EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE CORREIOS E TELGRAFOS

ATENDENTE COMERCIAL
CARTEIRO
OPERADOR DE TRIAGEM E TRANSBORDO

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LNGUA PORTUGUESA:
Compreenso e interpretao de textos. .................................................................................................
Ortografia oficial. ......................................................................................................................................
Acentuao grfica. .................................................................................................................................
Emprego das classes de palavras: nome pronome, verbo, preposies e conjunes. .........................
Emprego do sinal indicativo de crase. .....................................................................................................
Sintaxe da orao e do perodo. ..............................................................................................................
Pontuao. ...............................................................................................................................................
Concordncia nominal e verbal. ...............................................................................................................
Regncia nominal e verbal. ......................................................................................................................
Significao das palavras. ........................................................................................................................
Formao de palavras. .............................................................................................................................

1
10
13
20
15
37
14
39
40
16
20

MATEMTICA:
Nmeros relativos inteiros e fracionrios, operaes e propriedades. .....................................................
Mltiplos e divisores, mximo divisor comum e mnimo mltiplo comum. ................................................
Nmeros reais. .........................................................................................................................................
Expresses numricas. ............................................................................................................................
Equaes e sistemas de equaes de 1.o grau. .....................................................................................
Sistemas de medida de tempo. ...............................................................................................................
Sistema mtrico decimal. .........................................................................................................................
Nmeros e grandezas diretamente e inversamente proporcionais. .........................................................
Regra de trs simples. ..............................................................................................................................
Porcentagem. ............................................................................................................................................
Taxas de juros simples e compostas, capital, montante e desconto. .......................................................
Princpios de geometria: permetro, rea e volume. .................................................................................

1
11
22
13
27
27
25
29
31
32
34
33

INFORMTICA:
Conceitos bsicos de computao. ........................................................................................................... 1
Componentes de hardware e software de computadores. ........................................................................ 5
Sistema operacional Windows (XP e VISTA). ........................................................................................... 8
Conhecimentos de Word, Excel, PowerPoint. ........................................................................................... 19
Internet: conceitos, navegadores, tecnologias e servios. .............................................................. 36

CORREIOS - Atendente Comercial/Carteiro/Operador de Triagem e Transbordo

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

A PRESENTE APOSTILA NO EST VINCULADA A EMPRESA ORGANIZADORA DO CONCURSO

PBLICO A QUE SE DESTINA, ASSIM COMO SUA AQUISIO NO GARANTE A INSCRIO DO
CANDIDATO OU MESMO O SEU INGRESSO NA CARREIRA PBLICA.
O CONTEDO DESTA APOSTILA ALMEJA ENGLOBAR AS EXIGENCIAS DO EDITAL, PORM, ISSO
NO IMPEDE QUE SE UTILIZE O MANUSEIO DE LIVROS, SITES, JORNAIS, REVISTAS, ENTRE OUTROS
MEIOS QUE AMPLIEM OS CONHECIMENTOS DO CANDIDATO, PARA SUA MELHOR PREPARAO.
ATUALIZAES LEGISLATIVAS, QUE NO TENHAM SIDO COLOCADAS DISPOSIO AT A
DATA DA ELABORAO DA APOSTILA, PODERO SER ENCONTRADAS GRATUITAMENTE NO SITE DA
APOSTILAS OPO, OU NOS SITES GOVERNAMENTAIS.
INFORMAMOS QUE NO SO DE NOSSA RESPONSABILIDADE AS ALTERAES E RETIFICAES
NOS EDITAIS DOS CONCURSOS, ASSIM COMO A DISTRIBUIO GRATUITA DO MATERIAL RETIFICADO,
NA VERSO IMPRESSA, TENDO EM VISTA QUE NOSSAS APOSTILAS SO ELABORADAS DE ACORDO
COM

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www.apostilasopcao.com.br, NO LINK ERRATAS, A MATRIA ALTERADA, E DISPONIBILIZAMOS

GRATUITAMENTE O CONTEDO ALTERADO NA VERSO VIRTUAL PARA NOSSOS CLIENTES.
CASO HAJA ALGUMA DVIDA QUANTO AO CONTEDO DESTA APOSTILA, O ADQUIRENTE
DESTA DEVE ACESSAR O SITE www.apostilasopcao.com.br, E ENVIAR SUA DVIDA, A QUAL SER
RESPONDIDA O MAIS BREVE POSSVEL, ASSIM COMO PARA CONSULTAR ALTERAES LEGISLATIVAS
E POSSVEIS ERRATAS.
TAMBM FICAM DISPOSIO DO ADQUIRENTE DESTA APOSTILA O TELEFONE (11) 2856-6066,
DENTRO DO HORRIO COMERCIAL, PARA EVENTUAIS CONSULTAS.
EVENTUAIS RECLAMAES DEVERO SER ENCAMINHADAS POR ESCRITO, RESPEITANDO OS
PRAZOS ESTATUDOS NO CDIGO DE DEFESA DO CONSUMIDOR.
PROIBIDA A REPRODUO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTA APOSTILA, DE ACORDO COM O
ARTIGO 184 DO CDIGO PENAL.

APOSTILAS OPO

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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Sintaxe da orao e do perodo.
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Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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11

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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12

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos


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21

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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tem sido
tem estado
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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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32

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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33

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO



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37

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos



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38

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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RESPOSTAS
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.

D
A
C
E
A
B
D
E
C
D

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

B
A
C
E
C
A
B
E
D
A

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

B
A
C
E
D
E
B
C
D
B

31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

D
B
A
A
B
C
C
A
A
B

41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.

D
B
C
E
A
A
D
C
B
C

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BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
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BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
46

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das "trocas" de mercadorias entre os homens, foi necessrio criar uma representao numrica para as dvidas.
Com isso inventou-se os chamados "nmeros negativos", e junto com estes nmeros, um novo conjunto: o
.
conjunto dos nmeros inteiros, representado pela letra
O conjunto dos nmeros inteiros formado por todos
os nmeros NATURAIS mais todos os seus representantes
negativos.

Nmeros relativos inteiros e fracionrios, operaes

e propriedades.
Mltiplos e divisores, mximo divisor comum e mnimo mltiplo comum.
Nmeros reais.
Expresses numricas.
Equaes e sistemas de equaes de 1.o grau.
Sistemas de medida de tempo.
Sistema mtrico decimal.
Nmeros e grandezas diretamente e inversamente
proporcionais.
Regra de trs simples.
Porcentagem.
Taxas de juros simples e compostas, capital, montante e desconto.
Princpios de geometria: permetro, rea e volume.

Note que este conjunto no possui incio nem fim (ao

contrrio dos naturais, que possui um incio e no possui
fim).
Assim como no conjunto dos naturais, podemos representar todos os inteiros sem o ZERO com a mesma notao usada para os NATURAIS.
Z* = {..., -2, -1, 1, 2, ...}
Em algumas situaes, teremos a necessidade de representar o conjunto dos nmeros inteiros que NO SO
NEGATIVOS.
Para isso emprega-se o sinal "+" ao lado do smbolo do
conjunto (vale a pena lembrar que esta simbologia representa os nmeros NO NEGATIVOS, e no os nmeros
POSITIVOS, como muita gente diz). Veja o exemplo abaixo:

NMEROS RELATIVOS INTEIROS E FRACIONRIOS, OPERAES E PROPRIEDADES.

Z+ = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
Obs.1: Note que agora sim este conjunto possui um incio. E voc pode estar pensando "mas o zero no positivo". O zero no positivo nem negativo, zero NULO.

Conjuntos numricos podem ser representados de diversas formas. A forma mais simples dar um nome ao
conjunto e expor todos os seus elementos, um ao lado do
outro, entre os sinais de chaves. Veja o exemplo abaixo:

Ele est contido neste conjunto, pois a simbologia do

sinalzinho positivo representa todos os nmeros NO NEGATIVOS, e o zero se enquadra nisto.

A = {51, 27, -3}

Esse conjunto se chama "A" e possui trs termos, que
esto listados entre chaves.

Se quisermos representar somente os positivos (ou seja, os no negativos sem o zero), escrevemos:

Os nomes dos conjuntos so sempre letras maisculas.

Quando criamos um conjunto, podemos utilizar qualquer
letra.

Z*+ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}

Pois assim teremos apenas os positivos, j que o zero
no positivo.

Vamos comear nos primrdios da matemtica.

Ou tambm podemos representar somente os inteiros

NO POSITIVOS com:

- Se eu pedisse para voc contar at 10, o que voc me

diria?

Z - ={...,- 4, - 3, - 2, -1 , 0}

- Um, dois, trs, quatro, cinco, seis, sete, oito, nove e

dez.

Obs.: Este conjunto possui final, mas no possui incio.

E tambm os inteiros negativos (ou seja, os no positivos sem o zero):

Pois , estes nmeros que saem naturalmente de sua

boca quando solicitado, so chamados de nmeros NATURAIS, o qual representado pela letra
.

Z*- ={...,- 4, - 3, - 2, -1}

Foi o primeiro conjunto inventado pelos homens, e tinha

como inteno mostrar quantidades.

Fonte:
http://www.tutorbrasil.com.br/estudo_matematica_online/co
njuntos/conjuntos.php

*Obs.: Originalmente, o zero no estava includo neste

conjunto, mas pela necessidade de representar uma quantia nula, definiu-se este nmero como sendo pertencente
ao conjunto dos Naturais. Portanto:

Assim:
Conjunto dos Nmeros Naturais: So todos os nmeros inteiros positivos, incluindo o zero. representado pela
letra maiscula N. Caso queira representar o conjunto dos
nmeros naturais no-nulos (excluindo o zero), deve-se
colocar um * ao lado do N:

N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...}
Obs.2: Como o zero originou-se depois dos outros nmeros e possui algumas propriedades prprias, algumas
vezes teremos a necessidade de representar o conjunto
dos nmeros naturais sem incluir o zero. Para isso foi definido que o smbolo * (asterisco) empregado ao lado do
smbolo do conjunto, iria representar a ausncia do zero.
Veja o exemplo abaixo:

N = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, ...}
N* = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, ...}
Conjunto dos Nmeros Inteiros: So todos os nmeros que pertencem ao conjunto dos Naturais mais os seus
respectivos opostos (negativos). So representados pela
letra Z:

N* = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...}
Estes nmeros foram suficientes para a sociedade durante algum tempo. Com o passar dos anos, e o aumento

Matemtica

Z = {... -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}

1

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ADIO E SUBTRAO
Veja a operao: 2 + 3 = 5 .
A operao efetuada chama-se adio e indicada escrevendo-se o sinal + (l-se: mais") entre os nmeros.
Os nmeros 2 e 3 so chamados parcelas. 0 nmero 5,
resultado da operao, chamado soma.

O conjunto dos inteiros possui alguns subconjuntos, eles so:

- Inteiros no negativos: So todos os nmeros inteiros que no so negativos. Logo percebemos que este
conjunto igual ao conjunto dos nmeros naturais.
representado por Z+:

Z+ = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6, ...}

+3

- Inteiros no positivos: So todos os nmeros inteiros que no so positivos. representado por Z-:

parcela
parcela
soma

A adio de trs ou mais parcelas pode ser efetuada

adicionando-se o terceiro nmero soma dos dois primeiros ; o quarto nmero soma dos trs primeiros e assim
por diante.
3+2+6 =
5 + 6 = 11
Veja agora outra operao: 7 3 = 4
Quando tiramos um subconjunto de um conjunto, realizamos a operao de subtrao, que indicamos pelo sinal .

Z- = {..., -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0}

- Inteiros no negativos e no-nulos: o conjunto Z+
excluindo o zero. Representa-se esse subconjunto por Z*+:
Z*+ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...}
Z*+ = N*
- Inteiros no positivos e no nulos: So todos os
nmeros do conjunto Z- excluindo o zero. Representa-se
por Z*-.

Z*- = {... -4, -3, -2, -1}

Conjunto dos Nmeros Racionais: Os nmeros racionais um conjunto que engloba os nmeros inteiros (Z),
nmeros decimais finitos (por exemplo, 743,8432) e os
nmeros decimais infinitos peridicos (que repete uma
seqncia de algarismos da parte decimal infinitamente),
como "12,050505...", so tambm conhecidas como dzimas peridicas.

minuendo
subtraendo
resto ou diferena

O minuendo o conjunto maior, o subtraendo o subconjunto que se tira e o resto ou diferena o conjunto que
sobra.
Somando a diferena com o subtraendo obtemos o minuendo. Dessa forma tiramos a prova da subtrao.
4+3=7

Os racionais so representados pela letra Q.

Conjunto dos Nmeros Irracionais: formado pelos
nmeros decimais infinitos no-peridicos. Um bom exemplo de nmero irracional o nmero PI (resultado da diviso do permetro de uma circunferncia pelo seu dimetro), que vale 3,14159265 .... Atualmente, supercomputadores j conseguiram calcular bilhes de casas decimais para
o PI. Tambm so irracionais todas as razes no exatas,
como a raiz quadrada de 2 (1,4142135 ...)

EXPRESSES NUMRICAS
Para calcular o valor de uma expresso numrica envolvendo adio e subtrao, efetuamos essas operaes
na ordem em que elas aparecem na expresso.
Exemplos:
35 18 + 13 =

Conjunto dos Nmeros Reais: formado por todos

os conjuntos citados anteriormente (unio do conjunto dos
racionais com os irracionais). Representado pela letra R.

17 + 13 =

30

Veja outro exemplo:

47 + 35 42 15 =

Representao geom
trica de

82 42 15 =
40 15 =

A cada ponto de uma reta podemos associar um nico

nmero real, e a cada nmero real podemos associar um
nico ponto na reta.

Quando uma expresso numrica contiver os sinais de

parnteses ( ), colchetes [ ] e chaves { }, procederemos
do seguinte modo:
Efetuamos as operaes indicadas dentro dos parnteses;
efetuamos as operaes indicadas dentro dos colchetes;
efetuamos as operaes indicadas dentro das chaves.

Dizemos que o conjunto

denso, pois entre dois
nmeros reais existem infinitos nmeros reais (ou seja, na
reta, entre dois pontos associados a dois nmeros reais,
existem infinitos pontos).
Veja a representao na reta de

25

1)

35 +[ 80 (42 + 11) ] =
35 + [ 80 53] =
35 + 27 = 62

2)

18 + { 72 [ 43 + 20 ] } =

Fonte:http://www.infoescola.com/matematica/conjuntosnumericos/

18 + { 72 63} =

CONJUNTO DOS NMEROS NATURAIS (N)

Matemtica

18 + { 72 [ 43 + (35 28 + 13) ] } =

18 + 9 =

27

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resultado da operao, chamado produto.

CLCULO DO VALOR DESCONHECIDO

3 X 4 = 12

Quando pretendemos determinar um nmero natural

em certos tipos de problemas, procedemos do seguinte
modo:
- chamamos o nmero (desconhecido) de x ou qualquer
outra incgnita ( letra )
- escrevemos a igualdade correspondente
- calculamos o seu valor
Exemplos:
1) Qual o nmero que, adicionado a 15, igual a 31?
Soluo:
Seja x o nmero desconhecido. A igualdade correspondente ser:
x + 15 =

12 produto
Por conveno, dizemos que a multiplicao de qualquer nmero por 1 igual ao prprio nmero.
A multiplicao de qualquer nmero por 0 igual a 0.
A multiplicao de trs ou mais fatores pode ser efetuada multiplicando-se o terceiro nmero pelo produto dos
dois primeiros; o quarto numero pelo produto dos trs primeiros; e assim por diante.

31

3 x 4 x 2 x 5 =

Calculando o valor de x temos:

x + 15 =

fatores

X 4

12 x 2 x 5 =
31

x + 15 15 =

31 15

x =

31 15

x =

16

24 x 5 = 120
EXPRESSES NUMRICAS
Sinais de associao
O valor das expresses numricas envolvendo as operaes de adio, subtrao e multiplicao obtido do
seguinte modo:
efetuamos as multiplicaes
efetuamos as adies e subtraes, na ordem em que
aparecem.

Na prtica , quando um nmero passa de um lado para

outro da igualdade ele muda de sinal.
2) Subtraindo 25 de um certo nmero obtemos 11. Qual
esse nmero?
Soluo:
Seja x o nmero desconhecido. A igualdade correspondente ser:

1)

3.4 + 5.8 2.9 =

12 + 40 18 =

x 25 = 11

= 34

x = 11 + 25
x = 36

2)

54 48 + 14 =

Passamos o nmero 25 para o outro lado da igualdade

e com isso ele mudou de sinal.
3) Qual o nmero natural que, adicionado a 8, igual a
20?
Soluo:

= 20
No se esquea:
Se na expresso ocorrem sinais de parnteses colchetes e chaves, efetuamos as operaes na ordem em que
aparecem:
1) as que esto dentro dos parnteses
2) as que esto dentro dos colchetes
3) as que esto dentro das chaves.
Exemplo:
22 + {12 +[ ( 6 . 8 + 4 . 9 ) 3 . 7] 8 . 9 }
= 22 + { 12 + [ ( 48 + 36 ) 21] 72 } =
= 22 + { 12 + [ 84 21] 72 } =
= 22 + { 12 + 63 72 } =
= 22 + 3 =
= 25

x + 8 = 20
x = 20 8
x = 12
4) Determine o nmero natural do qual, subtraindo 62,
obtemos 43.
Soluo:
x 62 = 43
x = 43 + 62
x = 105
Para sabermos se o problema est correto simples,
basta substituir o x pelo valor encontrado e realizarmos a
operao. No ltimo exemplo temos:

DIVISO
Observe a operao: 30 : 6 = 5
Tambm podemos representar a diviso das seguintes
maneiras:

x = 105
105 62 = 43

30 6

MULTIPLICAO

0 5

Observe:

ou

30
=5
6

O dividendo (D) o nmero de elementos do conjunto

que dividimos o divisor (d) o nmero de elementos do
subconjunto pelo qual dividimos o dividendo e o quociente
(c) o nmero de subconjuntos obtidos com a diviso.
Essa diviso exata e considerada a operao inversa da multiplicao.

4 X 3 = 12
A operao efetuada chama-se multiplicao e indicada escrevendo-se um ponto ou o sinal x entre os nmeros.
Os nmeros 3 e 4 so chamados fatores. O nmero 12,

Matemtica

9 . 6 4 . 12 + 7 . 2 =

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Se 30 : 6 = 5, ENTO 5 x 6 = 30
observe agora esta outra diviso:

x = 40 35 + 18
x = 23
Prova: 23 + 35 18 = 40
Adicionando 1 ao dobro de certo nmero obtemos 7. Qual
esse numero?

32 6
2 5

2.x+1 = 7
32 = dividendo

2x = 7 1

6 = divisor

2x = 6

5 = quociente

x = 6:2

2 = resto

x = 3

Essa diviso no exata e chamada diviso aproximada.

ATENO:
Na diviso de nmeros naturais, o quociente sempre
menor ou igual ao dividendo.
O resto sempre menor que o divisor.
O resto no pode ser igual ou maior que o divisor.
O resto sempre da mesma espcie do dividendo. Exemplo: dividindo-se laranjas por certo nmero, o resto ser
laranjas.
impossvel dividir um nmero por 0 (zero), porque no
existe um nmero que multiplicado por 0 d o quociente
da diviso.

O nmero procurado 3.
Prova: 2. 3 +1 = 7
Subtraindo 12 do triplo de certo nmero obtemos 18. Determinar esse nmero.
3 . x 12 = 18
3 x = 18 + 12
3 x = 30
x = 30 : 3
x = 10
Dividindo 1736 por um nmero natural, encontramos 56.
Qual o valor deste numero natural?
1736 : x = 56

PROBLEMAS

1736 = 56 . x
56 . x = 1736

Determine um nmero natural que, multiplicado por 17,

resulte 238.

x . 56 = 1736
x = 1736 : 56

x . 17 = 238

x = 31

x = 238 : 17

O dobro de um nmero igual a 30. Qual o nmero?

x = 14

2 . x = 30
Prova: 14 . 17 = 238
Determine um nmero natural que, dividido por 62, resulte
49.

2x = 30
x = 30 : 2
x = 15

x : 62 = 49

O dobro de um nmero mais 4 igual a 20. Qual o nmero ?

x = 49 . 62
x = 3038

2 . x + 4 = 20

Determine um nmero natural que, adicionado a 15, d

como resultado 32

2 x = 20 4
2 x = 16

x + 15 = 32
x = 32 15

x = 16 : 2

x = 17

x = 8
Paulo e Jos tm juntos 12 lpis. Paulo tem o dobro dos
lpis de Jos. Quantos lpis tem cada menino?
Jos: x
Paulo: 2x
Paulo e Jos: x + x + x = 12

Quanto devemos adicionar a 112, a fim de obtermos 186?

x + 112 = 186
x = 186 112
x = 74
Quanto devemos subtrair de 134 para obtermos 81?

3x = 12

134 x = 81

x = 12 : 3

x = 81 134

x = 4

x = 53 (multiplicando por 1)

Jos: 4 - Paulo: 8
A soma de dois nmeros 28. Um o triplo do outro.
Quais so esses nmeros?
um nmero: x
o outro nmero: 3x

x = 53
Prova: 134 53 = 81
Ricardo pensou em um nmero natural, adicionou-lhe 35,
subtraiu 18 e obteve 40 no resultado. Qual o nmero
pensado?

x + x + x + x = 28 (os dois nmeros)

x + 35 18 = 40

Matemtica

4 x = 28
4

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x = 7 (um nmero)
3x = 3 . 7 = 21 (o outro nmero).
Resposta: 7 e 21
Pedro e Marcelo possuem juntos 30 bolinhas. Marcelo tem
6 bolinhas a mais que Pedro. Quantas bolinhas tem
cada um?
Pedro: x
Marcelo: x + 6

PROPRIEDADES DAS POTNCIAS

x + x + 6 = 30 ( Marcelo e Pedro)

para multiplicar potncias de mesma base, conserva-se a

base e adicionam-se os expoentes.
m
n
m+n
a .a =a
2
8
2+8
10
=3
Exemplos: 3 . 3 = 3
6
1+6
7
5.5 = 5 =5
para dividir potncias de mesma base, conserva-se a base
e subtraem-se os expoentes.
m
n
m-n
a :a =a
Exemplos:
7
3
73
4
=3
3 : 3 = 3
10
8
10 8
2
5 : 5 = 5
= 5
para elevar uma potncia a um outro expoente, conservase base e multiplicam-se os expoentes.
2 4
2.4
8
Exemplo: (3 ) = 3
=3
para elevar um produto a um expoente, eleva-se cada fator
a esse expoente.
m
m
m
(a. b) = a . b
3
3
3
2
2
2
Exemplos: (4 . 7) = 4 . 7 ; (3. 5) = 3 . 5

2 x + 6 = 30
2 x = 30 6
2 x = 24
x = 24 : 2
x = 12 (Pedro)
Marcelo: x + 6 =12 + 6 =18
EXPRESSES NUMRICAS ENVOLVENDO AS QUATRO OPERAES
Sinais de associao:
O valor das expresses numricas envolvendo as quatro operaes obtido do seguinte modo:
efetuamos as multiplicaes e as divises, na ordem em
que aparecem;
efetuamos as adies e as subtraes, na ordem em que
aparecem;
Exemplo 1) 3 .15 + 36 : 9 =
= 45 + 4
= 49
Exemplo 2) 18 : 3 . 2 + 8 6 . 5 : 10 =
= 6 . 2 + 8 30 : 10 =
= 12 + 8 3 =
= 20 3
= 17

RADICIAO
Suponha que desejemos determinar um nmero que,
elevado ao quadrado, seja igual a 9. Sendo x esse nmero,
2
escrevemos: x = 9
De acordo com a potenciao, temos que x = 3, ou se2
ja: 3 = 9
A operao que se realiza para determinar esse nmero 3 chamada radiciao, que a operao inversa da
potenciao.
Indica-se por:

RADICIAO potenciao e racionalizao.

POTENCIAO

Considere a multiplicao:2 . 2 . 2 em que os trs fatores so todos iguais a 2.

3
Esse produto pode ser escrito ou indicado na forma 2
(l-se: dois elevado terceira potncia), em que o 2 o
fator que se repete e o 3 corresponde quantidade desses
fatores.
3
Assim, escrevemos: 2 = 2 . 2 . 2 = 8 (3 fatores)
A operao realizada chama-se potenciao.
O nmero que se repete chama-se base.
O nmero que indica a quantidade de fatores iguais a
base chama-se expoente.
O resultado da operao chama-se potncia.

9 =3

(l-se: raiz quadrada de 9 igual a 3)

Da , escrevemos:
2

9 = 3 32 = 9

Na expresso acima, temos que:

o smbolo chama-se sinal da raiz
o nmero 2 chama-se ndice
o nmero 9 chama-se radicando
o nmero 3 chama-se raiz,

o smbolo

chama-se radical

As razes recebem denominaes de acordo com o ndice. Por exemplo:

Observaes:
1) os expoentes 2 e 3 recebem os nomes especiais de
quadrado e cubo, respectivamente.
2) As potncias de base 0 so iguais a zero.
2
0 =0.0=0
3) As potncias de base um so iguais a um.

Matemtica

1 =1.1.1=1
5
1 =1.1.1.1.1=1
4) Por conveno, tem-se que:
a potncia de expoente zero igual a 1
0
(a = 1, a 0)
0
0
0
3 = 1 ; 5 = 1 ; 12 = 1
1
a potncia de expoente um igual base (a = a)
1
1
1
2 = 2 ; 7 = 7 ; 100 =100
Exemplos:

x = 28 : 4

36

raiz quadrada de 36

125

raiz cbica de 125

81

raiz quarta de 81

32

raiz quinta de 32 e assim por diante

No caso da raiz quadrada, convencionou-se no escrever o ndice 2.

Exemplo :
5

2 49 =

49 = 7, pois 72 = 49

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Um edifcio tem 15 andares; cada andar, 30 salas; cada
sala, 3 mesas; cada mesa, 2 gavetas; cada gaveta, 1
chave. Quantas chaves diferentes sero necessrias
para abrir todas as gavetas? (2700).
Se eu tivesse 3 dzias de balas a mais do que tenho, daria
5 e ficaria com 100. Quantas balas tenho realmente?
(69)
A soma de dois nmeros 428 e a diferena entre eles
34. Qual o nmero maior? (231)
Pensei num nmero e juntei a ele 5, obtendo 31. Qual o
nmero? (26)
Qual o nmero que multiplicado por 7 resulta 56? (8)
O dobro das balas que possuo mais 10 36. Quantas
balas possuo? (13).
Raul e Lus pescaram 18 peixinhos. Raul pescou o
dobro de Lus. Quanto pescou cada um? (Raul-12 e
Lus-6)

EXERCCIOS
Calcule:
a)

10 10 : 5 =

b)

45 : 9 + 6 =

c)

20 + 40 : 10 =

d)

9. 7 3 =

e)

30 : 5 + 5 =

f)

6 . 15 56 : 4 =

g)

63 : 9 . 2 2 =

h)

56 34 : 17 . 19 =

i)

3 . 15 : 9 + 54 :18 =

j)

24 12 : 4+1. 0 =

Respostas:
a) 8
c) 24
e) 11
g) 12
i) 8

b) 11
d) 60
f) 76
h) 18
j) 21

PROBLEMAS

Calcule o valor das expresses:

3
2
2 +3 =
2
2
3.5 7 =
3
3
2 . 3 4. 2 =
3
2
2
5 3 .6 +2 1=
2
4
2
(2 + 3) + 2 . 3 15 : 5 =
2
4
2
1 + 7 3 . 2 + (12 : 4) =
Respostas:
a) 17
c) 22
e) 142

Vamos calcular o valor de x nos mais diversos casos:

1) x + 4 = 10
Obtm-se o valor de x, aplicando a operao inversa da
adio:
x = 10 4
x=6
2) 5x = 20
Aplicando a operao inversa da multiplicao, temos:
x = 20 : 5
x=4
3) x 5 = 10
Obtm-se o valor de x, aplicando a operao inversa da
subtrao:
x = 10 + 5
x = 15
4) x : 2 = 4
Aplicando a operao inversa da diviso, temos:
x=4.2
x=8

b) 26
d) 20
f) 11

Uma indstria de automveis produz, por dia, 1270 unidades. Se cada veculo comporta 5 pneus, quantos
pneus sero utilizados ao final de 30 dias? (Resposta:
190.500)
Numa diviso, o divisor 9,o quociente 12 e o resto 5.
Qual o dividendo? (113)
Numa diviso, o dividendo 227, o divisor 15 e o resto
2. Qual o quociente? (15)
Numa diviso, o dividendo 320, o quociente 45 e o
resto 5. Qual o divisor? (7)
Num diviso, o dividendo 625, o divisor 25 e o quociente 25. Qual o resto? (0)
Numa chcara havia galinhas e cabras em igual quantidade. Sabendo-se que o total de ps desses animais
era 90, qual o nmero de galinhas?
Resposta: 15 ( 2 ps + 4 ps = 6 ps ; 90 : 6 = 15).
O dobro de um nmero adicionado a 3 igual a 13. Calcule o nmero.(5)
Subtraindo 12 do qudruplo de um nmero obtemos 60.
Qual esse nmero (Resp: 18)
Num joguinho de "pega-varetas", Andr e Renato fizeram
235 pontos no total. Renato fez 51 pontos a mais que
Andr. Quantos pontos fez cada um? ( Andr-92 e
Renato-143)

COMO ACHAR O VALOR DESCONHECIDO EM UM

PROBLEMA
Usando a letra x para representar um nmero, podemos expressar, em linguagem matemtica, fatos e sentenas da linguagem corrente referentes a esse nmero, observe:
- duas vezes o nmero 2 . x
- o nmero mais 2
x+2
-

- a

x
2

soma do dobro com a

2x +

Subtraindo 15 do triplo de um nmero obtemos 39. Qual

o nmero? (18)
Distribuo 50 balas, em iguais quantidades, a 3 amigos. No
final sobraram 2. Quantas balas coube a cada um?
(16)
A diferena entre dois nmeros naturais zero e a sua
soma 30. Quais so esses nmeros? (15)
Um aluno ganha 5 pontos por exerccio que acerta e perde
3 pontos por exerccio que erra. Ao final de 50 exerccios tinha 130 pontos. Quantos exerccios acertou?
(35)

Matemtica

a metade do nmero

metade do nmero

x
2

a quarta parte do nmero

x
4

PROBLEMA 1
Vera e Paula tm juntas R$ 1.080,00. Vera tem o triplo
do que tem Paula. Quanto tem cada uma?
Soluo:
x + 3x = 1080
4x = 1080
x = 1080 : 4
6

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Resposta: 25 anos
PROBLEMA 7
Sua bola custou R$ 10,00 menos que a minha. Quanto
pagamos por elas, se ambas custaram R$ 150,00?
Soluo:

x = 270
3 . 270 = 810
Resposta: Vera R$ 810,00 e Paula R$ 270,00
PROBLEMA 2
Paulo foi comprar um computador e uma bicicleta. Pagou por tudo R$ 5.600,00. Quanto custou cada um, sabendo-se que a computador seis vezes mais caro que a
bicicleta?
Soluo:

x + x 10 = 150
2x = 150 + 10
2x = 160
x = 160 : 2

x + 6x = 5600

x = 80

7x = 5600

80 10 = 70
Resposta: R$ 70,00 e R$ 80,00
PROBLEMA 8
Jos tem o dobro do que tem Srgio, e Paulo tanto
quanto os dois anteriores juntos. Quanto tem cada um, se
os trs juntos possuem R$ 624,00?
Soluo:

x = 5600 : 7
x = 800
6 . 800 = 4800
R: computador R$ 4.800,00 e bicicleta R$ 800,00
PROBLEMA 3
Repartir 21 cadernos entre Jos e suas duas irms, de
modo que cada menina receba o triplo do que recebe Jos.
Quantos cadernos receber Jos?
Soluo:

x + 2x + x + 2x = 624
6x = 624
x = 624 : 6

x + 3x + 3x = 21

x = 104

7x = 21

Resposta:S-R$ 104,00; J-R$ 208,00; P- R$ 312,00

PROBLEMA 9
Se eu tivesse 4 rosas a mais do que tenho, poderia dar
a voc 7 rosas e ainda ficaria com 2. Quantas rosas tenho?
Soluo:

x = 21 : 7
x = 3
Resposta: 3 cadernos
PROBLEMA 4
Repartir R$ 2.100,00 entre trs irmos de modo que o
2 receba o dobro do que recebe o 1 , e o 3 o dobro do
que recebe o 2. Quanto receber cada um?
Soluo:

x+47 = 2
x+4 = 7+2
x+4 = 9
x = 94

x + 2x + 4x = 2100

x = 5

7x = 2100
Resposta: 5

x = 2100 : 7

CONJUNTO DOS NMEROS INTEIROS (Z)

x = 300

Conhecemos o conjunto N dos nmeros naturais:

N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .....,}
Assim, os nmeros precedidos do sinal + chamam-se
positivos, e os precedidos de - so negativos.
Exemplos:
Nmeros inteiros positivos: {+1, +2, +3, +4, ....}
Nmeros inteiros negativos: {-1, -2, -3, -4, ....}
O conjunto dos nmeros inteiros relativos formado pelos nmeros inteiros positivos, pelo zero e pelos nmeros
inteiros negativos. Tambm o chamamos de CONJUNTO
DOS NMEROS INTEIROS e o representamos pela letra
Z, isto : Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, ... }
O zero no um nmero positivo nem negativo. Todo
nmero positivo escrito sem o seu sinal positivo.
Exemplo:
+ 3 = 3 ; +10 = 10
Ento, podemos escrever:
Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0 , 1, 2, 3, ...}
N um subconjunto de Z.
REPRESENTAO GEOMTRICA
Cada nmero inteiro pode ser representado por um
ponto sobre uma reta. Por exemplo:

300 . 2 = 600
300 . 4 = 1200
Resposta: R$ 300,00; R$ 600,00; R$ 1200,00
PROBLEMA 5
A soma das idades de duas pessoas 40 anos. A idade de uma o triplo da idade da outra. Qual a idade de
cada uma?
Soluo:
3x + x = 40
4x = 40
x = 40 : 4
x = 10
3 . 10 = 30
Resposta: 10 e 30 anos.
PROBLEMA 6
A soma das nossas idades 45 anos. Eu sou 5 anos
mais velho que voc. Quantos anos eu tenho?
x + x + 5 = 45
x + x = 45 5
2x = 40
x = 20
20 + 5 = 25

Matemtica

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Se a um nmero inteiro qualquer, existe um nico
nmero oposto ou simtrico representado por (-a), tal
que: (+a) + (-a) = 0 = (-a) + (+a)
Exemplos:
(+5) + ( -5) = 0
( -5) + (+5) = 0

Ao ponto zero, chamamos origem, corresponde o nmero zero.

Nas representaes geomtricas, temos direita do zero os nmeros inteiros positivos, e esquerda do zero, os
nmeros inteiros negativos.
Observando a figura anterior, vemos que cada ponto
a representao geomtrica de um nmero inteiro.
Exemplos:
ponto C a representao geomtrica do nmero +3
ponto B' a representao geomtrica do nmero -2

5) COMUTATIVA
Se a e b so nmeros inteiros, ento:
a+b=b+a
Exemplo:
(+4) + (-6) = (-6) + (+4)
-2 = -2
SUBTRAO DE NMEROS INTEIROS
Em certo local, a temperatura passou de -3C para 5C,
sofrendo, portanto, um aumento de 8C, aumento esse que
pode ser representado por:
(+5) - (-3) = (+5) + (+3) = +8
Portanto:
A diferena entre dois nmeros dados numa certa ordem a soma do primeiro com o oposto do segundo.
Exemplos:
1) (+6) - (+2) = (+6) + (-2 ) = +4
2) (-8 ) - (-1 ) = (-8 ) + (+1) = - 7
3) (-5 ) - (+2) = (-5 ) + (-2 ) = - 7
Na prtica, efetuamos diretamente a subtrao, eliminando os parnteses
- (+4 ) = -4
- ( -4 ) = +4
Observao:
Permitindo a eliminao dos parnteses, os sinais podem ser resumidos do seguinte modo:

ADIO DE DOIS NMEROS INTEIROS

1) A soma de zero com um nmero inteiro o prprio
nmero inteiro: 0 + (-2) = -2
2) A soma de dois nmeros inteiros positivos um nmero
inteiro positivo igual soma dos mdulos dos nmeros
dados: (+700) + (+200) = +900
3) A soma de dois nmeros inteiros negativos um nmero inteiro negativo igual soma dos mdulos dos nmeros dados: (-2) + (-4) = -6
4) A soma de dois nmeros inteiros de sinais contrrios
igual diferena dos mdulos, e o sinal o da parcela
de maior mdulo: (-800) + (+300) = -500
ADIO DE TRS OU MAIS NMEROS INTEIROS
A soma de trs ou mais nmeros inteiros efetuada adicionando-se todos os nmeros positivos e todos os negativos e, em seguida, efetuando-se a soma do nmero negativo.
Exemplos:
1)

(+17) + (-11) = + 6

- (- )=+

- ( -2) = +2

+(-6 ) = -6
- (+3) = -3

PROPRIEDADE DA SUBTRAO
A subtrao possui uma propriedade.
FECHAMENTO: A diferena de dois nmeros inteiros
sempre um nmero inteiro.
MULTIPLICAO DE NMEROS INTEIROS
1 CASO: OS DOIS FATORES SO NMEROS INTEIROS POSITIVOS
Lembremos que: 3 . 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
Exemplo:
(+3) . (+2) = 3 . (+2) = (+2) + (+2) + (+2) = +6
Logo: (+3) . (+2) = +6
Observando essa igualdade, conclumos: na multiplicao de nmeros inteiros, temos:
(+) . (+) =+
2 CASO: UM FATOR POSITIVO E O OUTRO
NEGATIVO
Exemplos:
1) (+3) . (-4) = 3 . (-4) = (-4) + (-4) + (-4) = -12
ou seja: (+3) . (-4) = -12
2) Lembremos que: -(+2) = -2
(-3) . (+5) = - (+3) . (+5) = -(+15) = - 15
ou seja: (-3) . (+5) = -15
Concluso: na multiplicao de nmeros inteiros, temos: ( + ) . ( - ) = (-).(+)=Exemplos :
(+5) . (-10) = -50

(+3) + (-4) + (+2) + (-8) =

PROPRIEDADES DA ADIO
A adio de nmeros inteiros possui as seguintes propriedades:
1) FECHAMENTO
A soma de dois nmeros inteiros sempre um nmero
inteiro: (-3) + (+6) = + 3 Z
2) ASSOCIATIVA
Se a, b, c so nmeros inteiros quaisquer, ento:
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Exemplo:
(+3) +[(-4) + (+2)] = [(+3) + (-4)] + (+2)
(+3) + (-2) = (-1) + (+2)
+1 = +1
3) ELEMENTO NEUTRO
Se a um nmero inteiro qualquer, temos:
a+ 0 = a e 0 + a = a
Isto significa que o zero elemento neutro para a adio.
Exemplo: (+2) + 0 = +2 e 0 + (+2) = +2
OPOSTO OU SIMTRICO

Matemtica

- (+)=-

+(+1) = +1

(+5) + (-12) = 7

4)

+(-)=-

Exemplos:

(+6) + (+3) + (-6) + (-5) + (+8) =

2)

(+)=+

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APOSTILAS OPO
(+1) . (-8) = -8
(-2 ) . (+6 ) = -12

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

5) DISTRIBUTIVA EM RELAO ADIO E
SUBTRAO
Observe os exemplos:
(+3 ) . [( -5 ) + (+2 )] = (+3 ) . ( -5 ) + (+3 ) . (+2 )
(+4 ) . [( -2 ) - (+8 )] = (+4 ) . ( -2 ) - (+4 ) . (+8 )
Concluso:
Se a, b, c representam nmeros inteiros quaisquer, temos:
a) a . [b + c] = a . b + a . c
A igualdade acima conhecida como propriedade
distributiva da multiplicao em relao adio.
b) a . [b c] = a . b - a . c
A igualdade acima conhecida como propriedade distributiva da multiplicao em relao subtrao.

(-7) . (+1) = -7

3 CASO: OS DOIS FATORES SO NMEROS INTEIROS NEGATIVOS

Exemplo:
(-3) . (-6) = -(+3) . (-6) = -(-18) = +18
isto : (-3) . (-6) = +18
Concluso: na multiplicao de nmeros inteiros, temos: ( - ) . ( - ) = +
Exemplos: (-4) . (-2) = +8
(-5) . (-4) = +20
As regras dos sinais anteriormente vistas podem ser
resumidas na seguinte:
(+).(+)=+
(+).(-)=(- ).( -)=+
(-).(+)=Quando um dos fatores o 0 (zero), o produto igual a
0: (+5) . 0 = 0

DIVISO DE NMEROS INTEIROS

CONCEITO
Dividir (+16) por 2 achar um nmero que, multiplicado
por 2, d 16.
16 : 2 = ? 2 . ( ? ) = 16
O nmero procurado 8. Analogamente, temos:
1) (+12) : (+3 ) = +4 porque (+4 ) . (+3 ) = +12
2) (+12) : ( -3 ) = - 4 porque (- 4 ) . ( -3 ) = +12
3) ( -12) : (+3 ) = - 4 porque (- 4 ) . (+3 ) = -12
4) ( -12) : ( -3 ) = +4 porque (+4 ) . ( -3 ) = -12
A diviso de nmeros inteiros s pode ser realizada
quando o quociente um nmero inteiro, ou seja, quando o
dividendo mltiplo do divisor.
Portanto, o quociente deve ser um nmero inteiro.
Exemplos:
( -8 ) : (+2 ) = -4
( -4 ) : (+3 ) = no um nmero inteiro
Lembramos que a regra dos sinais para a diviso a
mesma que vimos para a multiplicao:
(+):(+)=+
(+):( -)=(- ):( -)=+
( -):(+)=Exemplos:
( +8 ) : ( -2 ) = -4
(-10) : ( -5 ) = +2
(+1 ) : ( -1 ) = -1
(-12) : (+3 ) = -4

PRODUTO DE TRS OU MAIS

NMEROS INTEIROS
Exemplos:
1)

(+5 ) . ( -4 ) . (-2 ) . (+3 ) =

(-20) . (-2 ) . (+3 ) =
(+40) . (+3 ) = +120

2)

(-2 ) . ( -1 ) . (+3 ) . (-2 ) =

(+2 ) . (+3 ) . (-2 ) =
(+6 ) . (-2 ) = -12

Podemos concluir que:

Quando o nmero de fatores negativos par, o produto
sempre positivo.
Quando o nmero de fatores negativos mpar, o produto
sempre negativo.
PROPRIEDADES DA MULTIPLICAO
No conjunto Z dos nmeros inteiros so vlidas as seguintes propriedades:
1) FECHAMENTO
Exemplo:
(+4 ) . (-2 ) = - 8 Z
Ento o produto de dois nmeros inteiros inteiro.
2) ASSOCIATIVA
Exemplo:
(+2 ) . (-3 ) . (+4 )
Este clculo pode ser feito diretamente, mas tambm
podemos faz-lo, agrupando os fatores de duas maneiras:
(+2 ) . [(-3 ) . (+4 )] = [(+2 ) . ( -3 )]. (+4 )
(+2 ) . (-12) = (-6 ) . (+4 )
-24 = -24
De modo geral, temos o seguinte:
Se a, b, c representam nmeros inteiros quaisquer, ento: a . (b . c) = (a . b) . c
3) ELEMENTO NEUTRO
Observe que:
(+4 ) . (+1 ) = +4 e (+1 ) . (+4 ) = +4
Qualquer que seja o nmero inteiro a, temos:
a . (+1 ) = a
e
(+1 ) . a = a
O nmero inteiro +1 chama-se neutro para a multiplicao.
4) COMUTATIVA
Observemos que: (+2). (-4 ) = - 8
e
(-4 ) . (+2 ) = - 8
Portanto: (+2 ) . (-4 ) = (-4 ) . (+2 )
Se a e b so nmeros inteiros quaisquer, ento: a . b =
b . a, isto , a ordem dos fatores no altera o produto.

Matemtica

35235,('$'(
35235,('$'(
Como vimos: (+4 ) : (+3 )

Portanto, no vale em Z a propriedade do fechamento

para a diviso. Alem disso, tambm no so vlidas as
proposies associativa, comutativa e do elemento neutro.
POTENCIAO DE NMEROS INTEIROS
CONCEITO
A notao
3
(+2 ) = (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 )

um produto de trs fatores iguais

Analogamente:
4
( -2 ) = ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 )

um produto de quatro fatores iguais

Portanto potncia um produto de fatores iguais.
2
Na potncia (+5 ) = +25, temos:
9

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5

O EXPOENTE MPAR
Exemplos:
Calcular as potncias:
3
1) (+2 ) = (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) = +8
3
isto ,(+2) = + 8
3
2) ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = -8
3
ou seja, (-2) = -8
3

PROPRIEDADES
PRODUTO DE POTNCIAS DE MESMA BASE
3
2
3
2
5
Exemplos: (+2 ) . (+2 ) = (+2 ) +2 = (+2 )
2
3
5
2+3+5
10
( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = ( -2 )
= ( -2 )
Para multiplicar potncias de mesma base, mantemos a
base e somamos os expoentes.

(+2 ) : (+2 ) = (+2 ) = (+2 )

7
3
7-3
4
( -2 ) : ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) = ( -2 )
Para dividir potncias de mesma base em que o expoente do dividendo maior que o expoente do divisor, mantemos a base e subtramos os expoentes.

482&,(17('(3271&,$6'(0(60$%$6(
482&,(17('(3271&,$6'(0(60$%$6(

3271&,$'(3271&,$
3271&,$'(3271&,$
3 5

3.5

3271&,$'(80352'872
3271&,$'(80352'872
4

5-2

(+2 ) : (+2 ) = (+2 ) = (+2 )

7
3
7-3
4
( -2 ) : ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) = ( -2 )
Para dividir potncias de mesma base em que o expoente do dividendo maior que o expoente do divisor, mantemos a base e subtramos os expoentes.

15

[( -4 ) ] = ( -4 )
= ( -4 )
Para calcular uma potncia de potncia, conservamos a
base da primeira potncia e multiplicamos os expoentes .

Observamos que: (+2 ) = +8 e ( -2 ) = -8

Da, a regra:
Quando o expoente mpar, a potncia tem o mesmo
sinal da base.
3
4
Outros exemplos: (- 3) = - 27 (+2) = +16

482&,(17('(3271&,$6'(0(60$%$6(
482&,(17('(3271&,$6'(0(60$%$6(
5-2

O EXPOENTE PAR
Calcular as potncias
4
(+2 ) = (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) =
4
+16 isto ,(+2) = +16
4
( -2 ) = ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) =
4
+16 isto ,(-2 ) = +16
4
4
Observamos que: (+2) = +16 e (-2) = +16
Ento, de modo geral, temos a regra:
Quando o expoente par, a potncia sempre um nmero positivo.
6
2
Outros exemplos: (-1) = +1
(+3) = +9

Calcular as potncias:
3
(+2 ) = (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) = +8
3
isto ,(+2) = + 8
3
( -2 ) = ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = -8
3
ou seja, (-2) = -8
3
3
Observamos que: (+2 ) = +8 e ( -2 ) = -8
Da, a regra:
Quando o expoente mpar, a potncia tem o mesmo
sinal da base.
3
4
Outros exemplos: (- 3) = - 27 (+2) = +16
PROPRIEDADES
PRODUTO DE POTNCIAS DE MESMA BASE
3
2
3
2
5
Exemplos:
(+2 ) . (+2 ) = (+2 ) +2 = (+2 )
2
3
5
2+3+5
10
= ( -2 )
( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = ( -2 )
Para multiplicar potncias de mesma base, mantemos a
base e somamos os expoentes.

5-5

CLCULOS

2(;32(17(03$5
2(;32(17(03$5

(+2 ) : (+2 ) = (+2 ) = (+2 )

5
5
e
(+2 ) : (+2 ) = 1
0
0
Consequentemente: (+2 ) = 1 ( -4 ) = 1
Qualquer potncia de expoente zero igual a 1.
Observao:
2
2
2
No confundir -3 com ( -3 ) , porque -3 significa -(
2
3 ) e portanto
2
2
-3 = -( 3 ) = -9
2
enquanto que: ( -3 ) = ( -3 ) . ( -3 ) = +9
2
( -3 )2
Logo: -3

+5 ---------- base
2 ---------- expoente
+25 ---------- pot
ncia
Observaces :
1
1
, (+2 ) = +2
(+2 ) significa +2, isto
1
1
( -3 ) significa -3, isto
, ( -3 ) = -3
CLCULOS
O EXPOENTE PAR
Calcular as potncias
4
(+2 ) = (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) = +16
4
isto ,(+2) = +16
4
( -2 ) = ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = +16
4
isto ,(-2 ) = +16
4
4
Observamos que: (+2) = +16 e (-2) = +16
Ento, de modo geral, temos a regra:
Quando o expoente par, a potncia sempre um nmero positivo.
6
2
Outros exemplos:
(-1) = +1
(+3) = +9

3271&,$'(3271&,$
3271&,$'(3271&,$

[( -2 ) . (+3 ) . ( -5 )] = ( -2 ) . (+3 ) . ( -5 )
Para calcular a potncia de um produto, sendo n o expoente, elevamos cada fator ao expoente n.

3 5

3.5

15

[( -4 ) ] = ( -4 )
= ( -4 )
Para calcular uma potncia de potncia, conservamos a
base da primeira potncia e multiplicamos os expoentes .

3271&,$'((;32(17(=(52
3271&,$'((;32(17(=(52

3271&,$'(80352'872
3271&,$'(80352'872
'(80352'872
Matemtica

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4

[( -2 ) . (+3 ) . ( -5 )] = ( -2 ) . (+3 ) . ( -5 )
Para calcular a potncia de um produto, sendo n o expoente, elevamos cada fator ao expoente n.

Um nmero natural primo quando divisvel apenas por

dois nmeros distintos: ele prprio e o 1.
Exemplos:
O nmero 2 primo, pois divisvel apenas por dois nmeros diferentes: ele prprio e o 1.
O nmero 5 primo, pois divisvel apenas por dois nmeros distintos: ele prprio e o 1.
O nmero natural que divisvel por mais de dois nmeros
diferentes chamado composto.
O nmero 4 composto, pois divisvel por 1, 2, 4.
O nmero 1 no primo nem composto, pois divisvel
apenas por um nmero (ele mesmo).
O nmero 2 o nico nmero par primo.

3271&,$'((;32(17(=(52
3271&,$'((;32(17(=(52
5

5-5

(+2 ) : (+2 ) = (+2 ) = (+2 )

5
5
e
(+2 ) : (+2 ) = 1
0
0
Consequentemente:
(+2 ) = 1
( -4 ) = 1
Qualquer potncia de expoente zero igual a 1.
2
2
2
Observao: No confundir-3 com (-3) , porque -3
2
2
2
significa -( 3 ) e portanto: -3 = -( 3 ) = -9
2
enquanto que: ( -3 ) = ( -3 ) . ( -3 ) = +9
2
( -3 )2
Logo: -3

DECOMPOSIO EM FATORES PRIMOS (FATORAO)

Um nmero composto pode ser escrito sob a forma de um
produto de fatores primos.
Por exemplo, o nmero 60 pode ser escrito na forma: 60 =
2
2 . 2 . 3 . 5 = 2 . 3 . 5 que chamada de forma fatorada.
Para escrever um nmero na forma fatorada, devemos
decompor esse nmero em fatores primos, procedendo do
seguinte modo:
Dividimos o nmero considerado pelo menor nmero primo possvel de modo que a diviso seja exata.
Dividimos o quociente obtido pelo menor nmero primo
possvel.
Dividimos, sucessivamente, cada novo quociente pelo
menor nmero primo possvel, at que se obtenha o quociente
1.
Exemplo:

MLTIPLOS E DIVISORES, MXIMO DIVISOR

COMUM E MNIMO MLTIPLO COMUM.
NMEROS PARES E MPARES
Os pitagricos estudavam natureza dos nmeros, e baseado nesta natureza criaram sua filosofia e modo de vida.
Vamos definir nmeros pares e mpares de acordo com a
concepo pitagrica:
par o nmero que pode ser dividido em duas partes iguais,
sem que uma unidade fique no meio, e mpar aquele
que no pode ser dividido em duas partes iguais, porque
sempre h uma unidade no meio
Uma outra caracterizao, nos mostra a preocupao com
natureza dos nmeros:
nmero par aquele que tanto pode ser dividido em duas
partes iguais como em partes desiguais, mas de forma tal
que em nenhuma destas divises haja uma mistura da natureza par com a natureza mpar, nem da mpar com a
par. Isto tem uma nica exceo, que o princpio do par,
o nmero 2, que no admite a diviso em partes desiguais, porque ele formado por duas unidades e, se isto
pode ser dito, do primeiro nmero par, 2.
Para exemplificar o texto acima, considere o nmero 10,
que par, pode ser dividido como a soma de 5 e 5, mas tambm como a soma de 7 e 3 (que so ambos mpares) ou
como a soma de 6 e 4 (ambos so pares); mas nunca como a
soma de um nmero par e outro mpar. J o nmero 11, que
mpar pode ser escrito como soma de 8 e 3, um par e um
mpar. Atualmente, definimos nmeros pares como sendo o
nmero que ao ser dividido por dois tm resto zero e nmeros
mpares aqueles que ao serem divididos por dois tm resto
diferente de zero. Por exemplo, 12 dividido por 2 tm resto
zero, portanto 12 par. J o nmero 13 ao ser dividido por 2
deixa resto 1, portanto 13 mpar.

30

15

5
1

Portanto: 60 = 2 . 2 . 3 . 5
Na prtica, costuma-se traar uma barra vertical direita
do nmero e, direita dessa barra, escrever os divisores
primos; abaixo do nmero escrevem-se os quocientes obtidos.
A decomposio em fatores primos estar terminada quando
o ltimo quociente for igual a 1.
Exemplo:
60 2
30 2
15 3
5 5
1
Logo: 60 = 2 . 2 . 3 . 5

MLTIPLOS E DIVISORES
DIVISIBILIDADE
Um nmero divisvel por 2 quando termina em 0, 2, 4, 6
ou 8. Ex.: O nmero 74 divisvel por 2, pois termina em 4.
Um nmero divisvel por 3 quando a soma dos valores
absolutos dos seus algarismos um nmero divisvel por 3.
Ex.: 123 divisvel por 3, pois 1+2+3 = 6 e 6 divisvel por 3
Um nmero divisvel por 5 quando o algarismo das unidades 0 ou 5 (ou quando termina em o ou 5). Ex.: O nmero
320 divisvel por 5, pois termina em 0.
Um nmero divisvel por 10 quando o algarismo das unidades 0 (ou quando termina em 0). Ex.: O nmero 500
divisvel por 10, pois termina em 0.

DIVISORES DE UM NMERO
Consideremos o nmero 12 e vamos determinar todos os
seus divisores Uma maneira de obter esse resultado escrever os nmeros naturais de 1 a 12 e verificar se cada um ou
no divisor de 12, assinalando os divisores.
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12
= = = =
=
=
Indicando por D(12) (l-se: "D de 12) o conjunto dos divisores do nmero 12, temos:

NMEROS PRIMOS

Matemtica

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D (12) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
Na prtica, a maneira mais usada a seguinte:
1) Decompomos em fatores primos o nmero considera-

assim, sucessivamente, at se obter resto zero. 0 ultimo divisor, assim determinado, ser o M.D.C. dos nmeros considerados.
Exemplo:
Calcular o M.D.C. (24, 32)

do.
12 2
6 2
3 3
1
2) Colocamos um trao vertical ao lado os fatores primos
e, sua direita e acima, escrevemos o numero 1 que
divisor de todos os nmeros.
1
12 2
6 2
3 3
1
3) Multiplicamos o fator primo 2 pelo divisor 1 e escrevemos o produto obtido na linha correspondente.
x1
12 2 2
6 2
3 3
1
4) Multiplicamos, a seguir, cada fator primo pelos divisores j obtidos, escrevendo os produtos nas linhas
correspondentes, sem repeti-los.
x1
12 2 2
6 2 4
3 3
1

24

24

8
0

Resposta: M.D.C. (24, 32) = 8

MNIMO MLTIPLO COMUM
Recebe o nome de mnimo mltiplo comum de dois ou
mais nmeros o menor dos mltiplos (diferente de zero) comuns a esses nmeros.
O processo prtico para o clculo do M.M.C de dois ou
mais nmeros, chamado de decomposio em fatores primos,
consiste das seguintes etapas:
1) Decompem-se em fatores primos os nmeros apresentados.
2) Determina-se o produto entre os fatores primos comuns e
no-comuns com seus maiores expoentes. Esse produto
o M.M.C procurado.
Exemplos: Calcular o M.M.C (12, 18)
Decompondo em fatores primos esses nmeros, temos:
12 2
6 2
3 3
1

x1
12 2 2
6 2 4
3 3 3, 6, 12
1
Os nmeros obtidos direita dos fatores primos so os divisores do nmero considerado. Portanto:
D(12) = { 1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 12}
Exemplos:
1)
1
18
2 2
9
3 3, 6
D(18) = {1, 2 , 3, 6, 9, 18}
3
3 9, 18
1

18 2
9 3
3 3
1
2

12 = 2 . 3

18 = 2 . 3
2
2
Resposta: M.M.C (12, 18) = 2 . 3 = 36
Observao: Esse processo prtico costuma ser simplificado fazendo-se uma decomposio simultnea dos nmeros. Para isso, escrevem-se os nmeros, um ao lado do outro,
separando-os por vrgula, e, direita da barra vertical, colocada aps o ltimo nmero, escrevem-se os fatores primos
comuns e no-comuns. 0 calculo estar terminado quando a
ltima linha do dispositivo for composta somente pelo nmero
1. O M.M.C dos nmeros apresentados ser o produto dos
fatores.
Exemplo:
Calcular o M.M.C (36, 48, 60)
36, 48, 60
2
18, 24, 30
2
9, 12, 15
2
9, 6, 15
2
9, 3, 15
3
3, 1, 5
3
1, 1 5
5
1, 1, 1
4
2
Resposta: M.M.C (36, 48, 60) = 2 . 3 . 5 = 720

2)
1
30
2 2
15
3 3, 6
5
5 5, 10, 15, 30
1
D(30) = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30}
MXIMO DIVISOR COMUM
Recebe o nome de mximo divisor comum de dois ou
mais nmeros o maior dos divisores comuns a esses nmeros.
Um mtodo prtico para o clculo do M.D.C. de dois nmeros o chamado mtodo das divises sucessivas (ou
algoritmo de Euclides), que consiste das etapas seguintes:
1) Divide-se o maior dos nmeros pelo menor. Se a diviso for exata, o M.D.C. entre esses nmeros o menor
deles.
2) Se a diviso no for exata, divide-se o divisor (o menor dos dois nmeros) pelo resto obtido na diviso anterior, e,

Matemtica

32

RAZ QUADRADA EXATA DE NMEROS INTEIROS

CONCEITO
Consideremos o seguinte problema:
Descobrir os nmeros inteiros cujo quadrado +25.
2
2
Soluo: (+5 ) = +25 e
( -5 ) =+25
Resposta: + 5 e - 5
Os nmeros +5 e -5 chamam-se razes quadradas de +25.
Outros exemplos:
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Nmero
+9
+16
+1
+64
+81
+49
+36

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2 ETAPA:
a) efetuamos o que est entre colchetes [ ]
b) eliminamos os colchetes
3 ETAPA:
a) efetuamos o que est entre chaves { }
b) eliminamos as chaves
Em cada etapa, as operaes devem ser efetuadas na
seguinte ordem:
1) Potenciao e radiciao na ordem em que aparecem.
2) Multiplicao e diviso na ordem em que aparecem.
3) Adio e subtrao na ordem em que aparecem.
Exemplos:
1) 2 + 7 . (-3 + 4) =
2 + 7 . (+1) =
2+7 =9

Razes quadradas
+ 3 e -3
+ 4 e -4
+ 1 e -1
+ 8 e -8
+ 9 e -9
+ 7 e -7
+6 e -6

25 significa a raiz quadrada de 25, isto

O smbolo

25 = +5
25

Como

25 = 5

= +5 , ento:

Agora, consideremos este problema.

Qual ou quais os nmeros inteiros cujo quadrado -25?
2
2
Soluo: (+5 ) = +25 e
(-5 ) = +25
Resposta:
no existe nmero inteiro cujo quadrado seja -25, isto ,
25 no existe no conjunto Z dos nmeros
inteiros.
Concluso: os nmeros inteiros positivos tm, como raiz
quadrada, um nmero positivo, os nmeros inteiros negativos
no tm raiz quadrada no conjunto Z dos nmeros inteiros.

3)

-(-4 +1) [-(3 +1)] =

-(-3) - [-4 ] =
+3 + 4 = 7

4)

2( -3 1) +3 . ( -1 3) + 4
2
3
-2 . ( -4 ) + 3 . ( - 4 ) + 4 =
-2 . (+16) + 3 . (- 64) + 4 =
-32 192 + 4 =
-212 + 4 = - 208

5)

(-288) : (-12) - (-125) : ( -5 ) =

(-288) : (+144) - (-125) : (+25) =
(-2 ) - (- 5 ) = -2 + 5 = +3

6)

(-10 - 8) : (+6 ) - (-25) : (-2 + 7 ) =

(-18) : (+6 ) - (-25) : (+5 ) =
-3 - (- 5) =
- 3 + 5 = +2

7)

5 : (+25) - (-4 ) : 2 - 1 =
-25 : (+25) - (+16) : 16 - 1 =
-1 - (+1) 1 =
-1 -1 1 = -3

8)

2 . ( -3 ) + (-40) : (+2) - 2 =
2 . (+9 ) + (-40) : (+8 ) - 4 =
+18 + (-5) - 4 =
+ 18 - 9 = +9

RADICIAO
n

b =aa =b
n

32 = 2

5
32

ndice
5
radicando pois 2 = 32
raiz

radical
3

Outros exemplos :
3

(-1 ) + (-2 ) : (+2 ) =

-1+ (+4) : (+2 ) =
-1 + (+2 ) =
-1 + 2 = +1

A raiz n-sima de um nmero b um nmero a tal que a

= b.
n

2)

= 2 pois 2 = 8

8 = - 2 pois ( -2 )3 = -8

PROPRIEDADES (para a
m: p

an =

2)

a b = n a n b

3)

a:b = n a :n b

1)

4)
5)

( a)

m n

a n: p

= m an

a = mn a

0, b

15

0)

310 = 3 3 2
6 = 2 3

4
5
5
=4
16
16

( x)
3

= 3 x5

CONJUNTO DOS NMEROS RACIONAIS (Q)

Os nmeros racionais so representados por um nume-

3 = 12 3

ral em forma de frao ou razo,

EXPRESSES NUMRICAS

a
, sendo a e b nmeros
b

naturais, com a condio de b ser diferente de zero.

1. NMERO FRACIONARIO. A todo par ordenado (a,
b) de nmeros naturais, sendo b 0, corresponde um

EXPRESSES NUMRICAS COM NMEROS INTEIROS ENVOLVENDO AS QUATRO OPERAES

Para calcular o valor de uma expresso numrica com
nmeros inteiros, procedemos por etapas.
1 ETAPA:
a) efetuamos o que est entre parnteses ( )
b) eliminamos os parnteses

Matemtica

nmero fracionrio

a
b

.O termo a chama-se numerador e

o termo b denominador.
2. TODO NMERO NATURAL pode ser representado
por uma frao de denominador 1. Logo, possvel reunir
tanto os nmeros naturais como os fracionrios num nico
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conjunto, denominado conjunto dos nmeros racionais

absolutos, ou simplesmente conjunto dos nmeros racionais Q.
Qual seria a definio de um nmero racional absoluto
ou simplesmente racional? A definio depende das seguintes consideraes:
a) O nmero representado por uma frao no muda
de valor quando multiplicamos ou dividimos tanto o numerador como o denominador por um mesmo nmero natural,
diferente de zero.
Exemplos: usando um novo smbolo:
o smbolo de equivalncia para fraes

2
3

25
35

10
15

10 2
15 2

20
30

f) fraes iguais: so as que possuem os termos iguais

3
3
=
,
4
4

g) forma mista de uma frao: o nome dado ao numeral

formado por uma parte natural e uma parte fracionria;

4
4
2 A parte natural 2 e a parte fracionria .
7
7
h) irredutvel: aquela que no pode ser mais simplificada, por ter seus termos primos entre si.

(classe de equivalncia da frao:

4. PARA SIMPLIFICAR UMA FRAO, desde que no

possua termos primos entre si, basta dividir os dois ternos
pelo seu divisor comum.

3
)
1

8
12

Agora j podemos definir nmero racional : nmero racional aquele definido por uma classe de equivalncia da
qual cada frao um representante.

0 0
= =
1 2

6
(definido pela classe de equiva-

12

(definido pela classe de equiva-

10 100

2
3

12

<

9
12

1
2

<

2
3

<

3
4

>

7
5

ADIO E SUBTRAO
A soma ou a diferena de duas fraes uma outra
frao, cujo calculo recai em um dos dois casos seguintes:

mesmo nmero racional 1/2).

1 CASO: Fraes com mesmo denominador. Observemos as figuras seguintes:

NOMES DADOS S FRAES DIVERSAS

a) Decimais: quando tm como denominador 10 ou uma
potncia de 10

12 : 4

FRAES fraes equivalentes, nmeros

fracionrios, operaes com fraes.

1 2 3
= = = (definido pela classe de equivalncia
2 4 6

NMERO RACIONAL FRACIONRIO ou NMERO

FRACIONRIO:

<

Exemplo:

lncia que representa o mesmo nmero racional 1)

e assim por diante.

que representa o

8:4

(ordem crescente)
De duas fraes que tm o mesmo numerador, a maior
a que tem menor denominador.

lncia que representa o mesmo nmero racional 0)

1 2
1 = = =
1 2

5. COMPARAO DE FRAES.
Para comparar duas ou mais fraes quaisquer primeiramente convertemos em fraes equivalentes de mesmo
denominador. De duas fraes que tm o mesmo denominador, a maior a que tem maior numerador. Logo:

NMERO RACIONAL NATURAL ou NMERO NATURAL:

0=

3
5
, etc.
,
12 7

3
,
4

b) Classe de equivalncia. o conjunto de todas as

fraes equivalentes a uma frao dada.

3 6 9 12
, , , ,
1 2 3 4

8 8
= , etc.
5 5

, etc.

b) prprias: aquelas que representam quantidades menores do que 1.

1 3 2
, , , etc.
2 4 7
c) imprprias: as que indicam quantidades iguais ou maiores que 1.
Indicamos por:

5 8 9
, , , etc.
5 1 5

3
6

2
6

5
6

d) aparentes: todas as que simbolizam um nmero natural.

20
= 5,
4

8
= 4 , etc.
2

e) ordinrias: o nome geral dado a todas as fraes,

com exceo daquelas que possuem como denomina2
3
dor 10, 10 , 10 ...

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2

a)

15 15 15
=
=

2+7+3
15
12
15

3 5 1 1
b) + + + =
4 6 8 2

18 20 3 12
+ + +
=
24 24 24 24
18+ 20+ 3 + 12
24

5
=

53
24

Havendo nmero misto, devemos transform-lo em frao imprpria:

Exemplo:

Indicamos por:

1 5
1
+
+3 =
3 12
6
7 5 19
+
+
=
3 12 6

Assim, para adicionar ou subtrair fraes de mesmo

denominador, procedemos do seguinte modo:
adicionamos ou subtramos os numeradores e mantemos o
denominador comum.
simplificamos o resultado, sempre que possvel.
Exemplos:

3
5
4
9
7
6
2
7

5
8

3 +1
5
4+8

9
3

9
73

6
2

6
22

=
=
=

28
12

9
4
6
0
7

1
3

=
=
=

4
12

2
4

6
12

4+6
12
10
12

4
3

2
3

=
5

12
=

=
71
12

2 3 5 4
+ =
3 4 2 2
9 1
8
=
+
=
12 12 2

1)

=0

2)

12

38

12

Observao: A subtrao s pode ser efetuada quando

o minuendo maior que o subtraendo, ou igual a ele.
2 CASO: Fraes com denominadores diferentes:
Neste caso, para adicionar ou subtrair fraes com denominadores diferentes, procedemos do seguinte modo:
Reduzimos as fraes ao mesmo denominador.
Efetuamos a operao indicada, de acordo com o caso
anterior.
Simplificamos o resultado (quando possvel).
Exemplos:

1)

Se a expresso apresenta os sinais de parnteses (

), colchetes [ ] e chaves { }, observamos a mesma ordem:
1) efetuamos as operaes no interior dos parnteses;
2) as operaes no interior dos colchetes;
3) as operaes no interior das chaves.
Exemplos:

5
=

28 + 5 + 38

4
12

=
=
=

15
24

3
6

12
24

24
24

=
=

17
12
17
12

1
2
6
12

=
=

11
12

3 1 2 3
2)5 1 + =
2 3 3 4

15 + 12
27

9 2 5 3
= 5 + =
6 6 3 4

=
=

= 5

7 20 9

+ =
6 12 12

Observaes:
Para adicionar mais de duas fraes, reduzimos todas
ao mesmo denominador e, em seguida, efetuamos a operao.
Exemplos.

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=
=
=
=

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

30 7 29
6 6 12 =
23
6
46
12

29
12
29
12

dividir o numerador por mesmo nmero diferente de zero.

Ex:

1 2
2

=
ou
2 2
4

1 3
3
. =
2 3
6

Para simplificar fraes devemos dividir o numerador e

o denominador, por um mesmo nmero diferente de zero.
Quando no for mais possvel efetuar as divises dizemos que a frao irredutvel.
Exemplo:

=
=

18 2
9
3
:
=
=

12 2
6
6

17
12

Frao Irredutvel ou
Simplificada

NMEROS RACIONAIS

1
3
e
Exemplo:
3
4
Calcular o M.M.C. (3,4):

1
3 (12 : 3 ) 1
e
=
e
3
4
12

M.M.C.(3,4) = 12

(12 : 4 ) 3 temos:
12

4
9
e
12
12

4
1
A frao
equivalente a
.
12
3

Um crculo foi dividido em duas partes iguais. Dizemos

que uma unidade dividida em duas partes iguais e indicamos 1/2.
onde: 1 = numerador e
2 = denominador

A frao

3
9
equivalente
.
4
12

Exerccios:
1) Achar trs fraes equivalentes s seguintes fraes:
1)

1
4

Respostas: 1)

Um crculo dividido em 3 partes iguais indicamos (das

trs partes hachuramos 2).
Quando o numerador menor que o denominador temos uma frao prpria. Observe:
Observe:

2
3
4
,
,
8 12 16

2)

2
3

2)

4 6 8
, ,
6 9 12

Comparao de fraes
a) Fraes de denominadores iguais.
Se duas fraes tem denominadores iguais a maior ser aquela: que tiver maior numerador.
Ex.:

3
1
>
4 4

1 3
<
4 4

ou

b) Fraes com numeradores iguais

Se duas fraes tiverem numeradores iguais, a menor
ser aquela que tiver maior denominador.
Quando o numerador maior que o denominador temos uma frao imprpria.

Ex.:

7 7
>
4 5

ou

7
7
<
5
4

c) Fraes com numeradores e denominadores receptivamente diferentes.

Reduzimos ao mesmo denominador e depois comparamos. Exemplos:

Fraes Equivalentes
Duas ou mais fraes so equivalentes, quando representam a mesma quantidade.

2
1
denominadores iguais (ordem decrescente)
>
3
3
4
4
numeradores iguais (ordem crescente)
>
5
3
SIMPLIFICAO DE FRAES
Para simplificar fraes devemos dividir o numerador e
o denominador por um nmero diferente de zero.
Quando no for mais possvel efetuar as divises, dizemos que a frao irredutvel. Exemplo:

18 : 2 9 : 3 3
=
=
12 : 2 6 : 3 2

1
2
3
=
=
Dizemos que:
2
4
6

Frao irredutvel ou simplificada.

Para obter fraes equivalentes, devemos multiplicar ou

Matemtica

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Exerccios: Simplificar
Respostas:

1)

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

9
12

1)

3
4

2)

36
45

1)

4
5

2)

Respostas:

REDUO DE FRAES AO MENOR

DENOMINADOR COMUM
Ex.:

1
3
e
3
4

(12 : 3 ) 1

12

(12 : 4 ) 3
12

5 1

6 6

2)

8
7

1)

2 1 1
+
3 4 3

3)

4 2
=
6 3

2)

3)

7
12

Multiplicao de Fraes
Para multiplicar duas ou mais fraes devemos multiplicar os numeradores das fraes entre si, assim como os
seus denominadores.
Exemplo:

1
3
e
3
4

Calcular o M.M.C. (3,4) = 12

2 5 1
+ +
7 7 7

2 3 2 3
6
3
. = x =
=
5 4 5 4 20 10

temos:

Exerccios: Calcular:

4
9
e
12
12
4
3
1
A frao
equivalente a
. A frao
equiva12
4
3
9
lente
.
12

1)

2 5

5 4

10 5
=
12 6

Respostas: 1)

1 3 2 1
+
5 5 3 3

2 3 4

5 2 3

2)

3)
2)

24 4
=
30 5

3)

4
15

Exemplo:

Diviso de fraes

2
4
?
numeradores diferentes e denominado3
5

Para dividir duas fraes conserva-se a primeira e multiplica-se pelo inverso da Segunda.

res diferentes m.m.c.(3, 5) = 15

Exemplo:

4 2
4 3
12
6
: = . =
=
5 3
5 2
10
5

(15 : 3).2
(15.5).4 10
12
=
(ordem crescente)
?
<
15
15
15
15

Exerccios. Calcular:

Exerccios: Colocar em ordem crescente:

1)

1)

2
2
e
5
3

2)

5
4
e
3
3

3)

5 2
4
,
e
6 3
5

4 2
:
3 9

2 3 4 1
+ :
5 5 3 3

8 6
:
15 25

2)

3)

Respostas: 1) 6

2)

Respostas:

2
2
<
5
3
4
5
3
<
<
3
6
2
1)

2)

4
5
<
3
3

3)

Eleva o numerador e o denominador ao expoente dado.

Exemplo:
3

23
8
2
= 3 =
27
3
3
Exerccios. Efetuar:

2
5
1
2 + 5 +1 8
+
+
=
=
3
3
3
3
3

4
3
43
1

=
=
5
5
5
5

2)

Respostas:

1)

9
16

4 1

3 2

3)
2)

1
16

3)

119
72

Extrai raiz do numerador e do denominador.

Exemplo:

M.M.C.. (2, 4, 3) = 12

4
=
9

4
9

2
3

Exerccios. Efetuar:

(12 : 2).1 + (12 : 4).3 + (12.3).2 6 + 9 + 8 23

=
=
12
12
12
4 2
= M.M.C.. (3,9) = 9
2)
3 9

1)

1
9

2)

Respostas: 1)

(9 : 3).4 - (9 : 9).2 12 - 2 10
=
=
9
9
9

1
3

16
25

3)

2)

4
5

9 1
+
16 2

3) 1

NMEROS DECIMAIS
Toda frao com denominador 10, 100, 1000,...etc,
chama-se frao decimal.

Exerccios. Calcular:

Matemtica

1)

Radiciao de Fraes

b) Com denominadores diferentes reduz ao mesmo denominador depois soma ou subtrai.

Ex:

1 3 2
1)
+ + =
2 4 3

3) 1

Potenciao de Fraes

Operaes com fraes

1) Adio e Subtrao
a) Com denominadores iguais somam-se ou subtraemse os numeradores e conserva-se o denominador comum.
Ex:

20
9

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3) 83,7
+ 0,53 - 15, 3
Respostas: 1) 36,128 2) 20,97

3
4
7
, etc
,
,
10
100
100

Ex:

3) 68,93

Escrevendo estas fraes na forma decimal temos:

Multiplicao com nmeros decimais

3
= trs dcimos,
10

Multiplicam-se dois nmeros decimais como se fossem

inteiros e separam-se os resultados a partir da direita,
tantas casas decimais quantos forem os algarismos decimais dos nmeros dados.
Exemplo:
5,32 x 3,8

4
= quatro centsimos
100
7
= sete milsimos
1000
Escrevendo estas fraes na forma decimal temos:

3
=0,3
10

4
= 0,04
100

7
= 0,007
1000

2)

Respostas:

1) 3,5

473
100

3)

1 casa aps a virgula

1596+

635
2187
2)
= 6,35 3)
=218,7
100
10

35
10

x 3,8

3 casas aps a vrgula

20,216

Exerccios. Efetuar as operaes:

1) 2,41 . 6,3
2) 173,4 . 3,5 + 5 . 4,6
3) 31,2 . 0,753
Respostas: 1) 15,183 2) 629,9 3) 23,4936

Note que a vrgula caminha da direita para a esquerda, a quantidade de casas deslocadas a mesma quantidade de zeros do denominador.
Exerccios. Representar em nmeros decimais:
1)

2 casas,

4256

Outros exemplos:

34
1)
= 3,4
10

5,32

Diviso de nmeros decimais

430
1000

Igualamos as casas decimais entre o dividendo e o divisor e quando o dividendo for menor que o divisor acrescentamos um zero antes da vrgula no quociente.
Ex.:
a) 3:4

2) 4,73 3) 0,430

LEITURA DE UM NMERO DECIMAL

Ex.:

30

0,75

20
0
b) 4,6:2
4,6

2,0

= 46 20

60 2,3
0
Obs.: Para transformar qualquer frao em nmero decimal basta dividir o numerador pelo denominador.
Ex.: 2/5 =

20

0,4

ento 2/5=0,4

Exerccios
1) Transformar as fraes em nmeros decimais.
Operaes com nmeros decimais
Adio e Subtrao
Coloca-se vrgula sob virgula e somam-se ou subtraemse unidades de mesma ordem.
Exemplo 1: 10 + 0,453 + 2,832

a)

Respostas: a) 0,2
0,25

0,453
2,832

47,3 - 9,35
-

47,30
9,35

1
4
b) 0,8

Respostas:
a) 4 b) 129 c) 35,07 d) 37,855

37,95
Exerccios. Efetuar as operaes:
1) 0,357 + 4,321 + 31,45
2) 114,37 - 93,4

Matemtica

4
5

c)

2) Efetuar as operaes:
a) 1,6 : 0,4
b) 25,8 : 0,2
c) 45,6 : 1,23
d) 178 : 4,5-3,4.1/2
e) 235,6 : 1,2 + 5 . 3/4

13,285
Exemplo 2:

b)
c)

10,000
+

1
5

e) 200,0833....

Multiplicao de um nmero decimal por 10, 100, 1000

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2)

Para tornar um nmero decimal 10, 100, 1000..... vezes

maior, desloca-se a vrgula para a direita, respectivamente,
uma, duas, trs, . . . casas decimais.
2,75 x 10 = 27,5
6,50 x 100 = 650
0,125 x 100 = 12,5
2,780 x 1.000 = 2.780
0,060 x 1.000 = 60
0,825 x 1.000 = 825
DIVISO
Para dividir os nmeros decimais, procede-se assim:
iguala-se o nmero de casas decimais;
suprimem-se as vrgulas;
efetua-se a diviso como se fossem nmeros inteiros.
Exemplos:
6 : 0,15 = 6,00
0,15

3)

a)

10

0,1

0,01

0,001

1,2

Matemtica

b)

0,38

- L-se: "trinta e oito centsimos".

c)

0,421

- L-se: "quatrocentos e vinte e

um milsimos".

2 = 1,4142135...
3 = 1,7320508...
5 = 2,2360679...
Estes nmeros no so racionais:

Q,

2 Q,

3 Q, 5 Q; e, por isso mesmo, so chamados

de irracionais.
Podemos ento definir os irracionais como sendo
aqueles nmeros que possuem uma representao
decimal infinita e no peridico.
Chamamos ento de conjunto dos nmeros reais, e
indicamos com R, o seguinte conjunto:

LEITURA DE UM NMERO DECIMAL

Procedemos do seguinte modo:
1) Lemos a parte inteira (como um nmero natural).
2) Lemos a parte decimal (como um nmero natural),
acompanhada de uma das palavras:
dcimos, se houver uma ordem (ou casa) decimal
centsimos, se houver duas ordens decimais;
milsimos, se houver trs ordens decimais.
Exemplos:

1)

- L-se: "cinco dcimos".

CORRESPONDNCIA ENTRE NMEROS E PONTOS DA RETA, ORDEM, VALOR ABSOLUTO

H nmeros que no admitem representao decimal
finita nem representao decimal infinita e peridico, como,
por exemplo:
= 3,14159265...

Para tornar um nmero decimal 10, 100, 1000, .... vezes menor, desloca-se a vrgula para a esquerda, respectivamente, uma, duas, trs, ... casas decimais.
Exemplos:
25,6 : 10 = 2,56
04 : 10 = 0,4
315,2 : 100 = 3,152
018 : 100 = 0,18
0042,5 : 1.000 = 0,0425
0015 : 1.000 = 0,015

100

0,5

CONJUNTO DOS NMEROS REAIS (R)

Diviso de um nmero decimal por 10, 100, 1000

1 000

L-se: "oito inteiros e trezentos

e nove milsimos''.

3) Todo nmero natural pode ser escrito na forma de

nmero decimal, colocando-se a vrgula aps o ltimo
algarismo e zero (ou zeros) a sua direita.
Exemplos: 34 = 34,00... 176 = 176,00...

Como 2 no divisvel por 4, coloca-se zero e vrgula

no quociente e zero no dividendo
0,35 : 7 =
0,350 7,00 350 : 700 = 0,05
Como 35 no divisvel por 700, coloca-se zero e vrgula
no quociente e um zero no dividendo. Como 350 no
divisvel por 700, acrescenta-se outro zero ao quociente e
outro ao dividendo

milsimo

8,309

2) Um nmero decimal no muda o seu valor se acrescentarmos ou suprimirmos zeros direita do ltimo algarismo.
Exemplo: 0,5 = 0,50 = 0,500 = 0,5000 " .......

Dividindo 785 por 500 obtm-se quociente 1 e resto 285

Como 285 menor que 500, acrescenta-se uma vrgula ao quociente e zeros ao resto
2 : 4 0,5

centsimo

L-se: "doze inteiros e setenta

e cinco centsimos".

Observaes:
1) Quando a parte inteira zero, apenas a parte decimal
lida.
Exemplos:

Igualam se as casas decimais.

Cortam-se as vrgulas.
7,85 : 5 = 7,85 : 5,00
785 : 500 = 1,57

milhar cente- deze- Unidade dcina

na
mo
simples

12,75

R= { x | x racional ou x irracional}
Como vemos, o conjunto R a unio do conjunto dos
nmeros racionais com o conjunto dos nmeros irracionais.
Usaremos o smbolo estrela (*) quando quisermos
indicar que o nmero zero foi excludo de um conjunto.
Exemplo: N* = { 1; 2; 3; 4; ... }; o zero foi excludo de N.
Usaremos o smbolo mais (+) quando quisermos indicar
que os nmeros negativos foram excludos de um conjunto.
Exemplo: Z+ = { 0; 1; 2; ... } ; os negativos foram
excludos de Z.
Usaremos o smbolo menos (-) quando quisermos
indicar que os nmeros positivos foram excludos de um

L-se: "um inteiro e dois dcimos".

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conjunto.

, pois 0 N e 0 Z * .
, pois N = Z +
, pois todo nmero natural tambm racional.
, pois h nmeros racionais que no so inteiros
2
como por exemplo, .
3
, pois todo racional positivo tambm real positivo.

Exemplo: Z = { . .. ; - 2; - 1; 0 } ; os positivos foram

excludos de Z.
Algumas vezes combinamos o smbolo (*) com o
smbolo (+) ou com o smbolo (-).
Exemplos

Z * = ( 1; 2; 3; ... ) ; o zero e os negativos foram

excludos de Z.

Exerccios propostos:
1. Completar com ou

Z *+ = { ... ; - 3; - 2; - 1 } ; o zero e os positivos foram

excludos de Z.
Exerccios resolvidos
1. Completar com ou :
a)

*
Z

b)

c)

3,2

d)

1
4

e)

4
1

Z *+
Z

h)

i)

( 2)2

a)

g)

7
1

Q +*

b)

N*

h)

c)

i)

72

d)

Z+

j)

R*

e)

f)

1
7

Q*

j)

Q
Q-

2. Completar com

f)

g)

k)

R-

a) 3
b) 3,1
c) 3,14

Z *

3,2 no inteiro.
1
, pois no inteiro.
4
4
, pois = 4 inteiro.
1
, pois

2 no racional.

, pois

3 no racional

, pois

4 = 2 racional

( 2)2

, pois

Q
d)
e) 3,141414... Q

ou :

Z +*

N*

d)

Z *

e)

R+

R+

4. Usando diagramas de Euler-Venn, represente os

conjuntos N, Z, Q e R .
Respostas:
e)
1. a)
i)
f)
b)
j)
g)
c)
h)
d)

4 = 2 positivo, e os

positivos foram excludos de

, pois

ou

Q
Q
Q

3. Completar com

Resoluo
, pois 5 positivo.
, pois 5 positivo e os positivos foram excludos de

2.

a)
b)

d)

3.

a)
b)

c)
d)

Q .

2 real.

c)

e)

e)

4.

, pois

4 = 2 positivo, e os positivos foram

R
2. Completar com ou :
excludos de

a)

Z*

d)

b)

Z+

e)

Q +*

c) N
Resoluo:

Matemtica

Reta num
rica
Uma maneira prtica de representar os nmeros reais
atravs da reta real. Para constru-la, desenhamos uma
reta e, sobre ela, escolhemos, a nosso gosto, um ponto
origem que representar o nmero zero; a seguir escolhemos, tambm a nosso gosto, porm direita da origem, um

*
R+

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ponto para representar a unidade, ou seja, o nmero um.

Ento, a distncia entre os pontos mencionados ser a
unidade de medida e, com base nela, marcamos, ordenadamente, os nmeros positivos direita da origem e os
nmeros negativos sua esquerda.

1
,

2, 3, 5, 4 2

, 0,
1,
7

c)

{
{

b)
d)

2. Se

2,

9,

a)
b)
c)
d)

2 racional.
Podemos afirmar que:
l falsa e II e III so verdadeiros.
I verdadeiro e II e III so falsas.
I e II so verdadeiras e III falsa.
I e II so falsas e III verdadeira.

5 irracional, ento:
10.

m
, com n 0 e m, n N.
n

5 jamais se escreve sob a forma

m
, com n 0 e m,
n

n N.
2 5 racional
3. Sendo N, Z, Q e R, respectivamente, os conjuntos dos
naturais, inteiros, racionais e reais, podemos escrever:
a) x N x R
c) Z
Q
b) x Q x Z
d) R Z

12. Assinale a alternativa correto:

a) O quociente de dois nmero, racionais sempre um
nmero inteiro.
b) Existem nmeros Inteiros que no so nmeros reais.
c) A soma de dois nmeros naturais sempre um nmero inteiro.
d) A diferena entre dois nmeros naturais sempre
um nmero natural.

Assinale a alternativa correta:

Os nmeros decimais peridicos so irracionais
Existe uma correspondncia biunvoca entre os pontos
da reta numerada, e o conjunto Q.
Entre dois nmeros racional existem infinitos nmeros
racionais.
O conjunto dos nmeros irracionais finito

a)
b)
c)
d)

Podemos afirmar que:

todo real racional.
todo real irracional.
nenhum irracional racional.
algum racional irracional.

a)

Podemos afirmar que:

entre dois inteiros existe um inteiro.

Matemtica

Considere as seguintes sentenas:

I) A soma de dois nmeros naturais sempre um nmero natural.
II) O produto de dois nmeros inteiros sempre um
nmero inteiro.
III) O quociente de dois nmeros inteiros sempre um
nmero inteiro.
Podemos afirmar que:
a) apenas I verdadeiro.
b) apenas II verdadeira.
c)
apenas III falsa.
d) todas so verdadeiras.

11. Assinale a alternativa correta:

a) R N
c) Q N
b) Z R
d) N { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }

4. Dado o conjunto A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }, podemos

afirmar que:
x A x primo
x A | x maior que 7
x A x mltiplo de 3
x A | x par
nenhuma das anteriores

7.

Considere as seguintes sentenas:

5 pode ser racional

6.

Podemos afirmar que:

a, b N a - b N
a, b N a : b N
a, b R a + b R
a, b Z a : b Z

I)
7 irracional.
0,777... irracional.

}
4 , 5, 7 }

5 escreve-se na forma

5.

a)
b)
c)
d)
9.

3, 2, 2, 0

0,

entre dois racionais existe sempre um racional.

entre dois inteiros existe um nico inteiro.
entre dois racionais existe apenas um racional.

8.

EXERCCIOS
1. Dos conjuntos a seguir, o nico cujos elementos so
todos nmeros racionais :
a)

b)
c)
d)

13. O seguinte subconjunto dos nmeros reais

a)
b)
14.

21

escrito em linguagem simblica :

{ x R | 3< x < 15 } c) { x R | 3 x 15 }
{ x R | 3 x < 15 } d) { x R | 3< x 15 }

Assinale a alternativa falsa:

R* = { x R | x < 0 ou x >0}
b) 3 Q
c) Existem nmeros inteiros que no so nmeros naturais.

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d)

2) c
3) a
4) e

re-

6) c
7) b
8) c

10) c
11) b
12) c

14) d
15) d
16) b

18) b
19) a
20) b

22) b
23) c
24) d

presentao de { x R | x 7 }
15.

NMEROS REAIS

O nmero irracional :
a)

0,3333...

b)

345,777...

16.
ros:
a)
b)

O smbolo

e)

4
5
7

d)

Para melhor entendermos os NMEROS REAIS,

vamos inicialmente dar um resumo de todos os conjuntos num
ricos.
1. Sucessivas ampliaes dos campos num
ricos
Voc j tem algum conhecimento o respeito dos campos ou conjuntos numricos com os quais iremos trabalhar
nesta unidade. Mostraremos como se ampliam sucessivamente esses conjuntos, a partir do conjunto N, e tambm
como se acrescentam outras propriedades para as operaes como elementos dos novos conjuntos.
2. O CONJUNTO N E SUAS PROPRIEDADES
Seja o conjunto N: N = { 0, 1, 2, 3. ... , n, ...}
Voc deve se lembrar que este conjunto tem sua origem a partir de conjuntos finitos e equipotentes: a uma
classe de todos os conjuntos equipotentes entre si associou-se o mesmo cardinal, o mesmo nmero e a mesma
representao ou numeral.
2.1. Propriedades das operaes em N
Para expressar matematicamente as propriedades das
operaes em N e nos sucessivos conjuntos, usaremos a
notao usual e prtica dos quantificadores. So eles:
x significa qualquer que seja x o quantificador universal e significa qualquer que seja;
x significo existe x o quantificador existencial e significo existe. O smbolo | x significa existe um nico
x.

representa o conjunto dos nme-

reais no positivos
reais negativos

c) irracional.
d) reais positivos.

17. Os possveis valores de a e de b para que a nmero a

+ b 5 seja irracional, so:
a)

a = 0 e b=0

c)

a=1eb=

18.

16 e b = 0

d) a =

Uma representao decimal do nmero

a)
b)

c) a = 0 e b =

5 :

0,326... c) 1.236...
2.236... d) 3,1415...

19. Assinale o nmero irracional:

a) 3,01001000100001...
b) 0,4000...d) 3,45

e) 3,464646...

08/7,3/,&$d2
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&RPXWDWLYD
DE1DE ED
DE1DE ED
$VVRFLDWLYD
$VVRFLDWLYR
 D E F    1  D  E  F   D E F    1  D  E  F
DEF
DEF


(OHPHQWR1HXWUR
(OHPHQWR1HXWUR
1WDOTXHD1
1WDOTXHD1
D D D
D D D

20. O conjunto dos nmeros reais negativos representado

por:
a) R*
c) R
b) R_
d) R*
21. Assinale a alternativo falso:
a) 5 Z
b) 5,1961... Q
c)

5
Q
3

22. Um nmero racional compreendido entre

a)

3,6

6
3
23.

24.

c)

3. 6
2

d)

3+ 6
2

3 e

6 :

'LVWULEXWLYDGD0XOWLSOLFDomRHP5HODomRj$GLomR
DEF1DEF DEDF
3. CONJUNTO Z E SUAS PROPRIEDADES
Em N, a operao 3 - 4 no possvel. Entretanto, pode-se ampliar N e assim obter Z, onde 3 - 4 = - 1 passa a
ser possvel. A novidade, em Z, est no fato de que qualquer que seja o elemento de Z, este possui um oposto
aditivo, ou seja, para + 3 Z, existe - 3 Z tal que + 3 3
= 0. Sendo Z = {..., - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}, teremos, ento, as seguintes propriedades em Z. com a incluso da
propriedade 5.
3.1. Propriedades das operaes em Z
$',d2
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DE=DE F=
DE=DE F=


&RPXWDWLYD
&RPXWDWLYD
DE=DE ED
DE=DE ED



Qual dos seguintes nmeros irracional?

a)

125

c)

27

b)

d)

169

a representao
grfica de:
{ x R | x 15 } b) { x R | -2 x < 4 }
c)
{ x R | x < -2 } d) { x R | -2< x 4 }
RESPOSTAS
1) d
5) b

Matemtica

9) b

13) b

17) c

21) b
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$VVRFLDWLYR
$VVRFLDWLYD
 D E F    =  D  E  F   D E F    =  D  E  F 
DEF
DEF


(OHPHQWR1HXWUR
(OHPHQWR1HXWUR
=WDOTXHD=
=WDOTXHD=
D D D
D D D


(OHPHQWR2SRVWR$GLWLYR
D=D=WDOTXH
DD 
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V-se que, em Z, a operao adio admite mais uma
propriedade ( 5 ).
4. O CONJUNTO Q E SUAS PROPRIEDADES
Tanto em N como em Z, a operao 2 3 no possvel, pois ambos no admitem nmeros fracionrios. A ampliao de Z para Q, entretanto, permite um fato novo:
qualquer que seja o elemento de Q* ou Q {0}, existe
sempre, para esse elemento, um inverso multiplicativo.
Assim, por exemplo, para

2 + 3 5
= Q
2
2

3
8
+
5
5 = 11 Q

2
10

a
, com a e b Z e b Q.
b

Pode-se observar facilmente que qualquer que seja o

elemento de N ou de Z, este estar em Q.
De fato:

Esse fato amplia uma propriedade para as operaes

em Q.
Propriedades das operaes em Q
$',d2
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F


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D D D


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(OHPHQWR,QYHUVR0XOWLSOLFDWLYR
D4D4WDOTXH
D4 D4 WDOTXH
DD 
DD 

3
2
2 3
([ 4 4_  

2 N, mas

2 =

-3 N, mas

3 =

2
4
6
=
=
= ... Q
1 2
3
-3
-6
-9
=
=
= . . . Q
1
2
3

O esquema a seguir apresenta as relaes entre os

conjuntos N, Z e Q.

3 2


'LVWULEXWLYDGD0XOWLSOLFDomRHP5HODomRj$GLomR
DEF4DEF DEDF

INTERVALOS
No conjunto dos nmeros reais destacaremos alguns
subconjuntos
importantes
determinados
por
desigualdades, chamados intervalos.
Na reta real os nmeros compreendidos entre 5 e 8
incluindo o 5 e o 8 constituem o intervalo fechado [5; 8], ou
seja:
[5; 8] = {x / 5 x 8}
Se excluirmos os nmeros 5 e 8, chamados extremos
do intervalo, temos o intervalo aberto ]5; 8[, ou seja:
]5; 8[ = {x / 5 < x < 8}
Consideraremos ainda os intervalos mistos:
]5; 8] = {x / 5 < x 8}
(Intervalo aberto esquerda e fechado direita).
[5; 8[ = {x / 5 x < 8}

V-se que, em Q, a operao multiplicao admite mais

uma propriedade
Propriedade: A densidade de Q
O conjunto Q possui uma propriedade importante, que o
caracteriza como um conjunto denso. Isto quer dizer que:
Entre dois elementos distintos de Q, sempre existe um outro elemento de Q (como consequncia, entre esses 2 elementos h infinitos elementos de Q).
Para comprovar essa afirmao, basto tomar dois elementos distintos de Q e verificar que a mdia aritmtica (ou semisoma) desses dois elementos tambm pertence a Q. De fato:

Matemtica

b)

8
Q

tos sob o forma

2 3
.
= 1, o que no possvel em N e Z.
3 2

2 Q

3 Q

Conclui-se, ento, que:

Na reta numerada existe uma Infinidade de elementos
de Q situados entre dois elementos quaisquer a e b de Q.
O CONJUNTO Q CONTM Z E N
Os elementos de Q so aqueles que podem ser escri-

3
2
Q, existe
Q tal que
3
2

a)

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(intervalo fechado esquerda e aberto direita).

Os numerais I, X, C, M s podem ser repetidos attr
s
vezes.

Mdulo ou valor absoluto

No conjunto Z para cada nmero natural r foi criado um
+n e -n. Chama-se mdulo ou valor absoluto de +n e -n,
indica-se | +n | = n e | -n | = n
Exemplos:
| -5 | = 5, leia-se o mdulo de -5 5,
| +5 | = 5 o mdulo de +5 5
| 0 | =0

I=1
X = 10
C = 100
M = 1.000

II = 2
XX = 20
CC = 200
MM = 2.000

III =3
XXX = 30
CCC = 300
MMM = 3.000

Vamos aprender alguns numerais romanos.

I=1
II = 2
III = 3
IV = 4
V=5
VI = 6
VII = 7
VIII = 8
IX = 9
X = 10

DZIMAS PERIDICAS
Converso de Fraes Ordinrias em Nmeros Decimais
J aprendemos que para transformarmos uma frao
no decimal ( frao ordinria ) em um nmero decimal
basta dividirmos o numerador pelo denominador da frao.
Estudaremos agora as trs maneiras como isso ocorre,
e para tal transformemos as fraes ordinrias em nmeros decimais.

XX = 20
XXX = 30
XL = 40
L = 50
LX = 60
LXX = 70
LXXX = 80
XC = 90
C = 100
CC = 200

CCC = 300
CD = 400
D = 500
DC = 600
DCC = 700
DCCC = 800
CM = 900
M = 1.000
MM = 2.000
MMM = 3.000

ATENO!
1 Caso : Ao transformarmos a frao
em um nmero decimal, encontraremos 0,75 e resto zero. Nesse caso
diremos que a frao se converte num nmero decimal
exato, ou numa decimal exata.

Os numerais I, X e C, escritos direita de numerais maiores, somam-se seus valores aos desses numerais.
Exemplos:
VII = 7 ( 5 + 2 )
(50+20+3)

2 Caso : Ao transformarmos a frao

num nmero
decimal, encontraremos 1,666... e o resto 2, que se repete
indefinidamente. Nesse caso diremos que a frao se converte num nmero decimal peridico, ou numa dzima peridica. O algarismo 6 que se repete indefinidamente chamado perodo da dzima. A dzima 1,666... uma dzima
peridica simples, j que, logo aps a vrgula vem o perodo 6.

LX = 60 ( 50 + 10 )

LXXIII = 73

CX = 110 (100+10) CXXX = 130 (100+30) MCC = 1.200

(1.000+200)
Os numerais I, X e C, escritos esquerda de numerais
maiores, subtraem-se seus valores aos desses numerais.
Exemplos:

3 Caso : Ao transformarmos a frao

num nmero
decimal, encontraremos 0,58333... e o resto 4, que se
repete indefinidamente. Nesse caso diremos que a frao

IV = 4 (5-1)

IX = 9 (10-1)

XC = 90 (100-10)
(1.000-100)

se converte num nmero decimal peridico, ou numa

dzima peridica. O nmero 3 o perodo da dzima e o
nmero 58 que o antecede chamado de parte no peridica, no perodo ou ante-perodo. A dzima 0,58333 ...
uma dzima peridica composta, j que aps a vrgula vem
o ante-perodo 58 e somente aps vem o perodo 3.

D = 400 (500-100)

XL = 40 (50-10)
CM = 900

Colocando-se um trao horizontal sobre um ou mais numerais, multiplica-se seu valor por 1.000. 

SISTEMA MTRICO DECIMAL

ALGARISMOS ROMANOS sistemas de numerao e suas regras.

A) UNIDADES DE COMPRIMENTO
Os romanos usavam um sistema interessante para representar os nmeros.

Medidas de comprimento:
Medir significa comparar. Quando se mede um
determinado comprimento, estamos comparando este
comprimento com outro tomado como unidade de medida.
Portanto, notamos que existe um nmero seguido de um
nome: 4 metros o nmero ser a medida e o nome ser
a unidade de medida.

Eles usavam sete letras do alfabeto e a cada uma delas

atribuam valores:
I
1

V
5

Matemtica

X
10

L
50

C
100

D
500

M
1.000

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Podemos medir a pgina deste livro utilizando um lpis;

nesse caso o lpis foi tomado como unidade de medida ou
seja, ao utilizarmos o lpis para medirmos o comprimento
do livro, estamos verificando quantas vezes o lpis
(tomado como medida padro) caber nesta pgina.
Para haver uma uniformidade nas relaes humanas
estabeleceu-se o metro como unidade fundamental de
medida de comprimento; que deu origem ao sistema
mtrico decimal, adotado oficialmente no Brasil.
Elementos de uma circunferncia:

Mltiplos e sub-mltiplos do sistema mtrico: Para

escrevermos os mltiplos e sub-mltiplos do sistema
mtrico decimal, utilizamos os seguintes prefixos gregos:
KILO significa 1.000 vezes
HECTA
DECA
DECI
CENTI
MILI

significa 100 vezes

significa 10 vezes
significa dcima parte
significa centsima parte
significa milsima parte.

1km = 1.000m
1hm = 100m e
1dam = 10m

O permetro da circunferncia calculado multiplicando-se 3,14 pela medida do dimetro.

1 m = 10 dm
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 1000 mm

3,14 . medida do dimetro = permetro.

B) UNIDADES DE REA: a ideia de superfcie j
nossa conhecida, uma noo intuitiva. Ex.: superfcie da
mesa, do assoalho que so exemplos de superfcies planas enquanto que a superfcie de uma bola de futebol,
uma superfcie esfrica.
Damos o nome de rea ao nmero que mede uma
superfcie numa determinada unidade.

Transformaes de unidades: Cada unidade de

comprimento dez (10) vezes maior que a unidade
imediatamente. inferior. Na prtica cada mudana de
vrgula para a direita (ou multiplicao por dez) transforma
uma unidade imediatamente inferior a unidade dada; e
cada mudana de vrgula para a esquerda (ou diviso por
dez) transforma uma unidade na imediatamente superior.

Metro quadrado: a unidade fundamental de medida

de superfcie (superfcie de um quadrado que tem 1 m de
lado).
Propriedade: Toda unidade de medida de superfcie
100 vezes maior do que a imediatamente inferior.

Ex.: 45 Km 45 . 1.000 = 45.000 m

500 cm 500 100 = 5 m
8 Km e 25 m 8.000m + 25m = 8.025 m ou
8,025 Km.
Resumo

Mltiplos e submltiplos do metro quadrado:

Mltiplos
2
2
2
km : 1.000.000 m m
2
2
hm : 10.000 m
2
2
dam : 100 m
2

Submltiplos
2
2
cm : 0,0001 m
2
2
dm : 0,01 m
2
2
mm :
0,000001m

1km = 1000000 (= 1000 x 1000)m

2
2
1 hm = 10000 (= 100 x 100)m
2
2
1dam =100 (=10x10) m

Permitido de um polgono: o permetro de um polgono

a soma do comprimento de seus lados.

Regras Prticas:
para se converter um nmero medido numa unidade
para a unidade imediatamente superior deve-se dividi-lo
por 100.
para se converter um nmero medido numa unidade,
para uma unidade imediatamente inferior, deve-se
multiplic-lo por 100.
Medidas Agrrias:
2
centiare (ca) o m
2
2
are (a) o dam (100 m )
2
2
hectare (ha) o hm (10000 m ).

Permetro de uma circunferncia: Como a abertura do

compasso no se modifica durante o traado v-se logo
que os pontos da circunferncia distam igualmente do ponto zero (0).

Matemtica

C) REAS PLANAS

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Retngulo: a rea do retngulo dada pelo produto da

medida de comprimento pela medida da largura, ou,
medida da base pela medida da altura.

Unidades de volume: volume de um slido a medida

deste slido.
Chama-se metro cbico ao volume de um cubo cuja
aresta mede 1 m.

Abrevia-se metro cbico por m

Quadrado: a rea do quadrado dada pelo produto

lado por lado, pois sendo um retngulo de lados iguais,
base = altura = lado.

Propriedade: cada unidade de volume 1.000 vezes

maior que a unidade imediatamente inferior.
Mltiplos e sub-mltiplos do metro cbico:
Mltipios

Sub-mltiplos

km ( 1 000 000 000m ) dm (0,001 m )

3
3
3
3
cm (0,000001m )
hm ( 1 000 000 m )
3
3
3
3
mm (0,000 000 001m )
dam (1 000 m )

Tringulo: a rea do tringulo dada pelo produto da

base pela altura dividido por dois.

Como se v:
3
1 km3 = 1 000 000 000 (1000x1000x1000)m
3
3
1 hm = 1000000 (100 x 100 x 100) m
3
3
1dam = 1000 (10x10x10)m
3

1m =1000 (= 10 x 10 x 10) dm
3
3
1m =1000 000 (=100 x 100 x 100) cm
3
3
1m = 1000000000 ( 1000x 1000x 1000) mm

Trapzio: a rea do trapzio igual ao produto da semisoma das bases, pela altura.

Losango: a rea do losango igual ao semi-produto

das suas diagonais.

Unidades de capacidade: litro a unidade fundamental

de capacidade. Abrevia-se o litro por " .
O litro o volume equivalente a um decmetro cbico.
Mltiplos
hl

rea de polgono regular: a rea do polgono regular

igual ao produto da medida do permetro (p) pela medida
do apotema (a) sobre 2.

AG = A polgono =

")
")

( 100

dal ( 10

p a
2

Submltiplos

litro

"

")
")
ml (0,001 " )
dl (0,1

cl (0,01

Como se v:
1 hl = 100

"
"

1 dal = 10
1 l = 1000 ml

1
1

"
"

= 10 d
= 100 cl

UNIDADES DE MASSA
A unidade fundamental para se medir massa de um
corpo (ou a quantidade de matria que esse corpo possui),
o kilograma (kg).

UNIDADES DE VOLUME E CAPACIDADE

Matemtica

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3

o kg a massa aproximada de 1 dm de gua a 4

graus de temperatura.

4. proporcional: o nome dado ao quarto termo de

uma proporo no continua. Ex.:

Mltiplos e sub-mltiplos do kilograma:

4 12
=
,
8
x

Mltiplos
Submltiplos
kg (1000g)
dg (0,1 g)
hg ( 100g) cg (0,01 g)
dag ( 10 g)
mg (0,001 g)

4 . x = 8 . 12
x=

Como se v:
1kg = 1000g
1 hg = 100 g e
1 dag = 10g

96
=24.
4

Nota: Esse clculo idntico ao clculo do elemento

desconhecido de uma proporo).

1g = 10 dg
1g= 100 cg
1g = 1000 mg

Mdia Aritmtica Simples: (ma)

A mdia aritmtica simples de dois nmeros dada
pelo quociente da soma de seus valores e pela quantidade
das parcelas consideradas.
Ex.: determinar a ma de: 4, 8, 12, 20

ma =

Para a gua destilada, 1. acima de zero.

volume
capacidade
massa
2
1l
1kg
1dm

4 + 8 + 12 + 20
44
=
= 11
4
4

Mdia Aritmtica Ponderada (mv):

A mdia aritmtica ponderada de vrios nmeros aos
quais so atribudos pesos (que indicam o nmero de
vezes que tais nmeros figuraram) consiste no quociente
da soma dos produtos que se obtm multiplicando cada
nmero pelo peso correspondente, pela soma dos pesos.

SISTEMA DE MEDIDAS DE TEMPO:

No esquecer:
1dia = 24 horas
1 hora = sessenta minutos
1 minuto = sessenta segundos
1 ano = 365 dias
1 ms = 30 dias

Ex.: No clculo da mdia final obtida por um aluno

durante o ano letivo, usamos a mdia aritmtica
ponderada. A resoluo a seguinte:

SISTEMA MONETRIO BRASILEIRO

Matria
Portugus
Matemtica
Histria

Nossa atual moeda o Real (R$)

R$ 1,00 = um real
R$ 10,00 = dez reais
R$ 100,00 = cem reais
Submltiplos: centavos
R$ 10,30 = dez reais e trinta centavos
R$ 11,50 = onze reais e cinquenta centavos

Notas
60,0
40,0
70,0

Peso
5
3
2

mp =

60 . 5 + 40 3 + 70 . 2
5+3+2

mp =

300 + 120 + 140

= 56
10

MDIAS simples e ponderada

EQUAES E SISTEMAS DE EQUAES DE 1.O
GRAU.

Numa proporo contnua, o meio comum

denominado mdia proporcional ou mdia geomtrica dos
extremos. Portanto no exemplo acima 8 a mdia
proporcional entre 4 e 16. O quarto termo de uma
proporo contnua chamado terceira proporcional.
Assim, no nosso exemplo, 16 a terceira proporcional
depois de 4 e 8.

Equao: o nome dado a toda sentena algbrica que

exprime uma relao de igualdade.
Ou ainda: uma igualdade algbrica que se verifica somente para determinado valor numrico atribudo varivel.
Logo, equao uma igualdade condicional.
Exemplo: 5 + x = 11

0
0
1 .membro
2 .membro
onde x a incgnita, varivel ou oculta.

Para se calcular a mdia proporcional ou geomtrica de

dois nmeros, teremos que calcular o valor do meio
comum de uma proporo continua. Ex.:

4
X
=
X 16

RESOLUO DE EQUAES
4 . 16 x . x

Para resolver uma equao (achar a raiz) seguiremos os

princpios gerais que podem ser aplicados numa igualdade.
Ao transportar um termo de um membro de uma igualdade para outro, sua operao dever ser invertida.
Exemplo:
2x + 3 = 8 + x

x = 64 x

64 =8

Matemtica

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fica assim: 2x x = 8 3 = 5 x = 5
Note que o x foi para o 1. membro e o 3 foi para o 2.
membro com as operaes invertidas.
Dizemos que 5 a soluo ou a raiz da equao, dizemos ainda que o conjunto verdade (V).

soma-se membro a membro:

5x + 2y = 18
6x 2y = 4
11x+ 0=22 11x = 22 x =
Substituindo x = 2 na equao I:
5x + 2y = 18
5 . 2 + 2y = 18
10 + 2y = 18
2y = 18 10
2y = 8

Exerccios
Resolva as equaes :
1) 3x + 7 = 19
2) 4x +20=0
3) 7x 26 = 3x 6
Respostas: 1) x = 4 ou V = {4}
2) x = 5 ou V = {5} 3) x = 5 ou V = {5}

y=

Resoluo por adio.

7 x y = 20
5 x + y = 16

1)

x+ y=7 -I
Exemplo 1:
x y = 1 - II

Distinguimos as equaes das inequaes pelo sinal, na

equao temos sinal de igualdade (=) nas inequaes so
sinais de desigualdade.
> maior que, maior ou igual, < menor que ,
menor ou igual
Exemplo 1: Determine os nmeros naturais de modo
que 4 + 2x > 12.
4 + 2x > 12
2x > 12 4

x=4
Sabendo que o valor de x igual 4 substitua este valor
em qualquer uma das equaes ( I ou II ),
Substitui em I fica:
4+y=7 y=74 y=3
Se quisermos verificar se est correto, devemos substituir os valores encontrados x e y nas equaes
x+y=7
xy=1
4 +3 = 7
43=1
Dizemos que o conjunto verdade: V = {(4, 3)}

2x > 8

x>

8
x>4
2

Exemplo 2: Determine os nmeros inteiros de modo que

4 + 2x 5x + 13
4+2x 5x + 13
2x 5x 13 4
3x 9 . (1) 3x 9, quando multiplicamos por (-1),
invertemos o sinal d desigualdade para , fica:

2x + y = 11 - I

x + y = 8 - II

Note que temos apenas a operao +, portanto devemos

multiplicar qualquer uma ( I ou II) por 1, escolhendo a II,
temos:

3x 9, onde x

2x + y = 11
2x + y = 11

x + y = 8 . ( - 1)
- x y = 8

9
ou x 3
3

Exerccios. Resolva:
1) x 3 1 x,
2) 2x + 1 6 x 2
3) 3 x 1 + x
Respostas: 1) x 2

soma-se membro a membro

2x + y = 11
+

- x- y =-8

x+0 = 3
x=3

2) x 3/4

3) x 2

NMEROS E GRANDEZAS DIRETAMENTE E INVERSAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS.

Agora, substituindo x = 3 na equao II: x + y = 8, fica 3

+ y = 8, portanto y = 5
Exemplo 3:

GRANDEZAS PROPOCIONAIS

-
-

1. INTRODUO
Se a sua mensalidade escolar sofresse hoje um reajuste de R$ 80,00, como voc reagiria? Acharia caro, normal,
ou abaixo da expectativa? Esse mesmo valor, que pode
parecer caro no reajuste da mensalidade, seria considerado insignificante, se tratasse de um acrscimo no seu salrio.

neste exemplo, devemos multiplicar a equao II por 2

(para desaparecer a varivel y).

Matemtica

8 x 4 y = 28
2x 2y = 10

3)

INEQUAES DO 1. GRAU

8
x=
2

5x + 2y = 18

3x - y = 2 .(2)

5 x + y = 7
8 x 3 y = 2

2)

Respostas: 1) V = {(3,1)} 2) V = {(1,2)} 3) V {(3,2 )}

Soma-se membro a membro.

2x +0 =8
2x = 8

5x + 2y = 18

3x - y = 2

8
2

y =4
ento V = {(2,4)}
Exerccios. Resolver os sistemas de Equao Linear:

EQUAES DO 1. GRAU COM DUAS VARIVEIS OU

SISTEMA DE EQUAES LINEARES

Exemplo 2 :

22
x=2
11

5 x + 2 y = 18

6 x 2 y = 4
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A esse tipo de igualdade entre duas razes d-se o
nome de proporo.

Naturalmente, voc j percebeu que os R$ 80,00 nada

representam, se no forem comparados com um valor
base e se no forem avaliados de acordo com a natureza
da comparao. Por exemplo, se a mensalidade escolar
fosse de R$ 90,00, o reajuste poderia ser considerado alto;
afinal, o valor da mensalidade teria quase dobrado. J no
caso do salrio, mesmo considerando o salrio mnimo, R$
80,00 seriam uma parte mnima. .
A fim de esclarecer melhor este tipo de problema,
vamos estabelecer regras para comparao entre
grandezas.
2. RAZO
Voc j deve ter ouvido expresses como: "De cada 20
habitantes, 5 so analfabetos", "De cada 10 alunos, 2 gostam de Matemtica", "Um dia de sol, para cada dois de
chuva".
Em cada uma dessas. frases est sempre clara uma
comparao entre dois nmeros. Assim, no primeiro caso,
destacamos 5 entre 20; no segundo, 2 entre 10, e no terceiro, 1 para cada 2.
Todas as comparaes sero matematicamente
expressas por um quociente chamado razo.
Teremos, pois:
De cada 20 habitantes, 5 so analfabetos.
Razo =

Dadas duas razes

uma proporo se

A proporo

0, o

Exemplo:
Se 6 =
24

1
2

1
10

c
a
=
, entao
b
d
a - c
a
ou
=
=
b - d
b

6
6

Essa propriedade
denominador seja nulo.
Exemplo:

3. Uma liga de metal feita de 2 partes de ferro e 3

partes de zinco.
Razo =

24 , ento 6 . 96 = 24 . 24 = 576.
96

Se

Os times A e B jogaram 6 vezes e o time A ganhou

todas.

2
(ferro)
5

, ou 3 : 7 : : 9 : 21,

21

3.2
ADIO
(OU
SUBTRAO)
DOS
ANTECEDENTES E CONSEQUENTES
Em toda proporo, a soma (ou diferena) dos antecedentes est para a soma (ou diferena) dos consequentes
assim como cada antecedente est para seu consequente.
Ou seja:

Nessa expresso, a chama-se antecedente e b,

consequente. Outros exemplos de razo:
Em cada 10 terrenos vendidos, um do corretor.

Razo =

a c
= ad = bc ; b, d 0
b d

a
quociente
, ou a : b.
b

Razo =

3.1 PROPRIEDADE FUNDAMENTAL

O produto dos extremos igual ao produto dos meios:

Um dia de sol, para cada dois de chuva.

Razo =

a
c
.
=
b
d

lida da seguinte forma: 3 est para 7 assim como 9 est

para 21. Temos ainda:
3 e 9 como antecedentes,
7 e 21 como consequentes,
7 e 9 como meios e
3 e 21 como extremos.

2
Razo =
10

Razo =

3
7

De cada 10 alunos, 2 gostam de Matemtica.

c
, com b e d 0, teremos
d

Na expresso acima, a e c so chamados de

antecedentes e b e d de consequentes. .
A proporo tambm pode ser representada como a : b
= c : d. Qualquer uma dessas expresses lida assim: a
est para b assim como c est para d. E importante notar
que b e c so denominados meios e a e d, extremos.
Exemplo:

5
20

A razo entre dois nmeros a e b, com

a
e
b

a + c
b + d
c
d
vlida

desde

a
b

que

c
,
d

nenhum

3
(zinco).
5

3. PROPORES
H situaes em que as grandezas que esto sendo
comparadas podem ser expressas por razes de antecedentes e consequentes diferentes, porm com o mesmo
quociente. Dessa maneira, quando uma pesquisa escolar
nos revelar que, de 40 alunos entrevistados, 10 gostam de
Matemtica, poderemos supor que, se forem entrevistados
80 alunos da mesma escola, 20 devero gostar de Matemtica. Na verdade, estamos afirmando que 10 esto representando em 40 o mesmo que 20 em 80.
Escrevemos:

10
40

Matemtica

RAZES razes inversas, equivalentes.

1. INTRODUO:
No dia-a-dia, voc lida com situaes que envolvem
nmeros, tais como: preo, peso, salrio, dias de trabalho,
ndice de inflao, velocidade, tempo, idade e outros. Passaremos a nos referir a cada uma dessas situaes mensurveis como uma grandeza. Voc sabe que cada grandeza no independente, mas vinculada a outra conveni-

20
80
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do grupo depender do nmero de pessoas.
Analise agora a tabela abaixo :

ente. O salrio, por exemplo, est relacionado a dias de

trabalho. H pesos que dependem de idade, velocidade,
tempo etc. Vamos analisar dois tipos bsicos de dependncia entre grandezas proporcionais.
2. PROPORO DIRETA
Grandezas como trabalho produzido e remunerao obtida so, quase sempre, diretamente proporcionais. De
fato, se voc receber R$ 2,00 para cada folha que datilografar, sabe que dever receber R$ 40,00 por 20 folhas
datilografadas.
Podemos destacar outros exemplos de grandezas
diretamente proporcionais:
Velocidade mdia e distncia percorrida, pois, se voc
dobrar a velocidade com que anda, dever, num mesmo
tempo, dobrar a distncia percorrida.
rea e preo de terrenos.
Altura de um objeto e comprimento da sombra projetada por ele.
Assim:

Nmero de
pessoas

Dividir
um
nmero
em
partes
proporcionais a outros nmeros dados
partes desse nmero que sejam
proporcionais aos nmeros dados e
reproduza o prprio nmero.

Esse sistema pode ser resolvido,

propriedades de proporo. Assim:

X+Y

660

diretamente
encontrar
diretamente
cuja soma

usando

as

= Substituindo X + Y por 660, vem

10

X=

6 660

= 360
11 6
11
Como X + Y = 660, ento Y = 300
Concluindo, A deve receber R$ 360,00 enquanto B, R$
300,00.
4.2 INVERSAMENTE PROPORCIONAL
E se nosso problema no fosse efetuar diviso em partes diretamente proporcionais, mas sim inversamente? Por
exemplo: suponha que as duas pessoas, A e B, trabalharam durante um mesmo perodo para fabricar e vender por
R$ 160,00 um certo artigo. Se A chegou atrasado ao trabalho 3 dias e B, 5 dias, como efetuar com justia a diviso?
O problema agora dividir R$ 160,00 em partes inversamente proporcionais a 3 e a 5, pois deve ser levado em
considerao que aquele que se atrasa mais deve receber
menos.

Despesa
100
200
400
500
1.000
diria (R$
)
Voc pode perceber na tabela que a razo de aumento
do nmero de pessoas a mesma para o aumento da
despesa. Assim, se dobrarmos o nmero de pessoas,
dobraremos ao mesmo tempo a despesa. Esta portanto,
uma proporo direta, ou melhor, as grandezas nmero de
pessoas e despesa diria so diretamente proporcionais.
Suponha tambm que, nesse mesmo exemplo,
a
quantia a ser gasta pelo grupo seja sempre
de
R$2.000,00. Perceba, ento, que o tempo de permanncia

Matemtica

10

6+5

Vamos analisar outro exemplo, com o objetivo de

reconhecer a natureza da proporo, e destacar a razo.
Considere a situao de um grupo de pessoas que, em
frias, se instale num acampamento que cobra R$100,00 a
diria individual.
Observe na tabela a relao entre o nmero de
pessoas e a despesa diria:
4

No nosso problema, temos de dividir 660 em partes diretamente proporcionais a 6 e 5, que so as horas que A e
B trabalharam.
Vamos formalizar a diviso, chamando de x o que A
tem a receber, e de y o que B tem a receber.
Teremos ento:

Duas grandezas so inversamente proporcionais quando,

aumentando (ou diminuindo) uma delas numa determinada
razo, a outra diminui (ou aumenta) na mesma razo.

4. DIVISO EM PARTES PROPORCIONAIS

4. 1 Diretamente proporcional
Duas pessoas, A e B, trabalharam na fabricao de um
mesmo objeto, sendo que A o fez durante 6 horas e B
durante 5 horas. Como, agora, elas devero dividir com
justia os R$ 660,00 apurados com sua venda? Na verdade, o que cada um tem a receber deve ser diretamente
proporcional ao tempo gasto na confeco do objeto.

3. PROPORO INVERSA
Grandezas como tempo de trabalho e nmero de operrios para a mesma tarefa so, em geral, inversamente
proporcionais. Veja: Para uma tarefa que 10 operrios
executam em 20 dias, devemos esperar que 5 operrios a
realizem em 40 dias.
Podemos destacar outros exemplos de grandezas
inversamente proporcionais:
Velocidade mdia e tempo de viagem, pois, se voc
dobrar a velocidade com que anda, mantendo fixa a distncia a ser percorrida, reduzir o tempo do percurso pela
metade.
Nmero de torneiras de mesma vazo e tempo para
encher um tanque, pois, quanto mais torneiras estiverem
abertas, menor o tempo para completar o tanque.
Podemos concluir que :

Tempo de
perman
ncia
20
10
5
4
2
(dias)
Note que, se dobrarmos o nmero de pessoas, o tempo
de permanncia se reduzir metade. Esta , portanto,
uma proporo inversa, ou melhor, as grandezas nmero
de pessoas e nmero de dias so inversamente proporcionais.

Duas grandezas So diretamente proporcionais

quando, aumentando (ou diminuindo) uma delas numa
determinada razo, a outra diminui (ou aumenta) nessa
mesma razo.

Nmero
de
pessoas

Dividir um nmero em partes inversamente proporcionais a

outros nmeros dados encontrar partes desse nmero
que sejam diretamente proporcionais aos inversos dos
nmeros dados e cuja soma reproduza o prprio nmero.
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No nosso problema, temos de dividir 160 em partes inversamente proporcionais a 3 e a 5, que so os nmeros
de atraso de A e B. Vamos formalizar a diviso, chamando
de x o que A tem a receber e de y o que B tem a receber.

Como x + y = 29400, ento

98
x=

1
5

x
1

x+y
8

15

29400 50
98

50

15.000

Portanto y = 14 400.
Concluindo, a primeira turma deve receber R$
15.000,00 da empreiteira, e a segunda, R$ 14.400,00.
Observao: Firmas de projetos costumam cobrar
cada trabalho usando como unidade o homem-hora. O
nosso problema um exemplo em que esse critrio
poderia ser usado, ou seja, a unidade nesse caso seria homem-dia. Seria obtido o valor de R$ 300,00 que o
resultado de 15 000 : 50, ou de 14 400 : 48.

Resolvendo o sistema, temos:

x+y

29400

x
1
3

REGRA DE TRS SIMPLES

Mas, como x + y = 160, ento

160
8

15

x
1

x=

160 1

8 3

REGRA DE TRS SIMPLES

Retomando o problema do automvel, vamos resolv-lo
com o uso da regra de trs de maneira prtica.
Devemos dispor as grandezas, bem como os valores
envolvidos, de modo que possamos reconhecer a natureza
da proporo e escrev-la.
Assim:

15

x = 160

15 1
x = 100
8 3

Como x + y = 160, ento y = 60. Concluindo, A deve

receber R$ 100,00 e B, R$ 60,00.
4.3 DIVISO PROPORCIONAL COMPOSTA
Vamos analisar a seguinte situao: Uma empreiteira
foi contratada para pavimentar uma rua. Ela dividiu o trabalho em duas turmas, prometendo pag-las proporcionalmente. A tarefa foi realizada da seguinte maneira: na primeira turma, 10 homens trabalharam durante 5 dias; na
segunda turma, 12 homens trabalharam durante 4 dias.
Estamos considerando que os homens tinham a mesma
capacidade de trabalho. A empreiteira tinha R$ 29.400,00
para dividir com justia entre as duas turmas de trabalho.
Como faz-lo?
Essa diviso no de mesma natureza das anteriores.
Trata-se aqui de uma diviso composta em partes proporcionais, j que os nmeros obtidos devero ser proporcionais a dois nmeros e tambm a dois outros.
Na primeira turma, 10 homens trabalharam 5 dias, produzindo o mesmo resultado de 50 homens, trabalhando por
um dia. Do mesmo modo, na segunda turma, 12 homens
trabalharam 4 dias, o que seria equivalente a 48 homens
trabalhando um dia.
Para a empreiteira, o problema passaria a ser, portanto,
de diviso diretamente proporcional a 50 (que 10 . 5), e
48 (que 12 . 4).

Observe que colocamos na mesma linha valores que se

correspondem: 6 horas e 900 km; 8 horas e o valor
desconhecido.
Vamos usar setas indicativas, como fizemos antes, para indicar a natureza da proporo. Se elas estiverem no
mesmo sentido, as grandezas so diretamente proporcionais; se em sentidos contrrios, so inversamente proporcionais.
Nesse problema, para estabelecer se as setas tm o
mesmo sentido, foi necessrio responder pergunta:
"Considerando a mesma velocidade, se aumentarmos o
tempo, aumentar a distncia percorrida?" Como a resposta a essa questo afirmativa, as grandezas so diretamente proporcionais.
J que a proporo direta, podemos escrever:

Para dividir um nmero em partes de tal forma que uma

delas seja proporcional a m e n e a outra a p e q, basta
divida esse nmero em partes proporcionais a m . n e p . q.

10 5

y
12 4

Matemtica

ou

x
50

y
48

x+y
50 + 48

900
x

Ento: 6 . x = 8 . 900

Convm lembrar que efetuar uma diviso em partes inversamente proporcionais a certos nmeros o mesmo
que fazer a diviso em partes diretamente proporcionais ao
inverso dos nmeros dados.
Resolvendo nosso problema, temos:
Chamamos de x: a quantia que deve receber a primeira
turma; y: a quantia que deve receber a segunda turma.
Assim:

x =

7200
6

= 1 200

Concluindo, o automvel percorrer 1 200 km em 8

horas.
Vamos analisar outra situao em que usamos a regra
de trs.
Um automvel, com velocidade mdia de 90 km/h,
percorre um certo espao durante 8 horas. Qual ser o
tempo necessrio para percorrer o mesmo espao com
uma velocidade de 60 km/h?

x
50

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fazer com que as setas fiquem no mesmo sentido, invertendo os termos das colunas convenientes. Naturalmente,
no nosso exemplo, fica mais fcil inverter a coluna da
grandeza 2.

A resposta pergunta "Mantendo o mesmo espao

percorrido, se aumentarmos a velocidade, o tempo aumentar?" negativa. Vemos, ento, que as grandezas envolvidas so inversamente proporcionais.
Como a proporo inversa, ser necessrio invertermos a ordem dos termos de uma das colunas, tornando a
proporo direta. Assim:

Agora, vamos escrever a proporo:

10
x

2000

20 1680

(Lembre-se de que uma grandeza proporcional a duas

outras proporcional ao produto delas.)

10
x

12000
33600

x=

10 33600
12000

= 28

Concluindo, sero necessrias 28 mquinas.

Escrevendo a proporo, temos:

8
x

60
90

x=

8 90

PORCENTAGEM

= 12

1. INTRODUO
Quando voc abre o jornal, liga a televiso ou olha
vitrinas, frequentemente se v s voltas com expresses
do tipo:
"O ndice de reajuste salarial de maro de 16,19%."
"O rendimento da caderneta de poupana em fevereiro foi
de 18,55%."
"A inflao acumulada nos ltimos 12 meses foi de
381,1351%.
"Os preos foram reduzidos em at 0,5%."
Mesmo supondo que essas expresses no sejam
completamente desconhecidas para uma pessoa, importante fazermos um estudo organizado do assunto porcentagem, uma vez que o seu conhecimento ferramenta
indispensvel para a maioria dos problemas relativos
Matemtica Comercial.
2. PORCENTAGEM
O estudo da porcentagem ainda um modo de comparar nmeros usando a proporo direta. S que uma das
razes da proporo um frao de denominador 100.
Vamos deixar isso mais claro: numa situao em que voc
tiver de calcular 40% de R$ 300,00, o seu trabalho ser
determinar um valor que represente, em 300, o mesmo que
40 em 100. Isso pode ser resumido na proporo:

60

Concluindo, o automvel percorrer a mesma distncia

em 12 horas.
Regra de trs simples um processo prtico utilizado para
resolver problemas que envolvam pares de grandezas
direta ou inversamente proporcionais. Essas grandezas
formam uma proporo em que se conhece trs termos e o
quarto termo procurado.
REGRA DE TRS COMPOSTA
Vamos agora utilizar a regra de trs para resolver problemas em que esto envolvidas mais de duas grandezas
proporcionais. Como exemplo, vamos analisar o seguinte
problema.
Numa fbrica, 10 mquinas trabalhando 20 dias produzem 2 000 peas. Quantas mquinas sero necessrias
para se produzir 1 680 peas em 6 dias?
Como nos problemas anteriores, voc deve verificar a
natureza da proporo entre as grandezas e escrever essa
proporo. Vamos usar o mesmo modo de dispor as grandezas e os valores envolvidos.

40
100

x
300

Ento, o valor de x ser de R$ 120,00.

Sabendo que em clculos de porcentagem ser
necessrio utilizar sempre propores diretas, fica claro,
ento, que qualquer problema dessa natureza poder ser
resolvido com regra de trs simples.

Natureza da proporo: para estabelecer o sentido das

setas necessrio fixar uma das grandezas e relacion-la
com as outras.
Supondo fixo o nmero de dias, responda questo:
"Aumentando o nmero de mquinas, aumentar o nmero
de peas fabricadas?" A resposta a essa questo afirmativa. Logo, as grandezas 1 e 3 so diretamente proporcionais.
Agora, supondo fixo o nmero de peas, responda
questo: "Aumentando o nmero de mquinas, aumentar
o nmero de dias necessrios para o trabalho?" Nesse
caso, a resposta negativa. Logo, as grandezas 1 e 2 so
inversamente proporcionais.
Para se escrever corretamente a proporo, devemos

Matemtica

3. TAXA PORCENTUAL
O uso de regra de trs simples no clculo de porcentagens um recurso que torna fcil o entendimento do assunto, mas no o nico caminho possvel e nem sequer o
mais prtico.
Para simplificar os clculos numricos, necessrio,
inicialmente, dar nomes a alguns termos. Veremos isso a
partir de um exemplo.
Exemplo:
Calcular 20% de 800.

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Calcular 20%, ou

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de 800 dividir 800 em 100

QUADRADO

100
partes e tomar 20 dessas partes. Como a centsima parte
de 800 8, ento 20 dessas partes ser 160.
Chamamos: 20% de taxa porcentual; 800 de principal;
160 de porcentagem.
Temos, portanto:
Principal: nmero sobre o qual se vai calcular a
porcentagem.
Taxa: valor fixo, tomado a partir de cada 100 partes do
principal.
Porcentagem: nmero que se obtm somando cada uma
das 100 partes do principal at conseguir a taxa.
A partir dessas definies, deve ficar claro que, ao calcularmos uma porcentagem de um principal conhecido,
no necessrio utilizar a montagem de uma regra de trs.
Basta dividir o principal por 100 e tomarmos tantas destas
partes quanto for a taxa. Vejamos outro exemplo.
Exemplo:
Calcular 32% de 4.000.
Primeiro dividimos 4 000 por 100 e obtemos 40, que a
centsima parte de 4 000. Agora, somando 32 partes iguais a 40, obtemos 32 . 40 ou 1 280 que a resposta
para o problema.
Observe que dividir o principal por 100 e multiplicar o
resultado dessa diviso por 32 o mesmo que multiplicar o
principal por

PERMETRO: L + L + L + L = 4L
rea do quadrado:

A = " " = "2

Exemplo 2
Qual a rea do quadrado de 5 cm de lado?

A= "
" = 5 cm
2
A=5
2
A = 25 cm

Soluo:

PARALELOGRAMO
A = rea do paralelogramo:

32
ou 0,32. Vamos usar esse raciocnio de
100

A=b h
Permetro: 2b + 2h

agora em diante:
Porcentagem = taxa X principal

PRINCPIOS DE GEOMETRIA: PERMETRO, REA

E VOLUME.

Exemplo 3
A altura de um paralelogramo 4 cm e a
metade de sua base. Qual su rea ?
Soluo:
A = b .h
h = 4cm
b =2.h
b = 2 . 4 = 8cm
2
A =8.4
A
= 32 m

RETNGULO
A=b.h
A = rea

b = base

h = altura

TRINGULO

Permetro: 2b + 2h
Exemplo 1

Permetro: a soma dos trs lados.

Qual a rea de um retngulo cuja altura 2 cm e seu

permetro 12 cm?
Soluo:
A = b. h
h
2 +b+2+b
2b+4
2b
2b
b
b
A=4 .2
2
A = 8 cm

Matemtica

rea do tringulo:

= 2 cm
= 12
= 12
= 12 - 4
=8
= 8 2=4
=4cm

A =

b h
2

Exemplo 4:
A altura de um tringulo 8 cm e a sua base a
metade da altura. Calcular sua rea.
Soluo:

A =

b h
2

h = 8cm
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b =

A=
A

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h 8
= = 4 cm
2 2

84
2

= 16 m

Exemplo 7
O raio de uma circunferncia 3 cm. Calcular a sua
rea.

A = R2

TRAPZIO

TAXAS DE JUROS SIMPLES E COMPOSTAS, CAPITAL, MONTANTE E DESCONTO.

Permetro: B + b + a soma dos dois lados.

rea do trapzio:
B = base maior
b = base menor
h = altura
Exemplo 5:
Calcular a rea do trapzio de base maior de 6 cm, base
menor de 4 cm. e altura de 3 cm.
Soluo:

A=

1 JUROS SIMPLES
1.1 Conceito
A fim de produzir os bens de que necessita, o homem
combina os fatores produtivos recursos naturais, trabalho e capital. Organizando a produo, o homem gera as
mercadorias e os servios destinados ao seu consumo. A
venda desses bens gera a renda, que distribuda entre os
proprietrios dos fatores produtivos. Assim, os proprietrios
dos recursos naturais recebem remunerao na forma de
aluguis; os proprietrios da fora de trabalho recebem
salrios; os organizadores da produo recebem lucros e
os proprietrios do capital recebem remunerao na forma
de juros.

(B + b ) h
2

B
= 6 cm
b = 4 cm
h
= 3 cm

A =
A

( 6 + 4) 3
2

= 15 cm

A = 3,14 . 3
A = 3,14 . 9
2
A = 28,26 cm

Desta forma, os juros constituem uma parte da renda,

que distribuda aos proprietrios do capital (mquinas,
equipamentos, ferramentas etc.).

LOSANGO

No clculo financeiro, juro uma compensao, em dinheiro pelo uso de um capital financeiro, por determinado
tempo, a uma taxa previamente combinada.
1.2 Clculo dos juros simples
O juro simples quando produzido unicamente pelo
capital inicial.
Se, por exemplo, colocarmos o capital equivalente a 500
u.m. a juros durante 4 meses, taxa de 1% ao ms, teremos em cada ms 5 u.m. de juros.

D= diagonal maior
d = diagonal menor
Permetro = a soma dos quatro lados.
rea do losango:

A =

Os juros so todos iguais, pois so calculados sobre o

mesmo valor (500), que o capital inicial. Podem ser retirados no fim de cada ms ou no fim de 4 meses; o total
ser o mesmo, ou seja, 20.

D d
2

No exemplo acima, os juros (20) so obtidos fazendo: 5

x 4, onde 5 1% de 500 e 4 o nmero de meses em que
o capital esteve aplicado. Portanto: juro = 500 x 0,01 x 4.

Exemplo 6:
Calcular a rea do losango de diagonais 6 cm
e 5 cm.
Soluo:

D d
2
6 5
A =
2
A =

O fator 0,01 constitui a taxa unitria e corresponde aos

juros de uma unidade de capital.

CIRCULO

Denominando:
j = juro,
C = capital (500),
i = taxa unitria (0,01 corresponde a 1%),
n = nmero de perodos (4 meses),

rea do crculo:

temos:

A = 15 cm

A = R2

J=Cin

A = rea do crculo
R = raio
= 3,14

Matemtica

Nesta frmula, a taxa e o nmero de perodos devem referir-se mesma unidade de tempo; isto , se a taxa for
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1.
Qual o montante de um capital 600, a 18% a.a,
durante 8 meses?

anual, o tempo dever ser expresso em numero de anos;

se a taxa for mensal, o tempo dever ser expresso em
nmero de meses etc.

Cn= C(1 +in)

i = 0,015 (1,5% ao ms)
n = 8 (meses)
Cn = 600(1+0,015x8)
Cn = 600x 1,12
Cn = 672

A taxa empregada em todas as frmulas da matemtica

financeira a unitria, que corresponde taxa centesimal
dividida por 100. Dessa forma, a taxa de 6% centesimal e
a taxa unitria correspondente de 0,06; isto quer dizer
que, se um capital de 100 produz 6 de juros, o capital de 1
produz 0,06 de juros.

2.
Qual o capital que produz o montante de 285, a
28% ai., durante 6 meses? Da frmula do montante, Cn=
C(1 +i n) deduzimos a frmula para o clculo do capital

(;(03/26
(;(03/26

C=

1. Determinar os juros de um capital 800 u.m., a 12% ao

ano, durante 7 meses.

onde:

Neste exemplo, temos a taxa anual de 12% e o tempo

em meses (7). Para aplicarmos a frmula, devemos tomar a
taxa e o nmero de perodos na mesma unidade de tempo.
Assim, 12% a.a. corresponde a 0,12 (taxa unitria anual) e
7 meses so

Cn = C2 = 285
i = 0,07 (7% ao trimestre)
n = 2 (trimestres)

285
1 + 0,07 x2
285
C=
1,14
C=

7
do ano.
12

j=Cin
j = 800 x 0,12 x

Cn
1 + in

7
12

C = 250

j = 56

1.4 Divisor fixo

Podemos, entretanto, empregar a taxa mensal proporcional a 12% ao ano, ou seja, 1% ao ms, que corresponde
taxa unitria 0,01e colocar o nmero de perodos em
meses, 7. Portanto:

Quando o tempo de aplicao de um capital for expresso

em dias, s vezes h dificuldade para converter a taxa e o
nmero de per iodos na mesma unidade de tempo. Para
contornar essa dificuldade pode-se usar o mtodo do divisor fixo para o clculo dos juros.

j=Cin
j = 800 x 0,01 x 7
j = 56

Chama-se divisor fixo (delta) a relao

2. O capital 400 foi colocado a 20% ai. durante 9 meses.

Determinar os juros. Neste problema, a taxa e o nmero de
perodos podem ser expressos com relao ao trimestre. A
taxa de juros trimestral proporcional a 20% a.a. 5% (0,05),
e 9 meses so 3 trimestres. Portanto:
j=Cin
j = 400 x 0,05 x 3
j = 60

36.000
, onde
r

r a taxa centesimal anual dos juros.

Para obter a frmula dos juros com o emprego do divisor
fixo, tomamos
j=Cin
onde i =

r
. Como r taxa anual, devemos transfor100

m-la em taxa diria, pois o

100
nmero de perodos ser representado por nmero de
dias. Sendo o ano comercial r

1.3 Montante
Chama-se montante o capital acrescido de seus juros. A
notao para montante Cn (capital com juros acumulados
em n perodos)

considerado de 360 dias, dividindo

r
por 360 temos
100

a taxa diria.

Cn = C + j
como j = C i n

Portanto: i =

Cn = C + C i n

r
36.000

Substituindo a frmula dos juros;,

Colocando o fator comum C em evidncia, temos

j=C

Cn=C (1 + in)

r
n
36.000

A expresso

r
representa o inverso do divisor fi36.000

xo. Assim,

(;(03/26
(;(03/26

Matemtica

j=C

35

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j=

Cn

1. Introduo
O dinheiro e o tempo so dois fatores que se
encontram estreitamente ligados com a vida das pessoas e
dos negcios. Quando so gerados excedentes de fundos,
as pessoas ou as empresas, aplicam-no a fim de ganhar
juros que aumentem o capital original disponvel; em outras
ocasies, pelo contrrio, tem-se a necessidade de recursos
financeiros durante um perodo de tempo e deve-se pagar
juros pelo seu uso.
Em perodo de curto-prazo utiliza-se, geralmente, como
j se viu, os juros simples. J em perodos de longo-prazo,
utiliza-se, quase que exclusivamente, os juros compostos.
2. Conceitos Bsicos
No regime dos juros simples, o capital inicial sobre o
qual calculam-se os juros, permanece sem variao
alguma durante todo o tempo que dura a operao. No
regime dos juros compostos, por sua vez, os juros que vo
sendo gerados, vo sendo acrescentados ao capital inicial,
em perodos determinados e, que por sua vez, iro gerar
um novo juro adicional para o perodo seguinte.
Diz-se, ento, que os juros capitalizam-se e que se est
na presena de uma operao de juros compostos.
Nestas operaes, o capital no constante atravs do
tempo; pois aumenta ao final de cada perodo pela adio
dos juros ganhos de acordo com a taxa acordada.
Esta diferena pode ser observada atravs do seguinte
exemplo:
Exemplo 1: Suponha um capital inicial de R$ 1.000,00
aplicado taxa de 30.0 % a.a. por um perodo de 3 anos a
juros simples e compostos. Qual ser o total de juros ao
final dos 3 anos sob cada um dos rearmes de juros?
Pelo regime de juros simples:
J = c . i . t = R$ 1.000,00 (0,3) (3) = R$ 900,00
Pelo regime de juros compostos:

(;(03/26
(;(03/26
1.
Determinar os juros do capital 300, a 24% a.a, durante 2 meses e 28 dias.

Cn

j=

C = 300
n = 88 (dias)

=
j=

36.000 36.000
=
= 1.500
r
24

300x88
1.500

= 17,60

2.
Qual o montante do capital 80 no fim de 3 meses
e 17 dias, a 18% a.a?

j=

Cn

C = 80
n = 107(dias)

36.000
= 2.000
18
80x 107
j=
2.000

n
J = Co (1 + i) 1 =

Demonstrando agora, em detalhes, o que se passou

com os clculos, temos:

C107 =80+4,28
C107 = 84,28

Ano Juros simples

Para a soluo deste problema, pode-se deduzir uma

frmula para calcular diretamente o montante com emprego do divisor fixo.

Juros Compostos

1 R$ 1.000,00(0,3) = R$ 300,00

R$ 1.000,00(0,3) =

2 R$ 1.000,00(0,3) = R$ 300,00

R$ 1.300,00(0,3) =

R$ 390,00

3 R$ 1.000,00(0,3) = R$ 300,00

R$ 1.690,00(0,3) =

R$ 507,00

R$ 900,00

Cn = C + j

j=

3
J = R$1.000,00 (1,3 ) 1 = R$1.197,00

= 4,28

R$ 300,00

R$ 1.197,00

Vamos dar outro exemplo de juros compostos:

Suponhamos que voc coloque na poupana R$
100,00 e os juros so de 10% ao ms.
Decorrido o primeiro ms voc ter em sua poupana:
100,00 + 10,00 = 110,00
No segundo ms voc ter:110,00 + 11,00 =111,00
No terceiro ms voc ter: 111,00 + 11,10 = 111,10
E assim por diante.
Para se fazer o clculo fcil: basta calcular os juros
de cada ms e adicionar ao montante do ms anterior.

Cn

Cn

C + Cn
Cn =

C( + n)
Cn =

Cn = C +

Resolvendo o problema com esta frmula, temos:

DESCONTOS

80(2.000 + 107)
C107 =
2.000

WalterSpinelli
1. Introduo
Ao contrair uma dvida a ser paga no futuro, muito
comum o devedor oferecer ao credor um documento
denominado titulo, que o comprovante dessa operao.

C107 = 84,28
JUROS COMPOSTOS

Matemtica

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N = valor nominal

De posse do titulo, que usado para formalizar uma dvida que no ser paga imediatamente, mas dentro de um
prazo estipulado, o credor poder negociar o pagamento
antecipado da dvida atravs de um banco. Vamos tratar,
neste captulo, desse tipo de operao bancria.

L = valor lquido recebido aps o desconto

I = taxa
n = perodo de tempo, teremos:

2. Ttulos

D = N .i . n

H trs tipos de ttulos bastante usados: nota

promissria, duplicata e letra de cmbio.

L = N D ou L = N N . i . n, ento:

Nota promissria Pode ser usada entre pessoas

fsicas, ou ainda entre pessoas fsicas e instituies
financeiras. Trata-se de um ttulo de crdito, que
corresponde a uma promessa de pagamento, em que vo
especificados: valor nominal ou quantia a ser paga (que a
dvida inicial, normalmente acrescida de juros), data de
vencimento do ttulo (em que a dvida deve ser paga),
nome e assinatura do devedor, nome do credor e da
pessoa que dever receber a importncia a ser paga.

L = N . (1in)

1. Qual o desconto, a 5% a.m., sobre um ttulo de $

750,00, pago 2 meses e 10 dias antes do vencimento?
Soluo:

Duplicata E usada por pessoa jurdica contra um

cliente (que pode ser pessoa fsica ou jurdica) para o qual
vendeu mercadorias a prazo ou prestou servios a serem
pagos no futuro (segundo contrato). Na duplicata deve
constar o aceite do cliente, o valor nominal, a data de
vencimento, o nome de quem dever pagar e o nome da
pessoa a quem dever pagar. Uma duplicata s legal se
for feita tendo por base da nota fiscal.

N=750, n=2 meses e 10 dias=70 dias i = 0,05

D=N.i.n= D=750.

0,05
.70=87,50
30

Resposta: O desconto foi, portanto, de $ 87,50.

2.
Um ttulo no valor de $ 1.200,00, pago 5 meses antes do vencimento, ficou reduzido a $
900.00. Qual foi a taxa mensal usada?

Letra de cmbio um ttulo ao portador, emitido por

uma financeira em operaes de crdito direto para
pessoas fsicas ou jurdicas. Uma letra de cmbio tem
especificados: valor de resgate (que o valor nominal
acrescido de juros), data de vencimento do ttulo e quem
deve pagar.

Soluo:
N = 1200

n = 5 meses

L = 900

Vamos resolver este problema de dois modos.

Primeiro modo: usando o clculo de desconto

O credor Marcelo dos Santos de posse da nota

promissria, conforme o modelo apresentado na pgina 96,
deseja resgatar a dvida em 01/01/88.

D=Nin
D = N L = 1 200 900 = 300

Voc deve ter notado que, na verdade, Marcelo dos

Santos quer receber a dvida 2 meses antes da data
proposta na promissria. Do mesmo modo que no valor
nominal da nota incluem-se os juros pela postergao do
pagamento, podemos aceitar o fato de que o adiantamento
do mesmo tambm dever vir acompanhado de juros, mas
agora no sentido contrrio, ou seja, descontados do valor
nominal.

300 = 1.200 5. i
i=

300
= 0,05
1200 5

A taxa aplicada foi, portanto, de 5% ao ms.

Segundo modo: usando a frmula do valor lquido

Supondo uma taxa de 1,4% a.m. para o desconto, em

dois meses de adiantamento, teremos sobre os $ 100
000,00 o seguinte clculo:

L = N (1 in)
900.000 = 1.200.000 . (1 i . 5)

Desconto = 2 800

900
900
= 1 5i =1
1.200
1.200

Marcelo dos Santos dever receber, ento:

5i =

Desconto = 100 000 . 0,014 . 2

$100 000,00 $ 2 800,00 = $ 97 200,00

Chamemos, ento, de desconto de ttulo ao abatimento
dado sobre o valor nominal, pela antecipao do
pagamento.

i=

300
=0,05 ou 5% a.m.
6.000

Resposta: A taxa mensal foi de 5%.

O desconto bancrio aquele em que a

taxa de desconto incide sobre o valor
nominal.

3.
Resgatei, em 16 de abril, uma nota
promissria cujo vencimento estava marcado para 10
de junho do mesmo ano. Obtive um desconto de $4
400,00, calculado com uma taxa mensal de 6%. Qual
era o valor nominal da promissria?

O desconto bancrio tambm conhecido como

comercial ou por fora.
As frmulas que utilizaremos para calcular o desconto
bancrio so bem semelhantes s de juros simples.

Soluo
D = 4400

Chamando:

i = 0,06

Consultando a tabela 1, obtemos a informao:

D = desconto

Matemtica

300
1.200

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$6864,00 $ 6000,00 = $ 864,00
O mesmo problema pode ser resolvido aplicando
diretamente a frmula do desconto:

161 106 = 55 = n

Nin
Dr =
=
1 + in

D=N.i.n
4.400 = N

0,06
4.400 30
55 N=
30
0,06 55

0,12
36
30
0,12
1+
36
30

6864

Dr = $ 864,00

N = 40 000

Resposta: O desconto foi de $ 864,00.

2. Um ttulo com valor nominal de $ 2.000.000,00, taxa
de 9% ao ms, vai ser descontado 8 meses antes do
vencimento. Calcular a diferena entre os descontos
bancrio e racional.

Resposta: O valor nominal da promissria era de $40

000,00.

DESCONTO RACIONAL
O desconto racional tambm conhecido como
desconto por dentro. Trata-se, nesse caso, de usar uma
taxa sobre um valor no conhecido, situao semelhante
analisada em lucros sobre a venda.

Soluo

O desconto racional aquele em que a taxa de

desconto incide sobre o valor lquido.

Desconto bancrio

Desconto racional

D=N.i.n

Dr =

Nin
1 + in

Dr =

2.000.000 0,09 8
1 + 0,09 8

D = 2.000.000 . 0,09 . 8
D = 1.440.000

O desconto racional, Dr, calculado sobre o lquido,

dado por:

Dr = 837.209,30

Dr = L . i . n
Mas, tambm, fato que:

Diferena: D Dr = 602.790,70

L + Dr = N

Por esse problema, percebe-se que o desconto

bancrio no apropriado para prazos muito longos.

Podemos, pois, calcular o lquido fazendo:

Resposta: A diferena de $ 602 790,70.

L+L .i.n=N

3. Calcular a taxa a ser aplicada, por dentro, numa

duplicata de $ 1 800,00, para que ela, dois meses e
meio antes do vencimento, se reduza a $ 1 000,00.

L (1 + i . n) = N
L=

N
1 + in

Soluo
N = 1.800.000
2,5 m

No caso de querermos o desconto diretamente,

N
substituiremos L por
na expresso Dr = L . i . n.
1 + in
Ficaremos com:
Dr = L . i . n =

L=

Resposta: A taxa deve ser, portanto, de 32% a.m.

1. Determinar o desconto bancrio sofrido por uma
promissria de $ 1 000,00, taxa de 8% a.m., 3 meses
antes do seu vencimento.
2. A que taxa anual, uma duplicata de $ 3 000,00, em 6
meses, d $ 600,00 de desconto por fora?

i = 0,12

n = 1 ms e 6 dias = 36 dias

3. Em que prazo um ttulo de $ 2 500,00, descontado por

fora, taxa de 6% a.m., d $ 600,00 de desconto?

6864
0,12
1+
36
30

L=

6864
= 6000
1 + 0,144

4. Encontrar o valor nominal de um ttulo que, descontado

por fora, taxa de 4% a.m., trs meses e meio antes do
seu vencimento, teve um desconto de $ 28000,00.
5. Um ttulo, com vencimento em 15 de agosto, foi
descontado por fora em 13 de junho precedente, a uma
taxa de 6% a.m. Se o valor nominal do ttulo era de $ 3
600,00, qual ficou sendo o seu valor atual?

O desconto foi, portanto, de:

Matemtica

0,8
2,5

i = 0,32

Soluo:

N
=
1 + in

1800
1000

1 +2,5i = 1,8 2,5i= 1,8 1 i=

Exerccios Resolvidos
1.
Calcular o desconto por dentro de um
ttulo de $ 6 864,00, taxa de 12% ao ms, 1 ms e
6 dias antes do vencimento.

L=

n=

N
1800
1.000 =
1 + in
1 + i 2,5

1000(1+ 2,5i) = 1800 1+2,5i =

N
.i.n
1 + in

Nin
Dr =
1 + in

N = 6864

L=1000

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6. Um ttulo, no valor de $ 1 800,00, ficou reduzido a $1

200,00 quando descontado por fora 3 meses antes de
seu vencimento. Qual foi a taxa mensal do desconto?
7. A que taxa anual uma nota promissria de $ 420,00, em
um ms e meio, d $ 5,25 de desconto por fora?

30 dias = 1 ms
60 dias = 2 meses

10000 . 0,06 . 1
10000 . 0,06 . 2

90 dias = 3 meses

10000 . 0,06 . 3

(Lembre-se de que D = N . i . n para o desconto

bancrio.)

8. Determinar o desconto por fora sofrido por uma letra de

$ 2 400,00, taxa de 4,5% a.m., 6 meses antes de seu
vencimento.

Portanto, o desconto total de:

D = 10000 0,06 1 + 10000 0,06 2 + 10000 0,06
3

9. Determinar o valor nominal de uma letra de cmbio

que, descontada por fora, 3 meses e 10 dias antes de
seu vencimento, taxa de 10% a.m., produziu o
desconto de $ 400,00.

D = 10000 0.06(1 + 2 + 3)
Vamos, agora, encontrar o tempo T, que produziria, no
total dos 3 ttulos, mesma taxa, o mesmo desconto.

10. Uma letra de cmbio pagvel em 19 de agosto,

descontada por fora taxa de 12% a.m. no dia 3 de
maio precedente, produziu $ 20 726,00 de lquido. Qual
o valor nominal dessa letra?

D = 30 000 0,06 T
Comparando-se os descontos, vem:
10000 0,06(1 + 2 + 3)= 30000 0,06 T

11. Determinar o desconto por dentro sofrido por uma letra

de 1 1 000,00, descontada taxa de 3% a.m., 6 meses
antes de seu vencimento.

10000 0,06(1 + 2 + 3)
=T
30000 0,06

12. Uma letra de $ 900,00, descontada por dentro, 20 dias

antes de seu vencimento, sofreu um desconto de $
100,00. Qual foi a taxa mensal usada na operao?

1+ 2 + 3
= T ou T = 2 meses
3

13. Determinar o lquido produzido por uma letra que,

descontada por dentro, 60 dias antes do seu
vencimento, taxa de 9% a.m., produziu $ 140,00 de
desconto.

Deste modo, um ttulo nico de $ 30 000,00 produzir

em 2 meses, mesma taxa de 6%, o mesmo desconto que
a soma dos descontos dos 3 ttulos.

O prazo mdio T = 2 meses, como se pode

perceber, foi obtido atravs da mdia aritmtica dos prazos dos 3 ttulos. Generalizando. teremos:

14. Uma pessoa vai a um banco e desconta por fora uma

nota promissria 85 dias antes do vencimento, taxa
de 6% a.m. Sabendo-se que o lquido para a pessoa foi
de $ 1 992,00, qual era o valor da promissria?

Quando os valores nominais forem iguais, e as taxas

tambm, o prazo mdio ser a mdia aritmtica dos
prazos.

15. Determinar a diferena entre os descontos por fora e

por dentro de uma nota promissria de $ 2 000,00
quando descontada 1 ms e 10 dias antes do
vencimento, taxa mensal de 9%.

Um segundo problema seria o de determinar o prazo

mdio no caso de termos taxas iguais, mas valores
nominais diferentes.

16. Calcular o desconto por dentro de uma letra com

vencimento para daqui a 8 anos, no valor nominal de $
1 000,00, se descontada hoje taxa anual de 20%. O
valor encontrado razovel? Repita o clculo,
verificando o desconto por fora.

Vamos fazer o clculo desse prazo para trs

ttulos, nas seguintes condies:
Ttulo Nominal ($)
1
1000,00
2
2000,00
3
3000,00

17. Duas letras, uma de $ 15 000,00, pagvel em 6 meses,

e outra de $ 14 700,00, pagvel em 30 dias, foram
apresentadas a desconto por fora, recebendo o
portador da primeira $ 313,75 a mais do que o portador
da segunda. Qual foi a taxa anual usada nas
operaes?

Ttulo

Um banco deseja resgatar 3 ttulos de $ 10 000,00

cada, de um mesmo devedor, todos mesma taxa de 6%
a.m., com vencimentos para 30, 60 e 90 dias.

1
2

Caso seja do interesse do banco e do devedor, esses 3

ttulos podero ser substitudos por um nico que no
cause nus a nenhuma das partes.

Esse ttulo nico ter de, num determinado prazo,

mesma taxa, oferecer o mesmo desconto que a soma dos
descontos produzidos pelos 3 ttulos.

Desconto
0,1
1000
40
30
0,1
2000
50
30
0,1
3000
60
30

Lembre-se de que D = N h n.

O desconto ser, portanto:

Esse prazo chamado de prazo mdio.

D = 1000

Vamos ver como se faz para encontrar esse prazo.

Em primeiro lugar, faremos o clculo dos descontos em
separado:

Matemtica

Vencimento (dias)
40
50
60

Vamos, primeiramente, fazer o clculo dos descontos

individuais:

PRAZO MDIO

Tempo

Taxa
10% a.m.
10% a.m.
10% a.m.

D=

Desconto

0,1
0,1
0,1
40 + 2000
50 + 3000
60
30
30
30

0,1
(1000 40 + 2 000 50 + 3 000 60)
30

Agora vamos calcular o desconto produzido num ttulo

nico, mesma taxa, num prazo T, no valor que a soma
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dos valores nominais de cada um dos 3 outros ttulos.

D = (1 000 + 2000 + 3000)

prazo de 40 dias e outro de $ 400,00 com prazo de 25

dias. A taxa era de 8% a.m., para todos os ttulos. Qual
seria, ento, o tempo em que a soma desses valores
nominais, mesma taxa, daria os mesmos descontos?

0,1
T
30

Soluo

Comparando os dois clculos dos descontos,

vem:
(1 000 + 2000 + 3000)

Como agora, mesma taxa, h uma variao dos

valores nominais e dos prazos, sabemos que o prazo
mdio dever ser feito com uso da mdia ponderada.

0,1
T =
30

0,1
(1000 40 + 2 000 50 + 3 000 60)
30

Assim:
250 20 + 350 40 + 400 25
=
250 + 350 + 400
5000 + 14000 + 10000
= 29
1000
T=

1000 40 + 2 000 50 + 3 000 60

T=
= 53 dias
1000 + 2000 + 3000
(aproximadamente)

O prazo mdio seria, nessa situao, 53 dias. Perceba

que ele foi obtido calculando a mdia ponderada dos trs
prazos e utilizando os respectivos valores nominais como
pesos. Generalizando, temos:

O prazo mdio de 29 dias.

Vamos fazer a verificao, lembrando-nos de que i =
0,08.

Quando os valores nominais forem diferentes e as

taxas iguais, o prazo mdio ser a mdia ponderada dos
prazos, com os respectivos valores nominais como pesos.

Tempo (dias)

Desconto ($)
20
400
250
0,08 =
30
30
20
1120
350
0,08 =
30
30
25
800
400
0,08 =
30
30

20

Exerccios Resolvidos

40

1. Tenho trs letras iguais de $ 480,00, a prazos de 20, 25

e 35 dias, respectivamente. Como a taxa de desconto
de 1,2% a.m., qual o prazo mdio de vencimento das
trs letras?

25

400 1120 800 2320

+
+
=
30
30
30
30

Soluo

Ento, desconto total =

Como temos o mesmo valor nominal e a mesma taxa

para as trs letras, podemos considerar o prazo mdio
como mdia aritmtica dos 3 prazos. Assim:

ou, aproximadamente, $ 77,33.

T=

Considerando N = 250 + 350 + 400 = 1.000 ou N = $

1.000,00, vamos calcular o desconto com prazo mdio
calculado anteriormente.

20 + 25 + 35 80
=
3
3

D = 1000

ou aproximadamente 27 dias.
Vamos verificar a validade dessa resposta, lembrandose de que D = N i n e i = 0,012.
Tempo (dias)

Nessa expresso, T = 29 (que o prazo mdio).

0,08
2320
29 =
ou $ 77,33,
30
30
aproximadamente.
D = 1 000

Desconto ($)
20
1152
0,012 =
= 3,84
30
30
25
1440
480
0,012 =
= 4,80
30
30
35
2016
480
0,012 =
= 6,72
30
30
480

20
25
35

Portanto, est correto o prazo mdio.

Resposta: O prazo mdio de 29 dias.

TAXA MDIA
O problema agora substituir vrios ttulos, com taxas
diferentes, por um nico que, quando descontado, no
cause ao credor ou ao devedor nenhum nus.

Ento: desconto total = 3,84 + 4,80 + 6,72 =15,36 ou $

15,36. Considerando N = 3 $ 480,00 = $ 1440,00, vamos
calcular D, usando o prazo mdio calculado.
D = 1440

Vamos estudar trs desses casos. Em todos eles,

desejaremos sempre encontrar uma taxa mdia.

0,012
T
30

Nesta expresso, T =

0,08
T
30

Primeiro caso: Valores nominais e prazos iguais

80
(prazo mdio calculado).
3

Titulo

Taxa
(a.m.)

2%

3%

Dessa forma, temos:

D = 1440

0,012 80 1382,40

=
= 15,36
30
3
90

Valor
Desconto
Prazos
Nominal($)
($)
1000
1000
4
0,024
1000
1000
4
0,034

ou $ 15,36. Portanto, o prazo mdio est correto.

O desconto total ser:

Resposta: O prazo mdio de 27 dias.

D = 1000 0,02 4 + 1000 0,03 4

D = 1000 4 (0,02 + 0,03)

2. Uma pessoa tinha trs ttulos a receber: um de $

250,00 com prazo de 20 dias, outro de $ 350,00 com

Matemtica

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Comparando os dois descontos:

Calculando agora o desconto sobre um ttulo nico, no

mesmo prazo, temos:

1200 2 0,03 + 1500 4 0,05 = (1200 2 + 1500 4) i

D = 2 000 i 4
Ento: i =

Comparando os dois descontos, obtemos:

2 000 i 4 = 1000 4 (0,02 + 0,03)

i 0,0442

1000 4 (0,02 + 0,03)

i=
2000 4
i=

A taxa mdia i aproximadamente 0,0442 ou 4,42%

a.m. Este valor foi obtido calculando-se a mdia ponderada
das taxas e utilizando-se o produto dos valores nominais
pelos respectivos prazos como pesos.

0,02 + 0,03
= 0,025
2

Generalizando:

A taxa mdia ser, portanto, a mdia aritmtica das

taxas dos dois ttulos.

Quando os valores nominais e os prazos forem diferentes,

a taxa mdia ser a mdia ponderada das taxas,
utilizando-se como pesos, os respectivos dos valores
nominais pelos prazos.

Quando os valores nominais e os prazos forem

iguais, a taxa mdia ser a mdia aritmtica das
taxas.

Observao importante: Taxas e prazos mdios

podero ser calculados no s em descontos, mas
tambm em juros.

Segundo caso: Valores nominais diferentes e prazos

iguais
Ttulo
1
2

Taxa
(a.m.)
2%
3%

Valor
Nominal($)
1000
2000

1200 2 0,03 + 1500 4 0,05

372

=
1200 2 + 1500 4
8400

Prazo
(meses)
4
4

1.
Dois capitais iguais de $ 800,00 foram colocados a render juros durante trs meses,
taxa de 10% a.m. e 12% a.m. Qual a taxa mdia de
juros?

Desconto ($)
10000,024
20000,034

O desconto total ser:

Soluo

D = 1000 0,02 4 + 2000 0,03 4

Como temos capitais iguais, colocados a render juros

no mesmo prazo, a taxa mdia poder ser calculada
pela mdia aritmtica das taxas.

Agora, calcularemos o desconto sobre um ttulo nico,

no mesmo prazo, a uma taxa mdia i.

Assim:

D = (1 000 + 2000) i 4
Comparando os dois descontos:

i=

(1 000 + 2000) i 4 =

0,10 + 0,12
- 0,11 ou 11% a.m.
2

Vamos fazer a verificao:

1000 0,02 4 + 2000 0,03 4

i=

(1000 0,02 + 2000 0,03) 4

(1000 + 2 000) 4

i=

1000 0,02 + 2000 0,03

= 0,0266
1000 + 2 000

Capital
($)
800

Taxa
(a.m.)
10%

800

12%

Prazo
Juros ($)
(m)
3
800 0,1 3 = 240
800 0,123 =
3
288

Juro total = 240 + 288 = 528 ou $ 528,00

A taxa mdia i = 0,0267, ou 2,67% a.m.,

aproximadamente, foi obtida calculando-se a mdia
ponderada das taxas, utilizando-se os respectivos valores
nominais como pesos. Generalizando:

Calculando o juro com a taxa mdia obtida, temos:

J = 2 800 3 0,11= 528 ou $ 528,00
Portanto, a taxa mdia est correta.

Quando os valores nominais forem diferentes mas os

prazos iguais, a taxa mdia ser a mdia ponderada
das taxas, utilizando-se os respectivos valores
nominais como pesos.

Resposta: A taxa mdia de 11% a.m.

2. Trs capitais iguais a $ 1200,00 so colocados a render
juros; o primeiro a 4% a.m., durante 2 meses; o
segundo a 6% a.m., durante 3 meses e o terceiro, a 8%
a.m., durante 4 meses. Calcular a taxa mdia de juros.

Terceiro caso: Valores nominais diferentes e prazos

diferentes

3%

Valor Nominal
($)
1200

5%

1500

Titulo Taxa(a.m.)

Soluo

Prazo Desconto
(m)
($)
2
120020,03
4

Como temos o mesmo capital, com prazos variveis, a

taxa mdia dever ser calculada pela mdia ponderada
das taxas, usando os prazos como pesos.

150040,05

Assim:

O desconto total ser:

i=

D = 1200 2 0,03 + 1500 4 0,05

Ento, a taxa mdia , aproximadamente, 0,064 ou

6,4% a.m.

Calculando o desconto sobre um ttulo nico, no

mesmo prazo, e com uma s taxa i, obtemos:

Vamos fazer a verificao:

D = 1200 2 i + 1 500 4 i = (1200 2 + 1500 4)i

Matemtica

0,04 2 + 0,06 3 + 0,08. 4 0,58

=
= 0,064
2+3+4
9

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1200

Taxa
(a.m.)
4%

Prazo
(m)
2

1200 0,04 2 = 96

1200

6%

1200 0,06 3 = 216

1200

8%

1200 0,08 4 = 384

Capital ($)

taxa de 15% a.m.?

Juros(S)

23. Uma letra de $ 50 000,00 vence em 30 dias, e outra, de

$ 75 000,00, vence em prazo desconhecido. Sabendose que o prazo mdio delas de 32 dias, qual o prazo
da segunda letra?
24. Determinar a taxa mdia de trs letras de $ 1 000,00
cada, taxa de 5% a.a., 6% a.a. e 7% a.a., todas com
um prazo de 3 meses.

Juro total 96 + 216 + 384 = 696 ou $696,00

Calculando o juro com a taxa mdia obtida, temos:

25. Qual a taxa mdia de duas letras: uma de $ 2 000,00

taxa de 5% a.m. e outra de $ 2 500,00 taxa de 4%
a.m. em 20 dias?

J = 1200 i 2 + 1200 i 3 + 1200 i 4=

= 1200 i (2 + 3 + 4) = 1 200 i 9
Como i =

0,58
,temos ento:
9

26. Qual a taxa mdia das seguintes letras: uma de $

400,00 em 50 dias, a 6% a.m., outra de $ 200,00 em 30
dias, a 3% a.m., e finalmente uma de $ 300,00 em 45
dias, taxa de 5% a.m.?

0,58
9 = 696 ou $ 696,00, o que confirma
9
o valor da taxa mdia.

J = 1200

27. Qual a taxa mdia de quatro letras de $ 1 200,00 cada

uma, taxa de 3% a.m., 4% a.m., 5% a.m. e 6% a.m.,
todas durante 25 dias?

Resposta: A taxa mdia de, aproximadamente, 6,4%

a.m.

28. Determinar a taxa mdia das seguintes letras: $ 500,00

a 12% a.m., $ 600,00 a 8% a.m. e $ 2 000,00 a 6%
a.m., todas no prazo de 40 dias.

3. Tenho trs ttulos a resgatar: o primeiro, de $ 6 000,00,

tem prazo de vencimento de 3 meses taxa de 10%
a.m.; o segundo, de $ 5 000,00, tem prazo de 4 meses
taxa de 15% a.m., e o terceiro, de $ 8 000,00, tem
prazo de 3 meses a 12% a.m. Qual a taxa mdia para
os descontos?

29. Emprestei uma quantia taxa de 12% a.a. Depois de

10 meses, baixei a taxa para 8% a.a., e depois de 6
meses recebi $ 12 500,00 de capital e juros. Usando a
taxa mdia, qual foi o capital emprestado?

Soluo

30. Tenho trs letras de $ 6 000,00, $ 8 000,00 e $ 5

000,00, emitidas em prazos de 40 dias, 15 dias e 20
dias, respectivamente. A primeira e a segunda letras
esto a 8% e a 10% a.m., respectivamente, e a taxa
mdia de 10% a.m. Qual a taxa da terceira letra?

Como temos, agora, valores nominais diferentes e

prazos diferentes, vamos calcular a taxa mdia,
utilizando a mdia ponderada das taxas, com pesos determinados pelos produtos dos valores nominais pelos
respectivos prazos.

Respostas dos exerccios propostos

1. $ 240,00
2. i = 0,4 ou 40%
3. 4 meses
4. $200.000,00
5. $ 3146,40
6. 11,11 %a.m.
7. 10% a.a.
8. $ 648,00
9. $ 1200,00
10. $ 36 489,44
11. $ 152,54
12. 18,75% a.m
13. $ 777,78
14. $ 2400,00
15. $ 25,66
16. Dr = $ 615,38
D = $ 1600,00
No razovel.
17. 5%a.a.
18. 4 meses e meio
19. 120 dias
20. No convm aceitar a proposta.
21. 49 dias
22. 51 dias. A data 27 de julho.
23. 33 dias
24. 6%a.a.
25. 4,4% a.m.
26. 5,2% a.m.
27. 4,5% a.m.
28. 7,35% a.m.
29. $ 10 964,91
30. 0,148 ou 14,8%
.

Assim:
i=
=

6000 3 0,1 + 5000 4 0,15 + 8000 3 0,12

6000 3 + 5000 4 + 8000 3

1800 + 3000 + 2880

7680
=
0,1239
18000 + 20000 + 24000
62000

ou 12,39%a.m.
Resposta: A taxa mdia dos descontos de 12,39%
a.m.
Deixaremos a verificao como exerccio para voc
resolver.
18. Devo $ 60 000,00. Tenho de pagar a metade desse
valor vista, a tera parte em 6 meses e o restante, em
1 ano. Em que prazo poderei liquidar a dvida toda?
19. Qual o prazo mdio de trs letras de $ 200,00 cada
uma, emitidas a 60 dias 120 dias e 180 dias de prazo,
taxa de 5% a.m.?
20. Tenho cinco letras de $ 500,00 cada uma, para pagar
em prazos de 60, 80, 25, 60 e 50 dias, taxa comum
de 10% a.m. O credor props trocar as cinco letras por
um nico ttulo de $ 2 500,00 num prazo de 45 dias. O
prazo proposto conveniente, comparado com o prazo
mdio das 5 letras que tenho?
21. Determine o prazo mdio das letras: $ 200,00 a 30 dias,
$ 120,00 a 45 dias e $ 400,00 a 60 dias, numa taxa
comum de 5% a.m.
22. Qual a data de vencimento de uma letra destinada a
substituir, em 6 de junho, duas letras: uma de $ 1
000,00, com vencimento em 3 de agosto, e outra, de 1
600,00, com vencimento em 15 de julho do mesmo ano,

Matemtica

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os juros compostos e os juros simples so iguais; para n <
1, os juros simples so maiores que os juros compostos e,
para n > 1, os juros compostos sempre excedem os juros
simples.

Juros Compostos

&21&(,72
&21&(,72

CLCULO DO MONTANTE (CN)

Juros compostos, acumulados ou capitalizados, so

os que, no fim de cada perodo, so somados ao capital
constitudo no incio, para produzirem novos juros no perodo seguinte.

No problema anterior, calculou-se o montante do capital de 1.000, em 4 anos, a 20% a.a., resolvendo quatro
problemas de juros simples, ou seja, calculando os juros
em cada ano a partir do montante constitudo no ano anterior. Pode-se, entretanto, deduzir uma frmula para o clculo do montante em funo do capital inicial, da taxa do
juro e do tempo de aplicao.

Seja, por exemplo, um capital de 1.000 unidades

monetrias colocado a 20% a.a. durante 4 anos.
No fim do primeiro ano o juro igual a 200, que
capitalizado, isto , somado ao capital 1000 para, assim,
o novo capital, 1200, produzir juros no segundo ano. Ao
final deste, o juro ser de 240, ou seja, 20% de 1200. O
capital a produzir juro no terceiro ano de 1.440 (1.200 +
240). O juro ser 288. No quarto ano o juro ser de 20%
sobre o capital 1.728 (1.440 + 288), ou seja, 345,60. Dessa
forma, o montante no fim do quarto ano ser de 2.073,60
unidades de capital.

Os juros foram calculados, em cada ano, aplicandose a frmula j = Ci (n = 1) e os resultados obtidos estio
resumidos no quadro abaixo:
Capital
1000
1200
1440
1780

1 ano
2 ano
3 ano
4 ano

O grfico abaixo mostra os juros calculados no fim

de cada perodo e os respectivos montantes.

Ju- Montanros
te
200
1200
240
1440
288
1728
345, 2073,6
6

Representando literalmente os valores do quadro acima, temos:

Capital

&

n =1

0
1000

1
1200

2
1400

3
1600

4
1800

1000

1200

1440

1780

2073,6

J2
j3
j4

Montante

&

C2
C3
C4

Seja CN, o montante do capital C, taxa i, no fim de n

perodos. Resolvendo literalmente o problema anterior,
temos:

No problema citado, os juros simples so iguais a

200 unidades monetrias em todos os anos. Assim, o montante do capital de 1.000, a juros simples de 20% a.a.,
cresce numa progresso aritmtica de razo 200, enquanto
o montante a juros compostos cresce em progresso geomtrica de razo 1,2. O quadro abaixo apresenta a evoluo dos montantes a juros simples e compostos.
Anos
Montante a
Juros simples
Montante a
Juros compostos

M

C1
C2
C3

n =2
n =3
n =4
Comparando os juros compostos com os juros simples, verifica-se que os primeiros crescem em progresso
geomtrica, enquanto os juros simples so constantes em
todos os perodos, pois so calculados sempre sobre o
capital inicial.

Juros

para n =1 C1 = C+ j1
como j1 = Ci
C1 =C + Ci = C(1+i)

para n =2 C2 = Ci + j2
2
C2 = C1 +C1i = C1 (1+i) = C (1+i) (1+i) =C (1 +i)
para n = 3 C3 = C2+j3
2
C3 = C2 + C2i = C2 (1+i) = C (1 +i) (1+ i) = C(1
3
+j)
para n=4 C4 = C3+j4
3
C4 = C3 +C3 i = C3 (1 +i) = C(1+i) (1 +i) = C
4
(1+j)
Analogamente:
5
C5 =C (1 + i)

Representando graficamente, temos:

C6 = C (1+i)

Finalmente, para n qualquer,

Cn = C ( 1+i)

Obs.:
Nessa frmula, como em todas as demais da matemtica financeira, a taxa unitria i e o nmero
de perodos n devem referir-se d mesma unidade de tempo. Assim, se i taxa anual, n dever expressar nmero de
anos; se l taxa semestral. n ser nmero de semestres
etc.

Pode-se verificar, pelo grfico acima, que, para n 1,

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EXEMPLOS

Assim, os juros podem ser capitalizados anualmente, semestralmente, trimestralmente ou mensalmente.

1. Calcular o montante do capital de 10.000 unidades monetrias, a 10% a.a., em 3 anos.

Geralmente, com referncia ao perodo de capitalizao, a taxa de juros anual.

C = C(1+i)
C = 10.000
C = 0,1 (10%a.a.)
n = 3(anos)
3
C3 = 10.000(1+0,1)
3
C3 = 10.000 x 1,1
C3 = 10.000 x 1,331
C3= 13.310
2.

EXEMPLOS
1.
2.
3.

Juros de 18% .a. capitalizados semestralmente.

Juros de 20% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente.
Juros de 12% a.a.capitalizados mensalmente.

Nesses casos, ao calcular o valor da expresso (1 +

n
i) emprega-se a taxa proporcional, ou seja: no exemplo 1,
a taxa semestral proporcional a 18% a.a. de 9%; no exemplo 2 a taxa proporcional de 5% ao trimestre; e, no
exemplo 3, a taxa a ser utilizada de 1% ao ms. Entretanto, s vezes, usa-se a taxa equivalente, conforme se
ver mais frente.

Determinar o montante de 3.000 unidades monetrias, a 2% ao ms, no fim de 2 anos.

n

Cn = C (1 +i)
C = 3.000
i = 0,02 (2% ao ms)
n = 24 (meses)
24
24
C24 = 3.000(1 +0,02) = 3.000x 1,02

EXEMPLOS
1.

24

O valor de 1,02 fornecido por tbua financeira

(Tbua 1) e igual a 1,608437.

Qual o montante do capital equivalente a 500 u.m.,

no fim de 2 anos, com juros de 24% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente?

C24 = 3.000 x 1,608437

C24 = 4.825,31

7%8$6),1$1&(,5$6
7%8$6),1$1&(,5$6
Na aplicao da frmula do montante deve-se calcun
lar o valor da potncia (1 + j) . Por isso, foi colocada no fim
deste livro (apndice) a Tbua financeira 1, que fornece os
n
valores da expresso (1 + i) para vrios valores de i e n.
Para localizar, na Tbua 1, determinado valor, procura-se na primeira linha a taxa centesimal correspondente a
/ e, na primeira coluna, o valor de n. na interseco da
linha dos perodos com a coluna da taxa que ele se encontra. Convm recordar aqui que se estiver tomando uma
taxa anual, n estar representando o nmero de anos; se a
taxa for trimestral, n ser o nmero de trimestres etc.

2
O capital de 120 u.m. foi colocado a juros de 20%
a.a capitalizados semestralmente. Qual o montante no fim
de 2 anos e 6 meses?

EXEMPLOS:
1
Se o problema envolve uma taxa mensal de 2%
por um ano e 6 meses, ento:

2 Para taxa trimestral de 5% em 2 anos, temos:

&$3,7$/,=$2'26-8526
&$3,7$/,=$2'26-8526
Na constituio do montante, os juros podem ser
calculados no fim de cada ano, semestre, trimestre ou ms.

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CLCULO DO VALOR DE (1 + i) NO TABELADO

n

Quando o valor da expresso (1 + i) no for fornecido diretamente pela tbua financeira, isto 6, a tbua no
tiver a taxa do problema ou n for um nmero que no conste na tbua, pode-se achar o valor dessa expresso com
auxlio de logaritmos ou fazendo interpolao dos valores
tabelados. Obviamente, se se dispuser de uma calculadora
que faa potenciao, o clculo ser bem simplificado.

lnterpolao de valores tabelados

Nos dois exemplos anteriores, os valores da expresso (1 + 1) podem tambm ser calculados fazendo-se
interpolao linear dos valores aproximados, fornecidos
pela tbua financeira.

Clculo de (1 +i) com emprego de logaritmos

Para o clculo do valor de (1 + 0,055) , procuram-se

na tbua as taxas mais prximas de 5,5%, que so 5% e
6%. Na linha correspondente a 8 perodos, os valores da
n
funo (1 + i) , para estas taxas, so 1,477455 e 1,593848,
respectivamente. Estabelecendo uma regra de trs calculase o valor da funo para a taxa de 5,5%.

Fazendo:
n

X = (1 +i)
n
Log x = log (1 +i)
Log x= n log(1 +i)
X = antilog [n log (1+i)]

EXEMPLOS
1.

6%
1,593848

Para um acrscimo da taxa de 1% (6% 5%), a

funo tem um acrscimo de 0,116393 (1,593848
1,477455); ento, um acrscimo de 0,5% (5,5% 5%)
corresponde a um acrscimo de x no valor da funo. Portanto:

Se a taxa de 5,5% ao trimestre e o prazo de aplicao de 2 anos, entro:

n

5%
1,477455

(1 +i) =(1 + 0,055)

Por hiptese, a tabela no fornece a taxa de 5,5%,

8
pode-se calcular o valor de (1 + 0,055) com auxlio de
logaritmos. Assim:

1%
0,5%

X=(1 + 0,055)
8
log x =log(1 + 0,055)
log x =8log 1,055
log x = 8 x 0,0232525
logx = 0,18602
x = antilog 0,18602
x = 1,534687

0,116393
x

=
0,116393
1_
0,5
x
x = 0,5 x 0,116393
x = 0,058196
Somando-se esse valor ao da funo correspondente taxa de 5% e 8 perodos, tem-se o valor da expresso
8
(1 + 0,055) . Dessa forma:

Portanto, (1 + 0,055) = 1,534687 (veja Tbua 1)

2.

(1+0,055) = 1,535651(1,477455+0,058196)

Admita-se que um capital colocado por 2 anos e 2

meses a juros de 20% a.a. capitalizados semestralmente. Neste problema, a taxa de 10% ao semestre
e n igual a 4 2/6 = 4 1/3 (semestres). Ento:

Entretanto, deve-se observar que os valores de (1 +

n
i) obtidos por interpolao linear da taxa sero sempre um
pouco maiores que os valores reais, pois estes crescem na
forma exponencial e, pela interpolao linear considera-se
um segmento de reta entre dois pontos da exponencial.
Podemos observar melhor a superestimao de (1+
n
i) , pela interpolao linear, atravs da representao grfica abaixo.

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juros simples desse montante em 2 meses.

Neste exemplo, verifica-se que o valor calculado pa8

ra (1 + 0,055) com auxlio de logaritmos, 1,534687 (valor
real), menor que 1,535651, calculado por interpolao
linear. Assim, sempre que o clculo exigir preciso deve-se
evitar a interpolao linear.
No segundo exemplo, onde

n=4

Aplicando agora a frmula do montante a juros simples, Cn = C(l + i n), onde:

C= 1.416,17
i = 0,02(2% ao ms)
n = 2 (meses)
C2 = 1.416,17(1+0,02x2)
C2 = 1.472,81

1
e a taxa de 10%,
3

interpolando os valores tabelados, temos:

Acrscimo no n
1

0,149510(1,610510 1,461000)

1
3

x=
x

1
3

Portanto, o montante pela capitalizao mista de

1.472,81 unidades monetrias. Esse mesmo resultado
obtido se resolvermos o problema fazendo a interpolao
n
linear para o clculo do valor de (1 + i) . Vejamos:

Acrscimo da funo

Cn = C(1+i)
C = 900
i = 0,12(12% ao mestre)

x 0,149510

1
n = 4 (semestre)
3

= 0,049836

Portanto:

(1 + 0,1)

1
3

= 1,510836

Comparando este valor com aquele obtido com auxlio de logaritmos (1,511361) verifica-se que a interpolao
n
linear subestima o valor real de (1 +i) Isto ocorre pois,
como foi visto anteriormente, em

1
3

n
4
5

de perodo os juros

simples (interpolao linear) so maiores que os juros

compostos (exponencial). Este tipo de interpolao no
ser empregado, pois, nesses casos, o clculo do montante feito atravs do sistema de capitalizao mista.

12%
1,573519
1,762341

0,188822(1,762341 1,573519)

1
3

x=

&$3,7$/,=$20,67$
&$3,7$/,=$20,67$

1
3

x 0,188822

x = 0,062941
C 4 1 = 1.472,81

Como vimos, quando n < 1 os juros simples so

maiores que os compostos, por isso, sendo n um nmero
misto, na prtica, calcula-se o montante a juros compostos
na parte inteira de n e, em seguida, calculam-se os juros
simples desse montante na parte fracionria de n. Esse
sistema de clculo denomina-se capitalizao mista.

6,67(0$35,&(
6,67(0$35,&(
Quando um capital colocado a juros compostos
capitalizados mensalmente a uma taxa anual, convencionou-se chamar esse sistema de capitalizao de Price, e
as tabuas financeiras, que fornecem taxas anuais de juros
e o nmero de perodos de capitalizao em meses, de
tabelas Price.

EXEMPLO
Determinar o montante de 900 unidades monetrias,
a 24% a.a. capitalizados semestralmente, em 2 anos e 2
meses.
n
Ci = C(1+i)
i = 0,12(12% ao mestre)

No apndice, apresenta-se uma amostragem das tabelas Price (Tbuas VI a X).

1
n = 4 (semestre)
3

EXEMPLO

Pela capitalizao mista, calcula-se o montante a juros compostos em 4 penodose, em seguida, calcula-se os

Matemtica

C 4 1 = 900(1+0,12) 3
3

1.
46

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monetrias, por 2 anos, a 12% a.a. capitalizados

mensalmente.

Seja k o nmero de capitalizaes em 1 ano,

e n o nmero de anos.
Teremos a frmula geral do montante:
JUROS COMPOSTOS CONTNUOS

Cn = C (1+i)

Os juros compostos so denominados contnuos

quando o nmero de capitalizaes tende para infinito.

Substituindo i por _i_ por i:

K

Considere-se o seguinte problema: calcular o montante de 1.000 unidades monetrias, por 3 anos, a 10%
a.a. capitalizados:

1
C n = C (1 + )kn
k

anualmente
semestralmente
trimestralmente, e
mensalmente

Dividindo 2 termos da frao _i_ por i:

K

C n = C (1 +

a )C 3 = 1000 (1 + 0,1) 3 = 1000 1,331000 = 1,331

b)C 3 = 1000 (1 + 0,5) 6 = 1000 1,340095 = 1.340 ,10
c )C 3 = 1000 (1 + 0,025) 12 = 1000 1,344889 = 1.344,89
d )C 3 = 1000 (1 + 0,00833 ) 36 = 1000 1,348181 = 1.348,18

Seja k =

Verifica-se, atravs desse problema, que, medida

que aumenta o nmero de capitalizaes. o montante tambm aumenta. Quando n tende para infinito, os juros compostos so contnuos.

k
i

1
)kn
k
i

;portanto, k = ki

C n = C (1 +

i
) k ' in
k'

Calculando o limite quando k ,

Clculo do montante
O problema de juros compostos contnuos consiste
em calcular o limite para o qual tende o montante quando o
nmero de capitalizaes tende para infinito.
Pode-se verificar, no exemplo anterior, que o montante no cresce proporcionalmente ao nmero de capitalizaes. Dessa forma, a curva correspondente aos montantes
de um certo capital, a uma determinada taxa, em funo do
nmero de capitalizaes, num tempo constante, tem concavidade para baixo, conforme o grfico seguinte:

Sendo Cn e C constantes;

Cn o limite para o qual tende o montante quando

n tende para infinito
A expresso lim(1+

k
i

) um dos limites fundamentais da

lgebra e igual a e = 2,718. Portanto:

K
in
Cn=C e
in

Obs: O valor da expresso e ter de ser calculado com calculadora eletrnica ou com o auxlio de logaritmos.

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EXEMPLO

i = e ii 1
e = 2 , 718

Calcular o montante do capital de 1.000 unidades

monetrias, em 3 anos, com juros de 10% a.a. capitalizados continuamente.
Cn = C .e
C = 1000
e = 2,718
i = 0,1
n=3

i i = 0 ,1
i = 2 , 718

in

x = 2 , 718

0 ,1

0 ,1

log x = 0 ,1 log 2 , 718

log x = 0 ,1 0 , 4342495
log x = 0 , 04342495
x = 1,1051

0,1 x 3

C3 = 1000 x 2,718
0,3
C3 = 1000 x 2,718
Fazendo x = 2,718
mos,

0,3

i = 1,10551 1

e calculando com auxlio de logarit-

i = 0 ,10551 ou 10 , 51 % a .a

0,3

logx = log2,718
logx = 0,3log2,718
logx = 0,3 x 0,432495
logx = 0,13027485
x = antilog0,13027485
x = 1,34981
C3 = 1,34981
C3 = 1000 x 1,34981
C3 = 1,349,81

2.
a.a?

Qual a taxa de instantnea equivalente a 10%

ii = 2,3028 log(1 + i )
i = 0,1
ii = 2,3028 log(1 + 0,1)
ii = 2,3028 0,0413927
ii = 0,0953ou 9,53%

Taxa instantnea
A taxa anual cujos juros so capitalizados continuamente denominada taxa instantnea.

352%/(0$65(629,'26
352%/(0$65(629,'26

Taxa anual equivalente taxa instantnea

Calcular os juros do capital de 1000 unidades monetrias, colocado por 4 anos, a 20% a.a. capitalizados semestralmente.

Seja i a taxa anual e ii a taxa instantnea equivalente.

Ento, um capital C, em n anos, produzir o mesmo montante taxa i e taxa ii. Os montantes so:
n

Cn = C (1 + i) (capitalizao anual)
iin
Cn = C . e (capitalizao contnua)
n
ii
C(1+i) = C x e
ii
1+i = e
Dessa igualdade, pode-se deduzir i em funo de ii e
em funo de i. No primeiro caso, temos:
i

i = e i -1
Para deduzir a expresso do valor de ii em funo de
i aplicam-se logaritmos igualdade.

1 + i = e ii
log(1 + i) = log e ii
log(1 + i) = ii log e

ii = 2,3028 log (1+i)

1
log(1 + i)
log e
1
ii =
log(1 + i )
0,4342495

ii =

2.
EXEMPLO

Qual o montante do capital equivalente a 500

u.m., a 10% a.a. capitalizados mensalmente, em 2
anos?

1.
Qual a taxa anual equivalente taxa instantnea
de 10%?

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Log(1+i) = logPn-logP
n
Pn = 212
P =149
n = 24

log(1+i) = log212 log149

24

log(1+i) = 2,32633586 2,17318627

24
06.
3.

Um emprstimo de 2000 unidades monetrias

dever ser resgatado no fim de 3 anos com juros
de 15% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente. Qual o
valor do resgate?

O capital de 1.000 unidades monetrias produziu o

montante de 1.70P unidades monetrias em 1 ano e
9 meses. Qual foi a taxa trimestral dos juros?
n

Cn = C (1+i)
Cn = 1700
C = 1000
n = 7(trimestralmente)
7
1700 = 1000 (1+i)
7
(1+i) = 1700
1000
7
(1+i) =1,7

C n = C (1 + i ) n
i = 0,0375(3,75%aotrimestre)
n = 12(trimestres )
C12 = 2000(1 + 0,0375)12

Implementando:

Interpolados os valores da Tbua I, correspondenn

te a (1+i) para3,5% e 4%, temos:
3,5
%
12 1,511069
0,5%
0,25%

7%
1,605781

8%
1,713824

O valor de (1 + i) = 1,7 est na tbua entre as taxas de 7%

e 8%.

4%
1,601032

0,108043
0,094219

0,089963
x

1%
x

x = 0,094219
0,108043
x = 0,87%
x = 7,87% ao trimestre

x = 0,25 x0,089963
0,5
Portanto:
12

(1+0,0375) = 1,511069+0,044982 = 1,556051

C12 = 2000 x 1,556051
C12 = 3.122,10
4.

Calcular a taxa nominal e

correspondente a 2% ao ms.

efetiva

(TXLYDOQFLDGH&DSLWDLV'LIHULGRV
(TXLYDOQFLDGH&DSLWDLV'LIHULGRV
Def.: Dois capitais so ditos diferidos se tm vencimentos em datas diferentes.
Def.: Dois ou mais capitais so ditos equivalentes se, em
certa poca, seus valores atuais forem iguais.
Problemas de equivalncia de capitais diferidos tm uma
importncia muito grande pois permitem a substituio de
ttulos que vencem em datas diferentes.
Mas, para resolver problemas assim, devemos:
1) Estabelecer uma data de comparao. No caso de
juros simples, esta deve ser a data em que a dvida foi
contrada (data zero).
2) Calcular o Valor Atual de todos os ttulos envolvidos no
problema na data de comparao.
3) Comparar os valores calculados. Se o resultado for uma
igualdade, esses capitais diferidos so equivalentes podendo, portanto, ser trocados.

anual

Taxa nominal = 2% x 12 = 24% a.a.

Taxa efetiva:
k
i =(1 +k) -1
ik = 0,02
k = 12
12
i = (1+0,02) -1
i = 1,268242-1
i = 0,268242 ou 26,824%a.a.
Com relao ao ano-base de 1964,o ndice de preos no
ano de 1966 foi de 149, passando para 212 em
1968. Considerando os ndices referidos ao ms de
dezembro, calcular a taxa mensal mdia de inflao
nesse perodo de 24 meses.

352%/(0$6352326726
352%/(0$6352326726
26
01.

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Calcular o montante de 1.000 u.m. no fim de 3

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01.

anos, a 16% a.a. capitalizados semestralmente.

02.

Qual o juro de 2.000 u.m. no fim de 2 anos e meio,

a 20% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente? .

03.

O capital de 1.500 u.m. foi colocado a 12% a.a.

durante 4 anos. Qual o tante?

04.

O capital de 1.000 u.m. produziu o montante de

1.695,881 u.m. em 3 anos. Qual a taxa trimestral
do juro?

05.

Em quanto tempo um capital dobrar de valor a

18% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente?

Quanto 13% de 200?

Soluo:
Taxa = 13% = 0,13
100
Principal = 200
Porcentagem = taxa principal
Porcentagem = 0,13 200 = 26
Resposta: 13% de 200 26.
02. Calcular 250% de 32.

06.

Determinar o montante de 1.200 u.m. no fim de 4

anos, a 12% a.a. capitalizados mensalmente.

07.

Qual a taxa anual de juros que, capitalizados

semestralmente, faz com que o capital de 2.500
u.m. produza 2.000 u.m. de juros em 3 anos e 6
meses?

Soluo:
Taxa = 250% = 250 = 2,5
100
Principal = 32
Porcentagem = taxa principal
Porcentagem = 2,5 32 = 80
Resposta: 250% de 32 80.
03. Obter 3,5% de $4 500,00.

08Durante quanto tempo 2.500 u.m. produzem 1.484,621

u.m. de juros, a 24% a.a. capitalizados
trimestralmente?

Soluo:
Taxa = 3,5% = 3,5 = 0,035
100

09O capital de 4.000 u.m. colocado a 20% a.a.

capitalizados trimestralmente e o de 7.000 u.m.
colocado
a
10%
a.a.
capitalizados
semestralmente. No fim de quanto tempo os
montantes sero iguais?

Principal 4 500
Porcentagem = taxa principal
Porcentagem = 0,035 4 500 = 157,5

10Uma pessoa colocou 2/5 de seu capital a 16% a.a.

capitalizados trimestral-mente e o restante, a 20%
a.a. capitalizados semestralmente. No fim de 2
anos e 6 meses retirou o montante de 2.061,877
u.m. Qual foi o capital aplicado?

Resposta: 3,5% de $4 500,00 $ 157,50.

04. Qual o principal que taxa de 20% resulta
uma porcentagem de 36?
Soluo

11Uma instituio financeira paga juros de 24% a.a.

capitalizados trimestral-mente. Qual a taxa
efetiva?
12.

Qual a taxa trimestral de juro equivalente a 22%

a.a.?

13.

Um capital foi aplicado a 1,5% ao ms. Qual a

taxa anual equivalente?

14.

Qual a taxa mensal de juro equivalente a 20%

a.a.?

Taxa = 20 = 0,2
100
Porcentagem = 36
Porcentagem = taxa principal
36 = 0,2 principal
Principal = 36 = 180
0,2
Resposta: O principal 180.

15.
O capital de 1.000 u.m. foi aplicado durante 1 ano e 3 meses a uma taxa trimestral de juros. Se a
taxa fosse de 2% ao ms os juros seriam maiores em
69,58 7 u.m. Qual a taxa de aplicao?

05. Qual a taxa que, aplicada num capital de $720

000,00, resulta uma porcentagem de $21 600,00?
Soluo
Principal = 720 000
Porcentagem = 21 600
Porcentagem = taxa principal
21 600 = taxa 720 000
Taxa = 21600 = 0,3 = 3 = 3%
720000
100

GABARITO
01-1.586,874 u.m.
09-5 anos, 8 meses e 23
02-1.257,79 u.m.
dias.
03-2.360,279 u.m.
10-1.323,07 u.m.
04-4,5% ao trimestre.
11-26,24%a.a.
05-3 anos, 11 meses e 6 12-5,11% ao trimestre.
dias.
13-19,56% a.a.
06-1.934,671 u.m.
14-1,532% ao ms.
07-17,52% a.a.
15-5% ao trimestre.
08-2 anos.

Resposta: A taxa de 3%.

06. Por quanto devo vender um carro que comprei
por $ 40 000,00 se desejo lucrar 5% sobre a compra?
Soluo:

EXERCCIO RESOVIDOS MATEMTICA

Preo de venda = (1 + 0,05) 40000

Matemtica

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Preo de venda = 1,05 40000

Preo de venda = 42 000

Resposta: O comerciante ganhou $ 200,00 na transao.

11. Qual o juro simples que um capital de $
30000,00 produz, quando aplicado durante cinco meses, a uma taxa de 3,5% a.m. (l
-se ao m
s)?

Resposta: Devo vender por $ 42 000,00.

07. A quanto devo vender um objeto que comprei
por $ 1900,00 para lucrar 5% sobre a venda?

Soluo:
J = C i n J = 30000 0,035 5

Soluo:
Preo de venda:

J = 5 250
Resposta: O juro de $ 5250,00.

1900
(1 0,05 )

12. Qual o juro simples que um capital de $

2500,00 rende quando aplicado durante um ano, taxa
mensal de 2%?

1900
Preo de venda =
0,95
Resposta: O preo de venda ser de $ 2000,00.

Soluo:
J = C i n J = 2500 0,02 12
J = 600
Resposta: O juro de $ 600,00.

08. Uma fatura de $ 5000,00 sofrer descontos sucessivos de 5% e mais 8%. Por quanto ser liquidada?
Soluo:

13. Um capital de $ 10000,00, investido a juros

simples de 63% ao ano, foi sacado aps tr
s meses e
dez dias, a contar da data do investimento. Qual foi o
juro?

Valor lquido = 5000 (1 - 0,05) (1 - 0,08)

Valor lquido
5 000 0,95 0,92
Valor lquido
5 000 0,8740
Valor Lquido
4 370

Soluo:

Resposta: A fatura ser liquidada por $ 4370,00.

Na resoluo desse problema importante tomar

cuidado com as unidades de tempo. Assim:

09. Na venda de um objeto ganhou-se 5% sobre

o preo de venda, ou seja, $200,00. Qual foi o preo de
custo?

3 meses e 10 dias = 100 dias

J = C i n J = 10000 0,63 100

Soluo:
Se foram ganhos 5% sobre a venda, podemos dizer
que o custo corresponde a 95%, pois:

Observe que o perodo n foi reduzido a anos, uma

vez que dividimos o nmero de dias por 360, que o ano
comercial.

95% + 5% = 100%

J = 10000 0,63 360

J = 1750

custo lucro venda

Numa regra de trs, teremos:
5%
200
95%

Resposta: O juro de $1750,00.

O mesmo efeito seria obtido se fizssemos:

1
3
J = 10000 0,63
12
3

Ento:x = 95 200 =3 800

5

Veja que, nesse caso, utilizamos o tempo em me-

Resposta: O objeto foi comprado por $3 800,00.

ses, pois 3 meses e 10 dias = 3

10. Certo comerciante vendeu mercadorias

compradas por $1800,00 com o lucro de 10% sobre a
venda. Quanto ganhou?

14.

Soluo:

1 800

10%

720
=i
5000 4,5
Resposta: A taxa dever ser de 3,2% ao ms.
15. Que capital inicial, em cinqenta dias, a uma
taxa simples de 0,5% a.d. (l
-se ao dia) rende $
2000,00?

x = 10 1800 = 200
90

Matemtica

Qual a taxa mensal de juros simples que deve

incidir sobre um capital de $ 5000,00 para que
este em quatro meses e meio, renda $ 720,00?
Soluo:
J = C i n 720 = 5000 i 4,5

J que o lucro foi de 10% sobre a venda, o preo de

custo corresponde a 90%. pois 90% + 10% = 100%.
Numa regra de trs, teremos:
90%

1
meses.
3

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Soluo
J = C i n 2000 = C 0,005 50

C=

2000
=C
0,005 50

928000
5,8

C = 160 000

C = 8000
Resposta: O capital inicial de $ 8 000,00.

O capital investido foi, portanto, de $ 160 000,00.

Para achar os juros, basta subtrair o montante do
capital:

16. Qual taxa mensal de juros simples deve incidir

num capital para que ele duplique de valor em um ano?

M=C+JJ=M-C

Soluo:

J = 928000 - 160000

Neste caso, o juro igual ao prprio capital.

J = 768 000
J = C i n C = C i 12

Poderamos tambm resolver o problema usando as

C
1
=ii=
= 0,0833 ...
C 12
12

frmulas M = C (1 + i n) ou C =

M
1 + 1,2 4

Nessas frmulas, substituindo as letras pelos valores, temos:

A taxa, portanto, ser de 8,33% ao ms.

Esta mesma taxa, se calculada anualmente, se tornaria, evidentemente, 100% (afinal, o capital dobrou!).
Portanto:

928000
1 + 1,2 4
928000
C=
5,8
C = 160000
C=

8,33% a.m. 100% a.a.

17. Qual o montante resultante de uma aplicao de $ 29800,00 taxa de 12% a.m. durante 6 meses?

Resposta: De qualquer maneira, os juros sero de

$768 000,00, pois M = C + J J = M - C = 928 000 - 160
000.

Soluo:
Como o capital aplicado de $ 29 800,00 precisamos saber os juros.

19. Qual o desconto, a 5% a.m., sobre um ttulo

de $ 750,00, pago 2 meses e 10 dias antes do vencimento?

J = C i n 29800 0,12 6
J = 21 456
Como os juros so de $ 21456,00, o montante de:

Soluo

$29 800,00 + $21 456,00 = $51 256,00

N = 750, n = 2 meses e 10 dias = 70dias

i = 0,05

Poderamos tambm resolver esse problema, usando a frmula:

0,05
70 = 87,50
30

D = N 1 n D = 750

M = C (1+ i n)
Assim, temos:
M = 29 800 (1 + 0,12 6)

Resposta: O desconto foi, portanto, de $ 87,50.

20. Um ttulo no valor de $ 1200, 00, pago 5 meses antes do vencimento, ficou reduzido a $ 900.00.
Qual foi a taxa mensal usada?

M = 29800 1,72
Resposta: De qualquer maneira que se resolva esse
problema, o montante ser de $ 51 256,00.

Soluo:
N = 1200

18. Coloquei uma certa quantia em um banco a

120% a.a. e retirei, depois de 4 anos, $ 928000,00.
Quanto recebi de juros, sabendo que a aplicao foi
feita base de juros simples?

n = 5 meses
L = 900

Vamos resolver este problema de dois modos.

Soluo:

Primeiro modo: usando o clculo de desconto

Temos neste problema:

D=Njn
M = 928000, i = 1,2 e n = 4
Como J = C i n, ento:

D = N - L = 1200 - 900 = 300

300 = 1200 5.

J = C 1,2 4
J = 4,8C

i=

Mas, como M = C + J, ento:

928 000 C + 4,8C

300
= 0,05
1200 5

A taxa aplicada foi, portanto, de 5% ao ms.

928 000 = 5,8C

Matemtica

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Segundo modo: usando a frmula do valor lquido

que, dependendo do desejo de consumo, ele poderia

ficar cada vez mais distante, subindo de preo numa
proporo maior que os 30% recebidos.

L = N (1 - in)

A taxa de juros que o banco cobra e paga inclui,

alm de tens como o risco e o tempo de emprstimo,
a expectativa de inflao para perodo.

900 000 = 1200000 (1 i 5)

900
900
= 1 5i 5i = 1
1200
1200
300
5i =
1200
300
= 0,05 ou 5%a.m.
i=
6000

Esta taxa, quando vem expressa por um perodo que no coincide com o prazo de formao dos
juros (capitalizaes), chamada de taxa nominal.
Ex.: 15% ao ano, cujos juros so pagos mensalmente.
Nestes casos precisamos calcular a taxa efetiva, que
ser a taxa nominal dividida pelo nmero de capitalizaes que inclui, acumulada pelo prazo de transao.

Resposta: A taxa mensal foi de 5%.

21. Resgatei, em 16 de abril, uma nota promissria cujo vencimento estava marcado para 10 de junho do mesmo ano. Obtive um desconto de $4400,00,
calculado com uma taxa mensal de 6%. Qual era o
valor nominal da promissria?

A remunerao real, ou taxa real de uma aplicao ser calculada excluindo-se o percentual de
inflao que a taxa efetiva embute.
Taxa Efetiva. a taxa de juros em que a unidade referencial de seu tempo coincide com a unidade de tempo dos perodos de capitalizao. a taxa
utilizada nas calculadoras financeiras, como a HP12C. Uma taxa de 10 % ao ano, capitalizados anualmente, uma taxa efetiva.

Soluo
D = 4400
i = 0,06
Consultando a tabela 1, obtemos a informao:

Taxas proporcionais. So taxas de juros dadas em unidades de tempo diferentes que, ao serem
aplicadas a um mesmo principal (capital) durante um
mesmo prazo, produzem um mesmo montante acumulado no final daquele prazo, no regime de juros
simples.
Taxas equivalentes. So taxas de juros dadas
em unidades de tempo diferentes que ao serem aplicadas a um mesmo principal durante um mesmo
prazo produzem um mesmo montante acumulado no
final daquele prazo, no regime de juros compostos.

Resposta: O valor nominal da promissria era de

$40000,00.

Taxa nominal. a taxa de juros em que a unidade referencial de seu tempo no coincide com a
unidade de tempo dos perodos de capitalizao. A
taxa nominal sempre fornecida em termos anuais,
e os perodos de capitalizao podem ser semestrais, trimestrais, mensais ou dirios.

TAXAS DE JUROS
O juro a remunerao pelo emprstimo do dinheiro. Ele existe porque a maioria das pessoas prefere o consumo imediato, e est disposta a pagar um
preo por isto. Por outro lado, quem for capaz de esperar at possuir a quantia suficiente para adquirir seu
desejo, e neste nterim estiver disposta a emprestar
esta quantia a algum, menos paciente, deve ser
recompensado por esta abstinncia na proporo do
tempo e risco, que a operao envolver.

A taxa nominal, mesmo sendo bastante usada no

mercado, no deve ser usada nos clculos financeiros, no
regime de juros compostos. No entanto, toda taxa nominal
traz em seu enunciado uma taxa efetiva implcita. Por exemplo: uma taxa nominal de 12% ao ano capitalizados
mensalmente corresponde a uma taxa efetiva de 12% : 12
= 1% ao ms.

O tempo, o risco e a quantidade de dinheiro

disponvel no mercado para emprstimos definem
qual dever ser a remunerao, mais conhecida como
taxa de juros.

A taxa aparente (chamada de nominal nas

transaes financeiras e comercial) aquela que
vigora nas operaes correntes.

O governo quando quer diminuir o consumo,

tentando com isso conter a inflao, diminue a quantidade de dinheiro disponvel no mercado para emprstimos. Assim, a remunerao deste emprstimo fica
muito alta para quem paga, desmotivando-o a consumir imediatamente e atraente para quem tem o dinheiro, estimulando-o a poupar.

A taxa real calculada depois de serem expurgados os efeitos inflacionrios.

As taxas aparente e real relacionam-se da seguinte forma:
onde i = taxa aparente

Na poca de inflao alta, quando a caderneta

de poupana pagava at 30% ao ms, alguns tinham
a falsa impresso de que logo ficariam ricos, com os
altos juros pagos pelo banco. O que no percebiam

Matemtica

i r = taxa real
I = taxa da inflao
(1+i)=(1+it)(1+I)
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A Taxa Interna de Retorno (IRR) de um fluxo de

caixa um objeto matemtico que fornece a taxa real de
juros em uma operao financeira, conhecidos os lanamentos nos seus devidos momentos de realizao.

3
de um nmero ou de uma quantia
5
3
multiplicar
por esse nmero ou essa quantia ?
5
1
14. Quando se diz que
de um nmero 12, a frao
4
4
?
que corresponde ao nmero
4
13. Calcular

PROVA SIMULADA
01. Se der R$12,00 a cada garoto, ficarei ainda com R$
60,00. Para dar R$15,00 a cada um precisarei de mais
R$ 6,00. Quantos so os garotos ? (12X + 60 = 15X
6)
02. Distribu certo nmero de selos entre os alunos de
uma das minhas turmas, cabendo 5 para cada um. Se
eu fosse distribuir para a outra turma, que tem 31
alunos a mais, eu teria de dar 2 selos a cada aluno e
me sobrar 1. Quantos selos eu distribu?

2
3
1
ou
ou
de meu dinheiro, esse
5
7
9
5
7
9
dinheiro representado pela frao
ou
ou ,
5
7
9

15. Se eu gasto

respectivamente?.

03. Duas cidades, A e B, distam 360 km uma da outra. s

8 horas, um carro sai de A em direo a B e outro de
B em direo a A, sendo que os dois se cruzam s12
horas num ponto a 120 km de A. Qual a velocidade do
carro que partiu de A?

16. Se

3
1
de meu ordenado so R$300,00,
de meu
5
5

ordenado corresponder a R$ 300,00 : 3 ?

04. A diferena entre dois nmeros 15. Multiplicando-se

o maior pr 11, a diferena passa a ser 535. Calcular
os dois nmeros.

17. Quanto

05. O produto de um nmero a pelo nmero 263 p.

Acrescentando-se 4 unidades ao fator a e
conservando o fator 263, qual ser o novo produto?

18. Quanto vale

1
do nmero de minutos de uma hora ?
4
3
de R$100,00?
5

06. A soma de dois nmeros 90. Calcule o menor

desses nmeros, sabendo que o produto deles
dividido por sua diferena d o maior.

19. Um aluno de ginsio obrigado a freqentar, no

07. Seja o produto 456 x 34. Aumenta-se o muItiplicador

de 1. De quanto devemos aumentar o multiplicando
para que o produto exceda a antigo de 526?

seu ginsio der 720 aulas, quantas no mnimo ter de

freqentar ?

mnimo,

20. Cada aula do antigo Curso de Artigo 99, da Rdio

Ministrio da Educao, tinha a durao de

08. Entre os nmeros inteiros inferiores a 200, quais so

aqueles que podem servir de dividendo, em uma
diviso de nmeros inteiros, cujo quociente 4 e o
resto 35?

21. Comprei um apartamento por R$420.000,00. Paguei

2
de entrada e o resto em 10 meses. Quanto dei de
3
entrada ?

10. Um aluno ao multiplicar um nmero por 60, esqueceuse de colocar o zero direita e obteve inferior 291.006
do que deveria ter encontrado. Calcular o nmero

22. Um

d) 11

gastou

1
3

de

seu

ordenado,

23. Dois teros de uma pea de fazenda medem 90

metros. Quantos metros tem a pea ?
24. Se

c) 9

comercirio

comprando um pequeno rdio por R$ 250,00. Qual o

seu ordenado ?

11. Dois alunos tm, cada um, certo nmero de canetas.

Se o 1 desse uma ao 2, teriam igual nmero; se o 2
desse uma ao 1, este ter ento duas vezes mais do
que o 2.. Quem tem o maior nmero de canetas,
possui:
b) 7

5
da
12

hora. Quantos minutos de durao tinha cada aula ?

09. So dados dois nmeros dos quais o maior 400.

Tirando-se 210 de um deles e 148 do outro, a soma
dos restos 200. Qual o menor nmero ?

a) 5

3
das aulas dadas durante o ano letivo. Se o
4

e) 13

3
de meu ordenado R$ 660,00, qual o meu
4

ordenado ?
12. Voc e eu temos juntos R$ 615,00. Se voc me desse
R$ 140,00, ficaria com R$ 65,00 mais do que eu. Se
eu lhe desse R$ 20,00 voc ficaria com:

25. Qual a rea aproximada do Brasil se

2

2
dessa rea
5

do 340.000 km ?

a) R$ 225,00 b) R$ 285,00 c) R$ 300,00 d) R$ 400,00

e) R$ 500,00

26. Gastei R$ 720,00 e fiquei ainda com

2
de meu
5

ordenado. Qual o meu ordenado?

Matemtica

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39. A soma de dois ngulos 90 graus. Um deles

27. Uma torneira enche um tanque em 3 horas. Em

quantos minutos enche

3
do tanque ?
4

2
do
3

outro. Quais as medidas desses ngulos ?

40. Diminuindo-se 8 anos da idade de meu filho obtm-se

28. Gasto

2
1
do meu ordenado com aluguel de casa e
5
2

os

dele em outras despesas. Fico ainda com R$ 200,00.

Qual o meu ordenado ?

3
de sua idade. Qual a idade de meu filho ?
5

41. Duas pessoas tm juntas 76 anos. Quantos anos tem

cada uma se

1
29. Pedro gastou
da quantia que possua e, depois,
3
2
dessa quantia. Ficou ainda com R$ 40,00. Quanto
9

2
4
da idade da maior igual a
5
9

da idade da menor?

Pedro possua ?

42. Quando devo subtrair do numerador da frao

para torn-la nove vezes maior?

30. Num time de futebol carioca, metade dos jogadores

1
contratados so cariocas,
so dos outros Estados
3

43. A soma da metade com a tera parte da quantia que

certa pessoa tem igual a R$15,00. Quanto
possui esta pessoa ?

e os 4 restantes so estrangeiros. Quantos jogadores

contratados tem o clube ?

44. Uma pessoa despendeu certa quantia na compra de

um terreno e o vendeu por R$ 35.000,00; nesta

31. Uma torneira enche um tanque em 20 horas e outra

em 30 horas. Em quanto tempo as duas juntas
enchero o tanque?

venda ganhou

3
do que despendera. Por quanto
4

comprou o terreno?

32. Uma empresa construtora pode fazer uma obra em 40

meses e outra em 60 meses. Em quanto tempo as
duas, juntas, podem fazer essa obra?

45. Determinar a frao-equivalente a

33. Que horas so se o que ainda resta para terminar o
dia

46. Achar as fraes prprias irredutveis tais que o

produto de seus termos seja 84.

3
do que possua e, a seguir, a metade
4

47. Qual a frao que, acrescida de seu quadrado, d

como soma outra frao que representa a frao

do resto. Ficou ainda com R$ 7,00. Quanto Paulo

possua ?
35. Dei

inicial multiplicada por

3
do meu dinheiro a meu irmo e metade do
5

82
?
27

48. Um excursionista fez uma viagem de 360 km. Os

resto a minha irm. Fiquei ainda com os R$ 8,00.

Quanto eu possua?

do percurso foram feitos de trem,

3
4

1
a cavalo e o
8

resto de automvel. Quantos km andou de

automvel e que frao representa da viagem
total?

36. O lucro de uma sociedade em 1965, foi igual a

R$1.400.000,00. Esse lucro foi dividido entre os trs
scios de modo que o primeiro recebeu

7
cuja soma dos
15

termos 198.

2
do que j passou ?
3

34. Paulo gastou

324
349

2
da parte
3

5
de um ptio empregaram-se 46.360
7

4
da parte do terceiro. Qual a
do segundo e este
5

49. Para ladrilhar

parte de cada um ?

3
do mesmo ptio?
8
3
50. Dois lotes tm a mesma rea. Os
da rea do
4
2
2
da rea do
primeiro excedem de 140 m os
5

ladrilhos:

Quantos

ladrilhos

iguais

sero

necessrios para ladrilhar

37. A soma, de dois nmeros 595 e um deles iguaI a

12
do outro. Quais so esses nmeros?
5
38. A metade de minha idade aumentada de seus

segundo. A rea de cada lote de ......................

2
m.

igual a 52 anos. Qual a minha idade ?

51. Pedro e Paulo encarregados de uma obra, fariam todo

o trabalho em 12 dias. No fim do quarto dia de
trabalho, Pedro adoeceu e Paulo concluiu o

Matemtica

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servio em 10 dias. Que frao da obra cada um

executou?

61. Medi o comprimento de um terreno e achei 18 passos

e 2 ps. Verifiquei, depois, que o comprimento de
meu passo vale 56 cm e o de meu p 25 cm. Qual
o comprimento do. terreno em metros?

52. Cludia e Vera possuam juntas R$100,00. Ao

comprarem um presente de R$ 23,00 para
oferecer a uma amiga comum, cada qual deu uma
quantia diferente, na medida de suas
possibilidades. Cludia entrou com
de que dispunha e Vera com

62. Com 22 livros de 3 cm e 7cm de espessura forma-se

uma pilha de 1,06 m de altura. Quantos livros foram usados com a espessura de 3 cm?

1
do dinheiro
4

63. A rea de uma sala de 45 m . Quantos tacos de

2
madeira de 150 cm sero necessrios para taquear essa sala?

1
do seu. Calcule
5

com quanto Cludia contribuiu?

53. Numa cesta havia laranjas. Deu-se

64. A soma das reas de dois terrenos de 50 hectares.

O primeiro terreno tem mais1.400 decmetros
quadrados que o segundo. A rea do segundo
de .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. quilmetros quadrados.

2
a uma pessoa,
5

a tera parte do resto a outra e ainda restam 10

laranjas. Quantas laranjas havia na cesta ?

65. Dividiu-se um terreno de 200 hectares de rea em

duas partes. A quarta parte da primeira igual a
sexta parte da segunda. A primeira parte tem . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . decmetros quadrados.

54. Paulo e Antnio tm juntos R$123,00. Paulo gastou

2
3
e Antnio
do que possuam, ficando com
5
7

66. Um terreno retangular com 8,40 m de frente e 22 m de

fundo foi vendido por R$ 27.720,00. Por quanto foi
vendido o metro quadrado?

quantias iguais. Quanto possua cada um ?

55. Dividir um nmero por 0,0625 equivale a multiplic-lo
por:

1
c)
16

a) 6,25 b) 1,6

67. Um campo de forma retangular mede 3 dam de frente

d) 16

esto cultivados, pede-se em ha, a rea da parte

no cultivada.

625
e)
100

68. Em certa cidade um ha de terreno custa R$ 80.000,00.

Calcule o lado de um terreno quadrado adquirido
por R$7.200,00.

56. A frao equivalente a

34
, cujos termos tm para
51

69. A rea de um trapzio de quatro decmetros quadrados dois metros quadrados e vinte e quatro e
24 decmetros quadrados; sabendo-se que as bases medem respectivamente 5 metros e 3 metros,
calcular a altura desse trapzio, dando a resposta
em milmetros.

menor mltiplo comum 150, :

10
15
50
d)
75
a)

1
2
hm de fundo. Sabendo que
da superfcie
4
3

2
3
20
e)
30
b)

c)

30
50

70. As dimenses de um retngulo so 2,25 m e 0,64 m.

O lado do quadrado equivalente a esse retngulo
tem por medida:

57. Duas torneiras so abertas juntas, a 1. enchendo um

tanque em 5h, a 2. enchendo outro tanque de igual capacidade em 4h. No fim de quanto tempo o
volume que falta para encher o 2. ser

a) 1,2 m b) 3,6 m
e) 0,72 m

1
do vo4

c) 0,18 m d) 12 m

71. Se eu diminuir a rea de um terreno os seus

lume que falta para encher o 1. tanque?

rea passar a ter 112,50 dam , mas se eu

acrescentar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . centiares ele
ficar com 5 hectares e 4 ares.

17
58. Um negociante ao falir s pode pagar
do que
36
deve. Se possusse mais R$ 23.600,00 poderia
pagar 80% da divida. Quanto deve ele?

72. Um muro de 18,25m de comprimento dever levar

duas faixas de ladrilhos paralelos entre s em toda
a sua extenso. A primeira faixa mede 1,25 m de
largura e a segundo 0,75 m. Cada ladrilho, que
quadrado, mede 0,25 m de lado e custa R$ 3,00.
Quanto custaro os ladrilhos para esta obra ?

59. O som percorre no ar 340 metros por segundo. Que

distncia (em quilmetros) percorrer em um minuto?
60. Medi o comprimento de um corredor e encontrei 8,40
m. Verifiquei, depois, que o metro utilizado era de
fabricao defeituosa, pois seu comprimento tinha
menos 2 centmetros do que o verdadeiro. Qual a
medida exata do corredor ?

Matemtica

5
, a
8

73. Dois teros de uma caixa cujo volume 2.760 m

esto cheios de um certo leo. Quantos dal d'gua
devem ser colocados na caixa para acabar de
ench-la?

56

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74. Um reservatrio de gua tem as dimenses: 2,4 m; 5

m e 1m. Quantos dal de gua podemos depositar
no referido reservatrio?

lquido pesa 12 kg. A capacidade do vaso de . ..

... . .... . ... . .litros.
87. Um tanque est cheio de gua. Esvaziando-se um
tero de sua capacidade restam 21,35 hl mais do
que a sua quarta parte. O peso da gua contida
no tanque, quando cheio .........................
toneladas.

75. Uma caixa d'gua tem as seguintes dimenses: 1,20

m de comprirnento; 8 dm de largura e 50 cm de
altura. Calcular quantos litros d'gua h nesta
caixa, sabendo-se que faltam 5 cm para ficar
cheia.

88. Dois vasos cheios de gua pesam 2,08kg. Um contm

14 cl mais do que o outro. Determinar, em litros, a
capacidade de cada um, sabendo-se que os
vasos vazios pesam juntos 12 hg.

76. Uma sala de 0,007 Km de comprimento, 80 dm de

largura e 400 cm de altura, tem uma porta de 2,4
2
2
m de rea e uma janela de 2m de rea. Quantos
litros de tinta sero precisos para pintar a sala
toda, com o teto, sabendo-se que com 1 L de tinta
2
pinta-se 0,04 dam ?

89. Analizando certa amostra de leite, verificou-se que a

ele havia sido adicionado gua. Um litro de leite
adulterado pesava 1.015g. Calcule quantos ml de
gua adicionada contm 1 litro dessa amostra,
sabendo-se que o leite puro pesa 1.025 g por litro
e a agu 1.000 g por litro?

77. Um terreno retangular de 27 ares de rea, tem 3.000

cm de largura. Esse terreno deve ser cercado com
um muro de dois metros de altura. Sabendo-se
que cada metro quadrado de muro construdo
3
consome 300 dm de concreto, pergunta-se,
quantos metros cbicos de
concreto sero
consumidos no muro todo ?

90. Um avio consome 2,3 dal de gasolina por minuto de

vo. Sabendo-se:
1.) sua velocidade de cruzeiro de 450km/h;
2.) a gasolina pesa 0,7 kg por litro;
3.) o avio deve transportar 60% a mais do que a
gasolina necessria;

78. Dois vasos contm em conjunto 3,5 hl. Tirando-se 75

L do primeiro e 10,5 dal do segundo, ficam
quantidades iguais. A capacidade do primeiro
vaso de . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . e a do segundo . . .
...............

determinar quantas toneladas de gasolina deve

transportar esse avio para fazer uma viagem de
1.125 km.

79. Um reservatrio estava cheio de gua. Esvaziou-se

esse reservatrio de

1
da sua capacidade e
3

91. Qual o nmero, cujos

retirou-se depois 4 hl dgua. Quantos litros

2
3
mais os
mais 54 igual
5
7

ao prprio nmero, mais 72?

3
ficaram se o volume restante corresponde a
da
5

92. Que horas so, se o que ainda resta para terminar o

capacidade total do reservatrio?

dia

2
do que j passou?
3

80. Calcule, em hl, a capacidade de um reservatrio, com

a forma de um paralelepipedo retngulo cujo
comprimento o triplo da largura e esta o dobro
da altura, sendo que a soma das trs dimenses
igual a 18 m.

93. As idades de Joo e Pedro somam 45 anos e h 5

anos a idade de Joo era quatro vezes a de Pedro. Que idades tm agora Joo e Pedro?

81. A soma das capacidades de dois reservatrios de 20

94. Roberto tem 24 anos e Paulo 10. No fim de quantos

anos a idade de Roberto ser o triplo da de Paulo? .

3
de sua
4

hl. O primeiro contm gua at os

95. Dois indivduos tm: o primeiro 45 anos e o segundo

15. Depois de quantos anos a idade do segundo
ser um quarto da idade do primeiro?

capacidade e o segundo at a metade. Se

colocarmos a gua do primeiro no segundo, este
3
ficar cheio. Qual o volume do segundo em m ?
82. Quantas toneladas pesam 40.000 m de certa
substncia, sabendo-se que um litro pesa 2,5 kg?

96. A soma das idades de A e B 35. Daqui a 5 anos a

idade de A ser o dobro da de B. Calcular as idades de A e B.

83. Um tanque de 1,5 m de comprimento, 12 dm de

largura e 80 cm de altura est cheio de leo do
qual cada hl pesa 80kg. Qual o peso, em
toneladas, do leo contido no reservatrio?

97. Um pai tem 32 anos e o seu filho 14. Quando aconteceu ou acontecer que a idade de um seja o triplo
da do outro?

84. Um metro de fio pesa 487,5 g. Esse fio para fazer

pregos de 0,09 m de comprimento. Quantos
pregos podero ser feitos com um rolo de 35,1 kg
desse mesmo fio?

98. Um pai diz a seu filho: hoje, a sua idade

nha e h 5 anos era

1
. Qual a idade do pai e
6

qual a do filho?

85. Se um litro de leo pesa 960 g, qual o volume

ocupado por 2,4 t desse leo?

99. Resolva o problema: H 18 anos a idade de uma pessoa era o duplo da de outra; em 9 anos a idade da

86. Um vaso cheio de um certo lquido pesa mais 1kg do

que se estivesse cheio de gua. Um dal desse

Matemtica

2
da mi7

57

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APOSTILAS OPO
primeira passou a ser

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

60) 8,232 m
61) 10,58 m
62) 12
63) 3.000
64) 0,18
65) 8.000
66) R$ 150,00
67) 0,025 h
68) 30 m
69) 100.560 m
70) a
71) 20.400
72) R$ 1.752,00
73) 92 dal
74) 1.200 dal
75) 432 L
76) 56,9 L
77) 144
78) 190 L e 160 L
79) 3.600 L
80) 960 hl
3
81) 1,200 m
82) 100.000t
83) 1,152t
84) 800
3
85) 2.500 dm
86) 5
87) 5,124
88) 0,32 L e 0,46 L
89) 400 ml
90) 3,864 t
91) -105
92) 14h 24 min
93) 33 e 12
94) H 3 anos
95) H 5 anos
96) 25 e 10
97) H 5 anos
98) 35 e 10 anos
99) 24 e 21
100) R$ 60,00 e R$ 105,00

5
da segunda. Que idade
4

tm as duas atualmente?
100. Uma pessoa possui 2 cavalos e uma sela que vale
R$15,00. Colocando a sela no primeiro cavalo, vale este o dobro do segundo. Colocando-a no segundo, vale este R$ 30,00 menos que o primeiro.
Quanto vale cada cavalo?
RESPOSTAS
01)
02)
03)
04)
05)
06)
07)
08)
09)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
58)
59)

22
105
30km/h
52 e 37
p +1.052
30
2
179, 183, 187, 191, 195 e199
158
5.389
b
e
Sim
Sim
Sim
Sim
15 min
R$ 60,00
540
25 mim
R$ 280.000,00
R$ 750,00
135
R$ 880,00
2
850.000 km
R$ 1.200,00
135min
R$ 2.000,00
R$ 90,00
24
12h
24 meses
14h 24 min
R$ 56,00
R$ 40,00
R$ 320.000,00 R$ 480.000,00 R$ 600.000,00
175 e 420
40 anos
54 e 36
20 anos
40 e 36
288
R$ 18,00
R$ 20.000,00
63/135
1/84, 3/28, 4/21, e 7/12
55/27
45 km e 1/8
24.339
400
1/6 e 5/6
R$ 60,00
25
R$ 60,00 e R$63,00
d
d
3h 45 min
R$ 72.000,00
20,4 km

Matemtica

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58

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Componentes de hardware e software de computadores.
Sistema operacional Windows (XP e VISTA).
Conhecimentos de Word, Excel, PowerPoint.
Internet: conceitos, navegadores, tecnologias e servios.

CONCEITOS BSICOS DE COMPUTAO.




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Informtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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Informtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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7

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos


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Informtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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10

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos


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Informtica

11

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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14

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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15

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos


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16

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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APOSTILAS OPO

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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APOSTILAS OPO

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18

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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23

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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24

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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25

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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26

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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28

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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29

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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32

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica

39

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos


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Informtica

40

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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41

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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42

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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44

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica

45

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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46

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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Informtica

48

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

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49

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica

50

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos


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Informtica

51

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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52

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica

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53

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica


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54

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica

55

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica

56

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos


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57

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica

58

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

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60

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica



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61

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica



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62

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica


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63

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

Apostila Digital Licenciada para Paulo Roberto Nakashima - prnakashima@gmail.com (Proibida a Revenda) - www.apostilasopcao.com.br

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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