DETAILED LIGHTING

DESIGN
PROCEDURES
DESIGN DECISIONS
Refer again. to the figure on lighting design procedure chart, chapter 14; at this point
in the design process the lighting hardware is chosen on the basis of the considerations
. adduced in the preliminary design stage and the appropriate calculations performed.
Some spc:~oes will require overall, uniform illumination other spaces will utilize local
lighting al~ne (or local lighting in addition to general). requiring point-by-point illumination
caiculations or some other method for restricted-area calculation. Part of these calcula.. tions are- those VCP and ESI either exact or estimated. Additional considerations at this
design stage are type of ceiling system, for example, modular, movable fixture, and integrated ~ :rvice, and ancillary considerations of ballast noise, fixture heat distribution,
brightness ratios and maintenance. Also decided here is whether to utilize work station
mounted or built-in lighting, both of which are principally applicable to open-plan spaces.

Direct - lighting luminaire Characteristics

It is important to understand th~ action of luminaire reflectors. The basic shapes and
beam patterns are illustrated in these following: figures ( 1), (2), (3), (4), whilsielding
methods are shown in figure (5).

.s_~'

'

, , '

Ceiling
line

Col .

326

SCUrte

:::'...,'

<- -~~

..

":

:x focus

(e)

(a)

')Fixture shows ligh1irtg distritui"iotf

for ~ spot attd fJoOd Jamps.lt1 noma!
ceiling heigh1s flteir circular pat rem

. ltijf,.ittti!t1Sity useful10r

accetrtirtg walls.

carl ~ S88tt OK 1tte floor.

(b) l.aN itrtettsity

dowtflight, usetiJf for
Jow-leYelltf(X)d fightitt~

..... ....

'

f}Wall wzrskir:J cievlce or

Ray Diagrams
---------------- x . F~

#~

By utilizing a lens fixture, a n.llw housing

without a reflector can be Uled, while still
maiotaioing bum mntJol

{b)

(c)

328

PAR Lamp

R Lamp

45 ShieJdittg wi'Ht' vertical baffles

45 Snie!dittg wi'ttr

honzmrtaJ b3ffies

Cones control brightness by .

t.utoff .net by redirection of .
liFt due to si.pe. They' Ire
eittw parabolic oi elliPtic:aI.
A 11Ft specullr fmish IPI*Q
dull; black' specu!w rmish

Bilek finishes require high

~flty

meint-- g._

dust shows
refr.:tion.

IIPI*Q unl~.

329

as

btight

Although the illustrations use point sourcds (incandecent or HID lamps). the prinCiple illustrated is applicable to reflectors for linear (fluorescent) sources. when considered in
section. (see figure also on design features of recessed luminaires on chapter 1 6). An interesting development in the area of elliptic reflectors was prortuced recently by one of
the major lamp manufacturers. Note from figure 2(a) and (b) that the so--calted pin-hole
down light requires an elliptic reflector to focus the light through t.,is hole at point "x in
order to maintain even minimal fixture efficiency. -Eitiptic reflectors are large and frequently space above the ceiling is too restricted for their use. A lamp '!".ith an integral
elliptical reflector. which can therefore be utilized in a standard baffled reflector without
severe losses, ~s inustrated.in this figure.

Lighting Fixture Distribution Characteristics

The two distribution curves shown in the figure below are actual test results of two~
2-lamp 1 ft. wide by 4 ft. long, semi-direct 'fluorescent fixtures with prismatic
enclosures. The flat bottom of curve (a} indicates even illuminatfon over a wide area and
therefore a high spacing to mounting height ratio (1.5), whereas the rounded bottom of
curve (b) indicates uneven illumination and closer required spacing for uniformity ( 1. 2
ratio of spacing to mounting height above working plane for a maximum of 20% illumination variation).

30"
0"

(bl

330

The straight sides of curve (a) show a fairly sharp cutoff. and the small amount of light
above 45 means high efficiency, sufficient wall lighting, adequate diffuseness and very
little direct glare problem, but a d~tinct possibility of veiling reflections. Conversely,
curve (b) shows a large amount of hOfizontal illumination (above 45). with resultant
direct glare, diffuseness, and relative inefficiency, since horizont al light is attenuated by
multiple reflections before reaching the horizontal working plane. Here, however, low
output below 45 minimizes reflected glare. The uptight component of fixture (a) is
directed outward to cover the ceiling and will not cause hot spots; the corresponding
light from fixture (b) is concentrated above the fixture and will give uneven illumination of
t he ceiling. Thus, we see that a rapid inspection of a fixture curve performed by an infanned person can yield a large amount of data or the fixture's performance.

Uniformity of Illumination
In any space intended to be lightedirirormty:wilh ""'-*disciete ceiling-mounted light
sources (rather than a luminous ceiling). it is necessary to establish a fixture spacing that
will give acceptable Unifo~ of ilumination. A Atio of maximum to minimum illuminat ion on the wotktng plane 9f 1 ~2 is ~ ~ IWld 1.3 is tolerable. FOf general
background or circulation r.ghting,
to 1.6 is acCeptable. ~ data given by manufacturers (see figures immediately above~ disf!ibution arteS for eech fixture in the table
coefficients of utilization in the next
pa(r!.$} ~~ally based on this 1 .2 figure,
which should not be exceeded in a quBiity deSiQn. See figure below .

up

c6ming

...,___20

30

ft-- -tl

30

footcandles
(g)

Footl:andlel
(b)

331

We mentioned above in the distribution characteristic that the fixture of figure (a) had a high
spacing to mounting- height ratio because of its flat bottomed curve. This ratio, when not
given by the manufacturer, f1'18Y be approximated from the figures in the table below.

SpM:Ing tllld llountlng-Helghl R4tlaflonshlp ol Lumln11lres for Illumination Unllormltya

Ught Distribution
Semicon-

General
Indirect

()i&.

Mlvcitnum"

~ Length

Height

from ofSWWalls penllon

Spacing
of

LuminaitN

9
10
11
12
13
14

2
2l
4
5

15

20

16

6
6
7

22

18
20 or mote

2}
3

Dif/u$ing

~ ~~

Cell#'lf1

Semi-inditect

DirectIndirect

8
9
10
11

131

15
17
19
24
28

Direct

~Q)
~

centrating
Direct

Concentrating Direct

if

-r

Di$Mounting'
MIIJdtmJ111C Maximutne Jlaximum"
Spacing
Spacing
Height
~
Spacing
of
from
of
of
ol
Luminaires Walf8 Luminaires Luminaires Luminalre.s

101

121

Spread

12
13
14
15
16
18
20ermore

2
2

21
2l

3
4

5
5

11

5I

101

6
7

12

13l
15

161

18

1:

41

54

11

12
13

61

6
6

22

151

25

17J

20

2J
3
4

7
8

AI ~llliol1a in f1lel
.'These ~apply where diaD.., bencMa ...... to .... ----~ ... I'I**'ObebNM unlalt
satlsfactofy.

The actual spacing of luminail'e& is usually " - than tt1e mu:imum spacing to suit bay room dim~.
' for mounting height ot genet"~~ diffUsing and dinlc:t-indlreQ ftldl.nl.

332

The distribution types shown in this table are generic and theref01e may not be readily applicable in some cases. The curves in the figure below are an approximation for direct
distribution incandescent fixtures.

It is well known that illumination levels near walls drop off at least 30% even in a well designed installation. To counteract this effect. particularly when placement of furniture
is such that visual tasks will occur near walls. the designer should arrange to provide additional illumination in these areas. This may readily be accomplished by additional fixtures, higher~output units. perimeter lighting. or some type of wal1 washing arrangement.
Particular stress should be placed on this type of local lighting where wall reflec tances
are low. such as at walls covered with book shelves, equi~nt racks, low-reflectance
paint. or dark wood paneling. Fixture end should be no more than 1 ft. and fixture sides
no more than 2 ft. from walls.

333

The foregoing discussion of illumination uniformity concerned itself with uniformity on

a horizontal plane. Ocassionally, it is necessary to know the degree of uniformity vertically (on horizontal planes-at different elevations) Four different lighting situations are normally
encountered.
They are:
a. Ploint sources such as incandescent downlights.
b. Line sources such as continuo.us - row fluorescent fixtures,
c. Infinite sources such as luminous ceilings whether transilluminated or indirect.
d. Parabolic reflector beams such as from PAR tamps.
The vertical uniformity of each .type shown graphically iri this figure.

l(l()JJo-..-1'011......

25
11.1 ~~--"--

la}

(b}

(a). (b). Illumination varies inversely with square of distance for

a point scurc. and

LUIIIIJIU~:>

lOOfc
lOQfc
100 fc

in~~ersely

as distance for a line source.

teilin&

-~-~IOOfc
fc

fc

(d)
fd
ld. (d} llumination remains constant at all distances from either
an infinillle (or nearty) source or a pMabolic reftecfot.

L~minaire

Mounting Height

The mounting height of luminaires is normally established before spacing, and unitormiJy
requirements govern spacing as explained above. In arriving at a mounting height for fixtures with an upward component, a balance must .be struck between the requirement of
low-ceiling brightness and good utilization of light (low mounting) and the reticence to
dominate an area, particularly a large room by using such a low mounting height that the
apparent ceiling height is affected. See figure below:

,.,

334

Room
Width
(Feet)

Ceiling
Height
(Feet)

7
7

14
28 and up

8
16

11

"'ffices and
Classrooms

Drafting
Room3

..

"

6
6
6
12

32 and up

18

36 and up

12
6

10
20
40and up

18
12
6

21
18

11

21

22
44 and up
12

18

10

Hanger Length {Inches)

12

1!

:i

Ceiling
Height
(Feet)

'

II
I

13

14

15

16

12
21
21
18

12

21 (# 24

24

21
21

48 at!d up

21

21 or 24

21 or 24

Room
Width
(Feet)

Hanger Length (Inches)

bOffices and
Class1ooms

Drafting
Rooms

13
26
52 and up
14
28

21 or 24
21 or 24
21 or 24

24
24
24

30

30

24

24

56 and up
15
30
60 and up

24
36
30
24

24

16
32
64 and up

42
36

18
18

20

36
72 and up
20

40
80 and up

36
30
24
42
36

30
42
36

30

30

30
s.t
42

s.t
42
36

42
36

36

Lighting Rxtures
The architect should consider that lighting fixtures constitute 25 to 30% of the electrical
budget or 4 to 5% of the overall building budget, to apf>reciate their importance. Since
the difference between a quality unit and an inferior one is often not readily visible to the
casual observer, particular care must be taken in the specification of lighting fixtures and
in examination of shop drawings and samples. All fixtures if applted properly will give a
sufficient quantity of light, but only a good unit will combine quantity with good quality,
ease of installation, facility of maintenance and indefinite life. In addition , regardless, of
the manufacturing details of a lighting fixture, installation procedure must be proper to insure mechanical rigidity and safety, freedom from excessive temperatures, and requisite
accessibility of component parts and of the fixture outlet box.

Lightjng Fixture Construction

(a} All fixtures shall be wired and constructed to comply with local codes.
lb} Fixtures shall generally be construc~ed of 20 gauge 10.0359 in.) thick steel
minimum. Cast portions of fixtures shall be no less than 1/16 in. thick.
(c) All metals shall be coated. The coating ~hall be a baked - enamel white paint of
minimum 85% reflectance; on top of a rust-inhibiting pfiming process. Unpainted
surfaces shall be finished with a clear lacquer except for anodized or "ALZAC" surfaces. All hardware shall be cadmium-plated of otherwise rust-proofed.
(d) lampholders in incandescent

fixtures shaiJ .be porcelain, with nickel plated screw

shell
(e) An .incandescent fixture shall not cause a temperature exceeding 90 on an y outside
surface.
(f ) No point on the outside of a fluorescent f ixture shall exceed 900.

lg) Each fixture shall be identified by label carrying the manufacturer's name and address and the fixture catalogue number.
{hi Glass diffuser panels in fluorescent fixtures shall be mounted in a metal frame.
Plastic diffusers shall be suitably hinged. "Lay-in" plastic diffusers should not be used,
(i} Plastic diffusers should be of the slow-burning or self-extinguishing type with low

smoke density rating and low heat distortion temperatures. This latter shall be low
enough so that the plastic diffuser will distort sufficiently to drop out of the fixture
before reaching ignition temperature,
(j} It is imperative that plastics used in air-handling fixtures be of the noncombustible,

low-smoke-density type. These requirements also apply to other nonmetallic components of such fixtures.
(k) All plastic diffusers shall be clearly marked with their composition material, trade
name, and manufacturer's name and identification number. The characteristics of
many plastic diffusers change radically with age and exposure to ultraviolet light.
Glass and acrylic plastic are stable in color and strength. Other plastics may yellow
and even turn brown thus. diminishing light transmission radically as well as changing the fixture appearance. Some plastics that are initially very, tough and "vandalproof" embrittle with age and exposure to weather or the ultraviolet light of a
mercury or fluorescent source. Thus, the long-range as well as initial characteristics
of all diffuser elements must be investigated before specification approval.
(I) Ballasts shall be mounted in fixtures with captive screws on the fixture body, to

allow ballast replacement without, fixture removal.

(m) All fixtures mounted outdoors, whether under canopies or directly exposed to the
weather, shall be constructed of appropriate weather - resistant materials and
finishes, including gasketing to prevent entrance of water into wiring, and shall be
marked by the manufacturer. "suitable for outdoor use".

lighting Fixture Installation

(a) Fixtures may not be used as a conductor raceway unless specifically so designed and
labeled by the manufacturer.
(b) Fixtures mounted on combustible surfaces shall not subject these surfaces to a
temperature exceeding 90C, in a 40C ambient space. To this end insulatingmaterial spacers or simply an air space may be used.
(c) Although most codes allow fluorescent fixtures less than 40 lb in weight to be
mounted directly on the horizontal metal members of hung-ceiling systems experience has shown that vibration, member deflection, routine maintenance operation on equipment in hung ceilings and poor workmanship can cause such fixtures to
fall, endangering life. It is strongly recommended that all fixtures, surface, pendant
or recessed, whether mounted individually or in rows. must be supported from the
black channel iron supporting the ceiling system (purlins) or directly frQm the building
structure, but in no case by the ceiling system itself. This is particularly important in
the case of an exposed "Z" spline ceiling system.
336

(d) Fixtures installed in wet plaster ceilings shaft utilize plaster frames installed for that
purpose.
(e) Fixtures installed in bathrooms shall not have an int~ receptacle and when installed on waHs shall have nonmetallic bodies. These are safety precautions.
(f) The voltage to ground on branch circuits supptyirig lampholders and lighting fixtures

shall bot exceed 1 50 v except for :

1. Mogul-base lampholders mounted not less than 8ft. above the floor, and
accessible only to authorized personnel .
2. Fluorescent lamp fixtures, permanently installed with appropriate ballasts,
in which case the voltage may be up to 300 V . Such fixtures may not have
integral switching but must use wall switches. This rule allows the use of
2 7 7 V fluorescent and mercury lighting. Use of li~ting circuits above
1 50 V is not permitted in residences.

S.t andards for Recessed Fluorescent Luminaires

The prevalence of fluorescent troffers, that is, fluorescent fixtures recessed into a
suspended-ceiling system, has necessitated industry standardization to reduce fixture ceiling incom patibility.
The FIVE t ypes are shown in these figures.

0
~ Tlaffw width -

fuminair~is one .havin& vertical tumed-~tp edges

which ar~ parall~l tQ the lamp direction and inlended

to "soap-in" or oth~rwise align tbe luminaire with a

c:onc:~aled T-ba.r suspension s~'St~m. 1he c:entl!r ~ning
of the Tees lxin! located on modular or otha symmetrical dimcnsi;ual lines.

'""""tli"

is on~ . havins edges ~A;hich are desi~d tor~ on or -lay-in~ lbe ~xJX*cl in\~ned T 0r

a suspmsioll S)"Stcm (aistoiaarily desaibtd as a gnd

ceiling ~-siem) wid! die w~bs of the T~ btin~ located
on modular or ocher symmetrical dimensional lines.

0
l11~ is

one haviaz liloriz.ooW ~which

lire' parallel to the lamp direCtiOn ud de5i&fted to con

c:eal the edges of the ~g ~ above which the

lum.iaaire iS supported by coac;calcd meclwUc:aJ suspemioo.

1-.ilftlin is oae. jy.vin& ~ucl bqckets_ boob or

other attaduncnts aAd designed to be sapportcd at the
.eDdsby ...bootintoD....to some member of the. ceiling
suspcosioe system.

is-a Type H lwniuire bavin& edges

piralld to the lamp direction ~ dcpmdcnt OiJ splines
of the ceiling suspension system for c:onaalmcnt of the
edges or the lumillairc.
T~. HS ~

r--

1)-pe HF lumi~ is a Type H luin.inaire having edges

lamp dim:tion and desipcd to conceal
11\e edp:s of c.bc:: cciliog openin! iA whick.the luminaire
~d to the:

Troffer width -

T~ S lumiiiOir~

is one wbicb is desi~ for mechanical suspension from ellposcd spliDc:s and dependent on

is~

splines parallel "' the lamp directiun for conceo~lment

of tbe edges of the: lumin.Ure.

luminaire Diffusing Elements

The diffusing elements usually considered include white plastic, striped and prismatic
glass, prismatic plastic, high-reflectance aluminum (alzac), baffles, and miniature eggcrate louvers. In addition to these types there are various sizes and shapes of metal and
plastic louvers and baffles, white glass, ribbed glass, etc. Each of these diffusers must be
considered on its merits and a decision arrived at (60 to next line) based on photometric
characteristics, cost .ease of maintenance, apperance, and fire safety. A rapid review of the
photometric characteristics of this most important element of a lighting fixture yields the
following:
(a) Plain White Diffusers
These have a circular distribution g1vmg equal light in all directions. Diffusion is
good, VCP is poor, and ESI is generally poor.

30"

30"

338

(b) Prismatic lens

There afe dozens of designs that vary one from another considerably. The figure can
be taken as,typical of ~his genre. They produce good diffusion, high VCP and fair ESI,
depending on viewing angles and positions.

r:r
{Cl)

(cl Louvers and Baffles

.. These are made of metal or plastic, in vari~us shapes and sizes. They generally have
circular to egg-shaped distribution, providing 'good-diffusion, good VCP and poor ESI.
(d) Parabolic louvers

These are available in:small and large designs, ttlfil princ!pal characteristic. of which is
extremely low brightness' yielding very high VCP ..-One such unit with miniature cells
is shown in this figure.

....

,.

A section throogh the unit is show'n

339

mttli~ figure . ..

....

..

Another design is shown in the figure below along with its distribution curves. Notice
the low value of high-angle and low-angle brightness of the crosswi~e curve. This
unit' therefore give very high VCP. good ESI. and good efficiency.

le) Batwing Diffusers

These diffusers are made in a number of designs. They are generally prismatic lenses
modified to give this special characteristic.

3Jr- 6tf;

---- --....-.... -..

(a) CompatUon of typictJl di.tribtdion

,..

curuer for CDift1ftDft JfuatDctm.t fi*m tliJfu-r

m.flftllr. 1'lae uihite plamc dijfuwt ~ is.

JIC1

altnDit circular. giting essentfolfr t1te .ne distributiM tu the batT lamps. AfiQIJ if coralrliu no Ul!)at
~~ 'llwcurwof ....~
di~liltowa ~~(low 6w:tpe)
bra.liitJt oa1pat ift dwO.fo ~ ~41!arilpts~
Balllling ~ ~~la.tlwi31J
to lt1" - - tdtile nDadng 1M 0 ~ 311' ..... ...

liD
~.s

at
2'111

-... n.s

no
~

~~All~
..,.---~-'
ofo2Jb:4JtlfJOIJ..I~....,~--fow
40..IIatpi&.

(b) Lirtear batwing ~ 10idt

dy Jwp cvlolf in tM . , . GnCI ~
,........., .Cit ~ HOfo:.
rtm!!lt. Cum!: fda t11a01:t -....
. . , ....
pharw ~ (...,..,.~*'tie ltmtp
e:rbts

unit.
~p~wJtowisefric cfGIG for

diol~Ja~fing cu.tribulion lnw. NOIIII ~ fhe

a,.

perpm- .

dicular. .paralW. tllld ~ ~ -., GlmO.tt

...-

..... t-140CW-

.,..,.

. 1UI' c.JMQE 2S , _

identical. Zonal Jlur is maximum in the 30 to fXJ

ol- both
dafmL

.,t:IRf aad dtopJ

free of
bOd\ direct and
reflected glare

.(.cl

(e)

relati~~ely

em....,

(6}

340

,.
"'

1M

.,...,
Q

PHOTOMETRIC DATA:

:rx~- .... -

..... - . . . , . . ..t.y

---

--I'UPEJIOICUI.AA
---PAMUEl

(c-)

~T:DC'f.

80

)5

.56
G

25

15
5
0

......

0
0
31 61
2112 22!1 288
!i53 .C 561

FWX

--

51
7lr1

526

181 813 100

1013
11h8 m
nsz 1045 ll30 (i!!8
1UO ~ 1CI80 !505
ta ta !I'Z1 283

1113
1113
880 880 880

83

wvnow~ EF~OOII.NCY -ttl.S'\

. A comparison of batwing distribution with that of louvers and white plastic is shown in
this figure.

(t.)

(g)

(r)

ESI - Equivalent Spherical Illumination

VCP - Visual Comfort Probability

Luminaire Efficiency
A luminaire, variously called a fixture, lighting unit, or reflector, comprises a device for
physically supporting the light source and usually for directing or controlling the light output of this source. Because of internal reflections, some of the generated lumen output of
the lamp is lost within the fixture. The ratio of output lumens to lamp (input) lumens, expresseq as a percentage, represents the luminous efficiency of the fixture. Although this
information is normally available from the manufacturer it is readily. calculated from the
fixture distribution curve by application of the zonal factors to the fixture curve.
However, this characteristic has little meaning by itself, since the actual overall efficiency
of a luminaire depends on the space in which it is used.
To illustrate, let us consider the case of a large high-ceiling room in which the ceiling is
dark and is covered with dirty piping and ductwork. If we were to use a high-efficiency
(say 80%) indirect lighting unit in such a room, most of the light directed upward would
be lost (absorbed) and the actual lighting on the. working plane 30 in. above the floor
would be very low. If however, this room were illuminated with low-efficiency direct
lighting units (ex: 50%) utilizing the same wattage, the illumination on the working plane
would be considerably higher than in the first case .
Sim,larly, if we consider a small room with dark walls and ceiling, lighted alternatiyely by
diffuse lighting and by direct lighting units of the same wattage and unit efficiency, the
horizontal - plane illumination will be higher in the case of the direct units because of the
large loss of the horizontal and upward components of the diffuse lighting on the walls
and ceiling. It should be obvious than that the fixture efficiency alone is not a meaningful
factor but that the overall luminous efficiency of a particular unit in a particular space is the
figure that merits our attention. This figure, since It describes the utilization of the fixture
output in specif;c space, is known as the coefficient of utilization (CUI. ~tis defined as the
ratio between the lumens reaching the working horizontal plane to the generated lumens.

342

Since each luminaire will have a different coefficient for every different space in which it is
used, a system of standardization has been evolved utilizing room cavities (explained below)
of certain proportions and various surface reflectances.
The fixture coefficients are then computed and tabulated as shown in the table. It should
be emphasized that the figures given in this table are for the generic fixture type only in an
actual job, actual fixture data should be used. The CU then is a factor that combines fixture
efficiency and distribution with room proportions, mounting height, and surface reflectance.

343

Colflclents of Utilization lor Typical Luminaires with Suggested Maximum Spacing Ratios and Maintenance Category
To obtain a Coefficient ol Utilization:
1. Determine cavity ratloa tor the room, ceiling, and floor from Table 20.8.
2. Oelermlne the elf~tive ceiling and floor cavity tell~tanoes from Table 20.9. Use initial ceiling. floor. snd wau re11&elances .
3. Obtain Coefficient ol Utilization (CU) l or 20'lf. ellectlve lloor cavity refl ectance from app ropriate table below tor luminaire type to be use<:l. Interpolate, when necessary, to obtain CU lor exact room cavity ralio for neeret effective ceiling cavity rettectances abov4r'end botow re11ectance obtained in Step 2: interpolate between these CUa to obtain
CU lor Step 2 ceiling cavity rellectance.

4. II ellactlve 11oor cavity rllfleclance differs significantly lrom 20%, obtain multip~er !rom Table 20. tO and apply lhls to the CU obtained in Step 3.
NOTE. In eome ca..t , lumlnalre data In thle tabla are b8$8d on an ach.tal typical tumlnaire: In oth er c<ses. the data represent a composite ol generic lum lnalre types. Therefore.
whanfJVec po"ibla. 1114!CIIIc lumlnalre data ehould be usee In prefeumce to lhi$ table or typical lununo~ires.
The polar lntenelty ekelch (candlepower distribution curve) and the correepond ing spacing-to-mou nting heignt guide are representative or many luminaires of each type shown . A
apecllic lumlnalra may differ In pat1141ndicular plane (cro awlsa) and parallel pla ne (lengthwise) intensIY distributions and In S1MH guide from the value. shown. However . the various cdttfllclente depend only on the average lntenally at each polar angle from nndir
...
- r-
70
80
30
.o
0
Typtcal Dl5trloullon
,,.
and Petcenf
50 30 10
50 30 10
50 30 10
Lamp Lumen$
50 30 10
30 10
0
p_. L ..
WDRC"

,,

...

Typical

t. um/fJa/rt

SIM/-f

RCR

GuldeoA

-----~

1.5

r--

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

~5%

Pendant dllfutlng ephere with

lncandeKOnt WT!p

1.3

IV

~
POfcelaln-enamaled ventilated
standard dome with Incand...
cant tamp

0
t

45%

I~

--

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9
10

!
Coeftic~nl5

.1)7
.71
.61
. 52
.46
.40
.36
.32
.29
.26
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.87
.67
.54
.45
.38
.33

of Ullli.rarlon for 20'llo Enective Floor Cavity Reflectance (p,. : 20)

.8 I
.66 .6;>

87
.63

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. 49

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so

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Car.

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81
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2
3
4

.
.

45t:

0
1

0.7

IV

8
7

8
Alftectot clownllght with betlles
and lntlde. froewd lamp
..

9
10
Ill

1.5

4
5

&

65%

8
9
10

Wldeodlltrlbutlon ventilated re
ftectorwllh CIHr HID lamp
tl

IS%

DltfUM l lumlnum reflector with

35"CW ehleldlng
II

LJ

I.S/ 1.1

2~

~
DatM

1.5/ 1.3

'

Ml""'"""

reflector witt!
35 1 CW lC 35"LW. ehleldlng

1
2

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.39
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.75 .72 .89
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.90 .90 ,90

.84 .9-C .94

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3
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7
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1

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5
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.38 .33 .30

.34 .30 .2$
.31
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.Q .118 ' 511
.113 .Sf .41

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= .u

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. 10

Colllt:lnlt ol Utlllutlon.lor Typical Lumlnalr with SuggetH Maximum Spacing R11tlos and MalntManc Category
Typical Dl.,r/lxltlon
lltd Pen;anf
1
Lamp Lumna

Typlal Lumln11"

Malnt.
C1t.

.v1

M1111mum
SIMH

D.a
Ou~

p.."-+

,.--. 1

'

Luminous boUom tu1pendad

unit with &Jttra-hlgh-output lamp

Max. S/CII,.,P ,. I.S

1.!511.2

.Tw().lamp ptlimM wrap.

.around-multiply bY.
for

:!OUt lampe

o.as

1'!1

0'-'

1.0

o
1

s
4

s
8
7

10

.11 .11
.64 .82
.so .54 .so
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.40 .a. .30
.38
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.24

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.a
.20
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.11
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1
2
3
4

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.57
.51

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.41 .35 .31

.37 .31 .27

.69 .ee
.58 .56

.s2 .48
.40 .41

1
8
II

.33 .28 .24

.30 .24 .20

10

.27 .22 .18

o
1
2
.3
4
II

.sa . .H

.32 .28 .2s

two._.,. end o.tUor.

= 0.9

1 10 30 10. 1

50 30

ro

so :w

10
10

so so

0
10

o 1WDfCO

Coelt/olantt of Utlllzetlon for 20% Elfcllve Floor Cavity Rlt.clnc (p,. 20)

.n
.e7

.eo .el> .eo

Mu. S/M il,.,

10

1.05 for
alx tamp

:w

J.

Fourlamp, 2.ft-wlde' trorr.r with

!t& plntlo loUYif'...il ulltply ~ .

30

60

RCR'

1~

70

iO

I
fO

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.41 .4& .43
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.32 .27 .23
.28 .23 .20
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.ev .68 .s..
.11 .58 .64
.56 .eo .47
.49 .-44 .40
: .39 .35
.40 .35 .31
.38 .31 .27
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.29 .24 .20
.28 .21 .18
.58 .58 .58
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.42 .ae .ar
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.35 .:at .28
.32 .28 .ts
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.21 .22 .20
.24 .20 .17
.22 .18 .18

.41

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.ta .13
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.12 .10
.11 .11
.e2 .60
.54 .51
.48 .45
.42 .39
.87 .3-4
.33 .30
.29 .26
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.20 .17

.ss .&s .!Is

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.31

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.ss .33

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.03

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.04
.04

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.03

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.31
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30

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.t2 .19 .11

.20 .17 -.15

.15

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.08
.08

0%1.411.2

~
Fluo:escent unit with fla( prls
malic lane, 4-lemp, 2 It widemultiply by 1.10 for 2-lamp

65%

M:t)\.

S.~Ml 1..1, ~

1.1

.73 .73

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

.66 .64
.59 .55
.53 .48
.47 .42
.42 .37
.38 .33
.34 .29
.30 .25
.27 .22
.25 .20

1
2
3

.42 .40
.37 .34
.32 .29
.29 .25
.25 .21
.23 .19
.20 . t7
.18 .15
.17 .13
.15 . 12

Single row nuorescent lamp cove wllhout

reflector; mult. by 0.93 tor two rows ana
by .o.85_1or. tl'lree rows.
~~....

rrorn

----

Louvered ceiling.
'
1. Ceiling efficiency -50~: 45 ahleldlng
opaque louvere ot 8011. renectance. Cavity
with minimum obatruclloM and painted
wit!l ~ renectartce palnt-u ,.,
so.

5
6
7
8
9
10

.72 .72 .72

.68 .68
.65 .83 .61
.62 .eo
.Sii .54 .52 . .s& .sa
.52 .48
.50 .46
.46 .42 .38
.. 45 .41
.
.41 .37 .33
.40 .38
.37 .32 .29
.36 .32
.33 .29 25 .
33 .28
.30 .25 .22
.29 .25
.27 .22 .19
:28 .22
.24 .20 . 16
.24 .19

73
~2

~2

.....

.45
.39
.33
.29

25
.22
19

.17
.39

.36 .35
.32 .29
.28 .25
.25 .22
.22 .19
.20 .16
.17 .14
.16" .13
.15 .11
.13 .10

32
.26
22
. 18
.16
. 14
.12
.10
09

1
2

3
4

5
6 ..
7

8
9

10

.33
.27
.23

.19
.16
.14
.12
.10
.09
.08

.25 .24
.22 .20
.19 .17
.17 .15
.15 .13
.1 . . . 12
.1~ .10
. 11 .09
.10 .08
.09 .07
.$1 .49
.46 ,44
.42 .39
.38 .35
.35 .32
.32 .29
.29 .26
.. 27 .23
.24 .21
.22 .19

Source. Selected and reprinted wllh ~rmlsston from tCS Handboolr, 5th ed.
p~

= percent lffectlve ceiling cavity reflectance.

b "

::a percent wall reflectance.

RCA "' Room ,C.vlty Rallo.

"' Ma11lmum $1MH gulde-rallo of ma1dmum lu~nlnalte spaclf19 to mounting or ceiling height above work plane.
:o: Wall 0111K:t Radiation Ooelliclerit

WDRC

..

.66 .66 .66

.63 .63 .63

.44

.54
.48

.$7 .56 .65

.52 .50 .48
.47 :~4 .42

.38
.33
.29
.25 .
.22
19
.18

.43
.39
.35
.32
.28
.25
.23

.68
.59

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.23
.19
.16
.13
.11
.10
.09
.08
.07
.06
,,48
.42
.37

.33
.29
.26
.23
.21
.19
.17

.eo .se .57

.51
.45
.40
.35
.31
.28
.24
.21
.19

.49
.43
.37
.32

.28
.28
21
.19
.18

.42 ;39 .37

,38 .35 .32
.34
.31
.28
.25
.23

.31 .. 28

.27 .2$
.24 .21
.21 .18 .
.19 .16

.62
.54
.47
.41
.36
.31
.27
.23

.20

.20
.19
.18
.17.
.16
.15
.14

.17

13
.12

.15

.12

..

. Covet ere not recommended tor llgt\Ung

ollelt htvlng low relleclancee .

.47 ......45
.3 ...2 ,40

.s. .se

.a .a .sa

.33 .. 31 .. 29'

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Interior Illumination
Calculations

Having selected a luminaire on the basis of all the foregoing criteria, it remains only to
calculate the number of such units required in each space for general illumination. and to
properly arrange them. Although a number ~f calculation methods are available, the
lumen method is simplest and most applicable to our needs for area lighting calculations.
Intensity calculation from point, line, or area sources is covered in the next sections.

Light Loss Factor (llFl

in lumen Calculations
The lumen method of calculation is a procedure for determining the average maintained
footcandle illumination intensity on the working plane in a room . The .method presupposes that luminaires will be spaced so Jhat, uniformity of illumination is provided in
order that an average calculation have validity. The method is based on the definition of
one footcandle as one lumen incident ~n one square foot of ar-ea. Or

footcandles (fc)

lumel)s 11 ml

area in sq. f1.

'.

The ratio between the lu.mens reaching the working planeand the lum~ns generated is
the coefficient of utilization, CU ..Or

lumens on the working plane ::: lamp lumens x CU

Therefore:
fc

Lamp lumens x CU
area

The footcandle figure so calculated is initial average illumination. lNs initial level is
reduced by the effect of temperature and voltage variations. dirt accumulation on
luminaifes and room surfaces, lamp output depreciation, and maintenlnc:e conditions. All
these effects are cumulatively referred to do the light loss factot. llF:

Maintained fc

361

rnitial fc

LLF

Zonal Cavity
Calculation Method

In the zonal cavity method, the room is divided into three cavities, that is, CEILING,
ROOM, and FLOOR, and the "effective" reflectance of each cavity calculated. A detailed
explanation of the method plus several illustrative examples
demonstrate its use.
Reffir to this figure.

will

Room cavity

Step 1 . Refer to the above figure. The room is divided into three cavities; The ceiling
cavity is the space between the fixture and the ceiling, the floorcavity space
between the floor and the work plane, and the room cavity the space in between that is, between the work plane and the luminaire center line. In offices,
schools, and many other occupancies the work plane is 30 in. (0. 75 M} In
drafting rooms it is 36 to 38 in. (91 to 96.5 em), in shops 42 to 48 in. ( 106 to
121 . 5 em}, in carpet and sail-cutting rooms the work plane is at the floor level.
The 3 "h" terms are the heights of the various cavities. In this step also identify
the maintained reflectance of the room surfaces and fill in the sketch of the
above figure, CC, RC, FC. If the initial surface reflectance of the ceiling is 90%
and a 10% deterioration is expected, use 80% for the ceiling reflection.
Similarly, establish wall and floor reflectances by specification or by assumption. Utilize the nearest reflectance given in this table.

352

PtCMt ElfiiCfiH Ceiling or Floor Calflty Reflectance for vnous Renectance Combllfatlon
Parcent CeltJng or
Floor Reflectanca

90

90
89

70
90
89
88

50
90
88

30
90
87

86

89

85

87

85

83

88

86
85

83

81

81

0.7
0.8

84
88 . 83

80

78
76

78

74

87

77

0.9

87

1.0
1.1

86

82
81
80

73
71
69

79
78
85. 78

73
72
70
69
68

Percent Wall Ratlactanca . 90

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4.
(')

;::
:r

CQ

l!
0

st
tl

90

0.5

. 88

o.e

88

1.2.

86
88

1..3
1....

85

77

1.5

85

1.8

85
84

76
75
74
73
73

1.7
1.8

1.9

a.o

84

84
83

72

76
74

87
65
64

62

80
80
79
79
78
78
77

77
76
75
75
74
74
73
73
72
72

66

61
69

65

58

71
71

64
63

56
55

70

62

53

69

70

80
70 60
80 80
79 78
78 77
71 75
76 7~
75 73
75 71
74 70
73 69
72 68
71 66
71 65
70 84
69 63
68 62
68 61
67 60
66
65
65
64

78

70
70
69

76

68

74

68

72

67

70
68

66'
65
65

30
80

66

65
63
61

69

64
63
63
82

70
60
70
69
67
66
65
64
62

61
60
59
58
67
66

68
57
55

61
6,1
60

S4

54
53

59
59

53

52

59

52

58

51

58

()0

57

49

57
57
48 .56

50
49
48

56

65

30

50

30
70
68
66
64
63
61

59

58
56
55
53
62

so
49
48
47
45
44
43
42
41

50
50
49

30
50
48

49
49

48

47

46
48
47
47
47
48

46

70

50
59

47
46
4~

44
43
43

46
'45
44
43
42
41

65

50

30
30
30
30
30
29
29
29
29

30
30
29
29
29
28
28
28

29

27

46

41

40
39
38

46

41

37

~9

~.5

40
40
39
39

Sf
35

29
28
28

46. 42

4S

44
44
44
43
43
43 -

38
37

37
37

34
33
32
32
31

30

~~~~L....;,

27

29

27

29

26
26

28
28

26

30
30
29
29

28
27
27
26
26
26
25
24
24

23
23

28 22
25
25

28

25
25

28
28

25
24

10

22
21
21
21
20
20

10
30
29
20
21

26
25
25
24

23
22
22
21
20

2Q

19

18
18
17
17
16
16

50

30

10

10
10
10
10
11
11

10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10

11
11
11

10

11

11
,1

9
9
9
9

1~

1~
12
12
12

12
12
12
12

10

9
9
g

10
9

9
9
9

8
8
8
8
8
7
7
7

.,

g
9

7
7
6

9
9

6
6

2.1
2.2

2.3
2.4''
2.5
2.6

2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

!'

..!5

..

57

47

56.

46

69 63
68 63
68 62
67 . 61
67 61
66 60

66

55

45

68

5<4

44

3.2
3.3
3.4

80

63

80

62

SQ

62

3.5

79
79
79
79
78
78
78

61

4..2
4.3
4.4

..

. 82
82
81
81

52

60

4 .1

...

82

61
60
59
58

3.1

3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

83

.. 82

71
70
69
66
68
67

66
65
64
64

3.6

I&;;

83
83

~1

78
7.8

60

eo

59
59
58
57
57
56
56
55

53

52
51
50

49
48
48
47
46
45
45

44
43
43
42

51
50
4~

50

35
34

49

39

49

33

48

38
38

52

51
51
50

42

35

37
36

42.. 35
41 34

35

41
41

34

26

3~

26

41
4>()
40

33.
33

40

32

25
25
24
24

31

29.

40
39
39
39

34
33

33
32

31
30
30
~9

2?.

31
31
30

23

22
22

27
27
26

22
22

30
30

21
21

26
26

28

39

27
27
26

38
38

61

52

60
60

52
51
51
51
50
50
49

26
25

38
37
37
37

34

24

37

33
33
33
32
32
32

24
24
23

37
36

27
27

36
23 36
23 . ' 36

26

38

26

40

29

39

28 '

28
27

59

59
59
58
58
58

57

49

.C9
48

36
38
35
35

28
28

27
26 44
28 44
25 44
.:25 .C4
25 43

2~

22

13

27

37

60

15

14
14

13
13
13

23

37
36
36
35
35
.34
34

25

23 . 18
23 18

15

27

32

48
47
47
46
46
45
45
45

19
19

16

12 . 13

48

46

28
27
27
27..
27,
27

20
19

18
17

33

29
29

28

24
24
24
24

23
23
22
22

32
31

38

28
28

18

42
41
40
40
39
39
38
38
37
37

30

29
28
27

2~

42

30

29

13
13 13
13 : 13

54
53
53

76
76
76

38

36

47 . 38
46 37

53
52

38

54

4.8,.
4.9

53

48
48

4-1

40
39
36

53

36
36

43

62

54
54

5.0

51
50
49

54
54

42

62
62
61

77

38.

43
42

40
39

36

4.7

53.

44

47
46
46
45:
44
43
43
42
41
40
40
39

56

55

36
35
34
33
32
32
31
30
30
29

4.6

40

53

52

45
44
44
43

41
41

47
45

66 59
43 65;' . 58
42 ss 6!l
41 64 57
40 64 57
39 . 64 56
38 63 ' 56
37 63 55

7.7
77
77 . 55

4.5

60

55
54

27

29 21
29
29

28
2$

28
_';.7

26
26

27

c~

20

23

20
20

26

19

~~

19
19
19
18
18
16
18
17

26

13 13

9
9

9
9

12 . 13

12 13
13

16

11

22

16

11

21

15

1o

13
13
13
13

21
21

15
15

10

13

10

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14

8
8
8
8
8
8
8

21
2'1

21
20

15
15
14

,.,

11

10
9

14

9
9

14

26
25

20
20

14
14

25

20
20'

14

8
8
8
8
8
7
7

25

17
16
16

20

25

9
9

,,1

26

25
25

9
9

19
19
19

13
13
13

13

8
8
8
8

e
6

6
6
6
6
6

5
5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5

4
4
4

"4
4

14

4
4
4
4

14

1.c
14

81
4
8
4

Step 2.

See table below and the figure above.

This step involves determining the cavity ratios of the room, either by calculation or from the table.

I I I 1 I I

:C:

I I I I I I

I I I I t.,

I I t I

I t I

I I I I I l

& I I:

I I I

I i

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The basic expression for a cavity ratio (CR) is

CR

2.5

rea of cavity wall

area of work plane

In a rectangular space the area of the cavity wall is

hx(21 2w) or 2h( 1 w); therefore
CR

2 .5

2h

(l + W)

area of wor1c plane

or
CR

5h

L + W

LX w

For other than rectangular rooms. the area can be calculated as required. For instance. in
a circular room, the activity wall area = h x 2 r and the work plane area is r 2
Thus
2.5

CR

= -Sh
r-

2f

for each of the cavities in rectangular room we have:

a.) Ceiling Cavity Ratio. CCR

CCR

5hcc

L + W
L X w

b.) Room Cavity Ratio, RCR

RCA

5h,8

5hcc

L + W
LX

c.) Floor Cavity Ratio. FCR

FCR

+W

l XW

Most people prefer. for rectangular rooms, to use the table on cavity ratio rather than formulas . Fdr reference since all the CR figures are related, having determined one. the
others are
CCR

RCA ~
.hrc

RCA~

FCR

hrc

CCR

FCR~
htc

Step 3 . See table on step 1, re:, Percent effective ceiling or ftoor C8Vity Nflectatee and
the sectional drawing. This step involves obtaining lhe effective ceiling reflectance (PIX:) from the table. Note tllat the wl reflectance remains as saected in
step 1. If the fixture~are surface mounted Ol"reB1Ud, then CCR = 0 and Pee
= selected ceiling reflectance

Step 4.

See table as above and the sectional figure. The step involves obtaining the ef
fective floor reflectance Pee as above in step 3 for Pee

Step 5.

Select CU f rom manufacturer's data (coefficient of utilization).

Step 6.

Calculate footcandles and number of fixtures or area per luminaire in the usual
fashion.

Illustrative Examples
Given: classroom ; 20 x 25 x 12 ft . Elementary school

(6 .00

7.50

3.60 Ml

Initial Ref.lectanees; ceiling 80, wall 50, floor 20.

Provide adequate lighting using fluorescent lamp fixtures.
Assume yearly maintenance, lamp replacement at 70% life;
proper voltage and ballasts, medium clean atmosphere.
SOLUTION : From the table below, the required illumination level for pencil writing
is 70 fc ESI

fflumlnallon Le'tels
Recommended
Minimum
Footcandles

Recommended
Minimum
Footcandles

lnduslrfsl

Gar~AutomobDe

Airplane Manufacturing

Service garages
Repairs
ActiVe traffic areas
Parking garages
Entrance

Parts manufacturing
Drilling, riveting, and screw fastening
Flnal assembly

70
100

Airplane Hangars

Repair service only

Traffic lanes
100

AssembiJ

100

Fine

500

30

8akettes

50
30

Book Binding

Cutting, punching, and stitching

Embossing and inspecting

Storage

100

20
50
10
5

Inspection

Rough easy seeing

Medium

Mixing room
Oven room

and Trvck

70
200

Ordinary
Difficult
Highly difficult
Most difficult
Laundries

Washing
Fl atwork ironing, weighing, listing, and
marking
Machine and press finishing, sorting

CMmlcal Worb

Leathet Manufacturing

Hand furnaces. boiling tanks, stationary driers, stationary and gravity crystallizers.

Cleani,-.g, tanning, and stretching, vats

Finishing and scarfing
30

Locker Rooms

Clay Products lmd C..,.q

Mxhlne srw,p.

Molding, pressing, cleaning, and trimming

colOr and glazing-rough work

Rough bench and machine work

Medium bench and machjne work
Fine bench and machine work, fine
automatic fJ'ISchines

30
100

358

50
100
200
1000
30

50
70
30

100
20

50
100
500

Cloth Products

Cloth Inspection
Cutting
Sewing

2000
300
500

Elec1ltcal Equipment Manufacturf:ng

Insulating: coil winding

Testing

100

100

Exterior Areas

Entrances
Active (pedestrian and/or conveyance)
Inactive (normally locked, infrequentJy used)

Building surrounds
Active shipping area
Storage areas-active
Storage areas-inactive
Loading and unloading platforms

1
1

20
1

20

Wrapping. packing, labeling

Picking stock, classifying
Loading, trucking
Inside truck bodies and freight cars
Dipping. simple spraying firing
Fine hand painting and finishing

100

PoUshJng and Bwnlshlng

100

Presses

Proof reading
~

Md Shipping

Banks (see al$0 Otnces)

Punches

50
50

Stairways, Corrtdcn, and Other semc.

AreM

20

Inactive
Actfve
Rough, b11lky
Fine

10
50

Testing

General
Extra fine Instruments. scales, etc.
Toilets and Washrooms

50
200
30

Upholstering-Automobile, Coach,
Fumtture

100

Watch and Jewelry ManufacturfiVJ

500

5
50

70&
15()&

100

Churdles & Synagogues

Altar. arc
Pews
Pulpit (supplementary)
Club Reading Rooms

100
15
50
30

Courtrooms

Seating area
Court activity area

30
7()&

Hospitals

Autopsy
General
Supplementary
Corridors
General
local

Welding
50

1000

Woodwoffclng
Rough sawing and bench work
Sizing, planing, rough sanc;iing. medium quality machine .and bench work,
glueing, veneering, cooperage
Fine bench and machine work, fine
sanding, and finishing

Barber and Beauty Shops

30

100
1000
20

Emergency Rooms

warehouse (see Storage)

General illumination
Precision manuaf arc welding

200
100
70
150

(... llalllrtals Handling)

Lobby
Writing areas in lobby
Teller's stations, posting, keypunch

Storage Rooms or W..taouses

50

Printing lndusfrtes

Printing p&ants
Color inspedion and appraisal
Composition

50

dium bench work

50
30
20
10

Paint Shops

Exhibitions
Social activities

Sheet Melal WOfb

Miscellaneous machiAes, ordinary

bench work
Presses. shears. stamps, spinning. me-

Materials Handling

30
50

100

359

100
2000

Examination and Treatment Rooms

General
Examining table.
laboratories
General
Closework

50

100
50

100

Patients' Rooms

General
Supplementary for reading
Supplementary for examination
Recovery Rooms
Surgery

20
30
100

30

_Uiumlrution

u"ls

(Continue<~)

Recommended
Minimum
Footcandles

Stores, Oltlcs, and Institutions

.Art Galleries
General
On paintings (supplementary)
Dark paintings with fine detail may
require two or three times as much
illumination.
On statuary
In some cases, much more illumina~
tion is necessary to reveal the beauty
of statuary.

30
30

Lobby
General lighting
Reading and working areas
Power Plant
Boiler room
Equipment room
Storerooms

100

15
10
20

30
100
20
10
30

10

20
10

Lillrarles

Reading room s and carrells

Stacks
Book repair and binding
Check-in and check-out, catalogs,
Card fifes

70~

30
70
70
100

Offices

General
Cartography, designing, detailed
drafting
Accounting . auditing, tabulating,
bookkeeping. business machine operation
Regular Office VYork
Good copy
Regular office work-reading, transcribing, active tilling, mail sorting,
etc. fair..quality copy
Corridors. elevators, escalators. stair-

ways
(Or, no! less than
cent areas.)
~t

Offices

1 the level in adja-

General
Supplementary on table
Toilets
Waiting Rooms

200
2500
20
20

Hotels and Motels

Auditoriums

Assembly only
General
Corridors, elevators, and stairs
Entrance foyer
Linen room
Sewing
General

Recommende<J
Minimum
Footcandles

Bars and cocktail lounges (see Restaurants)

Bathrooms
General
Mirror
Bedrooms
Reading (books, magazines, newspapers)
Subdued environment
Quick service type
Bright surroundings
Normal surroundings
NOTE: Footcandle levels In dlntng
areas are highly variable. variations
depend on such factors as time ot
day, desired atmosphere, individuality, and attractiveness.
Food Displays-twice the general levels
but not under
Kitchen-commercial, hospital, hotel
Inspection, checking. and priclng
Other areas

~0

30

30

15
100
50

50

70
30

Schools

Tasks
Reading printed material
Reading pencil writing
Reading spirit duplicated material
Good copy
Poor copy

3()8

10Qa

Classrooms

1507()8

10()-

20

Chalkboards (supplementary illumination)

Drafting rooms
Laboratories
Lecture rooms
General
Special exhibits and demonstrations
lipreading classes
Shops
Sewing rooms
Slghtsaving classes
Study halls
Corridors and stairs
Stene

150
10()a

100

150
150
100
150
15()&

7()8

20

Illumination lenl (Conffnued)

Recommended
Minimum
Footcandles
P,)SI Otflces

Recommended
Minimum
Footcandles
Stores

Lobby. on tables
Sorting, mailing. etc.
Storage
Corridors and stairways

30
100

20
20

Restaurants

Dining Areas
Cashier
Intimate type
Light environment
Subdued environment
Leisure type
Light environment

50

Store interiors
Circulation ~
Merc:hafdll oy SeMce tiiDfes
Self.service stotes
Showcases and _... casas
SeMca sllores

30
100
200

200

Setl--*e SllaaiS
Featunt disPa,s
Serlice sb8S

500

30

Sell8ellriee stores
Stoc:booms

1000
3D

10

Theat.,.

.....

Auditoriums
During intermission
During performance or presentation
Foyer
Entrance lobby

(All a

EaliiiiDn.

au .,

...

500

... U

SUmuMIIr9

5
0.1

5
20

Residential (sH Table 000 p. 000)

Outdoor Roodliglttlng

I lis

Light surfaces
Medium-dark surfaces
Dark surfaces

Dn

5
15
20

15
30
50
50

Aaga
Parking Lob

Building

10

Construction
Excavation

Burletlns end Po. . . ....-

Self-parking
Attendant parking
Shopping centers (customer attraction
device)

2
5

Light surfaces
Dark surfaces

We select from the table on wall luminance coefficients (previous pages), fixture no. 23
for two lamps, which has semi-direct distribution, low brightness for high VCP (students
spend a large proportion of their time in heads-up position , reQuiring high VCP), batwing
type crosswise distribution for high CRF and low veiling reflection, and good CU which
means high efficiency and low energy use. Furthermore, maintenance category Ll is excellent as in the wide lateral spacing possible with the 1.5 s/MH listed. Arrangement of
fi xtures will be in rows, front-to-back. Based on experience, we would here design for 80
raw fc to obtain the requisite 70-fc, Esl average.
Calculations
Step 1.

From the table below, assume 24-in. stem length (in lieu of 21 in., for ease of
calculation). Also assume standard working plane as 30 in. AFF . Therefore :

hrc
7 .5
Pw =50

2.0
hoc
Pc = 80%

361

hfc = 2.5

Pt = 20%

Table 20.6 A Lighting Efficiency Comparison lor Common Fluol'e$cenl Rnures

Effectivea

Lumens
Flux Distribution

Fixture Description

per Watt

1. Recessed, 2 x 4ft. four-lamp, static, metal troffer;

synthetic enameled, 0.91 reflectance, with ctear
prismatic acrylic lens. without diffusing overlay.

Radial batwing

15.1

2. Recessed, 2 x 4ft. four-lamp static, metal troffer;

synthetic enameled, 0 .88 reflectance, with clear
acrylic prismatic lens, with 0.40-in . diffusing overlay.

Linear batwtng

15.3

3 . Recessed. 1 x 4ft. two- lamp, air-handling, metal

Linear batwing ,
low brightness

27.5

4. Recessed, 2 x 4 ft, four-lamp, air-handling, metal

troffer. with baked enamel reflector, 0.91 renectance, with semispecular anodized aluminum parabolic louvers (crosswise and lengthwise).

Linear .batwing

28.3

5. Recessed, 2 x 4ft. four-lamp, static, metal troffer;

balo;ed enamel. 0.87 reflectance, with cfear acrylic
prismatic lens, without overlay.

General prismatic

30.3

x 4 ft two-lamp.
7. Same as 5 with clear, acrylic, low-brightness prismatic lens without overlay.
8. Recessed, 1 x 4 ff, two-lamp, static, metal troffer
enameled: 0.88 reflectance, with specular Alzac

General prismatic

30.5

Low brightness

32.5

low bfightness

37.1

troffer w ith semispecular. anodized aluminum parabolic reflector and louvers (crosswise only).

6. Same as 5 above except 2

parabolic louvers.

Step 2 .

fr om fo rmulas
RCR

LX

5(7 .5)( ~ )
500

3.375

Similarly
CCR

5(2} { -~ 5- ) = 0.9
500

FCR

5 !2 .5} (-- ~ )
500

1.125

Step 3.

From table of step 1 (percent effective ceiling or floor cavity reflectance)

Step 4.

By interpolation between 10 and 30 floor reflectances and 1 . 1 and 1.2

cavity ratio, we obtain
fc

Step 5.

19 and w

By do uble interpolation
362

= 50 % as given

cu
68

50

0.545

0.54
0.509
0.49

70

Pee

- - ----. .. ---
-~

RCR

0.58
0.549
0 .53
0.545

3
3.375
4

RCR
therefore, CU =-

Step 6 .

Light Loss factors see figure below

GENERAL INFORMATION

Project identification:

BRiGHT CHILD ELE!fEHTAIN SCHOOl

(G~

of arN ant/101 buirdHig and room nvmt>er)

Average maintained illumination for design:

{!)

footcandles

Type and color:

Lumlnaire data:
Manufacturer:

Lamp Data:

F o TId-

CIN

Number per klminaire~-...:~

=---

A If'/ (i()OD

Catalog number:_--:0~0=-0.,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Total lumens per luminaire:

6i'02

SELECTION OF COEmCIENT OF UTIUZATION

Step 1: Fin in sketch at right

Step 2: Detennlne Cavity Ratios from Ftg. 20.34, or by

foonutas.
Room Ca'My Ratio, RCR
3. 315
Ceiling Cavity Ratio, CCR - _ _
0....:.'1::...__ __ _ _ __

1.1.7.5"

Aoor Cavity Ratio, FCR

Step 3: Obtain effective ceiling cavity reflectance

Step <C:

O~n

_ _ _ _ __ _

<Po,;) from

Table 20.9

etlective floor cavity reflectance (Pn_.) from Table 20.9

Step 5: Obtain coeffiCient of utilization (CU) from manufacturer's data.

PC(: =

68%

Pre

= ---'' -'f'-%......___

cu

O.Sf5

SELECTION OF UGHT LOSS FACTORS

Unrecoverable
Luminaire ambient temperature
Voltage to luminaire
Ballast factor
luminaire surface depreciation

Recoverable
Room surface dirt depreciation
Lamp lumen depreciation
lamp burnouts factor
Luminaire dirt depreciation
LDD

/.0
/.0

/.0
Q.9

Total light toss factor, UF (product of individual factors above): ~S''

363

o.y
0 .9
(. (J

().f/

CALCULATIONS
(Average Maintained llluminatlon Level)
. .
(Footcandles) x (Area in square lee!)
Number of Lumrna1res = ..,.:-------,:.___,----:,......,.--=,...,.,-----::-:-:::(Lumens per luminaire) x (CU) x (LLF)

3o .x ;;.o x
=--::-"~lf~C-0::..:..(....::0:;..:.5'::..~5:.:,.-:X

~5

6-=-5=,-::----- = f1.1j.S

=.:::0:--.

(Number
of _
luminaires)
x (Lumens
Footcandles = ..:._
___
_ _-..:.,_.:.__
_ _ per luminaire) x (CU) x (LLF)
(Area in squa~e feet)

....:..__--,--__;_-.:...........;___..:_~

See f~~f

=-----------~~~~~--------------------=

Calculated by;_

(I)

.....;B::....;_
. .:::.S..:..r._"E_ilf"--------------

'!o esr. eo

llF

Step 7.

Date:

11AR. '18

NJw

==

0.9

0.9

0 .9

0.9

= 0 .656

Footcandle calculations:
Number of Luminaires

80

3200

20

25

0 .545

17.48 f ixtures

364

0.656