

 As Doppler angle 50

increases, echo 40

Doppler shift 30

frequency decreases. 20
(Pls note length of Red
10
Arrow)
0

11/16/01 Doppler.ppt WPS 5


Color/Doppler

e Ultrasound

Pulse Repetition Frequency


T T T T

R R R R

Pulse Repetition
Period

* Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) is the number of times per second that
transducer transmits a pulse.

* Pulse Repetition Frequency is dependent on transmit depth and


propagation velocity. ( 1540 m/s )

GEMS-A Marketing
Color/Doppler

e Ultrasound

Nyq uist Limit

The maximum Do ppler shif t velocity measu rable in Pulse Do ppler is limited t o one
half t he samp lin g rat e d ef ined by the PRF, which is mainly determined by th e samplin g
dept h. For a given t ran sd ucer and dep th, this maximum m easurable velo cit y, which is
known as t he Nyquist Limit , can be calculated using t he following equation :

PRF
Nyquist Limit =
2
Remember:If t he sp eed o f the blo od is faster t han one-h alf of th e PRF th e sign al will alias.

27th January
GEMS- 2007
A Marketing By : Mahendra Mehra
The Aliasing Problem Color/Doppler

• Pulsed Doppler has the limitation that


the maximum velocity is determined
by the sampling rate i.e. PRF, pulse
repetition frequency.

• If the maximum velocity for that


transducer and depth exceeds the
Nyquist limit, a phenomenon known as
Aliasing occurs. Aliasing results in
the display of wrong information with
velocity display showing a wraparound
effect.
Doppler Summary Color/Doppler
• Three Key Pieces of Information in
a Doppler Signal
– Velocity
– Intensity
– Turbulence

• In general, flow toward the


transducer is above the baseline,
flow away is below the baseline.

• Major limitation is maximum


velocity, which is based on
frequency and sampling rate.

• 2nd limitation is the angle of flow


relative to the transducer.
Color/Doppler

e Ultrasound

Continuous Wave Doppler


Cont in uous Wave Dop pler, or CW Doppler, is a sim ilar modality to Pulse Doppler in that frequency
data is g at hered to d et ermine blood velocity along the ultrasoun d lin e. With CW Dopp ler, the transm it
and receive f unctions happen simultaneously. Th is overcom es the maximum velo cit y limit, but t he
exact po in t alo ng the ultraso und line from which the velo city data originated can n ot be determ in ed.
(No range resolution ).

CW Dop pler is used primarily in diagnosing abnormalities in which range resolut ion is no t important
or when the user is interest ed in t he q uantification of high velocity jet s.

CW PW

Range Resolution None Determined by


Sample Vol ume

Maximum Velocity Virtually Unl imited Li mi ted by 1/2 PRF

GEMS-A Marketing
Color/Doppler

Continuous Wave Doppler

Double Transducer
Transmit

Receive
θ

11/12/01 Dopple r.ppt WPS 6


Color/Doppler
Color Flow Mapping

Color Flow Mapping (CFM) combines B-mode


mode image format and Pulsed Doppler to
provide a two dimensional representation of blood flow in Real Time.

The Doppler ultrasound lines, like B-mode


mode lines, are sequentially scanned through the
frame. Multiple range gates are taken along the Doppler lines. The calculated velocity
data is assigned a color to represent a certain velocity and direction, and then displayed
combining with the B-mode
mode image at the original location.

Blood
Flow + 2-D
= CFM
Color Doppler Color/Doppler

• Color Doppler uses the


same principals.

• The system acquires a


Doppler Spectrum from
many points in the image.

• For each point, the system


determines the average
velocity.

• The average velocity is


converted to a color.
Generally RED toward the
transducer and BLUE
away.
Color Doppler Color/Doppler
Color Doppler takes the average
velocity and maps it to a color

...and then repeats the process


throughout the color flow
region.
Anatomy of a Color Flow Image Color/Doppler

• The result is an image with


colors representing the
average velocities.
General direction
of ultrasound beam
Anatomy of a Color Flow Image Color/Doppler

• The result is an image with


colors representing the
average velocities.
General direction
of ultrasound beam

This area is blue, so


flow is generally away
from the beam, right to left
Anatomy of a Color Flow Image Color/Doppler

• The result is an image with


colors representing the
average velocities.
General direction
of ultrasound beam

This area is blue, so


flow is generally away
from the beam, right to left
This area is red, so
flow is toward the
beam, left to right
Color Flow has Doppler Limitations Color/Doppler

• Of the three pieces of information


from a Doppler signal, CFM uses
only the VELOCITY information.
– Velocity
– Intensity
– Turbulence

• And has the same limitations:


– Aliasing: Maximum velocity
limited by PRF
– Dependent on angle of flow
The Angle Problem Color/Doppler
The Angle Problem Color/Doppler

• The transducer only sees a portion of the total velocity.


The Angle Problem Color/Doppler

• On the other side, the apparent direction appears to be opposite,


even though the flow direction is the same!
The Angle Problem Color/Doppler
• And in the center... there is NO apparent flow. Doppler processors
cannot see flow perpendicular to the ultrasound beam.
The Angle Problem Color/Doppler
Color/Doppler

Probe and Cursor Adjustments


Correct Doppler Shift

11/12/01 Dopple r.ppt WPS 6


Color/Doppler
Incorrect Doppler Shift

11/12/01 Dopple r.ppt WPS 7


Color/Doppler
Note interior vessel wall (intima
(
or fatty streaking)

Carotid at 90 0

11/12/01 Dopple r.ppt WPS 8


Color/Doppler

Fl ow Direction
Flow
Ambiguity

11/12/01 Dopple r.ppt WPS 9


Color/Doppler

Excellent
Doppler Shift

11/12/01 Dopple r.ppt WPS 10


Color/Doppler

Excellent
Doppler Shi ft

11/12/01 Dopple r.ppt WPS 11


The Aliasing Problem Color/Doppler

PRF 6000 Hz 37cm/sec


PRF 5000 Hz 31 cm/sec

PRF 3800 Hz 23 cm/sec PRF 3000 Hz 19cm/sec


Dealing with the Doppler Problems Color/Doppler

• What is going on here?


• Why is the blood flow multi-colored,
multi rather than all
red or all blue?
Dealing with the Doppler Problems Color/Doppler

• What is going on here?


• Where is the flow velocity the highest?
A? B? C?

A
B

C
Color/Doppler
Dealing with the Doppler Problems

• What is going on here?


• Where is the flow velocity the highest?
A? B? C?

A
B

The flow velocity is the same in the vessel, but the angle makes
it look like the blood is accelerating from A to B to C.
Dealing with the Doppler Problems Color/Doppler
• What is going on here?
• Why is the blood flow multi-colored,
colored, rather than all red or
all blue?
Dealing with the Doppler Problems Color/Doppler
• What is going on here?
• Why is the blood flow multi-colored,
colored, rather than all red or
all blue?

It’s a combination of changing angles and aliasing.


Dealing with the Doppler Problems Color/Doppler

• Velocity asks “how fast is • Intensity asks “how many


it going?” are going?”

• Velocity is subject to angle • Intensity is not subject to


problems. Apparent angle problems. How
velocity changes with many doesn’t change with
angle. angle.

• Velocity is subject to • Intensity is not subject to


aliasing. Depends on PRF. aliasing. How many
doesn’t change with
sampling rate.
Dealing with the Doppler Problems Color/Doppler
• Remember this?

Velocity
Turbulence

Intensity

• What if we used Intensity instead of Velocity to map the flow


information?
Dealing with the Doppler Problems Color/Doppler

• The result is color flow that is


not angle dependent, and
not subject to aliasing.

• We call it Power Doppler


Imaging (PDI).

• It appears to be more
sensitive (no zero angle to
worry about).
Color/Doppler

• Thank You
Thank You
Remember,,, enough “GAS”
solves all problems !!
• G = GA IN
• A = A NGLE
• S = STE E RING

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