Ch03 Networks With L and C PDF

Chapter 3
Inductors, Capacitors and

RLC Circuits
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

University of the Philippines - Diliman
Revised by Michael Pedrasa, May 2012
Outline
Fundamental Capacitor Characteristics

Fundamental Inductor Characteristics
L and C Combinations
Op-amp Circuits with L and C
Mutual Inductance
Equilibrium Equations for RLC Circuits
State Variable Analysis
Elec Ckts 9th ed, Chapter 6

Capacitor
The capacitor is a circuit element that consists
of two conducting surfaces separated by a nonconducting (dielectric) material. It is an
important element as it has the ability to store
energy in its electric field.
i
C
+
v
-
Fundamental Characteristics
The charge on the capacitor is
Since the current is
Then for a capacitor
d ( Cv )
i=
dt
q = Cv
dq
i=
dt
or
i
C
+
v
-
dv
i =C
dt
Re-arranging the equation and integrating
1
dv = i dt
C
1 t
v(t ) =
i dt
C
4
This can be expressed as two integrals

1 0
1t
v(t ) =
i ( t )dt +
i ( t )dt
C
C0
1t
v ( t ) = v ( t0 ) + i ( t )dt
C0
dv ( t )
Power is given by p( t ) = v ( t )i ( t ) = v ( t )C
dt
Hence the energy stored in the electric field is
v(t )
dv
wC ( t ) = Cv ( t )
dt = C v ( t )dv
dt
v ( )
v(t )
wC ( t ) = 12 Cv 2 ( t ) v ( )
wC ( t ) = 12 Cv 2 ( t ) J
5
v(t) =
-0.5t+20, 10< t< 30 s

5
, t > 35 s
dv
2mF i = C
dt
v
-
, 0< t < 5 s
2t-5 , 5< t< 10 s
Example: Find the current

iC(t) given
v(t)
15
10
5
10 15 20
At t < 5 sec:
iC(t) = 2mF (0) = 0 A
5 < t < 10 sec:
iC(t) = 2mF (2) = 4 mA
25 30 35
10 < t < 30 sec: iC(t) = 2mF (-0.5) = -1 mA

t > 30 sec:
iC(t) = 2mF (0) = 0 A
Plot of the capacitor voltage and current:

v(t)
15
10
5
5
Capacitor is
charging
(absorbing
power)
10 15 20
25 30 35
i(t) mA
4
Capacitor is discharging
(delivering power)
0
-1
t
5
10
30 35
7
Example: Compute the energy stored in a 4-F

capacitor at time t=3ms given the current i(t). The
capacitor is initially uncharged.
current (A)
i(t) =
8x10-3t, 0< t< 2ms

-8x10-6, 2< t< 4 ms
16
10
5
1
-8
4 t (ms)
At 0< t < 2ms:
1t
v ( t ) = v ( t0 ) + i ( t )dt
C0
t
1
3
3 t2
v(t ) =
8
(
10
)
xdx
=
10
4(10 6 ) 0
V
8
At time t=2ms: v(2ms) = 103(2x10-3)2 = 4 mV

In the period 2ms < t < 4ms:
1 t
v ( t ) = v ( 2ms ) +
i ( t )dt
C 2 x103
= 4 x10
t
1
6
+
8
(
10
)dx
6
4(10 ) 2 x103
= 4 x103 2 x t
2 x10 3
= 8x10-3 2t
v(t) =
103t2
V , 0< t < 2ms
2t + 8x10-3 V, 2< t < 4 ms
The voltage of the capacitor at time t = 3ms:

v(3ms) = -2(3)(10-3) + 8(10-3)
= 2x10-3 V
The energy in the electric field of the capacitor
at time t = 3 ms:
w( 3ms ) = 12 Cv 2 ( 3ms )
= 12 4(10 6 )( 2 x103 )2 J
w(3ms) = 8 pJ
10
Plot of the capacitor current, voltage, power

and energy:
Voltage (mV)
44
current (A)
3.5
3
16
2.5
10
5
2
1.5
1
1
-8
4 t (ms)
0.5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
t(ms)
Energy(pJ)
Power(nW)
60
30
40
20
20
0
10
-20
-40 0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
t(ms)
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
11
t(ms)
Inductor
The inductor is a circuit element that consists
of of a conducting wire usually in the form of a
coil. It is an important element as it has the
ability to store energy in its magnetic field.
+
v
-
12
Fundamental Characteristics
The voltage across an inductor is
di
v =L
dt
+
v
-
Re-arranging the equation and integrating
1
di = v dt
L
1 t
i ( t ) = v dt
L
This can also be expressed as
1t
i ( t ) = i ( t0 ) + v ( t )dt
L0
13
Power is given by
p( t ) = v ( t )i ( t ) = L
di ( t )
i(t )
dt
Hence the energy stored in the magnetic field is
di
wL ( t ) = L i ( t )dt
dt
t
i(t )
= L i ( t )di
i ( )
wL ( t ) = 12 Li 2 ( t ) J
14
Example: Find the voltage

across the source, vS(t),
given iS(t) = 0.5 sin 10t.
KVL around the loop,
+ vR -
iS(t)
+ 2
+
0.4 H vL
vS(t)
-
vS = vR + vL
From Ohm s Law,

vR = 2(0.5 sin 10t) = sin 10t V
For the inductor
d
v L = 0.4 ( 0.5 sin 10t )
dt
= 0.4(0.5)(10)cos 10t = 2 cos 10t V
Thus,
vS(t) = sin 10t + 2 cos 10t
V
15
Resistor voltage
1
Plot of the inductor voltage

and current
vL
-1
iL = iS
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Total voltage vS
2.5
-2.5 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
16
Dual Relationship of C and L

The defining equations for capacitors and
inductors are identical if we interchange C with L
and i with v.
Capacitor
dv
i =C
dt
Inductor
di
v =L
dt
1t
v ( t ) = v ( t0 ) + i ( t )dt
C0
1t
i ( t ) = i ( t0 ) + v ( t )dt
L0
wC ( t ) = 12 Cv 2 ( t )
wL ( t ) = 12 Li 2 ( t )
17
Dual Relationship of C and L

Capacitor
Inductor
Voltage cannot change
Current cannot change
If the voltage is
If the current is
instantaneously.
constant, the current is

zero.
instantaneously.
Capacitor acts like an

open circuit to DC.
constant, the voltage

is zero.
Inductor acts like a
short circuit to DC.
18
Capacitor Combinations
Capacitors in Series
C1
C2
Capacitors in Parallel
C3
C1
C2
C3
Cn
Cn
Ceq
Ceq
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
Ceq C1 C 2
Cn
Ceq = C1+ C2+ + Cn
19
Inductor Combinations
Inductors in Series
L1
L2
Inductors in Parallel
L3
L1
L2
L3
Ln
Ln
Leq
Leq = L1+ L2+ + Ln
Leq
1
1
1
1
= +
+ ... +
Leq L1 L2
Ln
20
RC Op-Amp Circuit :
Differentiator
R2
i2
i1
KCL at inverting terminal:
i- = 0
C1
i 1 + i2 = i-
vs
v v
d
C1 (v s v ) + 0
= i
dt
R2
R3
VV+
+
vo
i+ = 0
But i-= i+= 0 and v-= v+=0

So,
dv
v
C1 s + 0 = 0
dt
R2
or
dv s
v 0 ( t ) = R2C1
dt
21
C2
RC Op-Amp Circuit :
Integrator
i- = 0
KCL at inverting terminal:
R1
i 1 + i2 = i-
vs v
d
+ C2
(v 0 v ) = i
R1
dt
vs
dv0
= C 2
R1
dt
or
i2
i1
vs
R3
VV+
+
vo
i+ = 0
1 t
vO ( t ) =
v s ( x )dx
R1C 2
1 t
vO ( t ) =
v s ( x )dx + v( t = 0 )
R1C 2 0
If the capacitor is
initially uncharged,
1 t
vO ( t ) =
v s ( x )dx
R1C 2 0
22
0.8 F
Example: Determine
the output voltage vO
(t) given the input
vS(t)=
t2, 0 < t < 2
vs
10k
3F 2F
+
vo
-0.8t + 5.6,
2<t<7
Simplifying the capacitors,
Ceq1
3(10 6 )( 2 )(10 6 )
=
= 1.2 F
6
6
3(10 ) + 2(10 )
Ceq2 = 1.2 F + 0.8 F = 2 F

23
Thus, this is a differentiator circuit with

C1 = 2 F and R2 = 10k.
At time 0 < t < 2 sec,
d 2
v 0 ( t ) = 10(10 )2(10 ) ( t )
dt
= -0.02 (2t) = -0.04t V
At time 2 < t < 4 sec,
3
6 d
v 0 ( t ) = 10(10 )2(10 ) ( 0.8t + 5.6 )
dt
= -0.02 (-0.8) = 0.016 V
3
vO(t)=
-0.04t V,
0.016 V,
0<t<2
2<t<7
24
Input voltage vS
(t)
Output voltage
vO(t)
0.02
3.5
0.01
-0.01
2.5
-0.02
-0.03
1.5
-0.04
1
-0.05
0.5
-0.06
0
-0.5
-0.07
1
t(sec)
-0.08 0
t(sec)
25
Example: A square wave

(shown) is used as input to the
RC integrator circuit. Determine
the output vO(t) if R1= 5k and
C2 = 0.2 F. The capacitor is
initially uncharged.
At time
0<t< 0.1:
vs(t) (mV)
20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 t(sec)
-20
t
1
vO ( t ) =
0.02dx
3
6
5(10 )( 0.2 )(10 ) 0
= 10
t
( 0.02 )x 0
= -20t V ,
0< t <0.1
vO(0.1) = -20(0.1) = -2 V
26
At time 0.1< t < 0.2:

t
1
vO ( t ) =
0.02dx + vO ( 0.1)
3
6
5(10 )( 0.2 )(10 ) 0.1
t
= 103 ( 0.02 )x 0.1 2 = 20t 4 V,
0.1<t< 0.2
vO(0.02) = 20(0.2) - 4 = 0 V
At time
0.2< t < 0.3:
vO ( t ) = 10 0.02dx + vO ( 0.2 )
0.2
= -20t + 4
At time
0.3< t < 0.4:
V, 0.2<t< 0.3
vO ( t ) = 10 0.02dx + vO ( 0.3)
0.3
= 20t 8 V, 0.3<t< 0.4

27
0.2F
vs(t) (mV)
20
5k

+
vo
vs
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 t(sec)
-20
-20t V
vO(t)=
0<t<0.1 sec
20t 4 V,
0.1<t< 0.2
-20t + 4 V,
0.2<t< 0.3
20t 8 V,
0.3<t< 0.4
vO(t) (V)
0.4 t(sec)
0.2
0.1
0.3
-2
28
End
Coupled Circuits
Coils that share a common magnetic flux are
mutually coupled; that is, a time-varying current in
one coil induces a voltage in the other coil.
Example: Two-winding transformer
i2=0
i1
e1
-
N1
N2
e2
-
30
An increasing current i1 in coil 1 (directed as

shown) results in a magnetic flux which induces
voltages e1 and e2 in coils 1 and 2, respectively.
From Faraday s Law, we get
d!
d! di1
di1
e1 = N1
= N1
= L11
dt
di1 dt
dt
di1
d
d di1
e2 = N 2
= N2
= L12
dt
di1 dt
dt
Note: L11 and L12 are self and mutual inductances,
respectively.
31
Polarity Marks
One end of each coil is marked to indicate the
relative polarity of the induced voltages.
+
e1
-
+
e2
-
The voltages from the marked terminals to the

unmarked terminals have the same polarity.
+
e1
e2
+
32
When currents flow in both coils, the induced

voltage will have a component due to selfinductance and another component due to the
mutual inductance.
+
e1
-
i1
i2
+
e2
-
di1
di2
e1 = L11
+ L12
dt
dt
di1
di2
e2 = L 21
+ L 22
dt
dt
+
e1
-
i1
i2
+
e2
-
di1
di2
e1 = L11
L12
dt
dt
di1
di2
e2 = L12
+ L 22
dt
dt
33
L1
Example: Write the

mesh equations
R1
that describe the
network.
+
v1
-
R2
i2
i1
C
L2
L3
i3
v2
-
di 3
di 1
di 1
Mesh 1:
v1 = R1i1 + L1
+ L2
+M
dt
dt
dt
1
Mesh 2:
0 = R 2i2 + (i2 i3 ) dt
C
di 3
di 1 1
Mesh 3: v2 = L 3
+M
+ (i3 i2 ) dt
dt
dt C
34
Example: Write the mesh equations that describe

the network shown.
R1
+
v(t)
-
i1
L1
R2
i2
L2
i3
L3
C
For mesh 1, we get
d
d
v(t) = R1i1 + L1 (i1 i2 ) + M 12 (i2 i3 )
dt
dt
di 3
M13
+ R 2 (i1 i2 )
dt
35
For meshes 2 and 3, we get
di3
d
d
0 = R 2 (i2 i1 ) + L1 (i2 i1 ) + M12 (i3 i2 ) + M13
dt
dt
dt
di3
d
d
+ L 2 (i2 i3 ) + M12 (i1 i2 ) + M23
dt
dt
dt
di3
di3
d
d
0 = L 2 (i3 i2 ) + M12 (i2 i1 ) M23
+ L3
dt
dt
dt
dt
d
d
1
+ M13 (i2 i1 ) + M23 (i2 i3 ) + i3dt
dt
dt
C
36
Example: Write the loop equations that describe

the network. R1
+
v(t)
-
i1
L1
R2
i2
L2
i3
L3
C
di3
di1
di2
v(t) = R1(i1 + i2 + i3 ) + L1
+ L12
L13
+ R 2i1
dt
dt
dt
di3
di2
di1
v(t) = R1(i1 + i2 + i3 ) + L 2
+ L12
+ L 23
dt
dt
dt
di3
di1
di2
v(t) = R1(i1 + i2 + i3 ) + L 3
L13
+ L 23
dt
dt
dt
37
Equilibrium Equations for RLC

Networks
Artemio P. Magabo
Professor of Electrical Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

University of the Philippines - Diliman
Equilibrium Equations
Loop Current Formulation
Number of current variables equals number
of distinct loops
KVL equation for each loop
Node Voltage Formulation
Number of voltage variables equals number
of nodes minus one (reference)
KCL equation for each node except reference
State Variable Formulation
Inductor currents and capacitor voltages are
used as variables
= A x +Bu
General Form of Equation: x
39
Example: Use the loop current method to describe

the network shown.
L
R
+
v(t)
-
+ vR -
+ vL -
i(t)
vC
-
We need only one current variable.

From KVL, we get
or
v(t) = vR + vL + vC
di(t) 1 t
v(t) = Ri(t) + L
+ i(t)dt
dt
C
40
Example: Use the node voltage method to

describe the network shown.
+v(t)
iL
iR
i(t)
iC
L
REF
We need only one voltage variable. From KCL, we

get
or
i(t) = iR + iL + iC
v(t) 1 t
dv(t)
i(t) =
+ v(t)dt + C
R
L
dt
41

the network shown.
L
R1
+
v(t)
-
i1
i2
R2
1 t
Mesh 1: v(t) = R 1i1 +
(i1 i2 )dt
C
Mesh 2:
di2
1 t
0=L
+ R 2i2 + (i2 i1 )dt
dt
C
42
Example: Write the nodal equations that describe

the network shown.
L
+v1
+v2
i(t)
R1
R2
REF
Node 1:
Node 2:
v1 1 t
i(t) =
+ (v1 v2 )dt
R1 L
1 t
v2
dv2
0 = (v2 v1 )dt +
+C
L
R2
dt
43

the network shown.
R1
C
+
v(t)
-
Mesh 1:
Mesh 2:
Mesh 3:
i1
i2
R2 i 3
i(t)
d
v(t) = R1i1 + L (i1 i2 )
dt
d
1 t
0 = L (i2 i1 ) + i2dt + R 2 (i2 + i3 )
dt
C
i3 = i(t)
44
Example: Write the nodal equations that describe

the network shown.
+v1
+v2
C +v3
+
v(t)
R1
L
R2
i(t)
REF
v1 = v(t)
v2 v1 1 t
d
Node 2: 0 =
+ v2dt + C (v2 v3 )
R1
L
dt
v3
d
Node 3: i(t) = C
(v3 v2 ) +
dt
R2
Node 1:
45
C1
Example
L
+va
is1
+vb
+
R1
C2
vs
+vc
R2
is2
REF
va
d
1
Node a: is1 =
+ C1
(va vc ) + (va vb )dt
R1
dt
L
Super
vc
dvb 1
d
node: is2 = R + C1 dt (vc va ) + C2 dt + L (vb va )dt
2
Voltage source:
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46
State Variable Analysis

State variables
Inductor Currents
Capacitor Voltages
General Form of the State Equation
= Ax + Bu
x
Solution of the State Equation
numerical integration
47
General Procedure
1. Define a current variable for each inductor and a
voltage variable for each capacitor.
2. Write a KVL equation for each inductor in the
circuit. Write a KCL equation for each capacitor
in the circuit.
3. Express the equation in the matrix form
= Ax + Bu
x
x = vector of inductor currents and capacitor
voltages (nx1)
u = vector of sources (mx1)
A (nxn) and B (nxm) are constant matrices
48
Example
+
From KCL, we get
dv c
iL = C
dt
v(t)
L
iL
vC
-
Equations should be in
terms of iL, vC, and v(t).
diL
+ vc
From KVL, we get v(t) = RiL + L
dt
49
Re-arranging the equations,
di L 1
R
1
= v( t ) i L v c
dt L
L
L
i = R i 1 v + 1 v( t )
L
L
c
L
L
L
diL
v(t) = RiL + L
+ vc
dt
dv c
iL = C
dt
dv c 1
= iL
dt C
1
v c = i L
C
or
In matrix form, we get
i
-R/L -1/L
L
=
C
v
1/C
0
iL
vC
1/L
0
v(t)
50
Example
i(t)
iL
vC
From KVL,
we get
diL
L
= vc
dt
Equations should be in terms

of iL, vC, and i(t).
di L 1
= vc
dt L
From KCL, we get
vc
dv c
i(t) =
+ iL + C
R
dt
dv c 1
vc i L
= i( t )
dt C
RC C
51
di L 1
= vc
dt L
dv c 1
vc i L
= i( t )
dt C
RC C
i
0
1/L
L
=
C
v
-1/C -1/RC
iL
vC
0
1/C
i(t)
52
Example
From KVL,
we get
diL
vc = L
+ R 2iL
dt
R1
+
vC
v(t)
-
iL
R2
Equations
v
(
t
)
v
dv
c
From KCL, we get
= C c + iL should be in
R1
dt
terms of iL,
vC, and v(t).
i
-R2/L 1/L
L
=
C
v
-1/C -1/R1C
iL
vC
0
1/R1C
v(t)
53
Example
From KCL,
we get
vc
dv c
iL =
+C
R2
dt
i(t)
R1
iL
R2
vC
diL
+ vc
From KVL, we get [i(t) iL ]R 1 = L
dt
i
-R1/L -1/L
L
=
C
v
1/C -1/R2C
iL
vC
R1/L
0
i(t)
54
i R 2 = i( t ) + i C
Example
R1
+
v(t)
-
L1
iL1
iC
i C = i L1 i L 2
+ vC -
L2
iL2
iR2
R2
i(t)
diL1
v(t) = R1iL1 + L1
+ v c + [iL1 iL 2 + i(t)]R 2
dt
diL 2
L2
= v c + [iL1 iL 2 + i(t)]R 2
dt
dv c
iL1 = iL 2 + C
dt
55
Example
+
v(t)
R1
L1
iL1
+ vC -
iL1
L2
iL2
R2
i(t)
v c v ( t ) R2
( R1 + R2 )
R2
=
iL1 +
iL 2
+
+
i(t )
L1
L1
L1
L1
L1
R2
R2
1
R2
i L2 =
i l1 ! i L2 + vC + i(t )
L2
L2
L2
L2
1
1
vc = iL1 + iL 2
C
C
56
i
-(R1+R2)/L1
L1
i
=
R2/L2
L2
v C
1/C
1/L1 -R2/L1
+
R2/L2
R2/L1
-1/L1
-R2/L2
1/L2
-1/C
iL1
iL 2
vC
v(t)
i(t)
57
End

Ch03 Networks With L and C PDF

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Ch03 Networks With L and C PDF

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Chapter 3

Inductors, Capacitors and

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Fundamental Capacitor Characteristics

Elec Ckts 9th ed, Chapter 6

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Re-arranging the equation and integrating

This can be expressed as two integrals

-0.5t+20, 10< t< 30 s

2t-5 , 5< t< 10 s

Example: Find the current

iC(t) = 2mF (0) = 0 A

5 < t < 10 sec:

iC(t) = 2mF (2) = 4 mA

10 < t < 30 sec: iC(t) = 2mF (-0.5) = -1 mA

iC(t) = 2mF (0) = 0 A

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Plot of the capacitor voltage and current:

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Example: Compute the energy stored in a 4-F

8x10-3t, 0< t< 2ms

At 0< t < 2ms:

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At time t=2ms: v(2ms) = 103(2x10-3)2 = 4 mV

V , 0< t < 2ms

2t + 8x10-3 V, 2< t < 4 ms

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The voltage of the capacitor at time t = 3ms:

Plot of the capacitor current, voltage, power

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Re-arranging the equation and integrating

This can also be expressed as

Hence the energy stored in the magnetic field is

Example: Find the voltage

From Ohm s Law,

vS(t) = sin 10t + 2 cos 10t

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Plot of the inductor voltage

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Dual Relationship of C and L

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Dual Relationship of C and L

Voltage cannot change

Current cannot change

constant, the current is

Capacitor acts like an

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constant, the voltage

Ceq = C1+ C2+ + Cn

KCL at inverting terminal:

But i-= i+= 0 and v-= v+=0

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KCL at inverting terminal:

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t2, 0 < t < 2

Simplifying the capacitors,

Ceq2 = 1.2 F + 0.8 F = 2 F

Thus, this is a differentiator circuit with

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Example: A square wave

At time 0.1< t < 0.2: