CJ mid-term review

Crime control perspective: A criminal justice model that places primary

emphasis on the rights of society to be protected from crime and
violent criminals. / Due process perspective: A criminal justice model
that places primary on the right of the individual to be protected from
the power of the government. (Page 17)
Consensus model: A criminal justices model in which the majority of
citizens in a society share the same values and beliefs. Criminal acts
are acts that conflict with these values and beliefs and that are
deemed harmful to society. (Page 5)
Eras of policing: Early police department/ the police era/ the reform
era/ the community era (Page 102-104)
Blue curtain: A metaphorical term used to refer to the value placed on
secrecy and the general mistrust of the outside world shared by many
police officers. /Police subculture: The values and perceptions that are
shared by members of a police department and, to a certain extent, by
all law enforcement agents. (Page 144)
Bureaucracy: A hierarchically structured administrative organization
that carriers out specific function. (Page 129)
Deviance: Behavior that is considered to go against the norms
established by society. (Page 7)
Rehabilitation:
Federalism: a form of government in which a written constitution
provides for a division of power between a central government and
regional government. [Government powers are shared by the national
(federal) government and the state.] (Page 9)
Dual court system: we have two independent judicial systems, one at
the federal level, and one at the states level. (Page 11)
Discretion: the ability of individuals in the criminal justices system to
make operational decision based on personal judgment instead of
formal rules or official information. (Page 15)
Theory: An explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based
on observation, experimentation, and reasoning. / Hypothesis: A
possible explanation for an observed occurrence that can be tested by
future investigation. (Page 46)

Rational choice theory: A school of criminology that holds that

wrongdoers act as if they weigh the possible benefits of criminal or
delinquent activity against the expected costs of being apprehended.
(Page 46)
Control theory: Focus on the reasons why individuals do not engage in
criminal acts, rather than why they do. Social bonds promote
conformity to social norms. [ A series of theories that assume that all
individuals have the potential for criminal behavior, but are restrained
by the damage that such actions would do to their relationship with
family, friends, and members of the community. (Page 51-52)
Social process theory: A school of criminology that considers criminal
behavior to be the predictable result of a persons interaction with his
or her environment. [Two major branches of social process theory are
learning theory and control theory] (Page 51)
Social disorganization theory: The theory that deviant behavior is more
likely in communities where social institutions such as family, schools,
and criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population.
(Page 49)
UCR: uniform crime report: An annual report compiled by FBI to give an
indication of criminal activity in the United States. (Page 36)/ NCVS:
national crime victimization survey: An annual report by U.S bureau of
the Census. (Page 36)
Intelligence led policing: An approach that measures the risk of
criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or locations so as
to predict when and where such criminal behavior is most likely to
occur in the future. (Page 105)