ES 100: Environmental Ecology

Final Exam
December 8th, 2005
Name:________________________________
TA:

________________________________

100 Points/ 6 Pages--Point values are shown in parentheses after the question number.
1. (14) Classify these 7 terms under the appropriate lake:
oligotrophic, eutrophic, higher primary productivity, deeper (eu)photic zone,
lower BOD, smelly seasonal overturn, anoxic hypolimnion

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

2. (2) How does the thermocline affect primary productivity?

3. (3) What are the three main limiting factors on primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems?

Multiple Choice: 2 points each. Choose the best answer

4. The open ocean is most like the____________ biome with regards to primary
productivity.
a. Tropical rainforest
b. Desert
c. Boreal forest
d. Tundra
5. Coral reefs are most like the____________ biome with regards to nutrient cycling
a.
b.
c.
d.

Tropical rainforest
Desert
Boreal forest
Tundra

6. Wetlands are most like the____________ biome with regards to nutrient storage.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Tropical rainforest
Desert
Boreal forest
Tundra

7. Would you consider the monarch butterflies used to save Ellwood to be a:

a. Flagship species
b. Indicator species
c. Keystone species
d. All of the above
8. The destruction of coral reefs that happens during dynamite fishing is an example
of a(n)______________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Contingent valuation
Low discount rate
Non-market value
Externality

9. Which of the following fish is most energy efficient to harvest?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Wild-caught salmon
Farm-raised salmon
Wild-caught Bluefin tuna
Farm-raised Tilapia or Carp

Multiple Choices: 3 points each. Circle ALL answers that apply

10. Which of the following typically uses a high discount rate?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Marine protected areas

People in poverty
Integrated aquaculture systems
Dynamite fishing

11. We have discussed the use of GIS in which of the following applications?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Enhancing communication between stakeholders in marine protected areas.

Prioritizing land acquisition for mountain lion habitat corridors
Modeling maximum sustainable yield of Atlantic Cod
Mapping the locations of Arundo donax in Santa Barbara watersheds.

Listing:
12. (2) List two ways in which the fire regime has changed in Californias chaparral
biome over the last century:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

(1) Do these changes tend to increase, or decrease biodiversity?

__________________________________
13. (3) List 3 ecosystem services provided by the Florida Everglades wetlands:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

14. (3) List 3 of the 5 major causes of biodiversity loss discussed in class:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

15. (2) List 2 advantages of using an integrated aquaculture system (such as the ricefish pond discussed in class) instead of a pond-only aquaculture system.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

(2) List 2 disadvantages of using an integrated aquaculture system

______________________________________________________________________________________

16. You are in charge of allocating land to be managed as a nature preserve. Do you
favor one large reserve (2,000 acres) or several small reserves (ten 200 acre
reserves) separated from each other by human development:_________________
a. (4) List two advantages of the choice you wrote in above:
Advantage #1:_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Advantage #2:__________________________________________________

b. (2) List one disadvantage of your choice:

Disadvantage:___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Short Answer:
17. Pine forests (softwood with needles) are earlier successional species than oakhickory forests (hardwood with broad leaves).
a. (2) Why do pine forests come before oak-hickory forests?

b. (3) How do pine forests facilitate the succession of oak-hickory forests?

c. (2) How do oak-hickory trees outcompete pines?

18. Choose one of the following invasive species (CIRCLE YOUR CHOICE):
i. Arundo donax in Santa Barbara
ii. Zebra Mussels in the Great Lakes
iii. Melaleuca in the Florida Everglades
iv. Rabbits in Australia
a. (4) What factors contribute to its success as an invasive species? (Be specific!!)
#1:___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

#2:___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

#3:___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

b. (6) Describe three ways that the species changes the ecosystem that it invades.
#1:___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

#2:___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

#3:___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

19. (4) Explain how a genetic bottleneck decreases the fitness of a population.

20. (6) Fishermen sometimes argue that otters deplete kelp forest biodiversity because they
eat such large quantities of food. Describe two ways in which otters promote biodiversity.

Consider the fisheries harvest model above (based on logistic growth) for Orange Roughy.
For questions 21-24, explain your answers (i.e. dont say risky, say why it is risky)
21. (4) You have a choice between harvesting at Point A, or at Point B. Which do
you choose? Why?

22. (4) You have a choice between harvesting at point B, or point D. Which do you
choose? Why?

23. (4) You have a choice between harvesting at point D, or point C. Which do you
choose? Why?

24. (5) You have just been informed that Orange Roughy grow much more slowly than
previously expected. Draw in a new curve on the graph on the left that represents slower
growth (assume the carrying capacity stays the same). Now draw in a new MSY curve on
the graph on the right. Your graph shows that slower growing fish have a
_________________ maximum sustainable yield than faster growing fish.