Refer to this version of the passage to answer the questions that follow.

Paragraph

Goral Golonies

These events
into the characteristically intricate reef structures for which {ft$$ are known.
interactions
delicate
well
as
processes
as
chemical
physical
and
and circumstances involve
to
thrive.
colonies
plants
for
coral
among various animals and
group of animals
The basic element in the development of coralline reef structures is a
jellyfish
and sea
to
related
it
closely
corals,
stony
*ffi
from the Anthozoa class, called
reef)'-wiich
the
coral
up
make
that
inimals
(tfre
ihOiviOual
polyps
anemones. These small
made up of $l-$.
are for the most part only airaction of an inch in length, live in colonies

Moipotypsclusteredtogether.Eachindividualpolypobtainscalcium
a skeleton around the lower part of its body' and

from the seawater wnere it lives to create

of other
the polyps attach themselves both to the living tissue and to the external skeletons
of
oaytiohig$,,"
hours
during
skeletons
their
of
inside
retreat
polyps. Many potyps tend to
on !,Sl#Hi
then stretch partialty outside of their skeletons during hours of darkness to feed
by
is
surrounded
body
top
of
each
the
at
mouth
The
them.
plankton from the water around
polyps
look
the
make
tentacles
of
rings
these
and
food,
grab
onto
rings of tentacles used to
for years thought that
like flowers with rings of ciustered petals; because of this, biologists
animals.
corals were plants rather than
quickly. They build
Once these coralline structures are established, they reproduce very
the skeletal
surrounding
coral
living
of
fringe
a
create
to
in uoward and outward directions
waters
tropical
in
commonplace
are
structures
That
coralline
;;;;;"i" ot olrg-f;il"iri.{ffi coral.
that
fact
the
than
quickly
rather
so
reproduce
they
that
fact
around t e trJlio ii ij,[ to the
cannot
They
nature.
of
forces
external
to
withstand
abte
*i$iffiffi tite+orms easity
i;;t
";"in waibr that is too diriy, and they need water that is at least 72" F (or 22" C) lo
survive
of the equator'
exist, so they are formed only in waters ranging from 30o north to 30o south
the
between
an
area
within
live
onty
they
so
sunlight,
of
ry, ;"; a significant amount
of
types
specific
require
they
addition,
it.
ln
beneath
meters
surface of the ocean and a few
are
and
nature
in
delicate
are
shells
skeletal
their
and
microscopic algae for their existence,
such as sponges
easily damag"J or fragmented. They are also prey io other sea animals
weaken
and
structures
$ffi.
and clams that bore inlo their skeletal
The many
Coral colonies cannot build reef structures without considerable assistance.
material
by
together
cemented
in
and
filled
be
must
openings in and among the skeletons
either
created
fine
sediments
of
consists
often
material
filling
from around the colonLs. The
shells,
the
skeletons,
from
or
coral
the
around
animals
other
i;; th; ffi$ffi and waste of
cement the coral
and remnants of dead plants and animals. The material that is used to
seaweed'
of
forms
microscopic
reefs comes from algae and other
a1d
An additionat part of the process of reei formation is the ffiil1$$ c.omO1cti91
nature
delicate
and
soluble
the
of
process.
Because
the
cementation that occurs throughout
and
corals
of
crystals
unstable
relatively
the
is
created,
of the material from which corJl
rf'"ff" itffii1ffi over time and are then rearranged as a more stable form of limestone'
fhe coiaffine structures that are created through these complicated processes are
or they may
extremely variable in form. They may, for example, be treelike and branching,
is the
however,
in
common,
theyshare
What
shapes.
have more rounded and compact
part
the
ongoing
of
a
necessary
are
life-forms
plant
animal
and
ffi
extraordinary variety of
process of $h |$; formation.
GLOSSARY

potyps: simple sea animals with tube-shaped bodies

24

READING

Questions
1. The word "tii$*i" in paragraph 1 refers to

@ coralcolonies
@ events and circumstances
@ intricate reef structures
@ chemical processes
2. The word "*fil*" in paragraph 2 refers to
@ the basic element

@ the development of coralline reef

structures

O
@

a group of animals
tne Anthozoa class

3. The phrase "#f;$mqgbuiribie ni:irtrb+,;i" in

paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

@ an exact integer
@ a huge quantity
@ a surprising total
@ a changing sum
4. The word "iili*ifffi" in paragraph 2 could
best be replaced by
@ tiny

@ light
@ timely
@ soft
5. The phrase.$ffi;{iVkrg" in paragraph 3 is
closest in meaning to

@
@
@
@

aging
dead

growing
solitary

8. The word "t$!ffi" in paragraph 3 refers to

@
@
@
@

sea animals

sponges and clams

skeletalstructures
many openings

9. The word "pqrirqg" in paragraph 4 is

closest in meaning to
@ dull pieces
@ strange creations
@ living beings
@ powdery remnants
10. The word "on.gqing" in paragraph 5 is
closest in meaning to
@ mobile
@ continuous

@
@

increasing

periodic

11. The phrase "i1ffi1$'- d;dt'rh" in paragraph 5 is

closest in meaning to
@ cease functioning
@ interrupt
@ descend
@ decompose
12. The word

"$ffi" in paragraph 6 refers to

@ variety
@ life-forms
@ Part
@ process
13. The word "tiiHili" in paragraph 6 refers to

6. The word "fiftfS" in paragraph 3 is closest

in meaning to
@ difficult

@ fragile
@ scarce
@ rugged

@
@
@
@

coralline structures
complicated processes
rounded and more compact shapes
plant and animal life-forms

7. The word "$i,$ii" in paragraph 3 refers to

@ coralline structures
@ upward and outward directions
@ skeletal remnants
@ external forces of nature

READING

tI

SKILLS

25

that follow' Then choose

to each passage and the questions
Listen
1:
EXERCISE
LISTENING
the best answers to the questions'
PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-2)

a professor'
Listen as a student consults with

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3-4)

a university
Listen as a student consults with
emploYee.

Consultation

Consultation

An Engineering Course

The Grade RePort

FEAffirffifffit

aEEFnmwt

l'lw
the
1. WhY does the student go to see
professor?

@ To ask the Professor for a form

@ To find out what will be taught
@ To get a signature on a form
@ To ask a question about some course
material
do?
2. What does the student want to
@ Repeat a course
@ Sign a form
@ Find out his grade
@ Learn about a course

128

LISTENING

office?
3. Why does the student go to the
@ To learn about a university policy
@ To find a solution for a Problem
@ To file a form before the deadline
@ To ask when something will haPPen

4. What is the topic of the conversation?

@ Using the comPuter sYstem
(E Filing a change of address form
(D Learning when grades will be sent out
@ Finding a missing document

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 5-6,)

PASSAGE FOUR (Questions 7-8)

Listen to some students having a discussion.

Listen as a professor leads a class discussion.

Discussion

Discussion

Lakes

Meteorology

IiiFffffi

tiqqffil

ffiffiffi]

FF5ifiFffitffil

5. What are the students discussing?

@ Various ways that major lakes formed
(D Tne world's largest body of water
@ Where various lakes are located
@ Lakes that formed in the same way

7. What is the topic of this discussion?

@ Two contrasting theories on storms
@ The function of centripetal force in
storms
@ The history of meteorology
@ Like theories by two different scientists

6. Why are the students discussing this

material?

They have just seen a presentation

They are preparing for an exam on it.

They must present it to their classrnates.
They are writing a research paper.

about it.

8. Why is this topic being discussed?

@
@
@

lt was introduced by the professor.

lt was on an exam the students took.
lt was assigned to the students for

homework.
lt was brought up by a student.

LISTENING

SKILLS

129

LISTENING EXERCISE 2: Listen to each passage and the questions that follow. Then choose
the best answers to the questions.
PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-6)
Listen as a student consults with an office
worker on campus.

3. What does the student NOT need to do?

@ Complete a form
@ Show identification

@
@

Pay a fee
Bring her car

4. Where does the sticker go?

'
Consultation
A Parking Sticker

ffi

Click on 2 answers

tr On the front window

tr On the back window
tr On the right side
tr On the left side
5. What is stated about parking on campus?
@ Students may not park in colored areas.
@ Campus parking areas are distinguished

by color.
Areas marked with colors are not for
parking.
Parking stickers are marked with
difierent colors.

6. Who parks in which areas?

.'
E
E

.'-:'..'.': .'. Glick on.2.answerg.

."''

Students use blue parking areas.

Faculty and staff use blue parking areas.
Students use yellow parking areas.
Faculty and staff use yellow parking
areas.

[rqF-caffi
1. What is the student's situation?
@ She wants to buy another parking

@
@
@

sticker.
She needs to pay a parking ticket.
She is trying to get her first parking
sticker.
She would like to get a credit card.

2. How is the student going to pay?

@
@
@
@

With
With
With
With

cash
a check
a credit card
a debit card
LISTENING

\-

SKILLS

133

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 7-11)

Listen to a discussion by some students who
are taking a drama class.

9. How familiar are the students with their

lines?

@
@
@

They have not even looked at their lines.

They have read over their lines.
They have each memorized their own

They have each memorized everyone's

lines.
lines.
10. What is stated about the scene?

Discussion
A Drama Class

l-j:--ffi1

Click on 2 answers.

B lt takes place before a wedding.

E lt takes place during a wedding.
E George and Emily are getting married.
E George and Emily are wedding guests.
11. What are the students going to discuss

next?
,: 1:

r
ln]

7. When is the students' performance?

@
@
@
@

ln three days
ln ten days
ln a few weeks
ln three months

8. Which of these is NOT a character in the

scene?

@
@

Emily
George

Thornton Wilder
The Stage Manager

134

LISTENING

::,':..,
,;,,;.. ::f

:Sliok,,On A.AnsWef$' r ,r : ,]'; rlrrl , ,

rat
g

Other plays
Costumes

E
E

Characters
Props

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 12-17)

Listen

to a lecture in an education class.

14. What is stated in the lecture about the rules

for teachers?
::r''iiir:rr'rl::riir:,lri':.,Q1ick,,,m,,2,,#swi$;rl:,1;1,'

tr
E

tr
Education
Early Teachers

,rrl1',,:';.'

They were quite strict.

They were established by the teachers
themselves.
They were not just about behavior at
school.
They were considered quite humorous
by the teachers.

15. What rules about clothing are discussed in

the lecture?
Click'on 2 answers.

ffiFffir

The style of trousers

The type of material

tr The color of cloth

tr The length of the skirts
16. What were teachers required to do in the

evening?

@ Be in school
@ Stay home
@ Attend meetings
@ Leave town
17. Where were teachers forbidden to go?
Click on 2 answers.

tffiffiir

E To stores
E To bars
E To friends' houses
E To ice cream shoPs

12. Who is listening to the lecture?

@ Experienced teachers
@ Students of American history
@ School administrators
@ Future teachers
discussed in the lecture relate to what
period of time?
@ Late in the eighteenth century
@ Early in the nineteenth century
@ Early in the twentieth century
@ Late in the twentieth centurY

13. The rules

LISTENING SKILLS

135

PASSAGE FOUR (Quesfions 18-23)

20. What is iron pyrite composed of?

Listentoadiscussionbysomestudentstakingjii#li$isK6$#iffiw.ers':
a geology class.

ts Gold

E Sulfur
B Sparks
E lron
21. How does iron pyrite react to heat?

Geology
lron Pyrite

fffi

t$.illiirtiiiid$lsd iCl
E lt creates smoke.
E lt emits a bad smell.
E lt becomes golden.
E lt develops a shine.

fell i:;t'.t,'lrt,l

22. Where did the word "pyrite" come from?

@ From a Latin word meaning "gold"
@ From a Latin word meaning "fire"
@ From a Greek word meaning "iron"
@ From a Greek word meaning "fire"

23. How did some ancient cultures use iron

pyrite?

@
@
@
@

rr.s-r*mffiffi]
18. ln what way is iron pyrite similar to gold?
@ ln color
@ ln shape
@ ln composition
@ ln reaction to heat
19. Why is iron pyrite called fool's gold?
@ Some foolish people wasted time
looking for it.
@ Some foolish people thought that it was

@
@

136

gold.
Some foolish people preferred it to gold.
Some foolish people gave it awaY.

LISTENING

To
To
To
To

create gold
heat gold
staft fires
reduce odors

LISTENING REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-2): Listen to the passage and the questions that
follow. Then choose the best answers to the questions.
Questions 1-7
Listen as a student consults with a professor.

Consultation
An Anthropology Paper

riffiffifrFfrffil
riiffiffil

1. Why does the student go to see the

professor?

@
@
@
@

To take a

test he has missed

To get permission to write about a

particular topic
To ask a question about material from
the course text
To ask why certain material has been

assigned

2. What is the topic of the paper he wants to

write?

@
@
@
ffi
@

The use of stars in navigation

Various positions in the Roman military
The importance of astronomy in ancient
Rome
A method of determining the roles for

certain soldiers

3. Why were Roman soldiers asked to count

the stars in the Big Dipper?
@ To determine if they could use the stars
to navigate
@ To determine if they were
knowledgeable about constellations
@ To determine if they could see well at
long distances
@ To determine if they could count

ffiffiffiffi]
LISTENING

SKILLS

137

4. Which of the following is NOT true?

@ The Big Dipper is part of a binary star.
@ Mizar is part of the Big Dipper.
@ Alcor is part of a binary star.
@ The Big Dipper contains a number of
stars.

5. What two statements describe possible

outcomes from the Roman eyesight test?

6. How does the term "survival of the

fittest" relate to the test that the student
describes?

@
@
@
@

tr
tr
E

A
A
A
A

soldier
soldier
soldier
soldier

would
would
would
would

fight as an archer.
fight on horseback.
become an officer.
fight on the front lines.

The soldiers in the best physical shape

tended to survive in battles.
The soldiers with better eyesight would
fight from less dangerous positions.
The fittest Romans were not in the
military and therefore tended to
survive.
Those who could not see Alcor did not
survive the Roman military tests.

7. What does the professor finally decide?

That the topic is not refated to

anthropology

tr That the student should not use the topic

E
E

for his paper

That the student should concentrate on
the concept of survival of the fittest
That it is possible to use this topic for
the paper

138

LISTENING

WRITING EXERCISE 1: Read each of the passages, and note the topic and the main points
that are used to suppor-t each topic.
1. Read the passage. Take notes on the main points of the reading passage.

Homeschooling is becoming more and more popular in the United States. Parents who
decide to homeschool their children keep their children out of traditional classrooms with
one teacher and twenty to thirty or more children in each room. These parents educate
their children by themselves in the home.
This move toward homeschooling does not seem to be best for the children who
are homeschooled. For one thing, children in homeschools will not learn as much as
children in traditional schools. This is because traditional schools demand that students
learn a huge amount of material to pass from grade io grade. Homeschools are not set
up in such a way that they can demand, as traditional schools do, that students master
a certain amount of material before they pass on to a new level. For another, children
in homeschools do not have much social interaction with other children. Children in
homeschools do not have a classroom full of students to interact with, as children in
traditional schools most certainly do. Children in homeschools generally have only a
parent and perhaps a few siblings to interact with on a regular basis. Finally, children in
homeschools will noi have the broad curriculum that is available in traditional schools.
Traditional schools offer a wide variety of subjects, more subjects than it is possible
to offer in a homeschool. Traditionalschools have an established and wide-ranging
curriculum that cannot possibly be matched in a homeschooling environment.
TOPIC OF READING PASSAGE:
main points about the topic:

2. Read the passage. Take notes on the main points of the reading passage.
It is very common in English for one word to have many different meanings. This
condition, where one word has different meanings, is known as polysemy. ffhis term
comes from "poly-" meaning "many" and "sem-" meaning "meaning.")
"Sound" is one such polysemic word. As a noun, it refers to a noise (as in "a loud
sound") or a body of water (as in "Puget Sound"). As an adjective, it can refer to a state
of health (as in "sound mind and body"). lt can also be an intransitive verb (as in "sound
angry"), a transitive verb (as in "sound the alarm"), or part of a verb phrase as an outburst
(as in "sound off") and an inquiry (as in "sound out").
You may think that the word "sound" is a truly wondrous polysemic word. After all,
its definitions cover seven pages in one major dictionary and include 19 meanings as a
noun, 12 meanings as an adjective, 12 meanings as a verb (some transitive and some
intransitive), 4 meanings in verb phrases, and 2 meanings as an adverb.
But what about the extraordinary word "set"? lt looks like such a short, simple word,
only three little letters in all. However, if you look it up in an unabridged dictionary, you will
find at least 57 meaningsfor "set" when it is used as a noun and over 120 meanings when
it is used as a verb.

WRITING SKILLS

251