Introductiontothe

StandardModel
Quarksandleptons
BillMurray,
RAL,
March2004

Bosonsandforces
TheHiggs

Prepare
Computer
paractical
1

Fromyoutothequark

Electrons
orbiting
nucleus

uandd
type
quarks

TheMatterParticles
U

Proton
U
Neutron

d
Electron
Neutrino

Mass:1.71027kg
charge:+1
Charge:0

Mass:0.0005protonmass
charge:1

Mass:~<109protonmass?
Charge:0
3

TheparticlesofMatter
u
uu

'up'quark

dd
d

'down'quark

Comein3versions,
knownascolours
Exercisetocheck
thislater

neutrino
Electron
e

Why3
colours?
4

TheparticlesofMatter

Allordinarymatteriscomposedofthese

Thereisacorrespondingantiparticleforeach,
e stalklater
seeBruce'
5

TheMatterparticles

1stGeneration

2ndGeneration

3rdGeneration

Ordinary
matter

Cosmicrays

Accelerators
Why3
generations
?

TheMatterparticles
1.7GeV

175GeV

1.7GeV

1stGeneration

2ndGeneration

0.1GeV
Othersarelighter

3rdGeneration 4.5GeV

E=mc2
1GeV~ProtonMass

TheMatterparticles
1974

1995

2001

1stGeneration
1897

2ndGeneration

3rdGeneration

1977

1975

Arethese'generations'identical?
Almost...notquite
Theweaknuclearforcecanchange
fromonegenerationtoanother
ConservationofEnergymeansthat
heavylightdominates

Allowed
Forbidden

Soononly
lightones
left
9

Howdoquarkscombine?
u
u

two'u'quarksandone'd'quark

d
d

Aproton:

Aneutron:
2'd'quarksand1'u'
quark

Mesonshaveaquark
andanantiquark

With6quark
typesthereare
hundredsof
Only'
colourless'

combinationsexist:
combinations:

p,n,, , ,
red+blue+green=white
red+
antired=black
antired
Manycreated,
notstable:
+, 0 , , , , 0
10

Canweseeaquark?
Probablynot
Thepictureshows
theresultofmaking
apairofquarksat
LEP,CERN
Thequarksarenot
seen:Ajetof
hadronsisinstead
11

Howdothequarkshide?
Z0

StartwithaZ

d d

Decaystoquarks:closetogether
Colourscancel

Astheymoveapartacolourdipole
appears

D
gluon
d

Gluonslinkthechargestogether

Whengluonssnap,newquarksappear12

Howdoweknowaboutquarks?
Rutherfordfoundanucleusintheatombyfiring
alphaparticlesatgoldandseeingthembounceback
StanfordLinearAcceleratorCentre,
California

Fireelectronsatprotons:Seebigdeflections!
Late1960's

13

TheForcesofNature
Force

Realm

Particle

Electro
Magnets,
Photon,
magnetism DVD players
Strong
Fusion
Gluon,
g
+

Weak
W
,W
,
decay,
0
Z
(sunshine)
Gravitation Not in the same
framework
Higgsmaygive
alink?

14

TheForcesofNature
Force

Mass,GeV

Electro
0
magnetism
Strong
Weak

Particle
Photon,

Gluon,
g
+

W ,W ,
Z0

80,
91
Gravitation Not in the same
framework

.gandZ
areown
antiparticles
W+andW
antiparticles

15

MediationoftheForces
Electron

Positron
(antielectron)

Feynman
Diagram

Ateachvertex
chargeis
conserved.
Heisenberg
Uncertainty
allowsenergy
borrowing.

16

HowdoWandZbehave?
e

Electron,e

Z0

Positron,e+
(antielectron)

TheZcanact
exactlylikethe
photon

e+
17

HowdoWandZbehave?
e

Electron,e

Positron,e+
(antielectron)

Hereisthe
originalphoton
diagramagain

e+
18

HowdoWandZbehave?
e

Electron,e

Z0

neutrino,

ButtheZdoes
notcoupleto
charge,socan
alsointeractwith
neutrinos

19

HowdoWandZbehave?
e

Electron,e

W+

Positron,e+
(antielectron)

TheWcarries
charge,and
changeselectron
intoaneutrino.
Butwhatcharge
isthisW?
e
20

Particlesandforces
uquarks

dquarks

electron neutrino

E.M.
charge

+2/3

1/3

Strong
force

yes

yes

no

no

Weak
force

yes

yes

yes

yes

Colouristhe
chargeofthe
Strongforce

Heaviergenerationshaveidentical
pattern
21

WhatistheHiggsboson?
Theequationsdescribingtheforcesandmatter
particlesworkwell.
Unfortunatelytheydemandthattheyallweigh
nothing
Weknowthisisnottrue

Prof.Higgsproposedanadditionwhichcorrects
this.
TogetherKnown
TheStandardModel
as

22

TheWaldegraveHiggschallenge
In1993,thethenUKScienceMinister,William
Waldegrave,issuedachallengetophysiciststo
answerthequestions:
'WhatistheHiggsboson,andwhydowewanttofind
it?'
ononesideofasheetofpaper.
DavidMillerofUCLwonabottleofchampagneforthe
following:
23

TheWaldegraveHiggschallenge

Imaginearoomfullof
politicalactivists

24

TheWaldegraveHiggschallenge

ThePrimeMinister
walksin

25

TheWaldegraveHiggschallenge

Heissurroundedbya
clusterofpeople

Analogousto
generationofMass

26

TheWaldegraveHiggschallenge

Imaginethesameroom
again

27

TheWaldegraveHiggschallenge

Ainterestingrumouris
introduced

28

TheWaldegraveHiggschallenge
Thanksto
D.Miller
andCERN

Photo
CERN

Soonwehaveacluster AnalogoustoHiggs
ofpeoplediscussingit
boson

29

WhatdoesHiggstheoryimply?
Higgs'mechanismgives
masstoWandZbosons,
andtothematterparticles.
MassoftheWpredicted

Wecan
Italsopredictsone checkit

extraparticle:
TheHiggsboson

TheHiggs
Bosonmassis

notpredicted

30

TheW,thetopquarkandHiggs
WecancalculatethemassoftheWboson
NeedthemassoftheZandthestrengthofthe
forces;thesearewellknown
Itisalsoaffectedby:
Topquarkmass:

Weakeffect

Higgsmass: Tinyeffect

31

TheW,thetopquarkandHiggs

TheWmassis
about80GeV/c2
32

TheW,thetopquarkandHiggs

Expanded
scale

TheWmass
dependsuponthe
topandHiggs
masses

33

CERN'sColliderring
4LEPexperiments:

LEP:e+e,Ecms~209GeV

CERN

34 Photo
CERN

IntheLEPtunnel
27kmof
vacuum
pipeand
bending
magnets

Photo
CERN
35

OneLEPexperiment:OPAL
Oneof
four
rather
similar
detectors

Photo
CERN

Notethe
people

Assemblyin1989

36

OneLEPexperiment:OPAL
Cutaway
view

Beam

Onion
layersof
detectors
surround
interaction
point
37

PartofOPAL:TrackingChamber
159
Wires
24ofthese
sectorsmake
abarrel
shape

38

Howtorecognizeevents:
e) Z->-

Zqq:Twojets,many
particles

Ze+e,+:Two
chargedparticles(eor.)
Z+:Each gives1or
3tracks

39

HowtorecognizeZdecays:

Z :
Not detectable.
40

Rate

ZstudiesatLEP
From1989to1995
LEPcreated
20,000,000Zbosons

Thesewereusedfor
detailedstudiesofits
properties
Peakat
Zmass,
91GeV

Hereyouseethe
analysiswhich
establishedthenumber
ofneutrinosas3
41

TheW,thetopquarkandHiggs

ResultfromZstudies

TheWandtop
massesfromZ
studiesagreewith
theory
i.e.theylieonthe
curves
Theycanbe
checkedbydirect
measurement
42

TheW,thetopquarkandHiggs
Wmassfrom
LEPand
Tevatron

Completely
consistent!

Thissuggestedthe
topquarkhada
massof175GeV
beforeithadbeen
discovered
43

TheW,thetopquarkandHiggs
Topmass
from
Tevatron

Again,
incredible
consistency
Thetopmass
directlymeasured
agreescompletely
withthepredicted
one
44

TheW,thetopquarkandHiggs
100GeV

Scalehas
been
expanded
further
300GeV
1000GeV

Thedata
(especiallyifthey
areaveraged)
suggestaHiggs
massaround
100GeV
Thisprocedure
workedforthetop
quark.Willit
predictHiggs
mass?
45

SummaryofHiggs'
model
WmassagreeswithHiggstheory
to1partin1000

Higgsmassshouldbe:

60
9638 GeV
Weneedtoknowwhetheritexists!
46

AwinkfromtheHiggs?
_ _

e+e- bbqq

Missing

Momentum

Serious Candidate

(14-Jun-2000, 206.7 GeV)

Mass 114.3 GeV/c2;

Good HZ fit;

Poor WW and ZZ fits;

P(Background) : 2%

s/b(115) = 4.6

The purest candidate event

High pT muon

b-tagging
(0 = light quarks, 1 = b quarks)

Higgs jets: 0.99 and 0.99;

Z jets: 0.14 and 0.01.

47

TheSearchfortheHiggs
Inthelate1990s/2000LEPatCERNranwith
enoughenergytomakeWpairs
TherewasalsohopesitmightmakeaHiggs.

48

TheWpairs:
Wsproducedby
reactionslikethisone

EachWdecaysin~1026seconds
e , ,

Intoleptons
(3sorts)
Orquarks
(2sorts)
49

W+W:Whatdowesee?
Amuon

Anelectron

BothWsdecayedto
leptons
50

W+W:Whatdowesee?
Ajetfrom
aquark
Amuon
Ajetfrom
aquark
OneWas2quarks,the
otherasamuon.
Thenicestsignature
51

W+W:Whatdowesee?
Ajetfrom
aquark
Ajetfrom
aquark

Ajetfrom
aquark
Ajetfrom
aquark

BothWs
decayedto2
quarks
52

HowmightLEPmakeaHiggs?
PredictedLEPevents,
4experiments

MakeaHiggsandaZ
together
SoneedEnergygreaterthan
HiggsmassplusZmass
53

WasthattheHiggs?
Distribution of the
reconstructed Higgs
boson mass with
increasing purity
for a signal with
mass 115 GeV/c2

Yellow:background
Red:PredictedHiggs
Just one or two
events...not enough
to tell
54

SomeUnansweredQuestions
DoestheHiggsexist?Whenwillweknow?
Whereisalltheantimatter?
WhataboutGravity
Whydowegetthecosmologicalconstantwrongby
10120?

Whyarethere3generationsofparticles?And3
colours?
BruceKennedy
willanswerall
theseafter
lunch!

55

WhatareLEPandLHC?
LEP

LHC

Beamsof

Electrons

Protons

Energy,GeV

209

14,000

Max.Higgs
Mass
Detailed?

115

~1000

Yes

No

Operation

19892000

2007

Verydifferentmachinesusingthesametunnel

plans
started
1980's
56

NowtobetheLHCtunnel
27kmof
vacuum
pipe
8.3Tesla
bending
magnets,
3oabove
absolute
zero

Photo
CERN
57

Whybigcircularcolliders?
Circular?
Itallowsustoreusetheparticle:theyhavemanychancestocollide
Theycanbeacceleratedmanytimesbythesamedevice.
Magneticfieldsguidebeamsroundtheringinoppositedirections

Big?
Toreachhighenergy.Differentlimitsforprotons&electrons:
Protons:Limitedbymagneticfluxcrossed.NeedlargeBxL
Electrons:Theylooseenergyeasily.Proportionalto(E/m)4/r
58