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4+& -, *!%5$! #&("&*), ! 6, 7$(), &- &6 *!(, '& "6!-)&!# &6 &4+$6$5#$, &- 6! ",($*$8- $-'&9,#%!'!0
! (&:+-'!; '&("#&*$!-', $-<-$)&($%!6&( '& ,#'&- (+"&#$,#; '!
T =

dv
dM
P
dx
dx

./01=3

>,# 6, )!-),; "!#! 7$:!( *,6+%-!(; 6! 9+&#?! *,#)!-)& T ; !'&%@( '& '&"&-'&# '& 6! '&#$7!'! '&6
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4+& (& %+&()#!- &- 6! G$:+#! /0=0

ds
+q

y,v

dv/dx

T+dT
M+dM
A

dv

P
v

T
x
dx
G$:+#! /0=H D6&%&-), '& +-! 7$:! *,6+%-!

D- &()& '&(!##,66, (& "+&'& +)$6$?!# 6! #&6!*$8- +(+!6 '& 6! )&,#I! '& J&B$8-; v = M/ (EI)0
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, 5$&-

d2 M
+ 2 M = q
dx2

./01M3

2
q
d4 v
2d v
+

=
2
2
dx
dx
EI

./01N3

',-'& "!#! ($%"6$<*!# (& (+"+(, 4+& EI &( *,-()!-)& C; *,%, !-)&(; a2 = P/ (EI)0 K$ P = 0; 6!(
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+',)!% ! &-%)'%(!&'.%>
v = C1 ,#% (x) + C2 cos (x) + C3 x + C4
v = C1 cos (x) C2 ,#% (x) + C3
4567?9

2
2
v = C1 ,#% (x) C2 cos (x)
v = C1 3 cos (x) + C2 3 ,#% (x)
@,)!, "#+!&'-%#, ,-% %#&#,!"'!, #% !+1(%-, #A#0B+-, B!"! #CB"#,!" +!, &-%3'&'-%#, 3# &-%)-"%-* !
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#+ 0!<-" 0-0#%)- K#&)-"6
v

M0

M0

Deflexin total
x

P
Deflexin debida slo a M 0

4!9

4F9

I'1("! 568> ='1!:&-+(0%! ,-0#)'3! ! &-0B"#,'.% < K#C'.%

J#%)"- 3#+ )"!0- %- #C',)# &!"1! )"!%,=#",!+ !+1(%!6 -" &-%,'1('#%)# #+ )2"0'%- 3#+ ,#1(%30'#0F"- 3# +! #&(!&'.% 4567;9 #, %(+-* < +! ,-+(&'.% /-0-12%#! 3# #,)! #&(!&'.% 3!3! B-" +!
4567?6!9 ,#"G +! ,-+(&'.% &-0B+#)!6 L!, &-%3'&'-%#, #% #+ &-%)-"%- ,-%>
v (0) = 0

3!%

v (L) = 0

M (0) = M0

M (L) = M0

(#,)- M(# M (x) = EIv * &-% !<(3! 3# +!, #&(!&'-%#, 4567?6!9 < 4567?6&9 #,)!, &-%3'&'-%#,
v (0) =
v (L) = +C1 ,#% (L)
M (0) =
M (L) = C1 EI2 ,#% (L)

+C4
+C2
+C2 cos (L)
+C3 L +C4
C2 EI2
C2 EI2 cos (L)

N#,-+='#%3- +!, &(!)"- #&(!&'-%#, #% $-"0! ,'0(+)G%#!*

M0
C1 =
P

1 cos (L)
,#% (L)

C2 = C4 =

M0
P

<

=0
=0
= M0
= M0
C3 = 0

-" +- )!%)- +! #&(!&'.% 3# +! #+G,)'&! #,



M0 1 cos (L)
v (x) =
,#% (x) + cos (x) 1
P
,#% (L)

@+ 0GC'0- 3#,B+!H!0'#%)- -&(""# B!"!

&(#%)"! M(# #,
vmax

M0
=
P

"

,#%2
cos

L
2

L
2

x = L/26

+ cos

L
2

;8

4567O9

J#,B(2, 3# !+1(%!, ,'0B+'D&!&'-%#, ,# #%:

#

  

L
M0
1 =
sec
1
P
2

4567P9

! "#$%& "%"'()% *'+)%& %+,&&' )#"-./( '( x = L/20 1, 2#!%& "34."% #-5%!,)% '5
Mmax = |M0 P vmax | = M0 sec

L
2

670879

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<' )&#++.@( !%5 <'5:!#?#".'()%5 <.5".(,$'(0

!"! #$%&'()(*&* *#) #+,()('-(.

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,(# >,'&?# F =&#(<' $ ,(# >,'&?# F :';,'G#0 1,&=' '()%(+'5 !# 5.=,.'()' :&'=,()#LMA@"% 5'
+%":%&)#&3 '5)' 5.5)'"# 5. F = 0 N 5)' '5 '! +#5% !I".)' $ +%&&'5:%(<' #! '5),<.% <'! :#(<'%
:'&>'+)%0
P

P
P

Condicin inestable
de equlibrio

F=0

Punto de
bifurcacin

F grande

P c=k/L
F pequea

6#9

6-9

C.=,&# 70OL A%":%&)#".'()% <' :#(<'% <' ,(# -#&&# &I=.<#

K# -#&&# &I=.<# <' !# C.=,&# 70O0# :,'<' '4:'&."'()#& 5@!% &%)#+.@(B $# ;,' (% 5' :,'<'
*'4.%(#&P '5 <'+.&B '! 5.5)'"# ).'(' ,( =&#<% <' !.-'&)#<0 J#&# ,(# &%)#+.@( 5,:,'5)#B B '! "%"'()%
OO

! " # $%#& '# $&()#(*%#+ $ k , - .%! F = 0, " /%/ !&% 0) 1#%*). P '1 #&)#2(*%#+ $ #3
P L$ ! P L, 1%# "% &(!&%, $4

k > P L,

" $4$& /( $ $&(2"

- $4

k < P L,

" $4$& /( $ 4! $&(2" 5

67(.&(/ !& ! " 1)!&% * &#(!$4.48! k = P L , " 0)4"42#4% !% $ $&(2" !4 4! $&(2" $4!%
! )&#% '% 4!*49 # !& +5 :( 9) #;( ($%.4(*( ( $&( .%!*4.48! $ "( .(#<( 1(!* % % .#=&4.(, 0) $
* $4<!(#3 1%# PC 5 >(#( " $4$& /( .%!$4* #(*%

PC =

k
L

'?5@A+

6$&( .%!*4.48! $&(2" . " .%/4 !;% * " 1(!* %5 B%! $&( 9) #;( *%$ 1%$4.4%! $ * 0)4"42#4%
$%! 1%$42" $, "( 9%#/( C #&4.(" - )!( 9%#/( 4!."4!(*( 4!D!4& $4/("/ !& 1#874/( ( ""(5 >%# "%
&(!&%, .%/% $ 1%$42" $ <)4# *%$ #(/($ % .(/4!%$ ! "( $%").48!, ( $&( .%!*4.48! $ "( ""(/(
!"#$ %& '()!*+,+(-" * "( $%").48! * 0)4"42#4%5 >(#( P > k/L " $4$& /( $ 4! $&(2" 5 B%/%
"( $%").48! E( $4*% "4! ("4;(*( !% E(- 1%$424"4*(* * 0) $ ( (#24&#(#4(/ !& <#(!*
! PC 5
B%!$4* #(!*% <#(!* $ * $1"(;(/4 !&%$, E(- $4 /1# )! 1)!&% * 0)4"42#4% $&(2" ! < .
6" .%/1%#&(/4 !&% * .%")/!($ "3$&4.($, .(#<(*($ .%!.F!&#4.(/ !& - 1 #9 .&(/ !& # .&($,
$ * .4# .%")/!($ 4* (" $, $ (!3"%<% (" .%/1%#&(/4 !&% * $.#41&% ! " $ !.4""% G /1"% (!& #4%#5
H 1(#&4# * )!( 9%#/)"(.48! "4! ("4;(*( * " 1#%2" /( $ 1) * * & #/4!(# "($ .(#<($ .#=&4.($ *
1(!* %5 H"<)!%$ G /1"%$ $ *(#3! ! "($ $4<)4 !& $ $ ..4%! $5
:($ .(#<($ .#=&4.($ !% * $.#42 ! "( (..48! * " 1(!* % /4$/%5 I&4"4;(!*% )!( .)(.48! *49 # !J
.4(" 7(.&( * "( .)#C( "3$&4.( 1(#( * K 74%! $ <#(!* $, $ 1%$42" E(""(# 1%$4.4%! $ * 0)4"42#4%
/3$ ("&($ 0) PC , .%## $1%!*4 !& ( "( 9) #;( (1"4.(*( P 5 :%$ # $)"&(*%$ * &(" (!3"4$4$ $ 4")$&#(!
! "( L4<)#( ?5M5 N%&(# $1 .4("/ !& 0) ()/ !&(!*% P ! $8"% 1,5 %PC $%2# PC $ 1#%*).
)! * $1"(;(/4 !&% "(& #(" /374/% * " 22 % * "( "%!<4&)* * "( .%")/!( 5 >%# #(;%! $ 1#3.&4.($,
* $1"(;(/4 !&%$ &(! <#(!* $ #(#( C ; 1) * ! $ # (. 1&(*%$5 H* /3$, 1%# "% < ! #(" " /(& #4("
!% 1) * # $4$&4# "%$ $9) #;%$ * K 748! 4!*).4*%$5 >%# "% &(!&%, "($ .%")/!($ # (" $ 9(""(! 4! "3$J
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* )!( .%")/!( # .&( .(#<(*( (74("/ !& ! 9%#/( .%!.F!&#4.(5

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! )!( $ ..48! .)("0)4 #( $ P v (x), 0) $4 $ $)2$&4&)- ! "( .)(.48! *49 # !.4(" * "( "3$&4.(
*( 1%# # $)"&(*%

d2 v
M
P
=
=
v
2
dx
EI
EI

! "#$"% &# '(# ()* $%!(+)* #!,-./$* $%)./)0# -%1%2.*)&% ()* $*23* +,- *!!, &# !* $*23* &# 1*)&#% -# 1(#&#
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()* "%9* &# -/#22*:
RM

P
vmax

Solucin exacta
1.015P C

Punto de
bifurcacin
Solucin
linealizada

0.22L

PC

Falla del material

inelstico

vmax
0

!"

#"

$%&'(! )*+, -./0.(1!/%231. 42 '3! #!((! %42!5/2312 25671%8!

931.3827: 8./. 72 ;%8%2(! 23 5! 28'!8%<3 )*=": 1./!34.

2 = P/EI :

1232/.7

d2 v
+ 2 v = 0
dx2

)*>?"

97 @68%5 A2( B'2 271! 28'!8%<3 27 5! 0!(12 ;./.&C32! 42 5!

)*D" 0!(! '3! A%&! 8.5'/3! 8.3

2E1(2/.7 !(1%8'5!4.7* F' 7.5'8%<3 27

v = C1
()"(! *+

,)" -+"-!

+./0-.+.0+

C1

!" (x) + C2 cos (x)

C2

#$%&&'

! (!/!" (!-!.20"+. + 3+.-0. (! *+

,)"(0,0)"!

(!

,)"-).")4 56! )"

v (0) = 0

v (L) = 0

7" ,)" !,6!",0+

v (0) = 0 = C1
! (!,0.

C 2 = 04

!" (0) + C2 cos (0)

v (L) = 0 = C1
9+ !,6+,0:" #$%&8' ! 36!(! +-0 ;+,!. -)2+"()

!" (L)

C 1 = 0%

#$%&8'

<)2) ! -) ,)..! 3)"(! + *+ ,)"(0,0:"

0" 3+"(!)4 ! -+ )*6,0:" ! -.0=0+*% >*-!."+-0=+2!"-! *+ !,6+,0:" #$%&8' -+2/0?" ! +-0 ;+,! 0

L =
()"(!

P
L = n
EI

! 6" !"-!.)% 7" ! -+ !,6+,0:" *) =+*).! ,+.+,-!.A -0,) )

#$%&@'

!"#$ %#&'(

3+.+ -+* !,6+,0:"

(0;!.!",0+*4 56! B+,!" 3) 0/*! 6"+ ;).2+ (! 3+"(!)4 .!560!.!" 56!C

Pn =

n2 2 EI
L2
DE

#$%&D'

PC

9P C

4P C

y,v
x

n=1

M=-Pv

n=2

n=3

P
!"

#"

$"

%"

&"

'()*+! ,-./ 012*34! $14 &56+&317 !+6($*2!%17 8 7*7 6+&7 9+(3&+17 31%17 %& 9!4%&1-

n 9*&%& 7&+ $*!2<*(&+ 4=3&+1 &46&+1- :(4 &3#!+)1> 9*&761 <*& &2
3A4(31 $14 <*& 9*&%& 1$*++(+ &2 9!4%&1> n 7& %&#& 613!+ ()*!2 ! 2!

:& 7*914%+; &4 &76& $!71 <*&

(46&+?7 7& $&46+! &4 &2 @!21+

*4(%!%- B1+ 21 6!461> 2! $!+)! $+A6($! 1 $!+)! %& 9!4%&1 %& C*2&+" 9!+! *4! $12*34! !+6($*2!%!
&4 !3#17 &56+&317 &7

PC =
%14%&

2 EI
L2

,-DE"

%&#& 7&+ &2 313&461 %& (4&+$(! 3A4(31 %&2 ;+&! 6+!47@&+7!2 %& 2! $12*34! 8

L 2! 214)(6*%

%& 2! 3(73!- C76& $!71 %& *4! $12*34! !+6($*2!%! &4 !3#17 &56+&317 $14 F+&$*&4$(! 7& 21 %&413(4!
&2 !"# $%&'!()&*!+ :*#76(6*8&4%1 2! &$*!$(G4 ,-DH" &4 2! ,-DD"> 7!#(&4%1 <*&
F1+3! %& 9!4%&1 %& 2! $12*34!/

v = C1 7&4

C2

&7 $&+1> 7& 1#6(&4& &2 31%1 1

 nx 

,-D."

C76! &7 2! F*4$(G4 $!+!$6&+A76($! 1 !%*#$%& ,-& %& &76& 9+1#2&3! 8 9*&761 <*&

9*&%& 613!+

$*!2<*(&+ @!21+ &46&+1> I!8 *4 4=3&+1 (4J4(61 %& 6!2&7 F*4$(14&7- C4 &76! 712*$(G4 2(4&!2(K!%!
2! !392(6*%

C1

%&2 31%1 %& 9!4%&1 9&+3!4&$& (4%&6&+3(4!%!- B!+!

n = 1>

2! $*+@! &2;76($! &7

3&%(! 14%! %& *4! 7(4*71(%&- C76! F1+3!> L*461 $14 217 31%17 $1++&7914%(&46&7 !

n=2

n = 3>

7& 3*&76+!4 &4 2! '()*+! ,-.-$M&- N17 31%17 %& 1+%&4 7*9&+(1+ 41 6(&4&4 7()4(J$!%1 FA7($1 &4 &2
9+1#2&3! %& 9!4%&1> 9*&761 <*& 2! $!+)! $+A6($! 3A4(3! 1$*++& &4

n = 1-

O4! 712*$(G4 !26&+4!6(@! %&2 9+1#2&3! !46&+(1+ 7& 9*&%& 1#6&4&+ *6(2(K!4%1 2! &$*!$(G4 %(F&M
+&4$(!2 ()*!2!%! ! $&+1- P& 2! &$*!$(G4 6!2 &$*!$(G4 &7
2
d4 v
2d v
+

=0
dx4
dx2

,-DQ"

B!+! &2 $!71 $147(%&+!%1 !+6($*2!%1 &4 !3#17 &56+&317"> 2!7 $14%($(14&7 %& #1+%& 714/

v (0) = 0>

v (L) = 0>

M (0) = EIv (0) = 0

RQ

M (L) = EIv (L) = 0

!"#"$%&'( )*!%* +(&'"+"(&)* +(& #% *(#,+"-& .(/(01&)% ') #% )+,%+"-& 234 5,&!( +(& *, ')6"7%'%
*)0,&'% '%'%* 8(6 #%* )+,%+"(&)* 29% : +34 *) (;!")&)
+C4
+C2
+C2 cos (L)
+C3 L +C4
C2 2 EI
C1 EI2 *)& (L) C2 EI2 cos (L)
+C1 *)& (L)

=0
=0
=0
=0

<%6% )*!) *"*!)/% ') )+,%+"(&)* C14 C24 C3 : C4 8('6=%& *)6 !('(* "0,%#)* % +)6(4 #( +,%# '%6=%
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2 EI = P



0
1

 *)& (L)
cos
(L)


0
P

 P *)& (L) P cos (L)

0
L
0
0

1
1
0
0





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Et

Hiprbola de Euler

Lmite de
proporcionalidad

B
S
A

Intermedias

Columnas largas

Cortas

L/r

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Punto de fluencia

Hiprbolas de Euler
Lmite de
proporcionalidad

A
Extremos
empotrados
T

Extremos articulados
(L/r)1

;)>

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J#D0*$ 78KKL M(10 -$ '$*D$%$ &"'C-2*#'$ &-2&

N$ &")*&+#,- 6789:; )0&%& *&O&+'*#?#*+& &- I0-'#,- %& 1$ 2&-+#,- %& '( )*&+#,- &%#$ 6 0 = PA ;
G %& 1$ *&1$'#,- &-2*& '$*D$ G '$*D$ '*A2#'$ P = PP = P LEI = L
2
e

||max

2
e

 
ed
sec
= 0 1 +
P
rr
2

 
A
= 0 1 + e sec
P
W
2


%(-%& +& (?+&*3$ '1$*$ &-2& /0&

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%& D#*( r8
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! !"! #$%& '()*+,&-& .$/,'

!"! #$%&'&" (! )#(*+,-' .!/ 0*& ,12#'&" (!) +#'3,+,#'&) 3& +#'%#"'# !3&+*!3!) &' (!) 4567896
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&( $#"3& (,$"&
v (x = 0) = C2 + C4 = 0
v (x = 0) = C1 + C3 = 0


M (x = L) = EI C1 2 )&' (L) C2 2 cos (L) = P e
T (x) = P C3 = 0

?)+",%# +#1# *' ),)%&1! 3& &+*!+,#'&)

0
1
0

0
1

)&' (L) cos (L) 0

0
0
1

1
C1

0 C2
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0
C4

@! )#(*+,-' 3& &)%& ),)%&1! +#'3*+& ! (#) +#&A+,&'%&)B

0
0
=
e
0

C1 = C3 = 0
C2 = C4 =

e
cos (L)

3& 3#'3& (! )#(*+,-' "&)*(%!

e
[1 cos (x)]
cos (L)
cos (x)
M (x) =
Mo
cos (L)
v (x) =

?( 3&)2(!C!1,&'%# 1D;,1# 4&;%"&1# (,$"&9 <!(&

vmax


1
1 e = [sec (L) 1] e
=
cos (L)


! "#"$%&# '$(&#) "*+,"# -$".#&)/",$%&#0 1/!$

Mmax =

Mo
= Mo sec (L)
cos (L)

% /"2#3 (/3#3 !/3 $+.)$3,#%$3 4$ !#3 1/!#)$3 "*+,"#3 3#% ,45%&,(/3 /! (/3# /%&$),#) 3, 3$
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3,$%4# L2 > $% $! 3$96%4# -Le = 2L0 $! /)96"$%&# $3 L = 2L
= L2 ;
2
e

! !"! #$%&'()* )+%,-.&)/)*

?#) #&)# !/4#@ 6%/ $+.)$3,A% 3,".!,B(/4/ 4$ !#3 1/!#)$3 "*+,"#3 4$ 4$3.!/7/",$%&# > "#"$%&#
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sec () =

1
1

2
cos ()
1 2

DE

!"# #$ %&'"(#)*+ 2 % "*,$,-%& #.

(


L 2
L2
/%&% #$ 0%.+ %&*1%&*
= 14 PEI
=
2
2
2
1 P (2L)
/%&% #$ 0%.+ #(/1$,2 (L) = 4 EI =

2
2

2
2

P
P

==> () =

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2

3"#'+ #$ 4#./$%-%(,#)*+ (56,(+ %/&+6,(%4+ &#."$*% 7$% %/&+6,(%0,8) #. 2"#)% /%&%

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1
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1 1,234P
1 8 P

P
Pc

< 0,59

7:;<=9

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1 1,234 P

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0&D*,0% PC ;

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$% #0"%0,8) 4# #!",$,2&,+ #.
P L.#) = k
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F; /%&% = 0

*+4+ C%$+& 4# P

G; /%&% 6= 0, P =

k
L !"

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k
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4#M),0,+)#.R

S $% *&% #0*+&,% 4# #!",$,2&,+ 7F9 !"# /%.% /+& $% #.*&"0*"&% 4#.0%&'%4% 7 P = 09 .# $% 4#)+1
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P > k/L;
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Trayectoria
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PL/k

Trayectoria
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0.5

barra
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Trayectorias
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Bifurcacin

-1

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C36!3 6(!:706;(%!3 37 0('D!2 72

(cr = 0E Pcr = k/L)E

Pcr = k/L*

7367 <'26; 37 =72;4%2! (+, & -$ .'/

0+!%"%'1, ; (+, & %!* '%&*

F73'86! %4<;(6!267 736!#8707( 3% '2! 6(!:706;(%! =7 7?'%8%#(%; 2; 318; 73 4!674G6%0!47267 <;3%#87E

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0!(&! ; 4;A%4%726;" : ;#37(A!( 78 0;4<;(I

6!4%726; =78 3%3674!* C26;2073 <!(! 788; 37 0;8;0! '2! /'7(D!

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37 =%07 ?'7 78 73 $) ".4$ <!(! 6!873 A!8;(73 =7 0!(&! * C36; 73 !3B <!(! 8! 6(!:706;(%! <(%4!(%!
0;2 A!8;(73 =7

472;(73 ?'7 8! 0!(&! 0(B6%0!

P < k/LE

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6= 0E

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6(!:706;(%! <(%4!(%! <!(! A!8;(73 =7

!8 736!=; 0;2

= 0E

4!:;(73 ?'7 8! 0!(&! 0(B6%0!

P > k/LE <'73 72 A;8A7(

<!3! ! <;3%0%;273 =7 7?'%8%#(%; 3;#(7 8! 6(!:706;(%! 370'2=!(%!*

L!(! 78 3%3674! 736('06'(!8 0;23%=7(!=; 8! 6(!:706;(%! 370'2=!(%! 73 3%74<(7 736!#87E 72 78 3726%=;

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PL
C8 7/706; =7 8! 0!(&!

372

+ F L cos k ( 0 ) = 0

3;#(7 78 0;4<;(6!4%726; =78 3%3674! 73 3%4%8!( !8 =7 8! %4<7(/700%12

0 * L!(! <7?'7H;3 A!8;(73 =7 73 /G0%8 A7(

(774<8!D!(37 F L = k0 * K7 =72;4%2!2 !"#$% &!'")
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<- 6!5($ '$&')&-#& 0& F =0&-#$( 0& 6!5($&" $!;(-!15&*&-#& +&92&>(" ,$&-#& ! P ? ( 0 -(
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! 5! !$#)'25!')8- 0& 5! 1!"&
P "&- + F cos k "&- cos = 0
'2%! "(52')8- 5)-&!5);!0! &"

P = k cos
P =k

+!$! &5 *(0&5( +&$,&'#( "& $&02'& !

F
tan

(P k cos ) "&- = 0

5!" "(52')(-&" 0& &"#! .5#)*! &'2!')8- "(-I

E3 H$!%&'#($)! +$)*!$)! = 0 +!$! '2!592)&$ 6!5($ 0& P /
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Trayectoria
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P/k

Mximos
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0.5

barra
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Trayectorias
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A

0.5

1.5

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Trayectoria
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barra
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L367 6%<; =7 0;4<;(6!4%726; 37 =72;4%2! =7

!"#$ %&'(#) E 73 78 4;=; :!#%6'!8 72 ?'7 /!88! '2!

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0;2 7874726;3 0;4<(%4%=;3 ?'7 2; <'7=72 !3%4%8!(37 ! '2 0!3; =7 #%/'(0!0%12H 3%2; ?'7 6%7272
3720%88!47267 '2 0;4<;(6!4%726; =7 <'26; 8D4%67*
L2 8! $%&'(! )*+M 37 4'736(! '2 3%3674! 3720%88; 0;2 =;3 #!((!3 78K36%0!3 3%456(%0!3* N8 !'472>
6!( 8! 0!(&! 78 3%3674! 74<%7J! ! <7(=7( (%&%=7J 8! <72=%7267 =7 8! 0'(G! =%34%2'E7" :!36! ?'7 37
!2'8! <'26; N" E 78 3%3674! <!3! =%2K4%0!47267 ! '2! <;3%0%12 =7 7?'%8%#(%; 4'E =%/7(7267 . 3%
7I%367"* O% 78 3%3674! 736K 0;26(;8!=; <;( =73<8!J!4%726;3 E 2; <;( 8! 0!(&!H 73 =70%( ?'7 37 4'7G7
0;26(;8!=!47267 78 <'26; =7 !<8%0!0%12 =7 8! 0!(&! E 37 G! 4%=%72=; 3' (7!00%12H <'7=7 6(!J!(37 8!
8D27! <'267!=! J;2! %2736!#87"* N 8; 8!(&; =7 736! <!(67 %2736!#87 37 <!3! <;( '2! 0;2A&'(!0%12
72 ?'7 !4#!3 #!((!3 736K2 :;(%J;26!873

= 0H

=;2=7 8! 0!(&! 0!4#%! =7 3%&2;

<!3! <;( P" E

A2!847267 887&! ! '2 <'26; 8D4%67 72 78 ;6(; 3726%=; =;2=7 78 3%3674! G'78G7 ! 37( 736!#87*

!""! #$%&'()%
L2 7367 !<52=%07 37 4'736(! 0;4; ;#6727( 8!3 0!(&!3 0(D6%0!3 =7 0;8'42!3 0!(&!=!3 !I%!847267
0;2 =%/7(72673 0;2=%0%;273 =7 7I6(74;

G7( $%&'(! )*Q "* F!(! 788; 37 '6%8%J! 8! 3;8'0%12 &727(!8

)*+R" =7 8! 70'!0%12 =%/7(720%!8 :;4;&527! )*+M"

SP

!"

#"
$%&'(! )*+,- .'/01 234%05

.1( 10(1 2!61 (571(6!( 8'5 !2 /1 9!#5( 7!(&!: !;2%7!6!: 5/ 52 %/05(%1( 65 2! <%&!= 65 )*+>" 65#5
7'4;2%(:5 8'5

T =705*

? 8'5 )*+@" ;'565 (5A5:7(%#%(:5= ':!/61 2! :12'7%B/ &5/5(!2 )*+C" 7141-



dv
d3 v
dM
dv
P
= EI 3 + P
T =
dx
dx
dx
dx
= P C3

)*@D"

!""!"! #$%& '()*+,&-&./$0,'

E/ 5:05 7!:1 2! 5F;(5:%B/ )*@D" 71/6'75 !

T =0

;'5: /1 9!? 7!(&! 91(%G1/0!2 !;2%7!6! 5/ 52

5F0(541 :';5(%1( ;1( 21 7'!2 2! (5!77%B/ 65 !;1?1 91(%G1/0!2 0!4#%H/ 65#5 :5( 75(1*
I J/ 65 5<!2'!( 2!: 71/:0!/05:

C1 = C2 = C3

C4 *2!:

71/6%7%1/5: 65 71/01(/1 :1/

v (x = 0) = C2 + C4 = 0
v (x = 0) = C1 + C3 = 0


M (x = L) = EI C1 2 :5/ (L) C2 2 cos (L) = 0
T (x) = P C3 = 0
E:7(%01 7141 '/ :%:054! 65 57'!7%1/5:

1
C1

0 C2
0 C3
0
C4

1
0

0
1

P :5/ (L) P cos (L) 0

0
0
P

0
0
=
0
0

.!(! 8'5 5F%:0! '/! :12'7%B/ /1 0(%<%!2= 5: /575:!(%1 8'5 52 6505(4%/!/05 65 2! 4!0(%G :5 !/'25

det = P 2 cos (L) = 0

K5 61/65

L =
L554;2!G!/61

L =

===>

Pc 2 2
L = 2
EI
2

===> Pc =

52 :%:054! 65 57'!7%1/5: (5:'20!

2

1 0
0 1
2L
P 0 0
0 0 P

C1
1

0 C2
0 C3
0
C4
M+

0
0
=
0
0

2 EI
(2L)2

! "#$%&'() )# *+','!$ *'-)- $! .#+/!

0

C2 = C4 = 1

1- 1#)1- $! "#$%&'()+-"%$*!

C1 = C3 = 0

h
 x i
v (x) = 1 cos
2L

!""!#! $%&' ()*+,-'.'/'-,%012'.'

2$ 3$!)*-# 1- $!" &#)1'&'#)-" 1- &#)*#+)# &#)1%&- !
v (x = 0) = C2 + C4 = 0
v (x = 0) = C1 + C3 = 0
v (x = L) = C1 "-) (L) + C2 cos (L) + C3 L + C4 = 0


M (x = L) = EI C1 2 "-) (L) C2 2 cos (L) = 0

2"&+'*# &#/# %) "'"*-/! 1- -&%!&'#)-"

0
1

"-) (L)
cos (L)
P "-) (L) P cos (L)

0
1
L
0

1
C1
C2
0

1 C3
C4
0

0
0
=
0
0

4!+! 5%- -6'"*! %)! "#$%&'() )# *+','!$7 -" )-&-"!+'# 5%- -$ 1-*-+/')!)*- 1- $! /!*+'8 "- !)%$det = P [L cos (L) + "-) (L)] = 0

9%"&!)1# %)! "#$%&'() )%/:+'&! 3!+! 5%- "- !)%$- -$ &#+&;-*-7 "- $$-<! !=
L = 4,49341

===> Pc = 2,0458

2 EI
L2

$-,!)1# -"*- ,!$#+ 1- L !$ "'"*-/! +-"%$*! >/%$*'3$'&!)1# $! ?1! 3#+ L 0 1','1'-)1# $! @*!
3#+ P A

0
1
0
4,49341
0
L

0,97612 0,21723 L
0,97612
0,21723 0

B)! 3#"'C$- "#$%&'() -"

1
C1
0

0 C2 0

=
1 C3 0
C4
0
0

1 cos (L)
= 0,222548
L sin (L)
C2 = 1
1 + L
C3 =
L1 = 1,00437 L1
L sin (L)
C4 = 1
C1 =

1- 1#)1- $! "#$%&'() *'-)- $! .#+/!

v (x) = 0,222548

"-) 4,49341



x
x
x
cos 4,49341
1,00437 + 1
L
L
L

D?

!""!#! $%&' ()*+,-'.'/()*+,-'.'

! "#$" %&#' (&# %'!)*%*'!"# )" %'!$'+!' #'!
v (x = 0) = C2 + C4 = 0
v (x = 0) = C1 + C3 = 0
v (x = L) = C1 #"! (L) + C2 cos (L) + C3 L + C4 = 0
v (x = L) = C1 cos (L) C2 #"! (L) + C3 = 0

#%+*$' %',' -! #*#$",& )" "%-&%*'!"#

0
1

#"! (L)
cos (L)
cos (L) #"! (L)

1
C1

0 C2
1 C3
0
C4

0
1
L
1

0
0
=
0
0

.&+& /-" "0*#$& -!& #'(-%*1! !' $+*2*&(3 "# !"%"#&+*' /-" "( )"$"+,*!&!$" )" (& ,&$+*4 #" &!-("
det = 1 2 cos (L) L#"! (L) + #"!2 (L) + cos2 (L)

#$' #" ('5+& #* 6&%",'#

"%-&%*'!"# #" $*"!"

L =

0
2
L
0
2
L

2
1
0
1
0

%'++"#7'!)*"!$" &
0
1
L
1

1
C1
C2
0

1 C3
0
C4

Pc = 4 LEI
2 8

0
0
=
0
0
2

9("2&!)' &( #*#$",& )"

-!& #'(-%*1! !' $+*2*&( 7'#*:(" "# C2 = C4 ; C1 = C3 = 03 %'! (' %-&(/-")&

x
v (x) = 1 cos 2
L


<=