Europe-1945 -After WW2 - Euro countries became poorer Germany, Italy, Britain -Physically devastated Switzerland, Sweden - neutral countries -Projects then were large scale public housing made of prefab concrete wall panels Criteria: expediency, humane environment Effect: no imagination, stringent resources -Cities ha rapid increase in traffic Circulation: Germany & Belgium - traffic dictated commercial buildings Britain & France — planned for motor cars 1950's - Brutalism 1950 -1960’s_ - Regionalism, _International Modernism 1970's - Historicism USA - 1950's -richest & most powerful country in the world Determinants of Architectural Form: 1. Climate - can be modified artificially 2. Geography - can be settled or abandoned 3. Availability of materials - can be imported 4. Traditional methods of construction - new techniques can be invented 5. Customary patterns of use - new significance & meaning can be created “Architecture mirrors society's priorities & preoccupation is now distorted because US can build what it wants to build 1. Chicago & Detroit - have downtown skyscrapers & ghettos (ruined, deserted, dangerous places) 2. Middle class - pattern-book suburban homes & out of town shopping malls3. Unite ‘D Habitation, Mersailles (1952) by Le Corbusier -modern domestic design, 18-storey block w/ 300 apartment -inspired by socialist. ideas by _ providing kindergarten, indoor shopping, gymnasium, rooftop children’s pool -originally thought for steel construction, but rethought as reinforced concrete structure because of difficulties in the supply of materials -has massive brise soliel like Oscar Niemeyer’s Ministry of Education & Public Health Headquarters in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil (1945) where Le Corbusier was a consultant. 1960’ Neo Brutalism 1. Brasilia (1970) by Niemeyer as monumental new capital of Brazil 2. Chapel of Notre Dame-Du-Haut, Ronchamp (1955) 3. Government Building in Chandigarh, India (1965) by Le Corbusier Brutalism in US ~Yale University Art & Architecture Building by Paul Rudolf -Yale University Art Gallery by Louis Kahn Brutalism of Alvar Aalto -Bricks rather than concrete (ex. Bldgs. In Oxford and Cambridge) Neo Constructivism 1. Secondary Modern School, England (1951) by Peter & Alison Smithon -Honest use of materials - steel and precast concrete -slabs and bricks are visibly exposed w/o plaster, w/o paint -plumbing & electrical conduits are also visible 2. Popmidou Center, Paris (1977) by Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers3. 1960 - 1970 - upsurge of rebellious youth (hippies) - makeshift & self made structures 4. Expression of the powerful communication -No traditional sense in Architecture -American architecture did not only flourished as an established profession, but as an_ intellectual discourse Topics of Debates: 1. Abstraction vs. Figuration 2. Tradition vs. Convention 3. Purity in form vs. Diversity of context Post Modernism (1960's) Functional Aesthetic + Return to Historical References = Individualized & emotionally satisfying solutions in architectural design After 1945 Key Figures: 1. Le Corbusier ~ sculptural style using concrete 2. Mies an der Rohe ~ minimalist steel & glass 3. Frank Lloyd Wright ~ sci-fi kit sol Bldgs.: 1. Guggenheim Musem, NY (1960) by FLW 2. Seagram Building by MVDR & Philip Johnson (1954) -used I-beam mullion framing for windows -bronze cladding & brown tinted glass -was also applied in domestic building like Lake Shore Drive, Chicago (1951) and Farnsworth House, Plano Illinois (1950) 3. Unite ‘D Habitation, Mersailles (1952) by Le Corbusier2. Popmidou Center, Paris (1977) by Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers 3. Historty Faculty Building, Cambridge (1964) by James Stirling Neo Expressionism 1. Dulles Airport, Chantilly, VA (1962) 2. TWA Terminal, Kennedy Airport, NY (1962) both by Eero Saarinen 3. Sydeney Opera House, Australia (1973) by Jorn Utzon Organic Architecture 1. National Gymnasium, Tokyo (1964) by Kenzo Tange 2. Philharmonie, Berlin (1963) by Hans Scharoun 3. MIT Baker Dormitory (1947) by Alvar Aalto High Tech Architecture 1. Willis - Faber & Dumas Head Office in Ipswich, Suffolk (1975) by Sir Norman Foster 2. Stock Exchange & Communications Center Berlin, (1995) by Nicholas Grimshaw 3. HK & Shanghai Bank, HK (1986) by Richard Rogers 4. John F. Kennedy Library Complex, Boston (1977) by LM. Pei 5. Luigi Neri developed Ferro Cemento in which a series of steel meshes w/ in the concrete make it more tensile than ordinary concrete. Advance Building Techniques Tensile structure -steel cables(weave) - German partition Thin shell construction -Covering (concrete) -ex. Sydney Opera House, Philips Pavilion (Le Corbusier), UP Church (Leandro Locsin), Greenbelt Church (Leandro Locsin Fabric -Glass Fibers4. John F. Kennedy Library Complex, Boston (1977) by LLM. Pei 5. Luigi Neri developed Ferro Cemento in which a series of steel meshes w/ in the concrete make it more tensile than ordinary concrete. Advance Building Techniques Tensile structure -steel cables(weave) ~ German partition Thin shell construction -Covering (concrete) -ex. Sydney Opera House, Philips Pavilion (Le Corbusier), UP Church (Leandro Locsin), Greenbelt Church (Leandro Locsin Fabric ~Glass Fibers -ex. Millenium Dome (Richard Rogers), Haij Terminal, Jeddah (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill - SOM) Hyperbolic Paraboloid -ex. Cosmic Ray Pavilion (Felix Candela) Geodesic Dome -Hemisphere -space trusses -ex. Dymaxion House (Sir Buckminster Fuller), Montreal Exhibit, Disney Land, Epcot Theme Park Florida Trensegrity Dome -Cover large span -Kenneth Snelson Central Core System -Utility core (hardest part of skyscrapers) (elevator shaft, emergency exits, common CR