BelTheChristofAncientTimes 10198845

BEL THE CHR IST O F ANCIENT
TIMES
BY
HU G O R A D A U
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49
T H E B A B Y LO N I A N P A N T H E O N
THE G
E N E A LO G I ES O F I S H T A R A N D N U S KU
D I F F I C U L T I ES
THEI R
A ND
T is
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on e
t ud i e d t h e re l i g i o n
B a b y lo n i a n s ,
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of
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B E L T H E C H R I S T O F A N CI E N T TI M E S
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fo r [Wri te
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V R 65
wh o a s s u c h is
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n o t on
V R 6 1 5b ; 4 0 b ; 6 5 3 5 e tc b u t e v e n w i th S h a m a s h h i m s e lf : I I R 57 1 5 ;
) b y T s / m t m t h e w i f e o f N a b u; I V R 59 4 1 b ; Z i m m e r n S h a rp u I I 1 57 :
b t t m t h e g r e a t b r ide
k l l -t m
H e r e T a s h m e t u m i s m e n t i o n ed i n c l o s e
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) Ts a r p a n z t n m :
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.
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a
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pp 53
R ei s n e r
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[0 6
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S U CIf
of
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mu n
ch i
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k ll t
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ra
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t h e wa s h i n g c l e a n s i n g h i m s e lf
J en s en K
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f
th e
o
VI
P 3 6 5)
i g a rt i c l e o n J a h v e h
5
H e c e h i d au gh t er
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I I R 54 No 3 l 1 9
7 S
= C S ) p 44 n o t e 1 a n d p 4 6
ee my C
tio
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pp 1 3 7 44 ; 1 3 4 c ol I 3
See Del it s ch H
d w t
b
/ p 1 s4
T h i s i s t h e r e as o n wh y I s h t a r
m a y s ig n i f y a l m o t a n y g o dde s s
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ta
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J e n s e n Ko s m o l og z e p
b tt
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HR I ST
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th e c o m m a n d
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In
is
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B AR
etc
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3 5 ob v 7 8
m ay
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I f t heref o re we w a n t
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c h a o s we c a n n o t d o i t b y ri d i cu l i n g 6 t he s e ge n e a l o gi e s
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of
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P ro v o k i n g
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ur o u l
D
n
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S e e Co s s ce a n V o c a b u l a r y
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520 :
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s /z u r -b u ZZ
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F ro m t h e s e l a tt e r t h r ee r e f e r e n c e s J e n s e n K B V I I pp 4 1 3
t h e f o r m e r b ei n g t h e N e m o d s i c / l
a n d 4 6 6 ) c o n c l u de s t h a t N u s k u = Ne r ga l
/ m n d e r M o d a c o n c l u s i o n w h i c h I a m w i ll i n g t o a c c ep t
b
t h e l a tt e r t h e
wi t h t h e f o ll owi n g r e s e rv e : Nu s k u = N e r ga l i s = S I N o r N i n C i r u A s N in
g
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C i r s u w a s t h e c h ie f m e s s e n ge r o f E n l i l s o d g A/ s l
N i n C i rs u
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E B H 2 23
i e
t h e e xa l t ed a m b a s s a d o r o f E n l i l
b e c a m e wh e n S in w a s m a de t h e h ig h e s t go d o f t h e B a b y l o n i a n p a n t h e o n t h u s b e
And a s
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S i n s ) m e e n ge r
i n g ide n t ied w i t h E n l i l C a t i o n S t o y p
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To pu t i t b ri e y we
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th e re l i gi o n h i s tori c a lly
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i n te n t i o n t o gi v e s u c h
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h i s t ory
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s n
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th e
t he re l i gi o u s d o c tri n e s o f th e B a byl o n i a n s
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re l i gi ou s i d e a s a s exp re s s e d i n th e i n s cri p t i o n s we re i n a l l e s s e n
t i a l s a n d p a rt i c u l a r s t h e s a m e a s t h o s e o f th e S u m e ri a n s i e
th e
s o c a l l e d S e m i t i c B a by l o n i a n s s e e m t o h a v e a do p t e d th e S u m eri a n
p a n th e o n i n t ot o w i th o u t a n y p e rc e p t a b l e a d m i xt ur e o ft h e i r o w n
c a n n o t t ell
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k i n g s o f U r a n d o f t h e f o u r qu a rt e r s o f t h e wo r l d
rtl y e f r e
The
i n s c r ipt i o n s o f th e s e k i n g s di s t i n g u i s h v e r y o ft e n b e twee n t h e N ipp u r i a n E n l i l o r
B el
a n d a n ot h e r
i e p rob a b l y M a r d u k o r p os s i b l y D a g a n
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B EL , T H E
C H RI ST
or
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wh e n t h e C a n a a n i t e s i n v a de d B a byl o n i a
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th e time
m a s ter s of t h e w h o l e
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,
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th e
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g o d o f B a by l o n i a
e p oc h
W e m a y c a l l t h eref o re th i s e p och
a so
I I I T h e A s sy r i a n D ur i n g t h i s t i m e w e n d n e a r ly a l l t he
c h a r a c te r i s t i c s n o t o n l y o f t h e S u m eri a n b u t a l s o o f t h e B a byl o n i a n
p e r i od w i th t h i s e x c e p t i o n h owe v e r th a t t h e s p e c i c g o d o f t h e
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ro y a l c a p i t a l o f t h e A s s yr i a n k i n g s
T h e go d o f t h e r s t e p och w a s E n l i l th a t o f th e s ec o n d A ma
u a or M ar d u k
th a t o f t h e t h i rd A n s h a r w h i c h n a m e w a s re a d a t
th i s t i m e A s h s /z u r
As M a rd uk d i s p l a c e d E n l i l s o d i d A n s h a r d i s
p l a c e M a rdu k S u ch a d isp l a c i ng h o we v e r w a s o n l y o n e i n
n a me 1 n o t i n e s s e n ce i e
s i m p l y th e n a m e o f t h e n e w v i c t o r i
Thus
o u s g o d w a s s u b s t i t u t ed for t h a t o f t h e o l d c o n q u e re d g o d
i t h a pp e n e d t h a t t h e a t tri b u te s g e n e a l o g y c ourt s er v a n t s e t c
e t c o f t h e c o n qu ere d go d we re a d d e d t o t h o s e o f th e v i c t ori ou s
go d t o w h o s e g l o ry p owe r a n d h o n o r t h e y we re t h o u gh t t o c o n
tri b u t e g re a t l y
Th u s w e g e t t h e s tr a n g e p h e n o m e n o n t h a t o n e
t wo d i ffe re n t k i n d s o f
a n d t h e s a m e god m a y h a v e t w o g e n e a l o g i e s
e tc
In a h i s tori c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s u ch a p h e n o m e n o n w i l l
s er v a n t s
a lw a y s h a v e t o b e k e p t i n m i n d a n d th e q u e s ti o n wi l l h a v e t o b e
Wh a t ge n e a l o g y b e l o n g s t o t h e go d or i gi n a l ly
a s ke d a n d a n s were d
T h a t s uch qu e s ti o n s c a n b e a n
a n d W h a t w a s t r a n sfer r ed t o h i m ?
s w e re d o n l y b y t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d er a t i o n th e h i s t or i c d e ve l op m e n t o f
A s t i m e s we n t
th e B a b y l o n i a n r e l i g i o n i s o f c ou r s e s e l f e v i d e n t
th e a tte m pt w a s m a d e t o h a r m o n i s e o r be tte r i de n t i fy s u ch two
on
ori gi n a l l y v e r y d i ffe re n t g e n e a l o gi e s T h e r e s ul t o f s u ch h a r m o n i s
.
in g
o r i d e n tic a t i o n w a s th a t e
,
wa s m a d e
1
See
a so
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my
i n to t h a t o f J a h v e h
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,
th e f a th e r o f th e c o n qu e re d
t h e f a th e r o f th e
as
Cr e a t i o n -S t o r y
to th e c h an
58
ge
of
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Th e s e p a s s a ge s w i l l
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N in l il
An s h a r
t a
N i n l il
dwe ll s
h is
in
If
ku r -ku r
h is
and
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w i fe b e th e
o th er c a s e s
all
in
as
i te c o s m i c qu a n t i ty
-
l i l b e th e k i n g
of
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kur kur
-s a
g g l
-
a -
a nd
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r a
m us t
S OL U T I ON O F
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be
to
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be
in
s ra
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an d
T HE D I
Ki s h a r )
An o s
a
of
and
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uth ori ty
A s s o ro s
be g o t
t t em en t
is
too !
= En lil
we
o n l y t o D a m a s c iu s
th e m o t h e r
1
M o ii m i s
Mu m mu ) ;
and
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B y t h e l a t te r tw o w e re b or n
and
s a
Eu
if
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A ns h a r )
not
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Ap s )
Il l i n o s
th i s
fo r
th a t
us
c e rta i n
Enlil
F F I C ULT Y
i gh t c o n t r a d i c ti o n
Ap a s o n
L a ch a m u )
L a ch e
2 :
i n fo r m s
t h ei r
th e n E-k u r
bu t a l s o t o th e B a byl o n i a n C re a t i o n E p i c
D a m as c i u s
and
En lil
as
he a v e n a n d
th e e q u a ti o n
d f or
th e S u m e ri a n s
me
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=
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If
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m
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ch
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k
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r
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r
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or
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s a g-ga l -
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t e m p le s wh i c h h ere
n
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in
wi fe
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h is
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B el i t
D a m a s c iu s
AO S
ge n e r a ll y s up p o s e d t o b e t h e r s t
t a ble t of th e B a byl o n i a n C re a t i o n E p i c fro m wh i c h w e l e a r n t h a t

,
Ti amat
1
A p s u,
and
T h us t h e
wh e n the i r w a te r s
d i ng i r d i ng i r -r u n e i n
h-b a
in
joi n e d t h e m s e l v e s t o
one
97
an d
9, 9
g h t t o b e tra n s l a t ed
Fo r t h e s e a ttr i b u t e s i n c o n n e c t i on wi t h E n l i l s e e m y Cr a t o S t o y p 1 9 f
3
J s t a s E nl i l b ec am e a t i tl e i z
l or d s o N i n l i l b ec a m e a t th i s t i m e
b ?l t = m i s t r e s
a n a ttr i b u t e b o r n e c h ie
y b y I s h ta r w h o t h e re for e a ppe a rs i n
m o s t c a s e s a s t h e wi f e o f A s h s h u r
T h i s a g a i n s t J e n s e n Ko s m
p 1 9 4 ; K B V I p p 50 4 1 ; 3 6 9 wh o t h i n k s
ou
'
t h a t IZ
5
-k u r
Z mm
e tc
er
n,
be
= e arth
A T
.
3
.
49 0 ;
C r
a
us ,
M o n i s t XI
,
40 5
,
t o ge th e r
(
,
an d
th e re we r e b o r n
later on
l o n g ti m e a fte r t he s e l a tte r two
c o m p a re t h e s e two
m e n ti o n e d
al l
n ot
L a-c h a -m u ,
an d
Ki -s h a r A
a l s o An u
E n l i l a n d Nu gi m m u t
P) A n -s h a r
l o
a s
L a ch -m u
br o u gh t f o rth
at
in
(
(
t h a t M o ii m i s
n d ,
E a)
c c ou n t s w e
an d
I f we
Mu m m u 1)
is
th e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e B a by l o n i a n Cre a t i o n
i n t ro d u ce d qu i t e a bru p t l y a n d s ee m s t o h a v e
2
bee n a s o n o f A p s u
In th e n ewly -d i s c o v ere d fr a g m e n t s o f th i s
3
v ery s a m e E p i c
Mum m u ap p e a rs as a
o f Ap s u
Epic
Lat e r
is
he
on
wh i c h l a t te r t o ge t h er w i th
h is
into
a
it
c o n s p i r ac y
cti on
g a i n s t th e
w ou l d s ee m
end
ah
B ut how could
L ac h a m u,
and
no t
h a v e b ee n
h ears
t h i s c o n s p i r a cy
of
Mu m m u
by th e i r
h ad
Ap s u a n d
to
M u m m u e n t er s
an d
ewly cre a te d g o d s wh o
Ea
5
.
p o s s ib ly p u t M u m m u b efore
D a m a s c iu s
p ut s
and
L ac h mu
e ei n g th a t t h e r s t t a b l e t o f t h e Cre a t i o n E p i c
th i s re s p ec t
in
h is
c an
u t h or i ty ?
o rd e r t o e x p l a i n thi s we s h a l l h a v e t o c o n s i d e r s o m ewh a t
In
m o re
h im
d i s tu rb e d
w i fe T i a m a t
f u lly D a m a s c i u s
t te m e n t
s a
of th e B a by l o n i a n Cre a t i o n E p i c
A
T ii m a t , 6
of
but
wel l
of
l o
Ea
go d
w as
c orre ctly re c og n i s e d t o b e th e
go d
Th e
th a t o f th e r s t t a b let
th e G re e k Manna ; M o ii m i s )
a s
as
We be g i n wi t h
M U MM U
Th e B a byl o n i a n Mu m m u
p ro toty p e
as
an
E a is
t tr ibu te
not
on ly o f
E m-KI,
th e S u m e ri a n
ppe a r s t h e r e o n l y a s a n a ttr i b u t e o f T i am a t K B VI I p 2 4
2
K B VI I p 4 1 7 A c c o r di n g t o D a m a s c iu s h owe v er h e is u n d ou b t ed l y a
3
l
l
(
I
d
o
M
w
i
w
s o n o f A s a n d T i am a t
K
l
A
T
n
/
y h )
y
p
p 49 0 N o t i c e t h e u y m? l ) o n l y b ego tt e n
3
K i n g Th e S v n T b l t s of Cr ea t i o n V o l s I a n d I I
I e t h e s on C f Nin C i rs u an d E n l i l N u s k u o r N er g a l a n d S i n e t c
5
A c c o r di n g t o t h e s e n e w f a c ts b ro u g h t o u t b y M r K i n g s b o o k we wou l d
h a v e t o di s t i n g u i s h t w o
g h t s i n t h e C r e a t i o n E pi c : 1 ) T h a t o f E a a g a i n s t
T h e r e s u l t o f b o th t h e s e
A p s u a n d M u mm u
2 ) T h a t o f M a r d u k a g a i n s t T i am a t
gh ts i s t h e s a m e A p s u a n d M u m m u a s we ll a s T i am a t a re d o n e awa y wi th
A n d b e c a u s e A p s u a n d M u mm u we r e k i ll ed b y E a b e
a re c o n qu e r ed a n d k i ll ed
for e M a r d u k e n t e r ed t h e e l d o f b a tt l e we m a y s e e i n t h i s t h e r e a so n w h y ! i n g u
w h o t a k e s t h e p l a c e o f A p s u p l a y s s u c h a s ig n i c a n t r OIe i n t h e E pi c a n d w h y
M u m m u i s n o t m e n t i o n ed a t a l l i n t h e r s t t a b l e t
6 K
p 40 9 : m m m t i z t m l l i d
B VI I p 2 4 ; C a r u s l o
t
1
M um m u
.
(
n)
ovo
u ovo
ev
na
ev
'
va i r
t v
'
t g i -i m -r i -s h u -u n
7
M er o d
l d
a c h -B a a
a n -s o n
cz
B e i t r ag e
'
z ur
u -u
A s s y r i o l og i e ,
-a n a
II p
u -a
col
III
5:
B E L T H E C H R I S T O F A N C I E N T TI M E S
IO
KI a n d a s s u ch th e go d o f th e te rre s t ri a l o c e a n
2
M r KI w a s a b roth e r o f
O n a n o t her p l a ce I h a v e s h o w n th a t
A N th e h e a v e n ly oce a n
M r KI s m o th e r i s s a i d t o h a v e b ee n
di g i G U R
th e p ri m e v a l oce a n or T i zi m a t ; h e n c e i f d g e U R b e
i
Mr
th e
m othe r
AN
th e f a c t t h a t th ere
an
e xcell e n t c o rrobo r a t i o n
s
m y C r e a t i o n -S t ory
th i s s t a te m e n t
of
c a lled th e
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not a
w are
'
d l ng z r
ur
KI wh i ch
d i ng i r anz -ic-t u -A ZV-
G
ge s i n wh i ch
h o we v e r o n l y b y
n a m e c a n b e t r a n s l a ted
'
sa
wa s
t h e c u n e i fo r m l i t er a t u re
in
b e fou n d
was t o
W h i l e s tu d y i n g J e n
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h a v e b e e n th e m o th e r o f M r
m ust
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sh e a s
th e t i m e wh e n I wr o t e
At
M r KI
of
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s en
i n
the
t h a t b ri n g s
n
n
forth A N a n d KI a n d n o t a s J e s e d oe s
th e m o th e r t h a t b ri n g s
G U R b e t h e m o t h e r o f M r KI
f o rth h e a v e n a n d e a rth for i f d i
KI b e th e t erre s tr i a l o ce a n i t fo l l ow s th a t K1 i n t h e
and i f M r
,
m other
'
ng z t
A n d i f KI m e a n s
e a rth
A N Kl c a n n o t
e
th e terre s tri a l oce a n th e n A N m u s t m e a n th e h e a v e n ly o c e a n
n am
d i ng
a/n -i i -t u
'
zr
m ean
c h u)
(
wh o
is
b ro the r
re s t r ia l o n e
) th e t e r
n a m e a l s o p ro v e s th a t a c c o rd i n g t o t h e S u m e r
This
an d
as
but
cr ea t e d
wh i ch
M r KI 0 r
E a,
is
of
th e g od
p rodu c e o f th e e a rth
M E -a
he,
I p
.
23
s am
and
e a rth
e tim e
-u m -m e
=
d
r
m
m
u
)
t h eogo ny
but
e v eryth i n g
s ea,
co n s i d e re d
was
ha -a n )
th e
s on
of
Ea
is
l o o f th e
a s
is
us
s en
n-
r ea
8
4
II
54 N O
,
Ha n d z v or t e r
M a r d u k m ar
'
See
er
8 ;
III R
.
No
ab o
uc
no
te
ps t
ve
er a
fo r
In
lis
in
th er
2 526
th e h us
en
p 3 7 ; M o is t XI I p 604
Ag i n s t J e n s en K B V I p 3 0 3 :
b
h p 4 5h
M a rd u k t h e m ar m
Cr e a t i o n -S t o r y
5 S ic
en
ll ed (
C r ig
en
h a -l a )
ed h e r e i n O pp o s i t i on t o
i e e n is
i
t
n
n
d
h
e
T
h
i
a
d
a
s
w
i
f
e
e
tr
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
l
r
d
b
on
o
fo r
and
m i s tr e s s
d o e s n o t gi v e i n t h i s p a rt i c u l a r c a s e t h e c o rr e c t a n d i t d d m e a n i n g
wo rd
e n =l o r d i s t h e
s
s l itt
ce
wh i l e e n =M r is t h e s
s
s litt
2
C
t io
S t o r y p 3 3 ii ; M o n i s t XI I p 6 0 0
1
or
m u mm u
ca
s on o f m u m m e
the
a cos m o o n ,
g y
c a ll e d t h e
_
.
Gen es is i
is
M a rd uk
in
indeed
see
th e refo re
not
p ro d uc e o f th e
m u -u m -m u b a a n Ir a -l a
a n a c h ti
th e terre s t ri a l o ce a n
th a t b u i l d s c re a t e s p rod u ce s
Te x t s ,
the
b a s e d t h e w orl d w a s
o f h e av e n
at
to b e th e f a th e r n o t o n ly o f th e
o cea n ,
gene r a t i on
S u m eri a n
in
c os mogo ny
is
th a t w e h a v e t o
e n e r a t ed ,
To l e do th) ,
ran
R el
c o n c e pt i o n u p o n wh i ch Ge n e s i s i
ian
u ch o p p o s e d to
u -u
Fo rm
m -m e i s
See
a so
t h e r e for e
D
th e
el it
z sc h ,
sam
e as
B E L T H E C H R I S T OF AN CI E N T TI M E S
,
D a m a s c iu s ,
vo
nn i s K60 /L0 9 ,
T h e w o rd
fo r
Mu m m u
co s m o s
m us t
o ce a n
o m e t h i n g th a t
is a
was
o c e a n th a t
bov e
and
be l ow
bu t o n l yi n
KI
an d a
of
b ut th i s h e wa s
below
M o ii m i s t h e n w a s th e
and
b ov e
H e n c e M o ii m is
AN
o fan
h a v e c o n s i s te d
i n t el li gi ble w o rl d
i s A N-KI
S u m e ri a n
in
h im
ge n e r a l l y t r a n s l a te d by
is
wh ic h
e M o ii m i s c a l l s
nam
wh e n ex p l a i n i n g th e
I I
ye t
n ot as
in
H e n c e M u m m u M o ii
h e a v e n ly a n d th e t er re s t ri a l oc e a n b e
m i s m u s t h a v e b ee n th e
for e t h e a c t u a l s ep a r a ti o n o r b e tte r d z e e n t i a t i on t oo k p l a c e i e
fa c t i n
r e a l i ty ,
mi n d
vo
n ds
r
wa s
b e fo re h e
(
a ch i l
a ch u
the
m?
wo
o fA
son
an
upper
c a l l s M o ii m i s th e
pason
and
and
l o wer
oc e a n
i f th e u p p e r p a r t b e c a m e
and
p a rt
go d A N
g o d KI w e re
A p s ii
an d
T i am a t h en c e i f
,
is
led i t
,
tr a n ge
D a m a s c iu s
a n o th e r
h i m s elf !
con t r a di c t s
h as
b ee n d i ffe re n ti a te d
to
otice
(
,
fo l l ow s
When
Ap s f
i
An
e a rl y
hi
an d
an
th i s
Tau th e
an d
v iz
and
L a ch e
al l
of
L ac h os,
D a m a s c iu s ,
t r a n s l a t or s e v e n Pro i e s
,
o f t h e r s t t a b l e t o f th e E p i c
10
ys t h a t o u t o f
3
T i a m a t the i r w a t e r s i n
and
()
bego t t en
ge n e r a t i o n
be
o n ly
the
T h i s c on tr a di c t o ry s t a te m e n t o f
J en s e n t o t r an s l a t e l i n e s
s or
sa
G UR
go d A N
e fo r
Th i s g o d
an
b efore th ei r d i ffe re n t i a t i o
b e b o rn als o
Ap a s o n
he
h ad
t h e l owe r p a r t
and
nam
V V
al i niL
th e l owe r
an d
an
m ind
if
an d
in
()
g o d KI th e n M o ii m i s m u s t b e t h e c o m m o n
g o d KI b e fore t h ey
I f th erefo re
T a u th e !
th e m o th e r t h a t b ro u gh t fo rth th e u p pe r
c on s i s t in g o f t w o
as
oc e a n c o n s i s t i n g
an
e t i m e we re o p p o s e d t o e a c h o th er
D a m a s c iu s
xo p o s ,
a
n
m
KI o f
and a
s am
th e
at
hego t t en
o n ly
Mo ii m i s b e
AN
wh o
F ur t h er m ore
c o n s i d ere d by th e B a byl o n i a n s
()
b r ot h e r s
h ad
one
as
j oined
10
da e nt
t o ge t h er ) 9 d a wurd e n d i e G otte r g e b i ld e t
S t a n d e n [z u er s t ] L a c h m u u n d L a c h a m u
H a v i n g re co g n i s e d th e
,
c o n tr a d i ct i o n
10
fro m l i n e
late
in D a m a s c i u s
9
When
S e e Cr e a
A T
.
3
.
t a te m e n t w e h a v e
to
and
b e gi n
new s
3
T
A
.
a rr
lc
V I pp
.
2,
9,
10
ep arat e l in e
Lachmu
T rans
L a ch
and
en t en c e
p 4 9 0 ; C a r u s M o i s t XI p 40 6 f
t i o -S t o y pp 3 4 6 4 ; M o i s t XI I p 6 0 1
p 49 d aw i d w i e T a u t h e a n d Ap a s o n )
J en s en K
,
th e n th e g o d s we re c re a te d
cl v , A a x7712 Ka i A a xov
p eri od
Z i m m e rn K
,
by
5121 771) y s veri v
p o eh
B E L T H E C H R I S T O F A N C I E N T TI M E S
1 2
ti o n E p ic
Wh a t e l s e we l e a r n
be cl a s s ie d u n der th e f o l l o wi n g h e a d s
B
1
Th e y
a r e n ts o
is
the
of
s on
and L acham u
L ach m u
th e refo re
A
n -s h a r , w h o
f
th e p
a re
A N D LA C HA M U
L A C HM U
L ac h am u m ay
and
L ach mu
b o ut
M a rd u k b e c o m e s t h u s
th e p a r e n t s of M a r d a h
2
to geth e r wi th A n s h a r a s o n o f L a c h m u a n d L a c h a m u
2
Th ey
a re
Tz am a t
p p ears
'
'
zl u
Ti a m a t
the
as
b e fo u n d
to
a re
e n e my o f L a c h
L a -c h a -m i i s
one of
an d
th e ele v e n h el p e r s
ee m s
a
I)
c
bet we e n
and
at
L ac h a m i
Th i s c o n fu s i o n
l is ts
h o m th ey
4
.
c re a t e d by
l e a s t t h e fol l o wi n g
god s
of
is
an d
No s
No s
it
L a c l i a m us
'
of t h e e l e v en h el p er s o f T i a m a t
as o ne
i n cre a s ed i f w e t a ke i n t o c o n s i de r a t i o n two
,
wh ere
an d
An s h a r
d is tinguis h
to
Lach m u s
M a rd u k
t h e e n e m i e s o f T i a m a t a n d c re a t o r s
3
.
th e p a re n t s of
o f a nd
S u m m i n g up the s e f a c t s we w o u l d h a v e
s
L ac h a m u
those
o fT if
i mat
th e s id e
at
mu
a re c r ea t o r s , a n d
L ac h am u
and
L ac h m u
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l 1 3 s h ow t h a t t h e s e p a i s a r e h u b a n d a n d w i f e
3
B o t h t h e s e n a m e s h a v e t o b e tr a n l a t ed b y
E ter n a l o n e ) = H e b r
C f also 1 1 3
an d are a s s uc h S e m i ti c n a m es
4
S ig n l a h = L U Cff s o ge n e r a ll y F o r o t h e r wr i t i n g s e e b e s ide s o t e 3 a b o v e
L
p 1 3 a l s o d g L ch m K B VI I pp 2 0 [1 2
1 6 68 ;
h ha K
B V I I p 20 1 2 5 a n d A xoc
I
5
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m
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pp 2 1 0 ; [1 2
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A l s o wr i tt e
it
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it
p 1 6 68
p 8 8 9 a ppe a r s th i s n a m e a m o ng
me lo
L ch
W h a t t h e s e n a m e m e a n is n o t y e t a pp a r
t h e e l e v e n h e l pe r of T i am a t ) ; A xn
Z i t s c h i ft f ii r
lt t t a m
tli h
e n t b u t c f a t t h e p r e s en t t h e n o t e o f H o u ts m a
m? a n d
W i s s e s ch ft 1 9 0 2 p 3 29 ff o n
6
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is t h e t e m pl e o f
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wh e r e i n s t e a d o f i t t h e p a i r A N + KI
th e
92 ; S
is
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t h e p a ra m ou r B u h l e )
wh o is
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K B V I p 9 0 51 55 4 7 J e n s e n
m r t s i i ch
ch
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[t i
p 40 4 th i n k s i t n o t i m p o s i b l e th a t B l i l i b e = 8 l l t h e qu ee n o f P A
l oc ci t
P A A N h e t a k e s t o b e a n a m e fo r
th e
2 7 a a n d 26 b
A /V m e n t i o n ed i n I I R 6
A n ide n t i c a t i o n o f B l il i w i th t h e E l a m i t i c di v i i t y B l a l a o r
n e t h e r wo r l d
B il l a h e d o e s n o t v e n t u r e t o m a i n t a i n
9
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L o r d r e s p M i s tr e s s o f t h e e t e r n a l c i t y
3
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z
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16
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by
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n is
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en
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u ni m i :
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i
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e
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e
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ha
l a -u t a -m a -a -t a
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l i l re p N i l i l m y e t th
l it
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fe m l e g d A m
tr l t e i t b y f t h m t h
A yri
th
dm
be
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of
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o a
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er
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CHRI ST
B E L , T HE
S i m il a r t o th e p rec ed i n g
LI ST I I
whe re th e
ti o n
li s t re a d s
I
IV
VII
10
VIII
IX
.
-1 15
d i ng i r
6 7g ]
Ki
A n -s h a
12
-s
rr a n ge d wi th t h e
e xc e p
b e l o w th e o the r
one
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u A -n u -u m
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lu
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'
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l a -l a
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=a -b u
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21 c :
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AM TU
is
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A n -t u m ) 2
d i tt o
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di tto
di tto
di tto
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=u r a s h )
ha
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5
.
IV
i g l e p ai rs
is
s n
not s
III
II
III
n a m e s o f th e
t h e s ec o n d
of
OF
wh i c h
[
s h o rt e r f o r m
h as t he
g l os s
i i h
-r
a
ag
a nd
fo r am t u -u d -d a
in
a -a
29 ,
t u -u d -d a
rr e s po n d s t o o u r wo r d p a r e n t
T h e l i n e in qu e s t i o n
twe n t y o n e o f g e ) t h e l o r d e n ) t h e p a r e n t am
m a y t h e r e f o r e b e tr a n s l a t ed :
a a ) A n -n a t h e y a r e
i e twe n t y -on e w h o a re o f t h e l o r d t h e p a r e n t An n a or
wh o h a v e A n n a fo r t h ei r p a r e n t
I f t h i s t r a ns l at i on b e a c c ep ted t h e n A N-N A ge
wo u l d b e a ge n e t i v u s o bje ct i o n s I t m a y b e h o we v e r a l s o a ge n e t i v u s s u bje c t i o n s
I n t h i s l a tt e r c a s e t h e twe n t y -o n e wo u l d b e =t h e
p a r e n t A N NA th u s l e a v i n g
u s i n d o u b t w i t h r eg a r d t o t h e
p a r e n t s h ip o f t h e s e twe n t y -o n e g o d s I f t h e
A N -N A ge b e c o n s tr u ed a s a ge n t s u b j t h e tr a n s l a t i o n wo u l d b e : twe n t y -o n e
sc
n a m e s ) o f =fo r t h e l o r d t h e p a r e n t AN N A t h e y a r e
)
) B u t wh a t e v e r tr a n s
l a t i on we acc ept t h e re s u l t r e m a i n s t h e s a m e
1
T h i s p a i r i s n o t f o u n d i n t h e a b o v e -gi v e n l i s t fo r t h e r e a n -h i i s u s ed a s a
k i n d o f i n tr o d u c to r y e xp l a n a t i o n n o t o n l y t o a l l t h e f o ll owi n g p a i r s b u t a l s o t o t h e
p a i r A N ! A n k i h e r e t a k e s t h e p l a c e o f d i W i E Iau r a nd d i e -r a o f t h e p r e
c ed i n g l i s t
2
W e wo u l d e xpe c t t h a t d i e i l B wou l d b e = 7 A n -n u -u m o n ly b u t n o t s o h e r e
C f fo r t h e p r e s e n t h e r e d {W i hi n l il k in g o f h e a v e n a n d e a rt h a n d d W i N i n -l n
a l s o =qu e e n o f h e a v e n a n d e a rt h a n d s e e b e l ow p 2
9 n o te I
IV
R ev
10,
51
an d co
'
'
'
'
,
XI
-l a
-l i l i
20
21
22
d z "g z"E
d i n
gi e
en
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nam
th e
s us
dia
I ST
11
AN
(
tu
m -M
PH?
No
54 ,
h us ban d
e s o f th e
la n
N i n u r u u l l a
l)
21
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on
Il u
'
A ] n -s h a r -g a l
il
4,
ly
u A -n u -u
I t re a d s :
= A -n u -u m )
d i t to
r
[A ]
n -s
ha
{W
A n u
ch
5
6
d i n g i r D u -u r u
d i i L a c h -m a
10
1 1
-h u r
di
A -i a -i a
fl u
'
= A -l a -l a ) -a l a n
-u r u -u l l a
L oo k i n g
fl
h u s ba n d s
s el v e s ,
w el l
th ey
a re
as
i d e n t ifyi n g
w i th
all
O N C I LE D
one
w i ves a r e
th e
the
to
sam
f h ea v e n a n d ea r t h
h u s b a n d re s p w i fe c o rrec tly
g t h em
A nt um
or
I f we s u cc ee d i n
ip s o fa c t o d i d i t
we
a mon
re s p
d m i t t h a t th e
A n um
i d e n ti e d e i th e r w i t h
A n u m of t h e t o t a l i ty
wi t h
R EC
o v e r t h e s e th re e l i s t s we w i l l h a v e
as
fo r
ON T R A D I C T I ON S
h a h i s h s h a t
di tto
di tt o
di tto
di tto
[di tt o
di tto
di tto
22
di ir
h a Ir i s h -s h a t
I4
12"
-S !l a r
i s h s h i m i 12
ha
(
K
=
( P di tt (
d i t t o = A -n u u m )
A N -Xl
.
i bi 3
AN.
di tto
di tt o
di tto
d i tt o
n -u r u -u l -l a
L
v
'
'
l a 1 -a l a n
g o o d s t a rt i n g -p o i n t
is ,
no
d o ub t
d i ng l
'
- eu r
th e go d
i s wr i t i n g s h o w s th a t w e h a v e h e r e a l o a n a rr a n ge m e n t ac c o r di n g t o p a i r s
o r e l s e t h e di t t o i n l i n e s 1 8 a d 1
a n
a
w
l
d
v
e
r
e
f
e
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ed
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i
e
o
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h
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o
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1
9
7
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l ines 1 1 and 1 2
h y p o t h e s i s wh i c h i s f o rb i dde n b y t h e r s t l i s t ! C f L i t
2
-r a - s h i s t h e g l o s s t o [8
gi v i n g i ts p ro n u nc i a t i o n S e e p 1 8 n o t e 2
3
I e
A n u wh o h e a r s p r a y e r s
p 1 9 4 a n d n o te 1
S e e a l s o J e n s e n A os m
4
I e A n n o f t h e to t a l i t y o fh e a v en a n d e a rth
5
i s b r o k e n d a m a ged s h ows t h a t t h e o r igi n a l f r o m wh i c h t h i s c o p y
c h i bi
um
p ro b a b l y h a v i n g b ee n b ro k e n
h a s b ee n m a de w as u n r e a d a b l e h e r e t h e s ig n
1
Th
wa y
"t
B E L T H E C H R I S T O F AN C I E N T T I M E S
20
of
E-kur
E-ku r i s t h e t e m p l e
An d
b e o n l y E n l il
ra m us t be
c an
d z g
Th e
m o re
l e s s th a n
n or
g od
L IL
W h o le
as a
or
AN
2 :
co ns is tin g o f
n-
nt um
or
b roth e r
p os e d
have
to
ex p l a i n e d by
A ntum
ea r t h ,
th e
th e n
S p
.
but
ir ts i t i m
4 ;
th e
hea v en
of
h u s ba n d
E
i
(
h r
e
(
)
,
as
A n -s
on e
n -s
h a r -ga l
E n -l i l
a ch i t a n d
a ch i t u
y e t we
a re
fe w w o rd s o f e x p l a n a t io n
(
)
su
rr a n ge m e n t o f th e l i s t s el e v e n
a
Xi s h a r -ga l
ga l
s,
an d
Ni n -s h a r -ga i
n am
and
A n um
a ch a t u
of
a ch u
a s
th e
A n u m,
L IL
od
l o th e r s t p a i r fo r A N i s n o t o n l y
6
b u t a l s o b y a n = A n um a n d a n
a n d A n tu m
An u m
XI i
Ki -s h a r
to
thing
he a v e n ly o c e a n
E n -s h a r -g a l
t o e a c h oth er
n a me,
the r s t
cc o rd i n g
a re n o
N i n -uru -u l -l a
(
i
T h i s d i fc u l t y w o u l d re q u i re
A N is
N i n -s h a r
har
u
l
N in u r u l a
w e h a v e o n l y t we n ty
A l th ough
A n -s h a r
Nin -s h a r
-u r u -u l -l a
+ K]
AN
i ter
yin g
A n t um
A n um
u ru -u l -l a
s s
E n -s h a r
o pposed
o r as
p ai rs
and
AN o r
h -
Ni n -l i l
Eu
(f
I)
sa
p a r en t
n a m es
o r fe m a l e
as
r m a m e n t )
m a le
N i n -l i l
lil
hi
zr
m(
an
t h eir
fo r
er e n t
'
ju s ti e d i n
a re
th e g o d o f E ku r
E n l i l th e n h i s w i fe
of
s on
L IL
or
N i n -s h a r -ga l
A
d zf
-o n e
th e
22
an
an
as
w ife
We
c o n s i d e re d e i th e r
e a rth
b
N i nl il
t w e n ty
a n d ea r t h ,
f h e a ve n
zr
h e n ce
be = di g
E -h n r
d i ng i r
if
Enlil
t w e n ty -o n e w h o h a v e A n n a
hi ng
'
'
of
M onis t
o r e a rth
7
.
h us ba n d , m u s t
XI I I p
.
58 6
If
A nt um,
be the
t h e wife b e t h e
,
h ea ve n
H e n c e th e
e l ow
3
F ro m t h i s i t f o ll ows t h a t l i l h a =s h g l
l l = An u m
Antu m
u
h
I i s h s h t ) A N -l fl i e
t h t o t l i ty of h
n
d
th
H enc e th e h
_h i h s h t =t o t a l i t y i n E n l i l s a n d An s h a r s t e m p l e E h a r i s = t h e t o t a l i t y o f
h e a v e n a d e a rt h
a n d t h e c o s m i c E-s h a r m u s t b e =h
nd e
v
th
4
D o e s o u r m o de r n c u s t o m o f t h e w i f e s t a k i n g t h e n a m e o f h e r h u s b a n d go
b a c k t o t h i s o l de s t o f h i to r i c t i m e s wh e n t h e w i f e w a s t h e i t e
th u s a l s o o f o
h o i h e r h u s b a n d ? Ha s a n y o n e m a de t h i s p o i n t t h e s u b je c t o f a s pe c i a l i n
2
See b
'
ur
a n
'
ea v e
a r-
-u - a
ea r
"
a r
-s
ea
en a
a r
'
es
v e s t i ga t io n
S p
S ee
See
342
M o n i s t XII
e co n d l i s t
r t l ist
s
60 1
ne
T H E C H R I S T OF A N CI E N T TI M E S
BE L ,
n am
e A N re v ea ls to
s i s t i n g o u t o f h us ba n d
an,
an
ki
th e re m a rk a b l e f a c t th a t i t
us
an d
th a t the h u s b a n d
and
n d
th a t
h e a ve n
m ic
q u a n t i ty
h ere
e a rth
is
below
we re c o n s i de re d
c a l le d
n ot
ly
on
fo re
t h e S u m e ri a n
a re
m i n us t echn i c u s
h ea
fo r
L IL ,
but
as
os m s
c
o
for
b
v
e
a o
of our s
on e
l o
sha
tatem en t 1
Th i s
AN
a s
me
one cos
wh e n
AN
th ere
S h a m e,
H
e
v
e
e
rth
too
a
n and
a
S e m i t i c -B a b y lo n i a n a n d H ebrew t er
v en a n d e a r t h
we l l
as
t h e w i fe
to
be
to
tr a n s l a te d i n t o S e m i t i c B a b y l o n i a n bec o m e s
s an
c on
w el c o m e c orrob or a t i o n
m us t
ppos ed
th e h u s b a n d be i n g
th e w i fe b e i n g
a n d ea r t h
wa s
pa i r
ter
h e av e n
T h u s we
is
w ife :
an d
Si s
an
21
h enc e
s ha me
m us t be
c os mos
No w
w e u n d e r s t a n d H e s y c h iu s s r e m a rk a bl e s t a te m e n t qu o te d bu t m i s
u n d e r s t o od b y J e n s e n i n h i s Kos m p 3 2a m; re a d 2m m) 6 K c /it as
Ba Au ww s ,
c h iu s s
ame
BAo s
an d a s o n
ki
an
E n l i l !)
n,
e i th e r fo r
s o n i c a t i o n s
In
cal l ed
an
of
Cr a i g
.
cos mos a n d s a n
w o rd fo r
a n,
o r fo r
h e av e n
and
e a r th
R e l igi o u s Te x t s ,
u r -a n -h i
n am e
p 52 ; M o i s t XI I p 6 1 9
Al l t h i s a g a i n s t J en s e n R o in
p
3
Ag a i n s t J e n s e n R o s i n
p 3
1
Th
o f th e z
01
is
cu s
in
D u r -a
i gu r r a t
f rt h
ou
n am
a no
th e r
c a va t io n s a t
of
Iz i h a s
N ipp r
viz
ub
un
N u ffa r
an
l y th e
()
a so
= E N -KI
as
69
2
oi i
our
11
a vo s
eus
or
Ea
t h us
pair
s u ch fo r th e r s t
An u m
An t u m th e p er
A N,
3
.
is
of
house
tr a n s l a te d b y
in Ni p p u r
b an d
as
one
of
he a v e n
3 91
n -l i l -h
n ow
b ee n
i D u r -a n -h i
l i h ed t e t
s
d i s c o v e r ed b y
H il p r e c h t
of
the nam
p 46 2
N ipp u r ) t o s t t e t h i s di t i n c t l y h e r e o
b e l o n gi n g t o t h e r e s l t s o f o r l a t e s t e x
S e e H il p r e c h t
o f t h e z i gu r r a t o f
u
h E
es
(
p
on
Sn/ o s
Ka i IIoa a
not
He s y
an d
ds
we l e a r n
wh i ch
s,
T h e S u m eri a n
ki
an
6 29
i n de e d
is
o i gi n a ll y A N t h e h e a v e n l y oc e a n
is
sm
Ka i Z
o ri gi n a l l
r
(
(
co o
th e B a b y l o n i a n
sh am
is
(M rdu k )
o r M rd u k (
AN
he ve
e r th ) b u t
of (
o ur ) o e i do t h e t erre t ri l oc e
e
gl o s s t o
B el
E x ca v a t i o n s i n B i bl e
,
a nd s
22
e a rth
and
A c co rd i n g t o Z ei t s ch r ift
1
.
A s sy r i ol ogi e , V
fur
ol
X p
th i s [D u r a n J k i i s c a l l e d t h e b a n d of h e a v e n a n d e a rt h
the b a n d o f th e w o rl d
m a r -h a s s h a m e e u i r t s i t i m -t i m r i h i s h i b -r a
l
294 ,
(
i tu t e d
i p p u r (l i l
de (
v e we h
-
wh
i
ch
w
as s
)
l i l h i m s el f h a s m a
a -t z
sa
)
(
ou t i h u e
n a n
twe n t y
E kur
band
on
10
and
a n -h i
e a rth
e a r th
of
or
the
A bo v e we
sa
th e
d i ng i r D u r -a n
,
not
only
n am
l o
go d
l on ia n
of
is
71
is
2
3
c ol
th a t
of
wh o i s
sa
d i ng z r
V Il
pp
is
so
is = s i l l
il l
th e
ban d
an d as
of
h e av e n
g a i n th e g o d
an
h e av en
d e a rt h
an
e a rt h
of
h e av e n a n d
cosm os hence
2:
id to
is
D u r -a n i s
an d
j
t h e b a n d of t h e
a cor r ec t
ha m
8 66 5,
god o f th e
hea ven
us t
fr
wr i ti n g
ed
b bre v i a t i o n o f
d i ng i r D u r -a n
wh i ch
an d
e a rt h
O RO LL A R I ES O F
its i r t i m
n ot an a
us
om r a
T HE S
i nto
h as
to
th e
O LU T I ON
m e an s
B a b
p o s i t i o n t o ex pl a i n
ind
M ei s s n e r
S upp l
54 4
,
7
.
As
i n t en :
D ur
i k is
i -h i -i s
D u r -a n -k i 2
H il p r e c h t E x c a v a t i o n s
,
46 3
2,
the
a so
S K T
.
ipp i = s ipp i
6
ki
an
is
611
'
II R
.
h e av e n
A N is
Gen
6
e a rth
of
t h ere fo re
r m a m e n t
bu t
of
'
go d
hence D U R
r pw a n d d u r
a n d e a r th = h e a v e n a n d e a rt h
T he
The s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s p u t
f ollowi n g p e c u l i a ri t i e s :
and
K B
in
e a rt h
and
h o ws th a t
cos m os ,
R ik i s
o f th e
h en ce t h e
p p e a rs
b a n d o f th e
h e av e n
h e av e n
En lil
th e
o ne
D u r -a n -hi , 7
the
h e av e n
c o rrob o r a ti o n t h a t o u r c o n cl u s i o n s b e c o rrec t b u t t h i s
a s
o f th e b a n d o f h e a v e n
wh i c h h e
as
as
h e av e n
-k i
n
o
d
o
f
D
u
r
a
,
g
go d
o f h ea v en
r m a m e n t
fo r t h e i r p a re n t
B-h u r i s
of
ban d
r m a m e n t
ea rth
an d
d i ng i r
and
Ek u r b e i n g E n l i l E n li l b e c o m e s t h u s th e
F u rth e r m o re j u s t
the
l o b e th e
B-h u r t h e
of
An n a
a s
o f h e av e n
46, 8 ; 48 ,
h e n c e a l s o th i s l a t ter m u s t b e
e wh o h a v e
of
o n ly = B-s h a r r a
n ot
B u t th e g o d
m ust
go d
Th e
e art h
and
is
A bo
wh i c h E n
)
a v e s ee n t h a t B ch a r
E hur the
b u t als o
k i,
E n-
h u r -h u r -r a
ga l
in N
a n -k i
t h i n ks
,
go d TM ,
Th e
w h o m w e i de n ti e d w i th N i n -Gi r s u o r [m gig
1
i s c a ll e d
t h e s o n of A n n a
i n s t e ad o i a s in
u
a
h
b
r
ba r
g
-
of
cas e
ano
n am
fo r
s on of
fo r
f A n um i
T h a t A n u m b e h ere
()
s ic!
fA
veh
re s p
t s a -a b
ni m
'
we l l
as
as of
th e
4
.
p p a re n t fr o m t h e f o l l o w
'
ri gh tly re c o g n i s e d 5 t o
he n c e An i m = J a h
r ar
i t s -r i A
i
ni m w a s
o
A c c ord i n g t o G e n
and
Hea ven
we l l
J a hv e h
an
H en ce
th e l a tt e r go d
co s m os
or
an
twe n ty -o n e
th e
c o rre s p o n d s
an d
hi ,
bu t
H e brew
d z ng i r D u r -A J
uc h
A nim
nlil
V,
c lled
a
ly
A ZV , i
e
he
d i ng i
But if
on
An i m
is
as
Enli l or
king of
h e a v en
and
to
of
A n n a fo r
wh o h av e
not
to
a so
'
a so
E n l il
of
co s m o s
th ere fo re th e ti tl e
h as
t he
of J a h v eh
in
a re
to
J ahveh
th e c o s m o s
or
and
of
one
AN in
the
e a rth
belon g
hosts
h e n c e th e
h e n ce J a h v eh
c os m os , a s
th e S u m e ri a n
t h e 2a m)
and
th e p e r s o n i ed
h ur wh o i s
t he
nl il
E n l i l th e n
b e h ere
p 1 0 10 1 5
2
S e e a l s o t h e di ffe r e n t ge n e a l o gie s o f N i n i b i n m y f o rt h c o m i n g a rt i c l e o n
J a h v e h a n d a l o t h e ge n e a l o gie o f N k t h e s o o f A = E n l i l = l o r d o f h e v e n
=o c e a n a n d wi t h
a n d e a r t h = E k u r = D u r -a n k i w h o a g a i n w e r e ide n t i ed w i t h E a
1
ei s n e r
e a rt h
e a rth
and
th e i r p a re n t
to
T h e f o r m er
An u m is
an
th e
ho s t s
B a byl o n i a n t h e re s p e ct i v e d o m a i n s
h ea v en
e a rth
and
h e a v en
and
in
as
ii
th e e a rth
th o s e o f
a re
h ea v en
7
D a ga n
c o r re s p o n d t o t h e H eb rew mung
e a rth
is
Enlil
an
re a s o n s
Th e
h e av e n
of
cosm os
h os t s
b e i n g h ere o n ly
An n a
kin g
t a n d h e re l i k ewi s e
w a r r i or s
E n l il
E n l il th e
e ry o ft e n we re a d o f th e
in g
N i n -G ir s u th e
th e r
m ust
23
Hy m n e n
us
nu
u,
S in
e g K B V I I pp 22 4 ; 1 3 4
t
S a rgon B
4
5 Je
K B VII 43
n s en
6
t n up
t
m
D
c an
m
Se e
l u ga l
a n -ki
r o n ce
mm me nu was mm
s a -a
1 et
a ss
im
b i mA -n u m
r i
i
i
t
s
q
(
Va
it )
ilu
ha
t2u
A -n i m
D a -g a n
24
th e
h os t s
Enlil i
Z U
d a r k c lo u d
in g
(
LB
V R
n u -m us
ofA
dad
h d
and s
T h e s e c h i l d re n
r a n d ch i l d r e n
i g n i e s
27 u
-m u
i
S ha g
i l uA da d
th e c h i l d re n of E n l i l
ly
as
tar
'
uch
a n am
93 m e n
be
can
a n d s tar s
d
s
o
g
l o
a s
K 26 3 :
and
s ta rs
a s
S h dgi m u i s
th a t r o a r s o r th u n de r s
the one
od s a n
a re
S e e a l s o J e n s e n K0 5 m p 1 40 H e n c e t h e an ! :
t i o n e d t o g ethe r wi th J a h v e h i n P s a l m xx i x 1 if
on
of
m or n i n g
o r th e
c o n s i de re d t o b e
n u -m u s h -d a
na ma s hs h u
- a
I n na n na
sun,
Ad a d w a s
mul
4 6 , 44 a b
th e
or
e v e n Ni n G i rs u
re s p
th e m o o n N i n -C i r s u o r th e th u n der
or
re s p e v e n i n g s t a r e t c
ch il d r e n
be o n l y th e
c an
th e p o wer s of n a t u r e for e v e n a c c o rd i n g t o H eb rew

c o n c ep ti o n th e s t a r s b e lo n g t o t h e r m G e n i 1 4 ; C
the hab ita
a g a i n i s = D u r -o u -h i
S p
wh i ch r
and
Th e mung mm c orre s p o n d s
therefo re ex a c tly t o th e t i tl e o f E n l i l ki n g o f th e go d s
t i o n of
-o u
Ab ov e,
o r t o th e
As h s h u r
of
the
each
a
e a rth
or
g re t g od
-n
u -i i s
7,
sa
b o v e wh ere
,
The
of
An s h a r
An i m
t h e h eav en o f
e fo r
e a rth
h e av
h u -u t A N
as o
the
the
AN
NA
c os m os ,
(
e (
)
mi
th e s t a r s
[N ] A
uch i t
cos mo s)
th e refo re
and
h am e
in
rm a m e n t
of
rm a m e n t o f
the
the
o fAn
im
t h e p o we r s o f
p
a re
a re
the
an d
e a rth
p e ci c d o m a i n o f N i n l i l
2
.
is
he a v e n
p p o s e d t o th e
s
m ean
c an
as
au
o fA n u
n s
e s p ec i a l ly
th t i h b i t t h e
s un,
sa-
cos mos ,
m o re
or
h e av e n
a
id to
wh i ch
e x p re s s i o n
an
th e b ui l der o f
e v ery c a s e th e
ba
or
th e m o o n
-i t s -r i A ni m
i
g
b o de o f g o d A N t h e h e a v e n l y o ce a n b u t
b o d e o f E n li l
hea v en
b u i ld er o f t h e
Enl il
and
n am
bu i l de r o r c re a t o r
l u A -n i m
n ot
on
na
p a r a l l e l t o th e
z
re s p
th e g o d o f E k u r
A N o r A N -N A w e s a w m e a n s = 2a vy
h ame h enc e
Ah
b ui ld er o f
th e
as
o n l y th e
'
th a t
as
ou r t hre e l i s t s
fo r E n l i l
A s s yr
p p ears
An n i s i n
s am
i g n i e s th e
c re a t or o f
t s a -a h
An s h a r = As h s h u r is
w e h e a rd th a t
6,
h a v e be e n th e
s
l uga l di ng i r -r i -n e)
o r E n l il
na
a re
The
th e re fore
tu re
a -t i -i q s a m i i mA -n i m
B E L T H E C HR I S T O F A N C I E N T T I M E S
etc
H e n ce we c a n n o t
mi
V or s t e l l u ng e n
as,
th t th e
L ebe n
In
th e
B e l h e r f a th e r
s a me
g od
as
hu s b a n d
a
of
S e e a l s o J e n s e n Kos m
th e d a u gh te r o f
b ov e p
no
te
B el
sa
i d th e
h is
wi fe
hea v en
and
wi fe
is
1 1
to
G irs u
t o b e co m e
lw a y s t h e
th e
is
ha d
B e l s i g n i fy th e
and
An u
e a rth
and
a l so a
h er
of
s i s t er
Op p o s e d
ri g i n a l ly
hus ban d
as
N i n s h a r e tc
als o
c o n s i dere d
E n sh ar
i te r b u t
s s
Th u s
Bel
or
b ecaus e
Nin l il
ly t h e
b an d
of Enlil
d i ffe re n t i a t e d
on
E n li l
bge
I s h t a r ) we n t
An n
2,
lre a dy
l a te r
on
is t
son
d a u gh t e r
As
wants it
60 ,
J ere
as
I s h t a r is t h e d a u gh t e r o f B e l b e c a u s e s h e
s u ch c a l le d B a u
B u t Ni n
) o f N in C i s u
be i n g th e
d e m To d e ,
w ife
e te c e
n
n a ch
d e r G ot te r i n v er s ch i ede n e
W o h n s i tz
gre n z te H i m m e l g ete i l t
d
t h i s p h r a s e th e id e a
n d i n
vom
25
an d
w i fe
th e w i fe b e i n g
to
wer e
one,
not
b r o th e r o r h u s
i t h a p p e d t h a t th ere c orre s p o n d s t o t h e E n
he r
h r th e h u s b a n d a n A n s h a r a n d t o th e Ni n s h a r th e w i fe
I n oth e r word s : th e h u s b a n d w a s c o n s i d e re d t o
a [ i -s h a r
s
h e av e n
an d
gi g -gh u
for
h ad
b a r -b a r ) ,
ta n,
an
an d
Ga i a
h a d t wo
g a i n in
e t os
p
j
(
a
sun
sun
UD
sun
is
65
l gy
t h i s we
l i k ewi s e p u t b e fo r e
an a o
of
m o on,
was
wh o
n d
th e
to
a so
m o on
s am
r Im
m oon
e ge n e a l o gy
wh ere Kr on os
Ti
h e av e n )
d oub t t h a t
any
b ec o m e
h ad
an d
t ure w a s th e
O u r a n os
on s o f
Th i s
Z U
the
()
.
ff ,
1 10
f a th er Th e
at
th e t i m e
i m p orte d fr o m t h e B a b y l o n i a n s
Th i s c h a n ge t o o k p l a c e
wou l d l i ke th ere fore

An
e a rth
na
The
Ni n -G i rs u
h is
h is
__k i
moon
E x a c tly th e
III
of
N o w th e re c a n n o t b e
p eop l e b e g a n t o rec k o n
c alle d t h e
a re
o r igi n a l ly
()
O r a c S ib
w h en t h i s g en ea lo gy
by m eans o f
wh o
th e e a rth )
was
th e
s on
the
s on s :
l i gh t n i n g d a r k c l o ud
h er o or p ri m e m i n i s te r
h is
we n d
Kr o n o s
m i gh ty
e a rth
th u n deri n g
th e
b e low
b eco m e s t h u s th e h u s ba n d o f th e
h e av en
th e
th e w i fe t o b e
an d
be
at
t i m e wh e n th e
s u n -y e a r s
c cord i n g t o
i de n t i f y Kr o n os w i th
in th e
and
UD
Ol d T e t m e t G i
ll ed t h g r e t e r l ig h t
ca
s a
en
"
.
We
th e
s un
wh e r e
th e
See C
26
CHRIST
B E L, T H E
or
ri gi
(
Th e s e i d e n t ic a t i o n s e xpl a i n
fl ood t o ry i t
is E a
-s
Kro n o s wi t h
in
th e
t h eo l og i ca l
is
the
AM AR
On
c c o un t
y s te m t h e
U D,
th e
of
th i s p e c u l i a ri t y J e n s e n
! E a is
Ea
of
s on
of U
c o rre ctly b e c a l l e d th e
of M a rd uk
P os e i d on
P o s e i do n
or
th e A M A R U D
Kro n o s
I f Kro n o s
l i ke wi s e Kr o n o s fo r
Ar m
B el o s i n t h e
e rs
f E useb
u em
a t r e m n u n c up a n t A r a m a z d i
q
p
o n c e m o re t o
R e t ur n i n g
h is
f a th e r
Ch ro n
l oc
wa s
ci t
qu i t e
th e f a th e r
th e
n a me
A h ur a m a z
H enc e
id e n t i
m ay
h is
c c o rd i n g t o
h a d t o h a ve
M a rd u k i s
B u t M a rd uk
t h e c h i ef -g o d o f th e B a byl o n i a n s th e n
c co rd i n g t o th e B a byl o n i a n
s on
son of
1
.
c c ord i n g t o wh i ch Kr on os w a r n s
wh il e
b u t wro n gly
Ea ;
s
Kro n o s h e n c e M a rk u k
U D is
an d
B er o s u s
U i -n ap i s h t i m ) ,
C h is o u t h ro s
e d
of
l ly t h e
sun
m igh ty
c o rre c tl y th e h i th e rt o m i s
a so
na
u n d er s t o o d s t a te m e n t
t he
wi th N i n -Gi r s u ,
ri g i n a lly th e m o o n ) Ti t a n
a n d fap e t os w i th th e m oo n
h er o
o
da
gl o s s t o
Kp vov,
4
.
thre e l i s t s we w i l l h a v e
our
to
dis t in
gu i s h be twe e n
a
AN
h e a v e nl y
cean
th o s e t we n ty -o n e g o d s
an
d i ffe r e n t
d is
n am
broth e r
mth e r
an
A n tu m
NA
fE a
or
As
fo r
an d
An n
uc h i t
an
and
AN
s an
An u m
as s
two o f o u r l i s t s
uc h th e fa t h e r
th i s go d i s c a ll e d
Ea
ga i n
a nd
0f
go d u n d e r twe n ty
one
d i ng i G U R
of
Is
b et t e r o f
or
in
c al l e d
In A s s yri a n
t h a t b r o u gh t f o rt h
t erre s tr i a l
AN = c o s m o s
es
wh o is
AN
th e l o rd th e p a re n t
one
KI
a re
An u m ,
o n s o f th e
and
h ea v en l y
d s e i th er
l! i i
fo r
,
an
An u m
e a rth )
An t u m
i s a g a i s t Z i m m e r n K A T p 3 51 w h o t h i n k s t h a t t h e y a r e ge n a u
e n ts p r ec h e n d de r b a b y l o n i s c h e n T r i a s A n u B e l E a a l s S Oh n e n d e s P a a r e s An s h a r
K is h ar
2
L i b e ch o edi t S c h o e n e p 1 9 20
p 391
T h i s s t a t e m e n t i s v e r y i m p o rt a n t
I t s h ows t h a t A h u r a m a d a w a s c o n s ide r ed
t o b e t h e s a m e a s M a r d u k h a d t h e r e f o r e t o h a v e t h e s a m e f a t h e r
Ah ri m an a n d
A h r a m a d a i s M a r d u k di f
fe r e n t i a t ed i n t o t h e M a r d u k o f t h e w i n t e r = d a r k n e s s
a nd t h
M a r d u k o f t h e s u m m e r = l i gh t
T h e M a rd u k o f t h e w i n te r i s =N b o a n d
t h e M a r d u k o f t h e s u m m e r =A M A R U D
C f t h e i m p o rt a n t p a s s a ge I s a i a h xl 7 :
1 f o r m t h e l ig h t a n d c r e a t e d a r k n e s s
I a m t h e l o rd
H e r e t h e p ro p h e t e x
p re l y de n ie t h a t l ig h t a n d d a r k n e s s h a v e t wo d i ffe r e n t s o u r c e s B o t h h a v e o
a v e r y c o rr e c t B a b y l o n i a n ide a
go d fo r t h ei r a u t h o r
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AN CI E N T T I M E S
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CH RI ST
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T h e p a s s a ge s c i t ed i n t h i s a n d t h e p r e c edi n g n o t e a r e i m p o rt a n t
) W e h a v e h e re
th e An n o n a of h a v e n
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A n u n n a k i a s t h e y a r e ge n e ra ll y c a ll ed i n t h e As s y r i a n i n s c r i p t i o n s
B o th c l a s s e s
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wh i l e t h e s t o r m o o d i t s e lf is N i n C i rs u o r Im giggh u b a r b a r t h e s o n o f E n l i l
h
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as s ig n ed t o h i s c o u rt a s i s d o n e i n t h e c e l e b r a t ed h y m n t o S i n
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is
ble
N ow i f Ch r i s t
,
C or
xv
to
t ic e wh a t p h i l o
a dd uce for th e re s urre ct i o n o f Ch ri s t
pec i a l i n te re s t t o
no
p re a ch e d t h a t h e h a t h b e e n r a i s e d fro m
is
s ay s
om e
r ect i o n o f t h e d e a d ?
de a d
t h e d e a d h ow
an d
r a i s e d t h en
not
I f Ch ri s t h a th
so
as s
no t o n
a ir
f t h e R es u r r ect i on wh i c h fr o m
a n d welc o m e l i g h t
doc t r i n e
a new
r ec e i v e s
and
wh o e i th er t a k e
go d o f th e
th e h i gh e s t i m p o rt a n ce
of
u n de r s t a n d i n g o f t h e B a byl o n i a n rel i g i o n
ga t i o n
t o l i n ge r
h ad
e ry l o n g o v e r t h i s p re l i m i n a ry i n v e s t i g a t i o n fo r h ere w e
En l il to b e
is
wi th o u t s o m e v e ry d e n i te re a s o n t h a t we
n ot
d i re c t o p p o s i ti o n t o
in
a re
L I E F I N R ES U RR E C T I ON
am
on g
B u t if th e re
is
e i t h e r h a th Ch ri s t bee n r a i s e d
1 2, 1
th a t th e re i s
yo u
no
1
.
no
re s u rre c t i o n
res u r
of
the
Th e
s am
a r gi
im e n t
is
We w i t n e s s e d
h e ra i s e d
i f th e d e a d
N o ti ce ,
rais ed
a re n o t
S t Pau l d oes
.
fore t h e d e a d ri s e
but
th e l as t co n c l u s i o n
th e re
a re n o t
P a ul
s a
of
Ch ri s t
For
I f the re b e
re s urrec t i o n o f th e d e a d
a
!
h e wan ts
re s u rre c t i o n of
no
is
P a u l th e n
,
ca n a n d
l o
ri s e
do
an d
co u l d
a s
re s urrec t i o n
wh o m
h o we v e r t o d r a w
us,
and
di d
t h u s b as e d
is
an d
t a k e s i t fo r
b ec a u s e
rise
if
in
an
t h ey c a n
H e n c e wi t h
Th e f a c t
r a i s ed
th e re s u r rec t i o n o f t h e d e a d th e re s u rrect i o n o f Chri s t
d i s p ut a bl e f a c t th a t th e d e a d
Ch r i s t
5,
e i th e r h a th Ch ri s t b e e n r a i s e d
:
a
b ec a u s e C h ri s t r o s e t h ere
s y
d o ri s e therefore
ri s e
th e re b e t h e n d i d Ch ri s t ri s e
an d
e rs e s
n ot
not
v i c e ve r s a :
th e d e a d t he n Ch ri s t d i d
in
b e t h a t th e d e a d
so
l o
a s
th a t h e r a i s e d u p C h ri s t
o f Go d
u p if
not
t o b e fou n d
is
g i ve n
c c or d i n g t o S t
rg u m e n t a t i o n u p o n t h e f a c t o f th e re s ur rect i o n o f t h e de a d
,
I f y o u d e n y t h e l a t t e r y o u ip s o fa ct o d e n y th e fo r m e r
E v er yt h i n g d e p e n d s u p o n o u r b e l i e f i n t h e re s u r re c t i o n o f t h e
dead
I f we d o n o t b el i e v e i n th i s we d o n o t a n d c a n n o t b el i e v e
i n Ch ri s t s r e s u rrec t i o n ! H e n c e i t i s q u i t e n a t ur a l t h a t S t P a u l
wh e n a d d u c i n g t h e a rg u m e n t s i n f a v o r o f t h e re s u rrec t i o n o f Ch r i st
s h o u l d b ri n g i n a l s o t h o s e p roo f s wh i ch e s t a b l i s h t h e tru th o f t h e
r e s urre c ti o n of the d e a d ! A n d wh a t a re t h e s e ?
as
u ch
But
ome
w i ll
one
how
s ay ,
a re
th e d e a d r a i s e d ?
w i t h wh a t m a n n e r o f b ody d o th e y c o m e ? Th o u fool i s h
th a t wh i c h t h o u t h y s el f
die
th a t
an d
s
th a t wh ic h t h o u
h a l l b e bu t
,
of s o m e o th er ki n d
Th e p r o o f
na t ur e
of s
to
in
die
q ui ck e n e d exc e p t i t
n ot
o we s t t h o u s o w e s t
,
m ay
o ne,
n ot
th e b od y
c h a n c e o f wh e a t o r
,
1
.
f a v o r o f th e re s u rrec t i o n o f t h e d e a d i s t a ke n fro m
om e
an
ther k i n d
,
ew ri s e t o
,
gr a i n ,
i t m ay c h a n c e
Th e g r a i n i s p u t i n t o t h e e a rth
b ut
to die
n ew
l i fe
and
an d
b e q u i c ke n e d
b e a r fru i t
ga in
B u t th i s
t h e sp r i ng ! S t P a u l s a rg u m e n t th e n i s th i s :
th e s p ri n g n a tu re or m o th e r e a r t h bri n g s f o r t h n e w l i fe
th e gr a i n doe s o n ly
As i n
b a re gr a i n i t
re m a i n th ere
an d
t hu s s p ro ut
an d
o we s t i s
H e c o m p a re s t h e h u m a n b o di e s t o
o f whe a t o r
not
a nd
in
C or
xv
25
B E L T H E C H R I S T O F AN C I E N T TI M E S
,
q u ic k e n s t h e g r a i n m a ke s i t s p r o u t a g a i n s o a l s o t h e de a d
wi l l b e q u ic k e n ed b e r a i s e d t o n e w l i fe o n t h a t gre a t m or n i n g wh e n
,
th e
e ter n a l
re u rr e c t i o
p ri n g b e gi n s
N a t u r e d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e fa c t o f t h e
f a c t i n n a t ure w a s
t r a n s e r r ed t o
m
e
n
a
s
l
o
bec a u s e th ey t o o a re a p a rt o f n a t u re !
f
M e n a s a p a r t o f n a tu re c o ul d n o t m a k e a n exc e p ti o n c ou l d n o t
s
Thi
re s urre ct i o n
bec a u s e
u ps e t t h e l aws o f
p a rt o f
na
lon gs t o
t ure
t ure h e n c e
h ad to
ri s e
But if
ri s e th e n Ch ri s t a l s o h a d to ri s e
T h a t i s th e a rgu m e n t of S t P a ul
do
m an
na
D ETAI L S
mad e
H av i n g
t h i s cl e a r we
c o n n ec t i o n wi t h C h ri s t
as
he
fo r
no
p a s s t o th e de t a i l s
Th e s e
l o s u ffere d for s i n s
a s
th e e s h b u t qu i cke n e d
and
p re a ch e d u n t o th e
t i m e we re di s o b e d i e n t
wh o i s
an
gel s
h im
on
on
in
we n t
St
C h ri s t
in
in
pro b a bly e n u m
a re
be
b e s t i n th e well -k n ow n b u t m o s t d i fc u l t p a s s a ge o f
Pe t e r i i i 1 8 ff wh er e we re a d :
e ra t e d
m ay
men,
ce
th e
p i ri t s
bei n g p ut to de a t h
p i ri t
in
whi ch
in
l o he
a s
p ri s o n wh i c h
f re
a o
th e re s urre c t i o n of J e s u s Ch ri s t
th e ri g h t h a n d of G od h a v i n g g o n e i n to h e a v e n
,
and a
u t h o ri ti e s
and
p ower s be i n g
m a de
ubj ect u n to
1
.
p ec ic h i s t o ri c f a ct s c o n n ec te d
wi t h t h e r e s urrec ti o n o f Ch ri s t o c c u rre d i n t h e fol lowi n g s e que n ce
1
s u ffe ri n g
2 de a t h
goi
g
a
and
n
b
3 q u i c ke n i n g
4
)
)
p re a c h i n g u n t o t h e s p i r i t s i n p ri s o n 5 re s urrec t i o n
A s Ch r i s t s s u fferi n g h as n o th i n g t o d o w i t h o u r i n v e s t i g a t io n
A c co r d i n g t o
th i s p a s s a g e
the
h e re we c o n n e ou r s e l v e s t o f a ct s No s
,
th e
D eat h
ccord i n g t o N T
.
l i fe p ri n c i p l e
-
or
i n t o t h e gr av e wh i l e t h e
1
br a Ka i
?) i rvci
a va o r
an
do w g
:
Xpi o r bg dr a g
Ka i
'
in
ou l
us u s
l oqu e n d i i s
fro m th e
ou l c o n ti n u e s
body
to
l iv e
t h e s ep a r a ti o n
as a
s
Ga v a r we ig ,n v
dua pr i cb v 5711 1 198
u a o e n op ev d c l g xhp vgcv
ra ha m) n vcix
g
0
0g s a r w
68 51 9
1)
imp yyhwv Ka i Egovm d w Ka i dvvdlu w
r ov
196 0 12 n o cv c i g El
p
,
is
Th e b o dy
7 ol g
I naon Xp t O TO
o a prci ,
p i ri t
of
put
To
(m
d cl g (
55
mon o
'
71 0 1 s
v
f ovpa vov ,
rl z
vn o r a yv r o v
B E L T H E C H R I S T O F AN C I E N T TI M E S
34
u ch s p i ri t s i
oul s s e p a r a t e d fr o m t h e b o dy Ch ri s t w e n t
1
p re a ch ed
I f dea t h b e
an
u i ch e n i n
b o dy
an d
d ays
a ra t e d
th ird
Ch ri s t
be
ri s e n
oi
m orn in g
f al l
As
oon
d i d Ch ri s t g o
th i s
On
q u i cke n e d
.
p iri t l
H e n c e Ch ri s t
s ou l
th e b o d y
i m m ed i a te l y
this
h is
f a l l s b e twee n
wi s e
as
4)
and
go i n g
h is
one
u i ch en e d
-m
i g
av n
or n i n g
an d
c q u i re d
uch
n ew
l i fe
h is
and
h is
i d t o hav e
becom e
he
we r
t e
fac t
as
ke d :
b e on ly
c an
h is
ft e r
b ei n g
no t
p i ri t
tak e place
in th e
g r a v e ;n o r
qu i cke n e d
p re a c h i n g d i d
Ch ri s t
As
an s
b o dy w a s ly i n g
b e i n g q u i c ke n e d
e a rly E a s te r
on
bein g
the
e a r l y E a s t er
on
h ad
m or n i n g ,
fo r h e w a s
sa
o n ly g o d ow n t o t h e p ri s o n b u t
th e c orre c t
h is
is
on
sep
qu i c ke n i n g o r th e
p re a ch ?
du ri n g t h o s e t h re e d a y s wh il e
di d
ri e n t gi v e s i t
q ui cke n i n g
In
ou l w ere
I f t h ere f o re th e que s t i o n
an d
th i s
as
e a rl y E a s t er
in
p re a ch ed
an d
and
Ch ri s t
h is
ou l
b e i n g q u i c ke n e d
d ay
h enc e
va
S cri p tu re fo r th ree
to
b o dy m u s t h av e t a ke n p l a c e
and
ou l
too
h e we n t
h e we n t
s am
th e
on
th e
i
h s
r eu n i t i n g o f t h e
bo d y
or as
t o ri s e h e n c e
h ad to
c c o rd i n g
t h e s e t h re e d a y s
Wh e n
to b e de ad
e a rly E a s te r -m o r n i n g
on
u n i ti n g
d a y h e h a d
ou l fro m t h e b o dy th e n t h e
t o ge th er
o i n i ng
h ad
the
a r a t i on o f
th e s e t h re e d a y s t h e n
Af t er
m us t
D u ri n g
a se
h i s s ou l
in
reu n i te d t o
j o u r n e y t o p ri s o n t h e n
,
re s u rrec ti o n i
,
q u i cke n e d
s
p i ri tu a l l i fe
he
one
in
l ih e
p iri t
he
w ent
p re a c h e d o r b e tt er :
g o i n g p re a c he d
p
d is xp )
A n d wh a t d i d h e p re a c h ? T h e
c o n t e n t s o f Ch ri s t s p re a ch i n g i s
n o t gi v e n h ere
W e a re t h e refo re o b l i ge d t o d e ter m i n e t h e e x a c t
n a t u re o f th i s
fr o m th e c o n tex t
Th e wo rd myp i
ex
m
p
p re s s e s s i m p l y t h e i d e a t h a t Ch ri s t w a s a h e r a l d o r o fc i a te d
a s a h e r a ld
or
pro c l a i m e d s o m et h i n g a fte r th e m a n n e r o f a
h e r a ld
A h er a l d a l w a y s a c t s i n t h e n a m e a n d u p o n t h e c o m m a n d
and
ev
cv
ev
i a cr a v
ofa
h igh er p er s on
1
so
o f th e n a
a
acc o
pi s h t u
ft e r de t h
a
yl i n
l i f e pr i i pl e f r m
ll ed l i m m
r di n g
or
h e n c e wh a te v er C h ri s t p rocl a i m e d
a s a s o -c a
to B a b
-
on a
nc
u or
ep t i o n
th e b od y
c on c
h er a l de d
de a t h c o n s i s ts in a s ep a ra t i o n
Th is
p i h t u c on tin u es to l ive
a ls o J en s e n K
B V I 1 p p 40 6
th e
utuh h u
or
see
na
4 53
2
Th
e xp l a i n
is
th e
e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e p h r a s e wh i c h
di f c u l t ie s i n v o l v ed s e e m y a rt i c l e o n J a h v e h
is th e
com m on
h ow
e ver d o es n o t
,
B E L T H E C HR I S T O F A N C I E N T TI M E S
,
m us t
e
hav e been
l s e ; s o m e th i n g
t hin g
o m eth i n g wh i ch h e
wh i c h h e
to
was
c
ot h v e b e e n t h e
c o n s i de r a t i o n
an n
re c e i v e d fr o m
had
ut h o ri s ed
go s p el
T h a t th i s
eon e
som
s om
f o ll o w s fr o m t h e foll o wi n g
I
m e ri t
p re a ch th e g o s p e l
by ea yy elxia v
l w ay s
in
er e
in
ba yy
(
l l o dn
e a
e t
th e w rd
is
exp re s s e d b y
1 1
th e w ord
M a t t h iv
.
iii
is
it
5,
an
S u ppose
l a s t ch a n c e
to
23
and
of
M os es
M ark i
M a rk
fo r
e ith e r for
,
B e s i de s th a t we h a v e
fo r
p re a c h
but
np i
not x
i a o a v
xv i
get o u t of i t
wh i ch fo l l o w s t h e v e rb
o ffe re d t o t h e
p i r it s th a t
a re
p ri s o n
v iz
An d
G od
as
h er a l d
rgu m e n t
p ri s o n
in
in R e v
us
in o
ri ch m a n
is
th is
not
in
p ri s o n
wa s
1 2
L az
do
s a l va
a nd
the
ru s
last
to
th e
t i on
p r op h
c co rd i n g ly
th e m th ey l o s e
n ot an d
t r a i gh t
c ou l d
n ot
all
be
ch a n ce !
t o t h e qu e s ti o n w i th re g a rd t o th e
m ean i n g
us o
v er
to
M os es
an d
in
po o r
t i me
th e
l i s te n
rder t o gi v e th e m
an d
Th ey h a v e
th a t Chri s t i n d ee d
ext p o i n t
o f our
of
the
mi
Th i s p ri s o n
w he re th e
c vlt a
0 6
Th i s l a s t c o n s i der a t i o n l e a d s
i n q u i ry
H e n c e t he re
l v a t i on
'
21
I f t h ey h e a r th e m
sa
t each
ft e r d e at h
xv
K77p 15
0
'
a re
c i rc u m c i s i o n
b u t t he n we w o ul d b e a g a i n
e d i f th ey d o
s av
c h a n c e s o f thei r
to
A ct s
of a
ke
h er a ld i n g
s ns ,
sa
or
t h e go s p e l o f th e k i n g
b pti
M a r k i 4 ; re
15;
a
sm
L u k e xxi v 4 7 ;
Ch ri s t A c t s
u n t o th e s p i ri t s
l e t t h e m h ea r t h e m
m uch
wh e n t h e p re a ch i n g t o ok
l i ve
45 ;
a n a n el
g
th e
on e a r t h , n o t a
they w i l l b e
w a s t h e g osp e l
end
th e p r o c l a i m i n g
W h a t t h i s p a r ab l e wan ts
e ts ,
t h is
v ery
us
fo r t o
o n tr a d i c t i o n t o th e p a r a b l e o f t h e
i s h er e
u nto
help
not
a n o b ec t
u s ed o f
t h e g osp e l
r ea c h e d
oE
s,
re m i s s i o n o f
and
p e n t an c e
v
F or
m eantim e
th e
T h u s w e h av e t o p re a c h
V
d oe s
W h e n e v e r th e c o n t e n t s
th e N e w T e s t a
in
g i v e n th i s
al
t h o s e wh o we re
a re
p l a c e b u t wh o d i e d
the
P e te r i v
t h e dea d
e ve n u n t o
th e d e a d
e x p re s s e d
is
The
b r e a ch e d
To
p p e a r s h ere
p i ri t s
the
n o t n vcii ua a i o r t h e
so
as a
uls
kin d
of
a a
m th e b od
p l a ce
ep a r a ted fr o m th e i r b o di e s
l ep r t ed fr
sou s s
k ee p i n g pl a c e
th e
36
ch i
CHRI ST
B E L, T H E
or
mm a
u t u hh u
or
t o b e fou n d
a re
The
ehi m m u a n d u t u hh u
cc ord i n g to B a byl o n i a n i d e a s t h ei r a bo d e in th e
p l a c e wh i c h
th e ref o re b e
na
tur a l
of
it
to be
h as
ri c h m a n
to
de p a rt ed s p i ri t s b e
l o m e a n t h ere
a s
u bd i v i d e d
poor
an d
L az
a
a
ga in
ru s
e th e r worl d
I f i t be t h e n
,
c c ord i n g t o th e p a r a bl e o f th e
i n t o two s u b di v i s i o n s
ee
(
)
1
a s
t h a t p a r a b l e : A b ra h a m s
b o s o m xw c A Bp n) ; 2) a n u n comfor t a b l e o n e o r H a d e s p ro p e r
B o th o f
In t h e f o r m e r we n d L a z a r u s i n t h e l a t t er t h e ri ch m a n
th e s e m e n a rri v e i n th e i r r e s p e c t i v e a b o d e s a s s oo n a s t h e y d i e :
i n gl y
p l a c e wh i ch
I t woul d
u p p o s e th a t t h i s p l a ce t h e
hav e
eth e r worl d
ea r t h
c o n s i de re d t o b e wi th i n ) th e
wa s
H a de s p l a c e
c om or t a b l e
(
x
aa
is
in
c al l e d
An d
an
gel s i n t o
an d
in
th e b e g g a r d i e d
wa s
Ab r a h a m
b u ri e d
t or m e n t s
e eth
an
b os om
in
and
an d s
was
and
c a rri e d
t h e r i c h m an
H a d e s h e l i fte d u p
Ab r ah a m
a wa
of
f, a n d
f r
a a
h is
L az
y b y th e
l o died
a s
eye s b e i n g
,
ru s i n
hi s
bosom
I f the
p ri s o n
o f S t Pe te r b e t h e
t he H a d e s w i t h it s
two s ub d i v i s i o n s th e q u e s t i o n m a y b e a s ke d : D id Ch ri s t g o t o th e
u n co m fo rt a bl e o r th e c o m fo r t a b l e p a r t o f H a de s i n o rd e r t o
p re a ch ? A c co rd i n g t o S t P e t e r Ch r i s t p re a c h e d u n t o t h e s p i ri t s
i n p ri s o n wh i c h a fo re t i m e we re di s obe d i e n t
Th e a s s u m p t i o n
t he r e fo r e m i gh t s e e m t o f a v o r t h e V i e w t h a t h e w e n t t o H a d e s
pro p er t h e u n c o m fo rt a b l e p l a c e t h e a b od e of t h e ri ch m a n
G r a n te d h e we n t t o t h i s p l a c e a n d g r a n t e d a l s o t h a t h e p re a ch e d
t h e go s p el t o th e s p i ri t s i n t h i s p l a c e o f t or m e n t i n ord e r t o g i v e
th e m a l a s t ch a n c e t o s e c u re t h e i r s a l v a t i o n t h e n a g a i n we wo ul d
b e i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n t o Ch ri s t s e x p r e s s s t a t e m e n t s wh o q u o t e s
Ab r a h a m a s s a y i n g :
.
s am
as
An d
all
b es i de
t h i s b et w e e n
,
u s and
y o u t h ere
is
gre a t
gul f Xci o p a p eya ) xe d th a t t h ey wh o wo u ld p a s s f ro m h e n c e

t o y o u m a y n o t b e a ble a n d t h a t n o n e m a y c ro s s o v e r f r o m
.
th e n c e t o
a re
a re
in
o t h e r wo rd s
In
that
us
in A b r a h am
th e re
H d e p ro p e r c
a
is
no
ge tti n g ou t
any
b o s o m re m a i n the re for e v er
an n
o t b e t r a n s ferre d
a ny
m ore
m o re
and
to
th o s e
th o s e th a t
Ab rah am
T H E C H R I S T O F AN C I E N T TI M E S
B E L,
H e n ce i f Ch ri s t h a d i n d e e d p re a c hed th e go s pel t o th e
s p i ri t s i n H a d e s p rop er
h e wo u l d h a v e do n e s o m eth i n g wh i ch w a s
t o s a y t h e l e a s t u s el e s s fo r h e k n ew th a t h e cou l d n o t h el p
t h e m F r o m t h i s i t fol l o w s t h a t C h ri s t d i d n o t a n d c o ul d n o t h a v e
p re a ch e d th e gosp e l n o r d i d h e or c ou l d h e h a v e g o n e t o H a de s
p r o p e r th e u n co m f o rt a b le p l a c e
A b o v e w e s a w th a t th e v e rb np i
w s i m p ly expre s s e s th e i de a
t h a t Ch r i s t a s t h e m e s s e n ger o f a h i gh e r p e r s o n h e r a ld ed o r p ro
bo s o m
i cr a e
c laimed
o m e th i n g
in
q u i ck e n e d
li fe
of
h is
With
d a rk n e s s
th e
p i ri t
l o o v e r l i fe
As
uch
b a t tl e
an end
i c t or th e ki n g
n ot
k i n g o v e r l i fe
ft e r h a v i n g a c qu i re d
g ra v e c om es t o
an d
t h a t h e h a s b e co m e t h e
a s
b e i n g q u i c ke n e d Ch ri s t
d ea t h
Th i s h e d i d i m m ed i a te ly
an d
fte r
h is
a new
be i n g
(
s
p i ri tu a l )
g a i n s t th e p owe r s
I t is th e a s s u r a n ce
o n l y o v e r de a t h b u t
de a t h i t b eh o v e s
h im
t o s it i n j ud g m e n t o v e r t h e l i fe a n d d e a th of t h e s p i ri t s i n p ri s o n
Ch ri s t
a n d n o t o n l y o v e r t h e s e b u t a l s o o v e r t h a t o f a l l m a n ki n d
,
h e r a l d i n g b e c a u s e i t c a n n o t b e
th e refore ex p re s s t h e i d e a t h a t H e
p re a ch i n g o f t h e g o s pel
k i n g o v e r l i fe
as
l o th e f a t e s wi th r e g a rd t o th e l i fe
n ow a s
an d
de a t h
and
of
must
de a th
h as
t h e wh ol e o f
p a rt i c ul a r o f t h e S pi ri t s i n p ri s o n i n h i s h a n d H e
i n s t a n tl y e xe rc i s e s t h e p ower s th a t b el o n g t o h im h e s i t s i n j ud g
m e n t o v e r t h e f a t e s of t h e s p i ri t s h e b ec o m e s wh a t th e B a b y l o
m an k i n d
mi a n s
in
wo ul d c a l l
d e s t i n es
h era l d
is ,
an d
an d s
one
a s we s
s h i md t z ,
e a l s ) t h e f a te s
that
h al l
m us h i m
see s
c t s fo r
h or t l y
ano
l a n gu a g e G od t h e F a th er
J u d g m e n t h owe v er i s
As
one
uch
m u s h i m s h i md t i
t he r p e r s o n
t h e g re a t god s
th a t dete r m i n e s
Th i s o the r
or
i n Ne w
(
and
h e is
p er s o n
Te s t a m e n t
p a s s ed exc e p t in a p l a c e e s p eci a l l y
as
n
s
a
i
s
a
;
i
d
e
for
t
h
i
p
u
r
p
o
e
Th
i
p
l
c
e
c
l
l
e
d
h
e
re
pri
o
s
s
s
set as
awa i t
re
s
a
s
u
c
h
i
t
h
ou
e
roo
wh
i
ch
t
h
e
p
i
ri
t
ke
pt
to
n
m
i
a
s
is a
s
th e i r j u d g m e n t a n d h a s th erefore n o th i n g t o d o wi th H a d es We
t
o s pe a k o f the
o
m
n
l
l
h
e
r
o
r
e
b
ou
t
t
h
i
r
o
o
wh
e
w
e
c
e
m
s
a
m
a
sh a
B a b y l o n i a n U b s h u gin a
I f w e s u m u p o u r r e s ul t s th ey wo u ld b e th e f o ll o wi n g : C h ri s t
d i e d : b od y a n d s o u l were s e p a r a ted t h i s s e p a r a ti o n l a s ted fo r th re e
n
a
a
n
n
d
s
a
o
d a y s ! O n th e t h i r d d a y h i s b d y
ou l were re u i te d g i
,
not
38
CHRI ST
B E L, T H E
he
qu i c k e n e d
was
Th i s t o o k p l a c e
h im self
h i m s elf
p i ri t
t h i s t i m e b ut
th e v i c t o r
as
h is
in
th u s
as
m u shim
by
h ad
s io n e d
C hri s t
uch h e
H e c o ul d
h i gh e r
ct s
a
h en c e
a so a
in
u th o ri ty
Gu n k e l
44 0 ,
of a
p ri s o n
of
t re
na u
wh er e th e
Ch r i s t b ec o m e s
i,
t h e god s
in
A ft er
p ri s o n h e ri s e s
,
Ma n
c om m i s
one
as
a re
an d n a
wh o de ter m i n e s t h e
th e s p i ri t s
wa s m a n
p roc l a i m
B y th i s h e r a l d i n g
one
wh i c h l a tte r
ga in
c an an d
ture de m o n s t r a te s
th e d e a d d o ri s e t o
th ere
n a t u r e, s o
l i fe
new
is
an d
wa s
f Ch ri s t !
D O CTRI N E O F
T HE
of
is
th e
i n Th e
RES
R e s urre c t i o n
n ow a
d m i t te d b y
p e c i a l i n v e s ti g a t i o n ;
r tic l e
Th e p roc l a i m i n g
re s u rrec ti o n o f
th e O l d T e s t a m e n t
u bj ec t
th e s p ri n g t h a t
R e s u rre c t i o n
h e r a ld
as
p ar t o f
T h a t th i s doc t ri n e
s
ga in
is
is
the re
as
O R IGI N O F
in
j ud gm en t
hi m a t i i
d i d r i s e bec a u s e h e
a nd
e v e ry ye a r
us
d e ter m i n e d th e f a te s
d o e s ri s e be c a u s e h e
to
l i fe
ly th e q u i c k
h is
or
th e s p i r i t s w e re s e a l ed o r d ete r m i n ed
B a by l o n i a n
f a te s
of
t es
re s u rrec ti o n
fo r
p i ri t u a l
not on
h o wi n g
r o o m c a l le d
But
h is
a new s
c qui re d
de p a rt ed s p i ri t s w e re k ep t h el d
th e
a so
an d
v icto r took p lace
as
e a r ly E a s ter -m o r n i n g
on
e n in g o c c u r e d a t
in g
th e
in
OF
M on i s t fo r
UR R E C T I O N
its
c a n n o t h av e
s o u fc e
wh o m a d e th i s t h e
all
h e re e s p ec i a ll y P rofe s s o r
see
A p ril ,
90 3
pp
and
4 7 41 9
wh ere h e c o n s i d e r s t h e re s u rre c ti o n of Ch ri s t
h is
and
43 9
des cen t
i n t o H a d e s i n c l i n i n g t o th e b e l i e f th a t th e s e doc t r i n e s w e re b rou gh t
,
m
a
fro
to J ud i
a sm
f a i th fu l t o b e
an d
s na
t e l l a r re l i g i o n
tch e d
in
l ife
re l i gi o n s
f t e r d e a th
fo r
wh o l e O r ie n t
It
in g
is
i t is
wa s
not
as
ys p
h as
It
l le d wi t h i t
at
and
in
a num
in
th e Pe r s i a n
l o n a l ly
a s
i t s tr a n ge th a t i t re s i s t e d th e b el ief
amon
th e t i m e o f G ude a p a te s i o f S h i rp u l a
,
ber
An d
be
O ri e n t a l
th a t th e
a re s
peak
dopts thi s
long
so
so
l on g
be
In
ee i n g
g th e B a byl o n i a n s
at a
bo u t
of
and
th e t i m e o f wh i c h we
th e r e s urrec t i o n ex i s t e d
w el l k n o w n th a t t h e
l o n g b ee n p re s e n t
re m a rk a b l e th a t J ud a i s m
is
is
th e e a rth
of
tars
t r a n ge th a t J u d a i s m d i d re s i s t th i s bel i ef
th a t th e b eli e f
e a rly
sa
th e i de a l o f the
was
w a y fr o m th e t r a n s i t o ri n e s s
e x a m p l e the E gyp ti a n
l i e f bu t r a th e r
dee d
wh i ch i t
b e c o m e l i k e u n t o th e e v e r b e a m i n g d i v i n e
to
l i ttl e furth er b el ow h e
l i ef
in
3 20 0
as
B C
.
CHR I ST
B E L, T H E
B u t s om e
m ay
one
O l d Te s t a m e n t wh i c h
th a t t here
s ay
do
or
a re
39
e v er a l p a s s a ge s
th e
in
h o w t h a t th e H e brew s d i d be l i e v e
in
re s urre c t i o n q u o ti n g e s pe c i a lly th e f a m i l i a r p a s s a g e i n J o b xi x 2 5:
n
o
a
m
I k w t h t y red ee m er l i v e th et c
Pr o fe s s o r G u n k e l whe n
,
p e a ki n g o f th i s p a s s a ge re m a rk s qu i t e r i gh tly
,
fr
om
t hi p
s
i ty th a t G o d
is
ge
ass a
th t
a
J o b th i n k s
we
al l
mom ent
of
m ay
g a the r
c an
th e
p o s s i b il
s
h
i
m
u
t
e
v
e
fte
r
d
e
th
p
n
a
a
l oe ci t
j i
a c c o u n t o f t h e i m p ort a n c e o f t h i s d o c tr i n e i t w ul d s e e m
o
On
to
c l o s el y
and
tra ces o f
The
t i n u a t io n
in
bel ief
re s u rrec ti o n
a nd
c c o rd i n g
dead p os s es s
c e r t a i n de g re e
t h e i r l i v i n g b re thre n
h ad
k n ew wh a t
c p t i i ty
l i fe a fte r d e a th
s om e
h appen ed
l o t a ke
to
fte r de a th
not
wee p s
fo r
th ey k o w th e fu ture
a c on
th i s v i ew the
re t a i n th e i r
th ere fore
a re
ly k n ow wh a t
on
i n tere s t
an
is
h ap
th e f o rt u n e s
in
he r ch i l dre n
4
,
th e J ew s d uri n g th e t i m e
tate
to
be d i vid e d i n t o
elf -c o n s ci o u s n e s s
t hey
R a che l
m ay
ad
m o re
l eas t
at
A cc o rd i n g t o
a s
the m
in
h a v e k n owle dge
on es
p e n s u p o n t h e e a rth b u t th ey
of s
m ov e m en t
an d
p e e ch
p o n th e e a rth
wh ich th e
to
c a ll e d
sh e
th e O ld Te s t a m e n t
p o s s i bl e re s urre c ti o n
o f th e l i fe
p owe r o f
and a
e v e r a l p a s s a ge s o f t he O l d Te s t a m e n t wi th reg a rd
Thos e
of
wh e th e r we c a n n o t de tec t
see
l i fe a f t e r d e a t h
1
th re e c l a s s e s :
1
e x a m i n e th e s e v e r a l p a s s a ge s
v is ab l e
of
fo r
of
if
as
th e i r
wh e n c e th ey we re c o n s u l ted
6
,
b o u t i t by t h e l i v i n g
A n d bec a u s e thi s l i fe a fte r de a th i s S i m ply
a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e l i fe u p o n th e e a rth
th eref o re i t i s n a tur a l t o
a
exp ec t t h a t th e p ro ph e t
m an t l e,
e e
v
u p o n t h ro n e s
na
in
l i
s ub
Isaiah
to l o g y
1
rs t
"
Sam
ol
II
ass
pp
p p e a r h e re wi th c r o w n s
v ii i
G en
8
,
old
peop l e th e i r g r a y
xx
v ii i
3
7
l ii
38
e s e s pec i a ll y C h e y e
n
xx
9
tw o c
Sam
6
g a r b o f di s ti n c t i o n th e
h is
w o rd be a r f o re v e r th e t o ke n s
fo r t h e
E scha
Ki n g s
cus to m s
and
wi t h t h e
C on
h o ul d we a r
t h e u n c i rc u m ci s e d re t a i n t h ei r f o re s k i n
ti o n a l g a rb
s a n
S h e ol
3 40 ,
L ev
20
Is
3 4I
xi x
S au
xi v
hair
ofa
9
,
th e w
it
and
th o s e
v i o l e n t d e a th
10
.
i n h i s E n cy c l op ce d i a B ib l i ca
and
t i o n s th e ir
i tc h
Ez
J ere m
of E n
Ez k
.
x xx x
.
dor
e
e k xxxi i
6
16
.
na
and
x xx i
25
B E L T H E C H R I S T O F AN C I E N T T I M E S
4O
Che y n e
d o ub t
no
is
r i gh t wh e n h e c a l l s th i s
t h e ol d er
i ew
re s urrec t i o n we h e a r i n th e s e p a s s a ge s n o t a s i n gl e w ord
the y cl e a rly pr o v e th a t wi th d e a t h l i fe h a s n ot c o m e t o a n
pp
Th o s e th a t ex p re s s
os ed
an d
the for m e r
to
p l a ce
princes
at
ea s e
or
kin gs
wh e re
t og e t h er ,
th e
s ma l l
a nd
r es t ,
r ea
are
h n o we t h
E s p ec i a l ly i m p o rt a n t
F or t h ere
s
ho pe o f
is
p ro u t
is
t h er e ,
gain
an d
fr om
p r is o n er s
the
are
s er va n t
an d
c las s es
is
c on
I s r a e l d ot h
b s o l u t el y
no
k n ow l
u p o n t h e e a rth
on
x iv
t re e i f i t b e c u t d ow n th a t i t wi ll
,
Th o u gh t h e r o o t th e re o f w a s ol d
th e s t oc k th ereo f d i e
An d
c ea s e
n ot , a n d
us
th a t th e t e n d e r b r a n c h t h e reof w i l l
An d
all
no
a nd
h ere th e p a s s a ge i n J o b
v i o l e n ce ,
w i ch e d
wh e re
th e d e a d t h e re fo r e h a v e
ed ge o f wh a t i s h a p p e n i n g or g o i n g
p l a c e fo r
n ot a ch n ow l e dge u s ,
th e
I
t
i
s indee d
r o m h i s m a s t er
f
f
A br a h a m
d i t i o n s of m e n ! Th ere
6
l ac e o f )
c o me u
s ha l l
l o wh er e
r ee
the
a s
e a ry a r e
di a m et r i ca l ly
uch
c o u n s el l o r s o f t h e e a rth
t h e
(p
l o called
a s
t o b e fo u n d b u t
a re
an d
t r o u b l i ng ,
end
h e t h a t goe t h d o w n
o n l y wh ere
n ot
l t h ou gh
th e s e d e a t h i s d e s tru c t i o n
A c c o rd i n g t o
d e s t ruct i o n i s S h e ol
pl a c e ou t o f wh i c h
a n d a re a s s
idea
l a t er
Of
in
in
c e as e
not
t h e e a r th
th e grou n d
th ro u gh th e s c e n t o f w a ter i t wi l l b u d
Ye t
p u t fort h b o u gh s l i k e a p l a n t
B u t m an d i e t h an d w a s t e t h a w a y :
Y e a m a n gi v e th u p t h e gh o s t a n d w he re
An d
th e w a t e r s f a i l fro m th e
As
An d
th e ri v e r d e c a y e t h
S o m an
l i e t h d ow n
T i ll th e h e a v e n s b e
no
he ?
sea
and
an d
is
d ri e th u p
ris eth
not :
m ore ,
o r b e rou s e d o u t o f th ei r
N
[
th ey s h a l l
not
wak e
lee p ]
d i ffe re n c e b e twee n J o b a n d S t P a u l ! B o th e m p lo y
th e s a m e m eth o d o f re a s o n i n g
b u t ho w d i ffe re n t a r e t h e c o n c l u
Wh a t
s ons
re a c h ed
1
4
For S t Paul it
o b xx
ob
v i ii
v ii
22
2
.
5
.
is
o b xx
ob
j u s t th e
vi
ii i
na
t ure wh i ch p r o v e s
3
4 ff
6
.
ih
Is
c xv
l iii
x
7
1
B E L, T HE
C H RIS T
OF
A NC I E N T T IM ES
41
c o n c l u s i v e ly t h a t t h e r e i s a r e s u rr e c t i o n b u t a l a s ! fo r J o b t h e tr e e
th o u gh t h e r o o t th e r e o f w a s o l d a n d t h e s t o c k th e r e o f d i e w i l l b u d
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halfm ade u p o fl e wish Persian h s t o ry
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orm in w h i c h o ur
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i
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BEL THE CHR IST O F ANCIENT

The l i t tle v a l l e y b e t wee n th e Ti g ri s

of B a byl o n i a h a d b e e n s ubj u g a t ed th e c i ty -go d o f B a byl o n b e c a m e

t a ble t of th e B a byl o n i a n C re a t i o n E p i c fro m wh i c h w e l e a r n t h a t

d i ng i r anz -ic-t u -A ZV-

5121 771) y s veri v

th e p o wer s of n a t u r e for e v e n a c c o rd i n g t o H eb rew

wou l d l i ke th ere fore

ANCI ENT TIM E S

u n der twe n ty -o n e d i ffere n t

th e re s u r rec t i o n o f t h e d e a d th e re s u rrect i o n o f Chri s t

imp yyhwv Ka i Egovm d w Ka i dvvdlu w

gul f Xci o p a p eya ) xe d th a t t h ey wh o wo u ld p a s s f ro m h e n c e

v icto r took p lace

l m -gzg-gh u -ha r -ha r

l ov eig r ip) dyfa v

Sh o r t ly b e fo r e t h e deat h o f Pr o fe ssor J ame s Darme s t e t er , o f Pari s , t h e gr e at

in fl uen ced by t h e w r iti n gs o f Ph i lo , an d w e r e w ri tt en abo u t

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