Brumby

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Brumby is a free-roaming feral horse in Australia.

Although found in many areas around the country, the bestknown Brumbies are found in the Australian Alps region in
south-eastern Australia. Today, most of them are found in the
Northern Territory, with the second largest population in
Queensland. A group of Brumbies is known as a "mob" or
"band".
Brumbies are the descendants of escaped or lost horses,
dating back in some cases to those belonging to the early
European settlers, including the "Capers" from South Africa,
Timor Ponies from Indonesia, British pony and draught horse
breeds, and a significant number of Thoroughbreds and
Arabians.

Brumby

Brumbies near the Sandover Highway in the

Northern Territory, 2006
Country of origin

Today they live in many places, including some National

Parks. Occasionally they are mustered and domesticated for
use as campdrafters, working stock horses on farms or

Australia

Equus ferus caballus

stations, but also as trail horses, show horses, Pony Club mounts and pleasure horses.[1] They are the subject of
some controversy regarded as a pest and threat to native ecosystems by environmentalists and the
government,[2][3] but also valued by others as part of Australia's heritage, with supporters working to prevent
inhumane treatment or extermination, and rehoming Brumbies who have been captured.[4]

Contents
1 History
1.1 Origin of the term
1.2 Early horse imports
1.3 Origin of feral herds
1.4 Pangar Brumbies
2 Uses
3 Environmental impact
3.1 Interaction with other animal species
4 Population management

4.1 Population control methods

4.2 Management in national parks
5 In literature and media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

History
Origin of the term
The term Brumby refers to a feral horse in Australia.[5] Its first recorded use in print is in the Australasian
magazine from Melbourne in 1880, which said that Brumbies were the bush name in Queensland for 'wild'
horses. In 1885, the Once a Month magazine suggested that rumbies was a New South Wales term, and the poet
Banjo Paterson stated in the introduction for his poem Brumby's Run published in the Bulletin in 1894 that
Brumby was the word for free-roaming horses. Its derivation is obscure,[6] and may have come about from one
or more of the following possibilities:
1. Horses left behind by Sergeant James Brumby from his property at Mulgrave Place in New South Wales,
when he left for Tasmania in 1804.[7]
2. An Aboriginal word baroomby meaning "wild" in the language of the Pitjara Indigenous Australians on
the Warrego and Nogoa Rivers in southern Queensland.[8]
3. A letter in 1896 to the Sydney Morning Herald says that baroombie is the word for horse among the
Aboriginal people of the Balonne, Nebine, Warrego and Bulloo Rivers.[9]
4. Baramba, which was the name of a creek and station in the Queensland district of Burnett, established in
the 1840s and later abandoned, leaving many of the horses to escape into the wild.[10]
5. It has also been suggested that the name derives from the Irish word bromach or bromaigh.[9]

Early horse imports

Horses first arrived in Australia in 1788 with the First Fleet. They were imported for farm and utility work;
recreational riding and racing were not major activities. By 1800, only about 200 horses are thought to have
reached Australia. Horse racing became popular around 1810, resulting in an influx of Thoroughbred imports,
mostly from England. Roughly 3,500 horses were living in Australia by 1820, and this number had grown to
160,000 by 1850, largely due to natural increase.[11] The long journey by sea from England, Europe, and Asia
meant that only the strongest horses survived the trip, making for a particularly healthy and strong Australian
stock, which aided in their ability to flourish.[12]

Origin of feral herds

Horses were likely confined primarily to the Sydney region until the
early 19th century, when settlers first crossed the Blue Mountains and
opened expansion inland. Horses were required for travel, and for cattle
and sheep droving as the pastoral industry grew. The first report of an
escaped horse is in 1804, and by the 1840s some horses had escaped
from settled regions of Australia. It is likely that some escaped because
fences were not properly installed, when fences existed at all,[2] but it is
believed that most Australian horses became feral because they were
released into the wild and left to fend for themselves.[13] This may have
A Brumby that was caught in the
been the result of pastoralists abandoning their settlements, and thus
Apsley River Gorge.
their horses, due to the arid conditions and unfamiliar land that
combined to make farming in Australia especially difficult. After World
War I, the demand for horses by defence forces declined with the growth in mechanization, which led to a
growth in the number of unwanted animals that were often set free. Throughout the 20th century, the
replacement of horses with machines in farming led to further falls in demand, and therefore may have also
contributed to increases in feral populations.[14]
Currently, Australia has at least 400,000 horses roaming the continent.[15] It is also estimated that, during nondrought periods, the feral horse population increases at a rate of 20 percent per year.[16] Drought conditions and
brushfires are natural threats.[2] Despite population numbers, feral horses are generally considered to be a
moderate pest.[17] Where they are allowed to damage vegetation and cause erosion, the impact on the
environment can be detrimental, and for that reason can be considered a serious environmental threat. However,
because they also have cultural and potential economic value, the management of Brumbies presents a complex
issue.[2]
Brumbies roaming in the Australian Alps of south-eastern Australia are thought to be descendants of horses
which were owned by the pastoralist and pioneer, Benjamin Boyd.[10]

Pangar Brumbies
On the coast south of Geraldton, Western Australia the Brumbies there are known as Pangare Ponies, as they
appear to carry the rare Pangar gene. This colouring is commonly known as mealy and is seen mainly in a
number of old breeds such as British Ponies, Timor Ponies, Haflingers and even Belgian Draught Horses. The
gene causes lightening in parts of a horses coat, resulting in a mealy coloured muzzle, forearms, flanks, and the
belly. It is sometimes seen in chestnut horses with flaxen coloured manes and tails.[18]
The Pangar Brumbies appear have adapted well to their coastal environment, where they are consuming
saltbush, which they do not appear to be damaging. The Department of Environment and Conservation and the
Outback Heritage Horse Association of Western Australia (OHHAWA) are monitoring these particular
Brumbies to ensure the careful management of these unusual feral horses.[19]

Uses

Brumbies have been captured, fitted with GPS tracking collars, and used in extensive comparative research into
the effect of terrain on the morphology and health of different horses
hooves. They have their paths of movement, diet, watering patterns, and
mob structure tracked and recorded.[20] [21]
Captured Brumbies can be trained as stock horses and other saddle
horses. Encouraging viewing of feral herds may also have potential as a
tourist attraction. Brumbies are sometimes sold into the European horse
meat market after their capture, and contribute millions of dollars to the
Australian economy. Approximately 30% of horses for meat export
originates from the feral population. The hides and hair of these horses
are also used and sold.[11]
Wild Brumbies are used in Brumby training camps by organisations that
promote positive interaction between troubled, high-risk youths. These
camps usually last several weeks, allowing youths to train a wild

This Brumby was used as a safe and

reliable mount for a rider who was in
her 70s.

Brumby to become a quiet, willing saddle horse while improving the youths self-esteem.[22]
Wild Brumbies are also used in the Brumby catch and handle event in stockmans challenge competitions,
where riders are required to catch a free running Brumby from their horse within a time limit of a few minutes.
Sectional points are awarded for the stockmans challenge for care and skill in catching the Brumby and their
ability to teach them to lead. These demanding challenges for riders are held in New South Wales at Dalgety,
Tamworth and Murrurundi[23][24][25] plus The Man From Snowy River Challenge in Corryong, Victoria.[26]
Several New South Wales show societies, including Walcha, Bellingen and Dorrigo hold special classes for
registered Brumbies at their annual agricultural shows.[27]

Environmental impact
Horses were first described as pests in Australia in the 1860s.[28] Their
environmental impact may include soil loss, compaction, and erosion;
trampling of vegetation; reduction in the vastness of plants; increased
tree deaths by chewing on bark; damage to bog habitats and waterholes;
spreading of invasive weeds; and various detrimental effects on
population of native species.[14] In some cases, when feral horses are
startled, they may damage infrastructure, including troughs, pipes, and
Brumbies grazing on Alpine Way near
Dead Horse Gap

fences.[11] However, Brumbies are also credited for help keeping tracks
and trails clear for bush walkers and service vehicles in some areas.[29]
In some habitats, hooves of free-roaming horses compact the soil, and

when the soil is compacted, air spaces are minimized, leaving nowhere for water to collect.[30] When this
occurs, soil in areas where horses are prevalent has a water penetration resistance over 15 times higher than that
in areas without horses.[31] Trampling also causes soil erosion and damages vegetation, and because the soil
cannot hold water, plant regrowth is hindered.[2] Horse trampling also has the potential to damage waterways
and bog habitats. Trampling near streams increases runoff, reducing the quality of the water and causing harm

to the ecosystem of the waterway.[32] Horse excrement tends to foul these waterways, as does the accumulation
of carcasses that result when feral horses perish, adding to the negative environmental impact of this exotic
species in Australia.[14]
Alpine areas, such as those of Kosciuszko National Park, are at particular risk; low-growing alpine flora is
highly vulnerable to trampling, and the short summers mean little time for plants to grow and recover from
damage. The biodiversity there is high, with 853 species of plant, 21 of
which are found nowhere else. Erosion in the limestone karst areas leads
to runoff and silting. Sphagnum moss is an important component of
highland bogs, and is trampled by horses seeking water.[33]
Feral horses may also reduce the richness of plant species.[30] Exposure
of soil caused by trampling and vegetation removal via grazing,
combined with increased nutrients being recycled by horse dung, favour
weed species, which then invade the region and overtake native species,
diminishing their diversity.[14] The dispersal of weeds is aided by the
attachment of seeds to the horses manes and tails, and are also
The distribution of Brumbies in
transferred via horse dung after consumption of weeds in one location
Australia
and excrement in another. Although the effects of the weeds that
actually germinate after transfer via dung is debated, the fact that a large
number of weed species are dispersed via this method is of concern to those interested in the survival of native
plant species in Australia.[34] The effect on plants and plant habitats are more pronounced during droughts,
when horses travel greater distances to find food and water. They consume the already threatened and limited
vegetation, and their negative influences are more widespread.[2] Feral horses may also chew the bark of trees,
which may leave some trees vulnerable to external threats. This has occurred during drought, among eucalyptus
species on the Red Range plateau.[35] It appears as though feral horses may prefer these species.[14]

Interaction with other animal species

The changes in vegetation that result when feral horses overpopulate a region affects bird species by removing
plants upon which they feed, as well as altering the habitat of the birds and their prey.[36] Feral horse grazing is
also linked to a decline in reptiles and amphibians due to habitat loss.[37] In addition, the grazing and trampling
near waterways influences aquatic fauna. In areas frequented by horses, crab densities are higher, increasing the
propensity for predation on fish. As a result, fish densities decline as the removal of vegetation renders them
more susceptible to predation.[36]
In areas where horses are abundant, macropod populations are less prevalent. This is most likely due to the
horses consumption of vegetation upon which the macropods normally feed.[14] When horses are removed,
signs of the presence of various macropods, specifically the black-footed rock wallaby, increase. Thus,
competition with horses may be the reason for the decline in macropod populations in certain areas.[38]
Brumby populations also may have the potential to pass exotic diseases, such as equine influenza and African
horse sickness to domestic horses.[39] They also may carry tick fever, which can be passed to both horses and
cattle.[2] This can lead to high fatalities among domestic populations, causing many farmers to call for the

management of feral horses.

Like all livestock, Brumbies can carry the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, which can result in serious
gastroenteritis in people drinking contaminated drinking water.[40]

Population management
Although poor management of feral horses may pose an ecological and
environmental threat in some parts of Australia, their management is made
difficult by issues of feasibility and public concern. Currently, management
attempts vary, as feral horses are considered pests in some states, such as
South Australia, but not others, including Queensland.[14] There is also
controversy over removal of Brumbies from National Parks. The primary
argument in favour of the removal of Brumbies is that they impact on
fragile ecosystems and damage and destroy endangered native flora and
fauna.

Brumbies, Kakadu National Park

Public concern is a major issue in control efforts [41] as many advocate for
the protection of Brumbies, including the Aboriginal people, who believe feral horses belong to the country.[11]
Other horse interest groups resent the labelling of horses as feral and are completely opposed to any measures
that threaten their survival.[42] While some Animal welfare groups such as the RSPCA reluctantly accept
culling, other organizations such as Save the Brumbies oppose lethal culling techniques and attempt to organise
relocation of the animals instead.[43] It has been argued that relocation, which often involves hours of helicopter
mustering, would be more traumatic for the horses.[44]
Meanwhile, conservationist groups, such as the Australian Conservation Foundation, favour humane culling as
a means of control because of the damage Brumby overpopulation can cause to native flora and fauna, but are
also generally opposed to various means of extermination.[45] This makes management a challenge for
policymakers, though at present, the cost of allowing overpopulation of feral horses seems to outweigh other
concerns.

Population control methods

The traditional method of removal, called Brumby running, is reminiscent of Banjo Paterson's iconic poem, The
Man from Snowy River where expert riders rope the Brumbies and remove them to a new location.[10][46]
Options for population control include fertility control, ground and helicopter shooting, and mustering and
trapping. None of the methods provide complete freedom from suffering for the horses, and the cost of each is
very high. The costs include those that are economic, such as research, equipment purchases, and labour
expenditures, as well as moral concerns over the welfare of the horses. As a result, more effective and efficient
means of control have been called for.[11]

Fertility control is a non-lethal method of population management that is

usually viewed as the most humane treatment,[47] and its use is
supported by the RSPCA.[43] While it appears as though these
treatments are effective in the breeding season immediately following
injection, the lasting effects are debated. Because it is costly and difficult
to treat animals repeatedly, this method, despite being ideal, is not
widely implemented.[47][48]
Shooting by trained marksmen is considered to be the most practical
Brumbies awaiting their sale and new
method of control due to its effectiveness. The NSW Department of
homes.
Primary Industries believe shooting is the preferred method of
population control as it does not subject the horses to the stresses of
mustering, yarding, and long-distance transportation, all of which are related to 'capture and removal'
methods.[49] Horses that are only initially wounded from shooting are tracked and dispatched if they are in
accessible, open country. However, shooting of horses in mountain ranges is not regarded as a humane means of
control.[50] Helicopter shootings allow for aerial reconnaissance of a large area to target the densest populations,
and shooters may get close enough to the target animals to ensure termination.[14] This method is considered the
most effective and cost efficient means of control, but disapproval is high amongst those that believe it is
inhumane.[17] Organizations supporting Brumbies argue that aerial shooting is unnecessary and that alternative
population control methods have not been given adequate trials, while government officials express concern
about the need to control rapidly growing populations in order to avoid ecological problems associated with too
many feral horses in certain areas.[51]
Mustering is a labour-intensive process that results in one of two major outcomes: slaughter for sale, or
relocation. It may be assisted by feed-luring in which bales of hay are strategically placed to attract feral horses
to a location where capture is feasible. Complicating this process is low demand for the captured horses, making
it less desirable than fertility control or shooting, which reduce the population without having to find alternative
locations for them.[14]

Management in national parks

Between 22 October and 24 October 2000, approximately 600 Brumbies
were shot in the Guy Fawkes River National Park by the National Parks
and Wildlife Service. As a result of the public outcry that followed the
NSW Government established a Steering Committee to investigate
alternative methods of control.[52] Since the campaign began to remove
horses from the national park, over 400 have been passively trapped and
taken from the Park, and 200 of these have been re-homed.[27]
A NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service cull during 2006 and 2007 in
Kosciuszko National Park, where there were an estimated 1700 horses in
2005,[53] resulted in a reduction of 64 horses.[54]

Brumbies on the Chandler River,

Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.

The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service commenced a plan in 2007 to reduce Brumby numbers by
passive trapping in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.[55] Over 60 Brumbies captured in the Apsley River
Gorge have now been re-homed.
In 2008 the third phase of an aerial culling of Brumbies took place, by shooting 700 horses from a helicopter, in
Carnarvon Gorge in Carnarvon National Park, Queensland.[56]

In literature and media

Brumbies, called "wild bush horses", are mentioned in Banjo Paterson's poem The Man from Snowy River.[57]
This poem was expanded into the films The Man from Snowy River and The Man from Snowy River II (US title:
"Return to Snowy River" UK title: "The Untamed") also The Man from Snowy River (TV series) and The
Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular.
Another Banjo Paterson poem, called Brumby's Run, describes a mob of Brumbies running wild. Paterson was
inspired to write the poem when he read of a N.S.W. Supreme Court Judge, who on hearing of Brumby horses,
asked: "Who is Brumby, and where is his Run?"
The popular Silver Brumby books by Elyne Mitchell were written for children and young adults.[58] The stories
describe the adventures of Thowra, a Brumby stallion.[59] These stories were dramatised and made into a movie
of the same name (also known as The Silver Stallion: King of the Wild Brumbies), starring Russell Crowe and
Caroline Goodall.[60] And also an animated children's television series.
The Brumby was adopted as an emblem in 1996 by then newly formed ACT Brumbies, a rugby union team
based in Canberra, Australia competing in what was then known as Super 12, now Super Rugby.[61]

See also
Feral horse
Invasive species in Australia

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Cited text
Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan (PDF). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service,
Department of Environment and Climate Change, NSW Government. December 2008. ISBN 978-174122-831-1. Retrieved 11 January 2010.

External links
Australian Brumby Alliance (http://australianbrumbyalliance.org.a
u/)
Brumby Watch (http://www.brumbywatchaustralia.com/old_index
.htm)
Heritage Horse (http://www.guyfawkesheritagehorse.com/)
National Parks Wild Horse Control (http://www.parliament.nsw.go
v.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LA20020626034)
Okstate: Australian Brumby (http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/h
orses/australianbrumby/)
Save The Brumbies Inc (http://www.savethebrumbies.org/)

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Categories: Fauna naturalised in Australia Invasive animal species in Australia Feral horses Horse breeds
Horse breeds originating in Australia
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