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1. Algebraic Expression
Degree = 4
4x3 + 11x2y2 5y2 + 7xy -10
Term
Variables
Constant
Coefficient
(a + b) = a + 2ab + b
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
(a + b)(a b) = a2 b2
(a + b)2 + (a b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
(a + b)2 (a b)2 = 4ab
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a b)3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2)
a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2)
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca)
If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
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x = -b/a
3. Zero/Roots of a Polynomial
xn + an is divisible by x + a if n is odd
xn + an is never divisible by x a
xn - an is divisible by x + a if n is even
xn - an is always divisible by x - a
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9. Linear Equation in Three or More Variables
Solve eliminating the variables by taking two equations at a
time and reduce the number of variables subsequently
e.g. x + y + 2z = 1, 2x + y + z = -1, x y + z = 0
x = -1, y = 0 & z = 1
(i)
e.g. x + 10x 11 = 0
S = -10, P = -11
{( + )2 ( )2 = 4}
= -11, = 1
(iv) Discriminant Method
f(x) = 0 (Equation)
x = -b (b2 - 4ac)
2a
(Discriminant = b2 4ac)
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
= a[(x + b/2a)2 (b2 4ac)/4a2] = 0
e.g. x2 + 10x 11 = (x + 5)2 36 = 0
x = -11, 1
(ii) Splitting the Middle Term By Factorization Method
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(i)
x = 1, y = 1
n
C0 + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 ++ nCn = 2n
(ii) x = 1, y = -1
n
C0 - nC1 + nC2 - nC3 + = 0
D > 0 & D is not a perfect square, roots are irrational
11. Cubic Equation
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
(x + y + z + r terms)n
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[(r+1)th term]
x.3x = 1
(x) (3-x) = 0
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c) Quadratic Functions
(x) (x a)(x b) 0, then b < x < a
(xi) (x a)(x b) 0, then x b & x a
(xii) x2 0
(xiii) If a > 1, a2 > a
0 < a < 1, a2 < a
(xiv) if x > 0 & a > b > 1,
then ax > bx
if a positive
if a negative
if a positive
if a negative
Plot the graph and deduce the range of values for which
inequality satisfies and mark the answer.
e) Miscellaneous Type
(xvi) |y| + |x| 4
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(xvii) f(x) = |x + 1| + |x + 2+ |x 1|
18. Functions
A function is a relation between a dependent variable y = f(x)
with independent variable x. For each value of x, there is one
and only one value of y. The values of x are called Domain
and values of y are known as Range
Types of Functions
(i) Constant Function
y = f(x) = a
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y = f(x) = 1/x
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(x) Odd Function
f(-x) = - f(x)
e.g. x3 x
Even Function
f(-x) = f(x)
e.g. x2 + 6
19. Exponentials
(i)
Exponential Series
ex = 1 + x/1! + x2/2! + x3/3! ++ xn/n! +
e = 1 + 1/1! + 1/2! + 1/3! + 1/4! +
(2 < e < 3)
y = f(x) = bx
(a b)x = ax bx
2) a-x = 1/ax
3) ax/ay = ax-y
4) a0 = 1
0x = 0
00 = Not Defined
5) (ax)y = ax y
6)
(xv) Inverse of a Function
If y = f(x), then f-1(x) = y and now replacing x and y
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ax y
7) ax = bx
a=b
(x 0)
8) ax = ay
x = y (a 0, 1)
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a>b>1
10) ax > ay
9) a > b
logb a
(x > 0)
9) loga x = 1/ logx a
10) loga b logb c = loga c
11) loga x > loga y
x > y (a > 1)
20. Logarithms
(i)
Logarithmic Series
loge (1 + x) = x x2/2 + x3/3 (-1 < x 1)
loge 2 = 1 1/2 + 1/3 1/4 +
21. Transformations
y = f(x) = x2
If b = x
y = logb x
(x > 0)
(i)
g(x) = f(x) + a = x2 + 4
h(x) = f(x) a = x2 4
3) loga xk = k loga x
4) logak x = 1/k loga x
5) loga a = 1
6) loga 1 = 0
(a0 = 1)
7) loga ax = x
aloga x = x
8) loga x = logb x
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(iii) g(x) = f(x a) + b = (x 4)2 + 4
y = f(x) = |x + 4|
(iv) g(x) = f(x) = |x + 4|
(Water Image)
d Common Difference
(Mirror Image)
a d, a, a + d
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r Common Ratio
(n1)
Tn (n term) = ar
2)
3)
4)
(n2) = 12 + 22 + 32 ++ n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)
6
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
(n ) = 1 + 2 + 3 ++ n = n(n+1) = n (n+1)
2
4
5)
= a (rn 1) (r > 1)
(r 1)
6)
S (infinite terns) =
=
a
(1 - r)
(r < 1)
(r > 1)
(i)
a/r, a, ar
Distance Formula
Distance between two
points (x1, y1) & (x2, y2)
= (x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2
a, b, c are in HP
The point that divide the line joining two given points
(x1, y1) & (x2, y2) in the ratio m : n
n
1/a + 1/b + 1/c + 1/d+
(for positive numbers)
(+) Internally
() Externally
n = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ++ n = n(n+1)
2
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(x, y) = x1 + x2 + x3 , y1 + y2 + y3
(x2,y2)
a
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(x3,y3)
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y = mx + c
c) Two-Point Form
y y1 = y2 y1 (x x1)
x2 x1
y y1 = m(x x1)
d) Two-Intercept Form
x/a + y/b = 1
(vii) Parallelogram
d=
(x, y) = x1 + x3 , y1 + y3 = x2 + x4 , y2 + y4
2
2
2
2
(x2,y2)
(x3,y3)
c1 c2
(a2 + b2)
(x,y)
(x1,y1)
(h,k)
(x4,y4)
(x1 x2)
(parallel lines)
(perpendicular lines)
b) Point-Slope Form
Quadratic Expression
when x = maximum
when x = -b/2a
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Arithmetic Mean = AM = (a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an)/n
Geometric Mean = GM = (a1 a2 a3 ......... an)1/n
Harmonic Mean = HM = n/[(1/a1) + (1/a2) + (1/a3)
+... +(1/an)]
a) AM > GM > HM (if all the numbers are not equal)
b) Case II: a < 0
f(x) = minimum
f(x) = maximum [-D/4a]
find max. xm yn
ax = by = S
m
n
(m+n)
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