RESEARCH MEMORANDUM

PRELIMINARY

INVESTIGATION
OF P E R F O R U N C E OF

VARIABLE-THROAT EXTENDED-PLUG-TYPE NOZZLES

OVER WIDE RANGE OF NOZZLE PRESSURE RATIOS
By Carl C. Ciepluch, H. George Krull, and Fred W. Steffen
Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory
d, Ohio

CLASSIFICATION CH%X%

February 5,1954

"

NACA RM E53J28
NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AEROmAvllICS

PRELIMINMY INVESTIGATION OF PEKFORMANCE OF VARLAXE-TKROAT

EXTENDED-PLUG-TPE

By C a r l C

. Ciepluch,

N0ZZL;ES OVER WIDE RANGE

H. George

mull,

and Fred W . Steffen

As p a r t of an over-all program f o r the experimental investigation

o f large-scale J e t nozzles, a preliminaryevaluation o f t h ei n t e r n a l
performance characteristics of several vmiable-throat extended-plugtype nozzles uaa obtained over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from
1.5 to 15 withnozzlethroat-meavariations
as greatas 2:l.
An extended-plug nozzle attained peak thrust coefficients as high
those which have been attained FJlth fixed-geometry convergentdivergent nozzles.
The t h r u s t coefficients of the extended-plugnozzles
were relatively insensitive to both nozzle pressure r a t i o and throat
area over t h e range investigated.
The lack of s e n s i t i v i t y of t h r u s t
coefficient t o nozzle pressure r a t i o and throat area was evidenced
i n thrust coefficient
primarily by t h e absence of. severe decreases
a t low nozzle pressure ratios which a r e narmally observed f o r canvergentdivergentnozzlesbecause
of overexpansion.For
choked flow, the flow
coefficients of t h e extended-plug nozzles varied from 0.95 t o 0.997.
&s

A r a t i o of the outer-shell exit area to nozzle throat area was

found t o be an important variable affecting nozzle
performance. %st
of the configurations reported herein showed a small decrease in t h r u s t
c o e f f i c i e n t a t low nozzle pressure ratlos; however, it -is believed that
this characteristic can be nearly eliminated by proper nozzle design.

INTRODUCTION

.
L

It i s shown in references 1to 3 t h a t a convergent-divergent exhaust nozzle i s needed for supersonic f l i g h t with a turbojet or ram-jet
engine. In general, both the t h r o a t area and the expansion r a t i o o f
the convergent-divergent nozzle must be variable t o provide f o r large
changes i n engine operating conditions. Several types
of designs which
may satisfy these.requirements have been investigated.

NACA RM E3J28
*

The perfornaance of cme type of design, variable-throat convergentdivergent nozzle, with a f i x e d e x i t i s reported in reference 4 . These
of e i t h e r a movable convergent-divergent
conical-outernozzles
consisted
s h e l l and a fixed center plug or a series of fixed and mvable vanes
whichformed convergent-divergent two-dimensional f l o w channels. Although v a r i a t i o n i n t h r o a t a r e a w a s provided with these nozzles, t h e expansion r a t i o r e s u l t i n g from any t h r o a t area called f o r did not necess a r i l y provide optimum expansion for the nozzle pressure ratio under a
given condition of operation and, therefore, losses due t o e i t h e r u n d e r expansion o r overexpamion could r e s u l t .

rl

K)

Another type of design w

h
i
c
h may provide more appropriate expansion
r a t i o s i n some applications i s the variable-throat extended-plug-type nozzle. A preliminary investigation of the extended-plugnozzle was conducted
This nozzle consisted of
and the results obtained are reporte-d herein.
a convergent conical outer shell and a conical plug. The nozzle t h r o a t
area could be varied either by t r a n s l a t i n g the conical outer shell along
t h e plug or by using outer shells having various exit diameters
8%a
fixed position on the plug to simulate an
iris-type outer shell. I n
these nozzles, the external portLon of the plug serves the same purpose
as diverging walls o f a conventional convergent-divergent nozzle;
that
is, it provldes a surface on which t h e high pressure of the expanding
j e t can a c t .
The purpose of thLs investigation w a s t o determine t h e magnftude of
thrust-coefficients that might be expected from several-extended-plug
nozzles over a range o f nozzle pressure ratios a d throat-area s e t t i n g s
and t o determine the effect o e h e important geometrical design variables
on perfmmnce. The data obtained do not necessar&ly represent the
optirn f o r this type ofnozzle, because no attempt was made t o refine t h e
nozzle design; theref-,
the data are not intended as final design
criteria.

Three coxxlcal outer shells covering a range of nozzle exit area8

and nozzle throat areas
were used with a simple center plug. Provisions
also were made t o t r a n s l a t e t h e outer shells along the plug
BO that t h e
b e varied. Each configuration was investigated
nozzle throat area could
over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from 1.5 t o about 15.

Installation
The nozzles were i n s t a l l e d i n a t e s t chamber connected to the Laboratory combustion air and the altdtude exhaust f a c i l i t i e s as shorn i n
figures 1 and 2. The nozzles w e r e m a t e d on a section of pipe which
was f r e e l y supported on flexure plates shown i n f i g u r e 2. The tnounting

NACA

RM E53J28

- 2

pipe was connected through a b e l l crank to a calibrated balanced-airpressure diaphragm which was used i n measuring t h r u s t . A labyrinth
s e a l mound t h e necked-down i n l e t section ahead of the mounting pipe
separated the nozzle-inlet air from the exhaust and provided a means
of maintaining a pressure difference across the nozzle.
Nozzle Configurations
CIJ

3 b

The 10 nozzle configurations investigated a r e l i s t e d i n t a b l e I

along with t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e component p a r t s . An explodedassembly of
a typical configuration i s shown i n figure 3. The component p a r t s o f
each configuration consisted of a spool piece, an outer s h e l l , and a
plug. The dimensions of the various parts used to make up the configurations are shown i n f i g u r e 4 . For the simulated translatable-outershell type nozzle (configurations A t o F), nozzle-throat-area was varied
by changing t h ep o s i t i o n of theconicalouter
s h e l l on theplug by means
of t h e spool pieces. For the simulated
iris-type
nozzle
(configurations
B, G, and H), outer shells w i t h e x i t diameters of 8.5, 10.5, and X5
inches w e r e used to vary the nozzle throat ares.
Two plugs were investigated; plug 1 had a conical downstream section, while plug 2 had a
blunt downstreamend (see f i g . 4 ( c ) ) .
The flow-area variation along the plug for the translatable-outershell nozzle (configurations A to F) i s shown i n figure 5(a), and t h e
v a r i a t i o n i n flow area along the plug f o r the simulated iris-type nozzle (configurations B, G, and H) i s shown i n f i g u r e 5 ( b ) . The i n t e r n a l
flow area, Pepresented by t h e s o l i d l i n e s , i s the annular area between
the plug and o u t e r s h e l l i n a plane perpendicular t o the axis of t h e
plug. The diameter of the Jet was assumed t o be equal t a the diame t e r of the outer-shell exitj therefore, the external flow
area
along the plug, as shown by t h e dashed curve, was equal t o the annular
area enclosed by the surfaces of t h e plug and a cylinder with a diameter equal to t h a t of the outer-shell exit. These configurations
covered a range o f t h r o a t areas from about 43 to 89 square inches.
From figure 5, it can also be seen that configurations B, C, D, E, and
H had some i n t e r n a l divergence, which i s l i s t e d i n table I.
Instrumentation
Pressures and temperatures w e r e measured at various stations as
At the air-flow measuring s t a t i o n (station 2) t h e r e
were seven total-pressure probes, seven static-pressure probes, and
A t s t a t i o n 3, the nozzle inlet, the instruthree wall-static taps.
mentation consisted of 14 total-pressure probes and 6 thermocouples.
Ambient-exhaust-pressure instrumentation was provided at s t a t i o n 0,
and a static-pressure survey w a s made on the outside w a l l of the

shown i n figure 2.

NACA RM E53JZ8

mounting-pipe diffuser. The instrumentation on plug 1 consisted of 1l

wall-static
taps
on t h e downstream conical
section
of the plug and 3
wall-static taps on the cylindrical section.

Performance data for each configuration were obtained over a range

of nozzle
pressure
ratios
at-a
constant
a i r flow. The nozzle
pressure
ratio was varied from about 1.5 t o t h e maximum obtainable, which varied
Prom configuration t o configuration because of varying throat areas and
limiting air-handling capacity of the air-supply and exhauster equipment.
The t h r u s t coefficient w a ~calculated.by dividing the actual jet
t h r u s t by t h e i d e a l t h r u s t .
The actual jet thruet was obtained from
the balasced-~r-pressure-dFaphragmmeasurements, and pressure and t e m perature measurements made throighout. tze - t e s t s e t u p . The i d e a l J e t
thrust was calculated as theproduct of the measured mass P l o w and the
isentropic Jet velocity based on the nozzle pressure ratio and the inl e t temperature. The syuibols used i n t h i s r e p o r t and the methods ofcalculation a r e shown i n appendixes A and B, respectively.

ri
(c

0
K)

.,

General Performance Characteristics

The performaace of a typical extended-plug nozzle over a range of
nozzle pressw-e ratios is compared with the performance of a convergent
nozzle and a iixed-geometry convergent-divergent nozzle i n figure 6.
The data f o r the convergent and convergent-divergent nozzles were taken
from reference 1. Configuration D of the extended-plug nozzles and a
convergent-divergent nozzle with an expansion r a t i o of 2.65 were chosen
f o r comparison because both have t h r u s t coefficients of approximately
the same magnitude a t a nozzle pressure ratio
of 16, which i s c l o s e t o
the design nozzle pressure ratio-of the convergent-divergent nozzle.
Configuration D and the convergent-d~vergent-nozzle
both have thrust
coefficients of approximately 0.95 at a nozzle preseure r a t i o of 16,
while the convergent nozzle, which i s severely undereypanded., has a
thrust coefficient of0.89. I n the extended-plugnozzle, the external
plug surface takes the place of the divergent w a l l s of a convergentdivergent nozzle as the surface on which the expanding jet acts; thus,
higher thrust coefficients are reached a t high pressure ratios wLth the
extended-plug nozzle than with
a simpleconvergent nozzle. A t a nozzle
pressureratio of 2, the thrust coefficient of the extended-plug nozzle
was 0.935 compared with values of 0.82 f o r the convergent-avergent
nozzle and 0.98 f o r the convergent nozzle. The extended-plugnozzle
not only has thrust coefficients equal to those of a convergent-divergent -

NACA RM E53528
n

nozzle a t high nozzle pressure ratios, but

it also has thrust coefficients
approaching those of the convergent nozzle a t low nozzle pressure ratios.
The thrust coefficient of the extended-plug nozzle exceeds that of t h e
of
convergent-divergent nozzle a t lower nozzle pressure ratios because
less severe over-expansion losses.

-.I

Performance of translatable-outer-shell type extended-plug nozzle. Experimental thrust coefficients obtained over a range
of nozzle pressure ratios are shown i n figure 7 f o r configurations A to F (the configurations correspond -&I
a nozzle with a fixed center plug and a
translatable-outer-shell as t h e means of varying the nozzle t h r o a t area).
The variation i n r e l a t i v e t h r o a t area ~ 4 (. r a t i o o f nozzle t h r o a t area
to m i n i m u m nozzle throat area)
was approximately 2 :l. Configuration A
approximated a convergent nozzle (%/At = 1) and had a p e e thrust coeff i c i e n t of 0.97 ufiich i s s l i g h t l y lower than that of t h e simple conical
nozzle reported i n r e f e r e n c e 1. The difference i n thrust coefficient
was a r e s u l t of the extended-plug nozzle having a larger internal wetted
area which increased the skin f r f c t i o n . Maximum thrust Coefficients of
0.96, 0.95, 0.95, 0.945, and 0.922 w e r e obtained with configurations
B,
C, D, E, and F, respectively. These t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t s remained neazly
constant over arange of nozzle pressure ratios from 2 t o 15. For example, the thrust coefficient for configuration B, which generally had
the highest thrust coefficient above a p r e s s u r e r a t i o of 2.5, rerpained
above 0.95 at nozzle pressure ratios from 2.5 t o 12.
The r a t i o of the outer-shell exit area t o t h e t h r o a t area ( t h a t is,
the r a t i o of the projected area of the downstreamend of t h e o u t e r s h e l l
t o thenozzlethroatarea
Ag/& of an extended-plugnozzle)corresponds, i n a sense, t o the physical expansion ratio of a convergentdivergent nozzle, and i t s e f f e c t on extended-plug-nozzle performance i s
similar t o t h e effect of expansion r a t l o on convergent-divergent-nozzle
performance. For example, the peak t h r u s t coefficient appears t o OCCUT
at higher nozzle pressure ratios as t h e r a t i o of o u t e r - s h e l l e x i t a r e a
to throat area increases for each configuration i n f i g u r e 7. Increasing the r a t i o of o u t e r - s h e l l e x i t a r e a t o t h r o a t
area a l s o increased
t h e drop i n thrust coefficient at the l o w nozzle pressure ratios; howas
ever, the decrease in thrust coefficient was not nearly as severe
the loss i n t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t due to overexpansion in convergentdivergent nozzles w i t h peak thrust coefficfents a t comparable nozzle
This drop i n thrust coefficient a t the low nozzle
pressure ratios.
pressure r a t i o 8 i s not necessarily an inherent characteristic of the
extended-plug nozzle, as KLllbe explained in a subsequent p& of
this report.
Configurations B, C, D, and E had some i n t e r n a l divergence due t o
Part of the dethe geometry of these configurations (see f i g . 5 ( a ) )
crease in thrust coefficient at the low nozzle pressure ratios was
caused by overexpansion which resulted from the internal divergent
section.

NACA RM E53J28

Performance of simulated iris-type extended-plug nozzle.

The
foregoing discussion was concerned
with nozzle throat-area variation
by translation of the outer shell
along the plug. Throat area can
also
be va;ried by an iris
(vdable exit diameter) outer shell. The variation of thrust coefficiebt with nozzle pressure ratio
a simulated
for
iris-type nozzle is shown
in figure 8 for three throat areas (configurations B, G, and H) Peak thrust coefficients for configurations
B,
G, and H were 0.96, 0.96, and 0.98, respectively. Configurations B
and H had some internal divergenceto due
the geometry
of the nozzle,
with configurationH having an internal expansion ratio
of 1.39. Althou& the thrust coefficient appeared to have been by
increased
the
internal divergenceof the nozzle (configuration
H), the decrease in
thrust coefficient due to overexgansion at
the
l o w nozzle
pressure
ratios was increased. With configurationG, a thrust coefficient above
0.95 was obtained up to a nozzle presstme ratio 5.5,
of but underexpansion losses at higher nozzle pressure ratios were encountered because
of the low ratio of ouhr-shell exit =ea to throat area.

Sensitivity to throat-area variation.

- A comparison showing the
effect of nozzle throat-area variation
on the performanceof both types
of extended-plug nozzles,
a convergent-divergent nozzle,
and a convershown in figure 9 for nozzle pressure ratios
of 3 and
gent nozzle is
10. The extended-plug nozzles
were composed of configurations A to F
for the translatable-outer-shell-typenozzle and configurations B, G,
and H for the simulated iris-type nozzle. The data for the convergent
nozzle wereteen f r o m the performance of the simple conical convergent
nozzle reportedin reference 1. It was assumed for the convergent nozzle
that the nozzle throat-area variation
can be obtained by the use of either
an iris or clamshell nozzle and that the thrust coefficient
con- remains
stant overa wide range of throat-area variation at each nozzle pressure
ratio. Data from reference4 w e r e used a s a basi-s for the variablereferences 1 and 2 were
throat convergent-divergent nozzle, and from
data
used to extrapolate the nozzle performance to the desired throst-area
variation. The variable-throat convergent-divergent nozzlea fixed
had
exit area and a variation of relative throat area from
1 to 1.735
which resulted in
an expansion-ratio variation from
1.125 to 1.95.
"

At a nozzle pressure ratio

of 3 (fig. 9(a)), the-thrust coefficients
of the extended-plug nozzle with
the tramlatable outer shell and the
variable-throa-kconvergent-divergentnozzle were practically equal
above a relaive throat area
of 1.35. The thrust coefficient of the
iris-type extended-plug nozzle
m8 less
than the thrust coefficients
of these nozzles above
a relative throat area
of 1.5. However, below
a relative throat area
of 1.35, the thrust coefficient of the varia'blethraat convergent-divergent nozzle decreased rapidly of
because
severe
overexpansion losses, whereas
both extended-plug nozzles maintained
relatively high thrust coefficients. The decreases in thrust coefficient of the extended-plug nozzles were
not severe at the low relative

M E A RM E53J28

.
.
1

t h r o a t areas, and the thrust coefficients of both of these nozzles remainedabove 0.93 down t o a r e l a t i v e t h r o a t a r e a of 1.0. For this low
nozzle pressure ratlo, the convergent nozzle had a thrust coefficient
of 0.975 over the f u l l range of r e l a t i v e t h r o a t areas.

A t a nozzle pressure ratio of 10 ( f i g . 9(b)), t h e extended-plug

nozzles had t h r u s t coefficients which w e r e as much as 2 percentage
points lower than those of the variable-throat convergent-divergent
nozzle a t r e l a t i v e t h r o a t areas below 1.5. The thrust coefficients of
both extended-plug nozzles were higher than the thrust coefficient
of
the variable-throat convergent-divergent nozzle
a t higher relative throat
areas, because the underexpansion of the extended-plug nozzles w a s l e s s
severe than t h a t of the variable throat convergent-divergent nozzle.
converSevere underexpansion decreased the thrust coefficient of the
gent nozzle t o a value of 0.915 at a nozzle pressure ratio of 10 f o r
a l l r e l a t i v e t h r o a t meas.
For a r e l a t i v e t h r o a t area of 2, the translatable-outer-shell
extended-plug nozzle approached a convergent nozzle (configuration A)
and the thrust coefficient decreased as a result of underexpansion
losees at a nozzle pressure ratio of 10; t h e thrust coefficient of the
iris-type nozzle remained high because of an increasing ratio of outers h e l l e x i t axe8 t o throat area and i n t e r n a l divergence.
Effect of Plug Shape

Some of t h e e f f e c t s of throat-area variation on thrust coefficient

f o r several nozzles which had a comnaDn plug w e r e discussed i n t h e p r e I n order t o show b r i e f l y t h e e f f e c t of extreme v u ceding paragraphs.
i a t i o n i n p l u g shape on nozzle thrust coefficient and t o determine an
end point of plug design, configurations I and J (see table I) were investigated and the resultant t h r u s t coefficients are shown i n f i g u r e 10
overarange
of nozzle pressure ratios.
The downstream face of the
blunt plug of configuration J was located in the plane of the outerI and J had t h e same r a t i o of outer-shell
shell exit. Configurations
exit area t o throat area, but the
thrust coefficients of configuration
J w e r e generally about 2 t o 4 percent lower than those of configurat i o n I. The generally poorer performance of the blunt plug as compared with t h e conical plug was a t t r i b u t e d t o the expanston of t h e gas
h
c
ih caused the pressure on t h e
stream mound the corner of the plug w
downstream surface of the plug to be lower o r as low as t h e auibient
pressure a t t h e low nozzle pressure ratios. The thrust gainsover a
simple convergent nozzle that were observed above a nozzle pressure
r a t i o of 8 f o r configuration J indicate a higher than ambient pressure
Even though configuration I had
acting on the downstream plug surface.
no i n t e r n a l divergence, t h e thrust coefficient w a s a t l e a s t as high as
f o r any of the configurations shown in figure 7; this indicates that
i n t e r n a l divergence is not essential to obtaining high t h r u s t coefficients w i t h t h i s type of nozzle.

NACA RM E53J28

Plug Presaure Distribution

Plug-wall pressures

m e p l o t t e d i n f i g u r e ll against plug projected

I at
various nozzle pressure ratios. An abrupt decrease in wall pressure
occurred immediately downstream of the plug corner i n each configuration
as a r e s u l t of the Prandtl-Meyer expaaston of the flow around the corner.
This decrease represents a loss i n j e t thrust since the pressure drop
reduces a forward-acting pressure force on a large percentage of the
plug area to below that which could be obtained i n an i d e a l expansion.
area a t t h e pressure-measuring s t a t i o n f o r configurations A t o

Overexpansion resulting from an internal divergent section i s a l s o

evident from these pressure curves.
It w a s pointed out in connectLon
with figure 10 (configuration I) t h a t an internal divergent section i s
not e s s e n t i a l t o obtaining high t h r u s t coefficients at high nozzle presAn extended-plugnozzle having a faired. plug (no sharp
sure ratios.
corners) with turning of the f l o w taking place in the subsonic region
and having no internal divergent section would be expected t o have a
nearly f l a t thrust coefficient
characteristic.
Therefore,
the losses
i n t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t at the l a w nozzle pressure ratios displayed by
the configuration8 i n this report were not necessarlly an inherent char.nozzle.
extended-plug
a c t e r i s t i c of the

Air-Flow Parameter
The corrected air-flow parameter for each configuration i s plotted
against nozzle pressure r a t i o i n figure 32. The theoretical value of
t h - e a i r - f l o w parameter (0.344 lb/sec/sq in.) f a r c r i t i c a l f l o w is shown
by a dashed l i n e . The r a t i o o f the experimental a i r - f l o w p a r a e t e r t o
t h e theoretical value .gives f l o w coefficients f o r these configurations
ranging from 0.95. t o 0.997 f o r . c r i t i + l flow.." _Some o f- the
- . .configurat i o n s d i d not unchoke u n t i l
l o w . nozzle pres6uFe ratios were reach=,
because an internal divergent
section
.kept :hem overexpapded.
.

very

"_

...

,-

SUMMARY OF RESULTS
In an experimental investigation of large-scale jet nozzles, a
preliminary evaluation of t h e i n t e r n a l performance C h a m ~ t e r i s t i C sof'
several variable-throat extended-plug-type nozzles was made over a
range of nozzle pressure ra-tios:from 1.5 t o 15 with nozzle throat-area
variations as great as 2:1, anq-the f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s were obtained: . .
1. The t h r u s t coefficients of an extended-plug nozzle remained
range of nozzle
pressure
ratfos. A
relatively
constant
over
a
t h r u s t coefficient .of 0.95, equal t o that of a f ixed-geometry convergentdivergent nozzle, w a s obtained for a typical extended-plug nozzle at a

...

w i & .

. ."

.
1

XACA FM E53528
+

nozzle pressure ratio of 16. A t a nozzle pressure ratio of 2, the

thrust coefficient of the extended-plug nozzle was reduced t o 0.935 as
compared w i t h 0.82 f o r t h e convergent-divergentnozzle.
Thls d i f f e r ence i n thrust coefficient resulted from overexpansion losses, which
were much smaller for t h e extended-plug nozzle than f o r the convergentdivergent nozzle.
w

2. The thrust coefficient of the variable-throat extended-plug nozz l e (which averaged

about
0.95) was r e l a t i v e l y
insensitive
to
throatareavariations.
A t a nozzle
pressure
r a t i o of 3, a comparison of t h e
variable-throat extended-plug nozzle with a variable-throat convergentdivergent nozzle showed t h e performance t o be comparable above r e l a t i v e
throat areas ( r a t i o of nozzle throat area t o minimum nozzle t h r o a t area)
of 1.5.
For
relativethroatareas
from 1 t o 1.5, the thrustcoeffic i e n t s f o r the extended-plug nozzles were up to 9 percentage points
This d i f f e r e n c e i n t h r u s t
higher than the convergent-divergentnozzle.
coefficient at the lower relative throat areas occurred because t h e
overexpansion losses of the cowergent-divergent nozzle were greater.
A t a nozzlepressureratio
of 10, t h et h r u s tc o e f f i c i e n t sf o rt h e
extended-plug nozzles were as much as 2 percentage points lower than
those of the convergent-avergent nozzle f o r a r e l a t i v e t h r o a t a r e a
f r o m 1 t o 1.5. Above a r e l a t i v e t h r o a t a r e a of 1.5, the t h r u s t coef
f i c i e n t s f o r t h e extended-plug nozzles were up t o 4 percentage points
higher than for the convergent-clivergentnozzle.
The thrust coeffic i e n t of the convergent-avergent nozzle dropped below t h a t of the
extended-plug nozzle at the higher relative throat areas
because of
greater underexpansion.For
choked f l o w , the extended-plugnozzles
had flow coefficients varying from 0.95 t o 0.997.

3. The r a t i o of outer-shell exit area t o t h r o a t area w a s found t o

have an e f f e c t on the nozzle performance. As t h i s m e a r a t i o w a s increased, the peak thrust coefficients occurred at higher nozzle presBure r a t i o s and were accompanied by greater decreases i n t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t at t h e low nozzle pressure ratios.
The decrease i n t h r u s t
coefficient at l o w nozzle pressure ratios is not necessarily an inherent characteristic of the extended-plug nozzle, and it i s believed
t h a t t h i s drop i n thrust coefficient can be nearly eliminated by proper
nozzle design.

Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory

National Advisory Committee f o r Aeronautics
Cleveland, Ohio, N o v d e r 9, 1953

NACA RM E53528

10
APPENmx A

SYMBOLS

The fo-llowing symbols are used i n t h i s r e p o r t :

A

outside area, sq f t

A'

inside area,

sq

f%

f l o w area, sq ft

pipe area under labyrinth seal,

s q ft

plug projected area, s q f t

r a t i o of nozzle throat area t o minimum nozzle throat area
exit area of outer shell,

sq ft

t h r o a t area, sq ft
.

thrust coefficient

.. .
L

thermal-expansion ratio, r a t i o of heated area t o cold area

t h r u s t , lb
balanced-air-pressure-diaphragm reading,

lb

acceleration due to gravity, 32.174-f t / s e c 2

length,in.

t o t a l p r e s s u r e , Ib/sq f t
static pressure,

lb/sq ft

Pbm

integrated static preesure acting on outside of bellmouth i n l e t

to s t a t i o n 2, lb/sq f t

pd

integrated pressure acting on outside o f diffuser, lb/sq f't

gas constant, 53.3 ft-Ib/(lb) (OR) f o r a i r

t o t a l temperature, OR

velocity, ft/sec
measured air flow, Ib/sec

ll

NACA RM E53528
L

CN

s+

r a t i o of t o t a l p r e s s u r e a t
NACA standard
sea-level
conditions

r a t i o of specific heats

r a t i o of t o t a l temperature a t nozzle inlet t o absolutetemperature

a t NACA standsrd sea-level conditions

Subscripts :

nozzle e x i t

ideal

3e t
N

8-

Plug

throat
plug surface o r w a l l

exhaust o r ambient

inlet

diffuser inlet

nozzle i n l e t

nozzle i n l e t t o absolutepressure

at

APPENDIX 13

A i r flow.

METHODS OF CALCULATION

The nozzle a i r f l o w was calculated as

Y-1
Y

r-1
r

with y assumed t o be 1.4. Values of the thermalexpansion r a t i o C,

of' the m e a s a t the respective stations were obtained from the thermalexpansion coefficient for t h e material and the temperature of-the mater i a l . The inaterial temperature w a s assumed t o be t h e same a s the t e m perature of the a i r flowing through the respective station;

Thrust.

The j e t thrust was defined a s

or as defined in

ve

the conventional manner

where
and p&::are-.effectivevalues.
calculated by the equation

The actual jet thrust-was

whereFa
was obtained from balanced-air-pressure-diaphragm measurements. The values of p1 and V1 werecomputedby
use of one-dimensional flow relationships f r o m t h e total.and s t a t i c p r e s s u r e s measured at
s t a t i o n 2 and t h e total temperature measured at s t a t i o n 3. T h i s method
was checked and found accurate by actual preliminary pressure measurements at-tation
1.
The ideally available thrust, which was based on measured mass
flow, w a s calculated as

MACA RM E53528

Thrust coefficient.- The thrust coefficient

ratio of the actual to the
Jet ideal
thrust

13

is

defined

as

the

REFERENCES
1. -11,
E. George, and Steffen, FredU.: Performance Characteristics
of One Convergent
and Three Convergent-Divergent Nozzles.
MACA RM
~ 5 2 ~ 1 1952.
2,
2. Schairer,

D-12054,

G.: Performance Characteristicsof Jet Nozzles. Doc. No.

Boeing AirplaneCo., Seattle (Wash.), J u l y 25, 1951.

3. Reshotko, Eli:

Preliminary Investigation of
a Perforated AxLally
Varying Nozzle Pressure Ratios.
NACA RM
Symmetric Nozzle for
E52J27, 1953.

4. Ki.ull, H. George,

Steffen, Fred
W., and Cfepluch, Carl C.: Internal
Performance Characteristics of Variable-Throat-Plugand Vaned-Type
Convegent-Divergent Nozzles. NACARM E53DO9, 1953.

1
.

14

NACA RM E53J28

r
TABLF, I.

B
C

D
E
F
G

r-I
J
&Numbers refer to p&e

NOZZLE COXFIGURATIONS

Nozzle Nozzle- Internal Outer-shell exitarea

I
Throat area
throat exit
expansion
ratio,
area, f l o w
AJAt
=a, %,e/%
4
7
sq in*
+,e>
sq in.
1 .o
86.59
86.59
1 .o
1.28
1.15
78.14
67.86
1.46
59.43
69 .68
1.17
1.S
1.63
53.06
61.25
1.81
52.38
1.09
47.91
1.98
43.23
1.0
43.23
1.18
48.16
48.16
1.0
1.48
89.37 124.28
1.39
1.48
89.37
89.37
1.0
1.48
89.37
89.37
1 .o
shown in fig.

4.

..

"

. .

. .

... .

..

..
I

. .

. .

..

. . ... . . .. ..
.

3071 '

I
E

-.

...

. .
1

li

...

c-31107

NACA RM 353528

-I
.......

- 2

P
9
0

T'

13.0

...

(b) Conical outer s h e l l e .

1
( c ) Plugs.

Figure 4.
Nozzle parts and dimensions. ( A l l dimensions are in inches3
a l l diameters a r e imide u n k s a specified.)

MACA RM E53528
r

Ti

19

20

NACA RM E53528

Plug length, 2 , in.

(b) Iris-type extended-plug nozzle, conflgurationa B, 0, and H.
F i g u r e 5.

Concliiied.

Varlation.o4.nozele flpx.-ea

along plug.

... .

.. .

I
I

Bozzle gfeseure ratio, p3/p0

C a m p a r i ~ ~onf thrust coefficientsof configuration D, convergent nozzle, ana 2.65exgallsion-ratio convergent-divergent nozzle over rangeof nozzle pressure ratios.

Figure 6.

..

..

""

~.

... .

..

.. .

.. .. .. . .

. . . ,. .

I
I

.. .

L!a

,
.

. .

,.

..

. .

. . .. ...

3071

"

.. .

24

ESACA RM E53528

- - --

Variable-throat convergent
nozzle(ref. 1)
Variable-throat convergentdivergent nozzle
Iris-type extended-plug nozzle
-Translatable- outer- s h e l l
extended-plug nozzle

-- --

1.0

.9

.8 ( a ) Nozzle pressure ra.Mo, 3.

1.0

.9

.8*
1.0

1.2

1.4
.
, - .
1.6.. .
Relative throat area, p4.
( b ) Nozzle pressure ratio, 10.

Figure 9.
E f f e c t of throat-area variation
several nozzles a t nozzle pressure ratios

1.8

2.0

on t h r u s t coeff-lciente of
of 3 and 10.

...
I

Nozzle pressure ratlo, p3/p0

Figure 10.

- Effect

of plug shape on extended-plug-nozzle thrust coefficient.

26

NACA

RM E53JZ8

.9
0

.8

.7

.6

P
.5

.4

.3

.2

.I

Plug area, A, sq i n . (Downstream conical s e c t i o n )

(a) Configuration A.

Figure U.
Pressure distribution along plug surface at various nozzle
pressure r a t i o s .

"

27

NACA RM E53528

Plug

16

area,

A,

24

32

40

48-

sq in. (Downstream conicnlsection)

(b) Configuration B.
Figure U. Continued. Pressure distribution along plug surface a t w f o u a
nozzle pressure ratios.

20

NACA RM E53528

_._

NACA RM E53JZ8

Plug area, A, sq In. (Downatream conical section)

(a) Canfiguration D
Figure l
l. Continued. Pressure distribution along plug surface at varioum
nozzle pressure ratios.

29

30

NACA RM E53JZ8

NACA RM E53528

.9

.8

.7

.6

.
.5

.4

-3

.2

.1

8
16
24
32
40
Plug area, A, sq in. (Downstream c o n i d section)
(r) Configuration F.
Figure U.
Continued. Res8ure distribution dong pltq B l l r f 8 C U at WioW
noxzle pressure ratios.

31

32

NACA RM E53J28

. -

Plug area, A, sq in. (DmiiZtream conical section)

(8) Configuration G.
Figure 11.
Continued. Pre8sure dietrlbution along plug surface a t variwe
nozzle preeeure ratios.

NACA RM E53J28

.1

33

nozzle
6Reciprmal
pressure ratio, P J P ~

8
Lo

i!
3
24.
32
4Q
Plug area, A, sq in. (Downstream conical eection)
(h) Configuration H.
Figure 11.
Continued. Pressure distribution along plug surface at variour
nozzle presmure ratiom.
0

16

34

.
L

NACA

RM E53528

p l u g area, A, aq in. (Downdream COXLCRI

( i ) Configuration I.

Figure ll. Concluded.Pre8sure

nozzle pressure ratios.

section)

distribution along p h g surface a t various

.
"

..
I

.. .
I

. .

. ..