Analysis of Flow and Heat Transfer Over an External Boundary Covered With a Porous Substrate . C. Huang! and K. Vafai'? Nomenclature fiction coefficient, Ea. (22) total fiction coefficient, Eq, (23) ud heat expaciy, Ws kg"? K* Darcy number = K/L* a function wed in expressing inertia terms thickness of the porous medium, m thermal conductivity, Wa! K- permeability of the porous medium, Fength ofthe external boundary as shown in Fig. 1@), m presure, Pa Fatio of ‘component interacial velocity to fre steeam velocty = /t ‘Prandd number = »/a Reynolds number = wal/» temperature, K 2xcomponent velocity, ms! “peomponent velocity, me! horizontal coordinate, m vertical coordinate, {thermal diffusivity, ms“? effective thermal dffuivty = Kaeloroy mts“! boundary-layer thickness, m thermal boundary layer thickness, m porosity ofthe porous medium Inertial parameter = FL VK dynamic viscosity, Keng” tnematc isos, mes Mid density, kgm? wall shear sess, Nm Saperseripts = = dimensionless quantity Subscripts eff = effective wer Faced ounces: = local > ww = condition atthe wall & = condition a infinity Introduction During the past decade there has been a renewed research interest in fluid flow and heat transfer through porous media ue to is relevance in various applications such a8 drying eign of Mecha Engng, The Oa Se Unveiy Coim ‘Brofeser, Flow ASME. etic by the Het Tens Dion f Ta Anse Soc ot EES lon ened Seem). Remors Fed Cane proceses, thermal insulation, direct contact heat exchangers, heat pipes, filtration, ete. Comprehensive reviews of the ex. ‘sting studies on these topis can be found in Cheng (1978) snd Tien and Vala (1989), “An important problem related t convection through porous media is flow and heat transfer through composite porous systems. The convection phenomenon i these systems is ust ally affected by the temperature and Now field interactions in the porous space and the open space. This typeof composite system is encountered in many applications, such a5 some solidification problems, crude oil exraction, thermal insula: ‘ion, and some geopiysieal systems. Due to the mathematical ifficaltes in simultaneously solving the coupled momentom feuations for both porous and fluid regions, i is usualy as- sumed that theres only one flid-saturated porous eon Ge, here is no Muidrepion and interfacial surface) and the Now Is through this infinitely extended uniform medivm. Thus the Imeraction between the porous-saurated region and the Mid region did not forma part of most ofthese studies. Inaddtion, ‘most of the existing studies deal primarily with the mathe ‘atcal formulations in the porous medium based on the use of Darcy's law, which neglect the effects ofa solld boundary and inertial fores. These assumptions wil easily break down ‘Sines in most applications the porous wiedivm is bounded and the Mui veloty is high Tnerial and Boundary effects on forced convection alone a fat plate embedded ina porous medium were studied by Vat and Tien (1981, 1982), and Vai etal. (1985). Among these ‘Sues Vafal ad Tien 1981) treated a Muld-aiurated poros ‘medium as a continuum, integrated the momentum equation ‘over a local control volume, and derived a volume-averaged ‘momentum equation, which Included the low inertia well asthe boundary effects. There have been few investigations {elated 10 porous/fuid composite systems, Poulkakos (1986) presented a detailed numereal study of the buoyaney-driven Flow inability for «Mui layer extending over & porous sub- strate in a cavity heated from the bottom, Another related problem is that of Poulkakos and Kazmerezak (1987). In hat ‘work a fully developed forced convection in a channel that is Partially filed with a porous mattix was investigated and the ‘existence of a cntial thickest ofthe porous layer at which the value of Nusselt number reaches @ minimum was deny ‘onstrated. Kaviany (1987), Beckermann and Viskana (1987), land Nakayama etal (1980) evoked the boundary laer ap: proximations and solved the generalized momentum equation ‘resented by Vafai and Tien (1981) to Investigate the same flow configuration, Vafai and Kim (1950) performed a ni ‘merical analysis of forced convection over a porous/ uid com. Dosite system, which consisted of a thin porous substrate ‘Attached to the surface ofthe Mat plate ‘Theprimary objective ofthis study to prevent an analytical solution for forced convection boundary layer flow and heat ‘wansfer through a composite porous/flid system and thereby ‘rovide a comprehensive yet exremely fast alternative as well ‘sa comparative bas for numerical solutions addressing these ‘ype of interfacial transport. The deals of the interaction ‘phenomena occurring inthe porous medium and the fd layer ‘are systematically analyze, revealing the effects of various Parameters governing the physics ofthe problem under com sdetation. The presen analysis drastically reduces typical CPU times for ihe interacial simulations presented by Vafal and Kim (590) It should be noted thatthe configuration consid: ‘red in this work is quite generic and forms an important snd fundamental geometry fora variety of spplicatione, ‘Theory The flow configuration and the caordinate system for this problem are shown in Fg. 1) In his study, we are assiming ‘thatthe low steady, two dimensions, and that the boundary——<—— << o » 1. (Schema aga of he tow one an extra Bound, ‘hn toon pros seote (el ure fone ‘enum anys) pero bounty) rsa fon ‘on te porous a i oes one tle bownda er layer approximations hold (this was established by Vata and Kim, 1990) The conservation equations, whic include the Douiaary and ineralettects, 1p the porous fepion ean the be writen as (Vafai and Tien, 198) p21 o aye a, ety Daas, we Fede Ge @ 205, Te Be wee Mae ® where all he variables and parameters are defined i the no ‘menclature secon. Note hat variables u,v and Tare volume sveraged quanttiss Since ata sufiienty lage distance from {he wall the ow fields uniform, the feestream axial pressure ‘gradient in the porous region required for maintaining the x- iment rf yea be cae 3 rage Su Tea a ® inc i lg M2 tay) + be Wat aye “8 (wr we) Est ub) Pa te {in he fd ein the conservation equations fr mas, toute, end enya ee 42-0 © pM ope. 1201, 2 7 "35! ay “9g! 199 ° am, #1; yo iy H © ‘The boundary conditions are N50) uate, PoP o 290, 20 (0) 550, pret wena, P=Po ap ‘This implies that the freesteam flow Fields not affected by the presence of the porous media. This was found tobe avery good assumption based on the analysis presented by Vafal and ‘Kim (199, The matching conditions atthe interface of the porous/Muid sytem are yea milyanrs olen =thyaat (20) x ae Pram=Pars mage] ong]. (2) (2 Ie should be noted that ere we are not trying to resolve a ‘hllosophial and complex question with respect othe physical ‘ature of the interface In reality, a Mud-Muid or porous- Mhidinterfaceis more complicated than what hasbeen modeled by investigators bo in porous-fld and flld-Muid interface ‘modeling Here we have adopted the traditional mathematical ‘dealt used for both tuid-fid or porous-uid inte feos, representing the Interface by a singular surface. Anal ‘Anintgral analysis applied to three different regions: the porous boundary layer reson, the uid boundary layer within the porous substrate, an the fluid boundary layer outside of the porous substate as shown in Fig. 1(0). Integral Momentum Equation for the Porous Boundary Layer. Following the Karman-Pokihausen inteyal method, the parabolic velocity distribution i described ae Ye (2)" yp Moy where dp isthe thickness ofthe momentum boundary layer in ‘the porout region. After a lengthy anelysis the integral mo- ‘mentum equation in dimensionless form fo the porous repion derived as 3) “Thigeguation i subject othe following iil condition given ty bad) = 0, 70) = 0. I should be noted that xy = Yn However, we have used Separate notations forty and xp for the sake of consistency {negra Momenturn Equation fr the Fld Boundary Layer ‘Within the Porous Substrate.” lengthy integral analsis or thecontrol volume 2shown n Fig. (0) leadstothe momentum Integral equation for that regiontale] on where 4 isthe shear stress in the porous/fluld Interface and Spand by are the thicknesses of porous and Muid momentum oundary layers, respectively. Aesoming the following pars bolic velocity distribution for the fu boundary layer Mors @-an t-a-n (2) serva-an ¥-a-n(2) where he subeript frefersto fluid andr = w/a. Subetiutng Eq, (16) into Ba. (1) and replacing 4) by (214/89) )yacy he a9) b Qle) aw) Pre 8, ‘This equation is subject to 5x0) = 0, 5(0) = 0, 40) = 0. B9.8 compas o te tata! ston with sumer souons {otiscomponem ere meal son te fat pat for = 035, fa Sateen n 8x Wyn hoe 10°, inertial number Ay, = 0.35, Pranddl number Pr = 0.7, Tfective conductivity ratio kyi/Ay = 1, and the dimensionless thickness of the porous slab of H = 0.02. As expected, there ae two distinct momentum boundary ayes: one the porous Fegion and the other one in the fluid regon. Inside the porous region atthe transverse coordinate increase, the velocity pro- Fle ir shown fo inerease from zero fo a constant value, which {staintained unl the outer boundary layer appears. Once ‘roses the porous/Tluid inertace, it goes through a smooth ttansion and approaches a freestream value in the Muidre- "Xr expected, the momentum boundary layers inthe porous smediom as weil as inthe Mui region grow inthe streams ‘ietion. Consequently, the magnitude ofthe interfacial ve Toety decreases to adapt to this growth. Figure 2() shows the temperatute distribution along the lt plate at three diferent locations. The values ofthe thicknes ofthe thermal boundary Inger obtained By Integral method are larer dan those ob- talned by numerical method. This is due tothe approximate txpressions uted forthe velocity and temperature profiles in the integral analysis, Figur 3 compares the results ofthe mu rerial method and the integral method in the streamwise “retion forthe imerfacal velocity. The results show a re. Iarkably good agreement between the integral analysis and the full merical solution consiering the compleniy and the imuch ager CPU requirements forthe numerical simoltions. Itshould be noted thatthe type of agreements found in Fis. 2), 30), and 3 ate opal fr wie rane of pertinent “The configuration considered inthis work is quite generic and forms an important and fundamental geometry fora ‘ey of applications. The results given inthis Work present & ‘comprehensive yet easy comparative bese for numerical so- Fetions aresing this type of interfacial transport. The present nals provide rather accurate strauaion of the interfacial transport while drasticaly reducing previously reported com ‘tational times by Vafai and Kim (1990) for this type of Emulation References tue foe ane rater Mo's a ae Emband Porn e- (Shey a nt aa mer Vt 6 18, “Gh fos otras a et Tem val itee 5 snes Senet Re Enis a Poros ea AME Journal of Heat Transfer feat ts eR MT oe ic ccs ae negra Tate Se ce ee EE mee Sena Eros a unica My 18, Foxe Comesion na Dot a aie, an Te (9, "An pena ie esr ringers” ASME anes ey a i lo aes Enc Perturbation Solution for Laminar Convective Heat Transfer in a Helix Pipe G. Yang! and M. A. Ebadian'* Introduction Saeco om Stes ma crash he ares oa cna eee eMesaarse es era tee SSUES ar Goo che ‘See ts ean Seneca a er eee Aomeante mannan ace i a i Bi ek es Sng Spee ae tt Sah evieceeeaitieace Setanta’ Taree eee Sytem ptr maces SSL cl eno eS Siiarinnires aay ea ae vee nis hee cinemas ‘route egret sear etic an ena coogi oe terre ior cans gee gaa ect a ois 1 hacia! pipe subj tothe @ boundary condition Birra Meta nec, i ni Une, CSc exon Mma ed te Hen Trane [teens rb Romer, ein dE AUGUST 1984, Vol. 116/771