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cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
Telomerase activity
Describe the telomerase activity in the somatic cell cycle
and in cancer cells
PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
DNA helicase
Bloom syndrome and ataxia- telangiectasia
Replicative senescence
Telomere attrition and activation of tumor
suppressor gene
Shortened progressively ccell cycle arrest
Telomeres
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
Morphology of hemosiderin
Dystrophic calcification
Dystrophic calcification
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
a. Endogenous
b. Exogenous
Carbon
Anthacosis
Coal miners pneumoconiosis
Tattoos
Lipofuscin (lipochrome)
hemosiderin
Transferrin
Ferritin
Increased local or systemic iron ferritin forms
hemosiderin granules (common bruise)
Heme moiety is converted first to biliverdin (green
bile) bilirubin (red bile), while iron is incorporated
into the ferritin hemosiderin
These conversions account for the often
dramatic play of colors seen in healing
bruise
Hemosiderosis
1. Increased iron absorption due to
hemochromatosis
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
1. Atherosclerosis
2. Xanthomas
3. Cholesterolosis
4. Niemann- pick dse, type C
Atherosclerosis
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
3 types of autophagy
1. Chaperone mediated
- Direct translocation across the lysosomal
membrane by chaperone proteins
2. Microautophagy
- Inward invagination of lysosomal membrane
for delivery
3. Macroautophagy
-major form of autophagy involving the
sequestration and transportation of portion
of cytosol in a double- membrane bound
autophagic vacuole known as
autophagosome
Autophagy
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
What is FLIP?
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
-
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
Oxidative stress
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PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
Brain
Infarct
Liquefactive necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Caseous infection
Fibrinoid necrosis
Dystrophic calcification
ATP depletion
ATP and ATP synthesis are associated with toxins
and hypoxic injuries. They are normally produced in
the body in two ways:
a. oxidative phosphorylation of ADP molecule
ATP
b. glycolytic pathways when oxygen is not present
Reduced supply of O2 and nutrients, mitochondrial
damage, and actions of toxins
1. activity of the plasma membrane energydependent sodium pump accumulation of sodium
inside the cell cellular swelling and dilation of ER
and diffusion of K from the cell
2. altered cellular energy metabolism
PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
karyorrhexis
Coagulative necrosis
PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
Inadequate nutrition (marasmus, cachexia and
overproduction of TNF in cancer)
Loss of endocrine stimulation (loss of estrogen in
menupause shrinks the breast, uterus and vagina)
Pressure (tissue compression such as brain tumor
would suppress the surrounding tissue and
diminishes the blood supply)
Mnemonics: PIN WEB
PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
Define atrophy.
Physiologic atrophy
PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
Cellular aging
This follows when the adaptive response is
exceeded, of if the cell is exposed to injurious
agents or stress, deprived of essential nutrients or
compromised by mutation that affects the cellular
constituents.
Adaptation reversible injury cell death
The stimulus persists or severe enough from the
beginning cell death
Necrosis- a pathologic and non- programmed cell
death
Apoptosis- a physiologic process, programmed cell
death
Autophagy- this also leads to cell death when the
cell is deprived of the an essential nutrient
Cellular accumulations
CHON, CHO, lipids and Ca (leads to calcification)
Cellular aging
Adaptations
cell responses to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and death
Dr. MONTES
PATHOLOGY REVIEWER
.
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
pathology
Systemic pathology
a. etiology or cause
b. pathogenesis
c. morphologic changes
d. clinical manifestations
a. genetic- inherited mutations and dse- associated
gene variants, polymorphism
b. acquired- nutrition, chemical, chemical or physical
Pathogenesis
Refers to the structural alteration of cells or tissues
either characteristic of dse or diagnostic of the agent
Molecular targeted therapy
Morphologic changes (molecular analysis)
Functional derangements and clinical manifestations
Molecular or structural alteration in cells.
1. state of metabolism, differentiation, and
specialization
2. constraints of the neighboring cells
3. availability of the metabolic substrates
Homeostasis
adaptation