Test Masters’ Civil PE Review — Fall 2016 475 Solved Problems in Soil / Rock Mechanics and Foundations Engineering Plus 50 quiz questions (Answers provided by the author) by Luis A. Prieto-Portar PhD, PE, SE, F.ASCE Geotechnical/Foundations, Test Masters Educational Services Inc. CEO, Piedroba Consulting Group LLC Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering (1980-2010) Florida International University, Miami, FL Please contact me for any questions you may have before your exam on: Friday, 28 October 2016 E-mail: dr.prieto@piedroba.com Cell telephone: 305-972-2779 © Copyright by L. Prieto-Portar, 15 August 2016 L, Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page |Reference material used by the author for this PE Review: - Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices, Coduto D., Yeung M., Kitch W., Pearson; - Engincering Properties of Soils and their Measurement, Bowles J., McGraw-Hill, Ine.; ~ Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Budhu M., John Wiley & Sons; - Foundation Design, Teng W., Prentice-Hall; - Geotechnical Engineering, Cemica J., CBS College Publishing; - Soils in Construction, Schroeder W., Dickerson S., Warrington D., Pearson; ~ Soil Mechanics, Lambe T., Whitman R., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; - Foundati Instrumentation, Hanna T., Trans Tech Publications; - Geotechnical Instrumentation for Monitoring Field Performance, Dunnicli - Soils and Foundations, Liu C., Evett J., Pearson; - Foundation Analysis and Design, Bowles J., McGraw-Hill; - Foundations and Retaining Structures, Williams A., Engineering Press Books; - Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Das B., Thomson Canada Ltd.; - Principles of Foundation Engineering, Das B., Thomson Canada Ltd.; - Principles of Soil Dynamics, Das B., PWS-Kent Publishing Co.; - Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Kramer S., Prentice Hall; ~ Soil Mechanics, Wu T., Allyn and Bacon, Inc.; - Sheet Pile Supplies, Associated Pile and Fitting Corp.; - NAVDOCKS DM-7 Soil Mechani - US Army Corps of Engincers, EM 1110-1-1804, Soil Mechanics; ;, Foundations and Earth Structures; - Geotéenia y Cimientos (volimenes | al 3), Jiménez-Salas J., Justo-Alpaes J.; - Rock Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes, Kirkaldic, ASTM STP-984; ~ An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Holtz R., Kovaes W., Prentice-Hall: - Pile Foundation Analysis and Design, Poulos H., Davis E., John Wiley; - Soil Mechanics, Powrie W., self-published; - Measurement and Use of Shear Wave Velocity, Woods D., ASCE; - Retaining Walls: Anchorages and Sheet Piling, Reimbert M., Trans Tech Publications; ~ Les Parois Moulé dans le Sol, Schneebeli G., Editions Eyrolles, Paris; - Bodenmechanik, Gudehus G., Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, L. Pricto-Portar~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng, - Fall 2016 Page 2Table of Contents CIVIL BREATH: 12 moming questions are geotechnical (30% of total) 14 IID) Soil Mechanies (6 morning questions). a4 IV) Structural Mechanics (2 moming questions). . 14 4 VII) Materials (3 morning questions), VIII) Site Development (1 morning question). AMGII-A-Lateral Pressures from SoiIS .....0 Is Formulas for the lateral pressures exerted by soils on walls. 15 AM-III-A-Lateral-1: A simple wall in an “at-rest” pressure condition... 18 AM-II-A-Lateral-2: A simple wall subjected to an “active” pressure condition... 18 ANLIIL-A-Lateral-3: Movement of a wall to generate an “active” pressure... 19 AMGIIL-A-Lateral-4: Rankine versus Coulomb lateral earth coefficients... 20 AM-IIL-A-Lateral-5: A simple wall with a surcharge. ai AMLIIL-A-Lateral-6: A wall with clay backfill sree 2D AM-III-B-Consolidation . Formulas for consolidation (plastic settlement). AMLIII-B-Consolidation-1: Porewater pressure reflects degree of consolidation. ...... 26 AMGII-B-Consolidation-2: Normal-, Under- and Over-Consolidation......ceenene 27 AM-III-B-Consolidation-3: Total settlement of a single layer... 28 AMLIIL-B-Consolidation-4: Using the Time factor T, sccscmien DR AMGIII-B-Consolidation-5: Total time to settle... : AMGIII-B-Consolidation-6: Which condition takes the longest to drain?... 29 AMLII-B-Consolidation-7: Time of consolidation t 30 AM-III-B-Consolidation-8: Laboratory versus field time rates of settlement. «nse 30 AM-II-B-Consolidation-9: Decreasing the time rate of consolidation. 31 AM-III-C-Effective and Total Stresses. Formulas for effective and total stresses. AMLIII-C-Effective Stresses-I: The concept of buoyancy. .....cnnnnunsnnnnnnne 32 AMGIILC-Effective Stresses-2: The concept of effective stress... 0 33) AMLIIL-C-Effective Stresses-3: Negative pore water from capillary rise. cated AM-III-C-Effective Stresses-4: Effective stresses in multiple strata. AMGII-C-Total Stresses-1: Boussinesq for square footings. AM-III-C-Total Stresses-2: Boussinesq for continuous footings... L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016AMGIIL-C-Total Stresses-3; Boussinesg for both square and continuous footings. ...... 38 AML-III-C-Total Stresses-4: Boussinesq I; for point loads. 39 AM-III-C-Total Stresses-5: Boussinesq I; for line loads. ee AMAIIL-C-Total Stresses-6: Boussinesq I; for strip load: 39 AM-III-C-Total Stresses-6: Boussinesg 1, for rectangular footings. sesvee 40 AM-III-C-Total Stresses-7: Boussinesg Is for circular footings. iS AM-III-C-Total Stresses-8: Reading the I) Ia, Is Boussinesq isobar charts... 44 AML-III-C-Total Stresses-9: Reading the [; Boussinesq isobar chart, 44 AM-III-C-Total Stresses-10: Larger footings influence the soil to greater depths. ..... 45 AMGIII-C-Total Stresses-I1: The 2:1 Method for rectangular footings. AM-III-D-Bearing C: Formulas to determine the beari city... capacity of foundations. AMLIII-D-Bearing-1: Factors involved in the of a footing. AMLIIL-D-Bearing-2: What is the depth of a footing?. ANGIIL-D-Bearing-3: Terzaghi’s bearing capacity for a square footing. ... 50 AMGIIL-E-Foundation Settlement... Square, rectangular and strip (wall or continuous) footings... AM-III-E-Foundation Settlement-I: Reduce a footing’s settlement, ....ceereeonn SL AM-III-E-Foundation Settlement-2: Forces on a shallow foundation. .. 52 AM-III-E-Foundation Settlement-3: Minimizing differential settlement, ......:eoe 52 AM-III-E-Foundation Settlement-4: Minimizing differential settlement. .. AMGIILF-Slope Stability . Ten causes of slope failures: AMGIII-F-Slope stability-1: Failure due to a rapid drawdown... te] AMGIIL-F-Slope stability Methods to stop failing slopes... AM-VII-A-Soil/Rock Classification. USCS, AASHTO and USDA classification of soils and rocks... AM-VII-A-Classify—1: Percentage of each type of soil (G, S, M and C), AM-VII-A-Classify-2: Coefficients of uniformity and curvature. AM-VIL-A-Classify-3: Classify using the USCS, AM-VIL-A-Classify-4: Plasticity -chart to classify a soil via USCS... AM-VIL-A-Classify-5: Classify using the Plasticity Chart AM-VIL-A-Classify-6: Classify using AASHTO Classification, AM-VIL-A-Classify—7: Classify using USCS versus AASHTO. astra L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng, - Fall 2016 Page 4AM-VII-A-Classify-8: Unified Rock Classification System (URCS). AM-VII-A-Classify-9: The RQD versus fractured percentage of a rock sample... AM-VII-A-Classify-10: Difference between Rock Core Recovery and RQD. AM-VII-A-Classify-11: Classify a rock according to its geological origin. .. AM-VII-A-Classify-12: Simple geological time terms... Td AM-VIL-A-Boring Logs-1: Reading a boring log, ees AM-VII-A-Boring Logs-2: Reading a different boring log. 0... ‘ AM-VIL-A-Boring Logs-3: A soil profile extrapolates data between logs... 14 AM-VILA-Boring Logs-4: Engineering properties from boring logs... AM-VII-B-Soil Properties: Phases ........... se Formulas for the phases of soils... AM-VII-B-Phases- 1: Convert from metric units to US units. AM-VIL-B-Phases-2: Compaction checked via the voids ratio e.... 80 AM-VII-B-Phases-: Finding the wrong data. esstssustas 80. AM-VIL-B-Phases-4: Increasing the saturation of @ so 81 AM-VII-B-Phases-5: How much water is added to offset 105S€8? ou. 81 AM-VII-B-Phases-6; Find yu, n and S. AM-VII-B-Phases-7: Adding water to attain full saturation. AM-VII-B-Phases-8: Block diagram to find the degree of saturation. AM-VII-B-Phases-9: Same as Phases-8 but setting total volume V = | ft* AM-VII-B-Phases-10: Block diagram for a saturated soil AM-VIL-B-Phases-I |: Identify the wrong piece of data. . AM-VII-B-Phases-12: The apparent cheapest soil is not!....... Quiz-1: Phases of a soil AM-VII-B-Permeability of Soils.... Formulas for Permeability... AM-VII-B-Permeability-1: Types of permeability tests and common units. 89) AM-VIL-B-Permeability-2: The factors affecting surface runoff... AM-VIL-B-Permeability-3: Hazen's formula to estimate the k of an aquifer. 1... 90 90 AM-VIE-B-Permeability-4: The concept of critical gradient. Qui Q Quiz-4: Permeability 2: Permeability. Permeability. L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 5AM-VII-B-Sheat Strength of Soils... 92 Formulas for shear strength of soils. .. 92 AM-VIL-B-Shear strength-1: Types of shear te 94 AM-VIL-E-Material Test Methods.... Compaction Standards: ASTM D-698 and D-1557 ...... reemeanra 96 AM-VII-F-Compaction... Formulas for compaction... AM-VIL-F-Compaction-1: Can 115% of Standard Proctor be attained? cee: 98 AM-VII-F-Compaction-2; Methods of “compaction”. AM-VII-F-Compaction-3: Find the optimum moisture content (OMC). AM-VIL- Compaction-4: Number of truck loads required... AML-VIL-F-Compaction-5: Relative compaction versus relative density. sce 100 AM-VIL-F-Compaction-6: Converting volumes from borrow and truck loads... 101 5: Compaction. 102 6: Compaction. 102 7: Compaction. 102 AM-VIIL-Site Development 103 AM-VIIL-A-Site Improvement-1: How many truck loads are needed? ....... 103 AM-VIII-A-Site Improvement-2: Another how many truck loads are needed? ....... 103 AM-VIII-A-Site Development-3: Ground improvement. 104 Quiz-8: Excavation, : dence eee LOM GEOTECHNICAL DEPTH: 40 afternoon questions... 106 1 Site Characterization (5 afternoon questions).......0« .. 106 11) Soil Mechanics, Laboratory testing (6 aftemoon questions) 106 II1) Field Materials Testing and Methods (3 afternoon questions)... IV) Earthquake Engng. and Dynamic Loads (2 afternoon question: V) Earth Structures (4 afternoon questions). VI) Groundwater and Seepage (3 aftemoon questions)... 107 VID) Problematic Soil and Rock Conditions (3 afternoon quest 107 VIII) Earth Retaining Structures ASD or LRED (5 afternoon questions). 107 IX) Shallow foundations ASD or LRFD (5 afternoon questions), 107 X) Deep Foundations ASD or LRFD (5 afternoon questions). 107 L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 6PM-I-A Site Characterization .. 108 PM-I-B-Exploration-1: Types of exploration methods. eee 108 PM-L-B-Exploration-2: Typical rotary drilling rigs. : 108 PM-I-C-Geophysics-1: The advantages of using geophysical methods... 109 PM-I-C-Geophysics-2: The seismic refraction (SR) method, .....seeeenieeeneen 109 PM-I-C-Geophysics-3: The electrical resistivity (ER) method. 109 PM-I-C-Geophysics-4: The electro-magnetic (EM) method. iceremcenn 110. PM-I-C-Geophysies-5: The ground penetrating radar (GPR) method. 10 PM-I-C-Geophysics-6: The magnetometer method. eo sence LM PM-I-D-Drilling-1: Wireline core barrels. - AL PM-I-D-Drilling-2: Required number of borings and depths... 12 PM-I-E-Sampling-1: Which sampling method disturbs “the least”? 113 PM-I-E-Sampling-2: “Disturbed” versus “Undisturbed” samples, 114 PM-LF-In-situ testing-I: Correct the SPT for sampling and depth. semen 114: PM-L-F-In-situ testing-2: Measure pressure (stress) in a soil mass. 115 PM-I-F-In-situ testing-3: Measure deformation in a soil maSs. 10sec 7 PM-I-F-In-situ testing-4: The shear vane to find the undrained cohesion. 118 PM-LP-In-situ testing-5: Using the SPT to estimate soil properties 118 PM-L-F-In-situ testing-6: The cone penetrometer test (CPT). 119 PM-L-F-In-situ testing-7: Comparing the CPT with the SPT. 120 PM-LF-In-situ testing-8: The California Bearing Ratio (CBR), 122 PM-I-F-In-situ testing-9: The CBR versus the modulus of subgrade k. 123 Quiz-9: Exploration. 124 Quiz-10: Exploration...... 124 Quiz-11: Exploration 124 PM-I-G: Classification of s 125 The Burmister Soil Classification System... tatrieittsing 12S Quiz-12: Classify. eee 126 Quiz-13: Classify. 126 QUi2=14: ClaSSif. eens erste eee 127 Quiz-15; Determine the apparent opening size (AOS) of & SOil....csseee 127 PM-LI: Groundwater exploration... = 128 PM--I-Groundwater-I: The concept of buoyancy. 128 PM-I-I-Groundwater-2: Definition of phreatic surface. 128 L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 7PM-L-I-Groundwater-3: Definition of perched groundwater... 128 PM-LI-Groundwater-4: Piezometers 128 PM-LI-Groundwater-5: Piezometers.... 2 129 PM-II-Soil Mechanics, Laboratory Testing... 130 PM-I-A-Index-and-Testing-1: Laboratory testing of soils. " stawe 130 PM-IL-A-Index-and-Testing-2: Natural water content of soils, 130 PM-II-A-Index-and-Testing-3: Manufacturing a “new” soil... o 131 PM-II-A-Index-and-Testing-4: Diameter of particle through hydrometer. 132 PM-IL-A-Index-and-Testing-S: Fine sand, silt and clay size particles. 132 PM-II-B-Shear strength—1: The maximum shear stress on the failure plane. smn 133 PM-II-B-Shear strength-2: Why is the maximum shear not the failure shear? «00. 134 PM-II-B-Shear strength-3: Find the maximum prineipal stress 6} in a CD test... 134 PM-IL-B-Shear strength-4: Find the effective major principal stress in a CD test... 135 Quiz-16: Shear strength... 135 Quiz-17: Shear strength... 135 Quiz-18: Shear-Strength. a 136 PM-IL-D-Permeability-1: Equivalent horizontal permeability of two layers. 136 PM-II-D-Permeability-2: Equivalent vertical and horizontal permeabilities. 137 PM-I-D-Permeability-3: Do not confuse horizontal with vertical permeability. .... 138 PM-II-D-Permeability-4: Uplift pressures from vertical flows. .. 138 PM-II-D-Permeability-S: Uplift pressure on a mat foundation... 139 PM-II-D-Permeability-6: Permeability k from a well pumping test. 140 PM-ILD-Permeability-7: Capillary rise in tubes of differing diameters... .. 140 Quiz-19: Permeability....nonn i 141 Quiz-20: Permeability... 141 141 Quiz-21: Seepage... : a PM-II-E-Effective-and-Total Stress-1: Vertical and 1 loads. 142 PM-II-E-Effective-and-Total Stress-2: Stress increase from a rectangular footing... 142 PML-II-E-E ffective-and-Total Stress-3: Effect of the WT upon the stress... 143 PM-IL-E-Effective-and-Total Stress-4: Stress outside of the footing area... 144 PM-II-E-Effective-and-Total Stress-5: Find the angle of internal friction 144 PM-IL-E-Effective-and-Total Stress-6: Transform principal to general stress. 145 PM-IL-E-Effective-and-Total Stress~7: Relation between © and . 146 PM-II-E-Effective-and-Total Stress-8: Stresses on a buried pips 147 L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 8Quiz-22: Effective Stress: Quiz-23: Effective Stress: QuiZ-24: SUES. eee PM-II-A-Excavation-I:. PM-III-C-Instrumentation-1 PM-IV-A-Earthquake Engineering... PM-IV-A-Liquefaction-1: What causes liquefaction? ..........cssssssceesennseesnssseessees 150 PM-IV-A-Liquefaction-2: What are the remedial actions? isl PM-IV-A-Liquefaction-3: SPT predicts the seismic potential of liquefaction, 151 PM-IV-A-Liquefaction-4: Will a soil liquefy under a new building’ 152 PM-IV-B-Seismic Site Characterization. itech 154 Basic seismic terms: .. 154 PM-IV-B-Seismic-1: Shear wave velocity versus soil type. 156 PM-IV-B-Seismic-2: Shear wave velocity versus SPT. 157 PM-IV-B-Scismic-3: Tocher Equation to calculate the length of the faut 157 PM-IV-B-Seismic-4: Time of arrival of the earthquake from the epicenter. a ae PM-IV-B-Seismic-5: Predominant periods of maximum rock accelerations... PM-IV-B-Seismic-6: Fundamental period T ofa foundation or a structure. PM-IV-B-Seismic-7: Amplitude of acceleration... - 159 PM-IV-B-Seismic-8: Spectral frequency. nc - 160 PM-IV-B-Seismic-9: Period of oscillation and natural frequency... - 160 PM-IV-B-Seismic-10: Natural circular frequency of a system... PM-V-B-Improvement-1: Soil mixing, PM-V-C-MSE Walls... eeecracetenel Components of a Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall... ines 163 PM-V-C-MSE Walls-1: Direction of reinforcement of a MSE wall. ...:ssnesnnses 164 PM-V-C-MSE Walls-2: Compaction of a MSE wall... ay PM-V-C-MSE Walls-3: Length of MSE strips and their thickness. 165 PM-V-C-MSE Walls-4: Pull out resistance of a rod, Quiz-26: MSE. PM-V-D-Slope stability 168 PM-V-D-Slope stability-1: Factor of Safety of a straight line slope failure, 2... 168 PM-V-D-Slope stability-2: Same as Slope stability-1 but with a raising WT... 168 L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 9PM-V-D-Slope stability-3: Excavation safety. 169 PM-V-D-Slope stability-4: Trench causes slope failure... 169 PM-V-D-Slope stability-5: Circular slope failUt€. essence 170 PM-V-D-Slope stability-6: Bishop’s simplified method of slices... peices LTD PM-V-D-Slope stability-7: Taylor’s Stability Number. 112 Quiz-27: Slope Stabilit 173 Quiz-28: Slope Stability. 1B PM-V-E-Dams and Levees. 174 ‘Types of seepage flows through earth dams and levees... 174 PM-V-E-Dams-|!: Find the uplift pressure under a small dam. 175 PM-V-E-Dams-2: Determine the uplift forces acting upon a concrete dam, 176 PM-V-G-Pavements-1: Subgrade preparation using geofoam. 178 PM-VI-Groundwater and Seepage... 179 Formulas for Seepage and Flow-nets 179 PM-VI-A-Seepage—I: Exit gradient versus critical hydraulic gradients ......csecee 180 PM-VI-A-Seepage-2: The critical hydraulic gradient... 181 PM-VI-A-Seepage-3: Flow-net through an earth dam. 181 PM-VI-A-Seepage-4: Flow-net beneath a dam with a partial cutoff wall 182 PM-VI-A-Seepage-S: The total flow under a dam... 183 PM-VI-A-Seepage-6: The velocity of the flow under a dam and piping... 184 PM-VI-A-Seepage-7: Flow through an earthen levee. 185 PM-VI-A-Seepage-8: Flow into a cofferdam and pump size. 185 PM-VI-A-Seepage-9: Dewatering a construction sit 186 PM-VI-A-Seepage-10: Well-point dewatering a construction site. 187 Quiz-29 Seepage. . 188 188 Quiz-30 Seepage. Quiz-31: Seepage. 188 Quiz-32: Seepage... 189 PM-VII-Problematic Soil and Rock Conditions... 190 PM-VII-A-Expansive-soils-1: Significant clay content. 190 PM-VII-A-Expansive-soils-2: Protect an expansive soil against moisture... 190 PM-VII-A-Karstic-soils-1: Karstic topography......c0oennnn s oo 190 PM-VII-A-Dispersive-soils PM-VII-C-Frost-01: Frost heave. : What are dispersive so 191 191 L. Pricto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 10Quiz-33: Sensitivity. Quiz-34: Susceptible to freezing’ 192 PM-VIII-Earth Retaining Structures... 7 193 PM-VIII-A-Lateral-1: The effect of varying strata strengths... 193 PM-VIII-A-Lateral-2: Anchor location and spacing PM-VIII-A-Lateral-3: Seismic load upon a retaining wall... Quiz-35: Lateral Pressures. Quiz-36: Lateral Pressures Quiz-37: Lateral Pressures...cso:cmnnsnse Quiz-38: Lateral Pressures. Quiz-39: Lateral Pressures..... wo PM-VIII-B-Braced cuts-1: Types of lateral pressures on cofferdams,.... PM-VIII-B-Braced-ct PM-VIII-B-Braced-cuts-3: Factor of safety against heaving of an excavation. 200 ts-2: Determine the type of lateral pressure diagram... 199 PM-VIII-B-Braced cuts-4: A 15-foot deep excavation with two struts... 200 Types of reinforced concrete retaining walls, .....emscs 204 PM-VIIL-C-RC Walls-1: Design a RC wall for a sloped backfill. 204 Quiz-40: RC retaining wall : 206 PM-VIII-D-Flexible Retaining Walls......000c00e0 sapaerartO07 Types of sheet pile retaining walls... 207 PM-VIIL-D-Sheet Pile Walls-1: Determine the type of analysis 2u PM-VIII-D-Sheet Pile Walls-2: Determine the section modulus. 212 PM-VIII-G-Anchors-1: Ultimate anchor capacity. PM-IX-A-Bearing Capacit Formulas for Shape Factors... PM-IX-A-Bearing-1: Soil reaction distribution, .. PM-IX-A-Bearing-2: Meyerhof's bearing capacity for a square footing. 215 PM-IX-A-Bearing-2. Plate load test to predict bearing capacity. 216 PM-IX-A-Footings-I: Soil reactions in an eccentric footing. 217 PM-IX-A-Footings-2: Footing with horizontal load... 1217 PM-IX-A-Footings—3: What is the Factor of Safety against uplift? 218 PM-IX-A-Footings-4: Analyze a simple square footing, esr 220) Quiz-41: The stress using the 2:1 method... Quiz-42: Eccentric loading from wind and other lateral 10808... 223 L. Pricto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page ITypes of Combined footings, strap-tied and eccentrically loaded. PM-IX-A-Combined Footing-|: A rectangular footing with an eccentric column... 224 PM-IX-A-Combined Footing-2: A rectangular footing with an eccentric column. ... 225 Compensated mat foundations (fully and partially), PM-IX-A-Mats-1: Foundations sensitive to settlement PM-IX-A-Mats-2: What is the most important criterion to design slabs-on-grade?... 230 PM-IX-A-Mats-3: Mat’s bearing capacity in a pure cohesive soil. essssseuseies 231 PM-IX-A-Mats-4: Mats bearing capacity in granular soils, PM-IX-A-Mats-5: Depth of embedment for a fully compensated mat. Quiz-43: Mats... PM-IX-B-Settlement.. Formulas for elastic and plastic settlement of foundations. PM-IX-B-Elastic-1: Rutting settlement of a truck tire... PM-IX-B-Elastic-2: Schmertmann method for granular soils. PM-IX-B-Plasti What is the preconsolidation pressure? PM-IX-B-Plastic-2: Boussinesq reduced stress with depth..... PM-IX-B-Plastic-3: Secondary rate of consolidation. PM-IX-B-Plastic-4: Excavate to reduce the settlement... Quiz-44: Consolidation Quiz-45: Consoli Quiz-46: Consolidation Quiz-47: Consolidation. Quiz-48: Consolidation... mn. PM-X-Deep Foundations Types of deep foundations. PM-X-A-Single pile-1: Pile’s capacity in a cohesive soil using the a-method...... PM-X-A-Single pile-2: Pile’s capacity in granular soils. 244 PM-X-A-Single pile-3: Dynamic capacity of a driven concrete pile... 245 PM-X-A-Single pile-4: Driving criterion (the reciprocal of “Set”). .....s.ssssssteee 245, PM-X-A-Single pile-S: Uplift capacity of a pile in granular soils.. 246 PM-X-A-Single pile-5: Uplift capacity of a pile in granular soils. 247 PM-X-A-Single Pile-6: Drilled shaft compressive capacity. PM-X-A-Single Pile-7: Neutral axis and neutral plane of a pile..... PM-X-A-Single Pile-8: Neutral plane of a pile subject to downdrag loads, 00.0 249 L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 12PM-X-A-Single Pile-9: The downdrag load on a pil... 249 PM-X-A-Pile caps-1: Pile group efficiency. 250 PM-X-A-Pile caps-2: Determine each pile’s load in a grOUp......essesnnsinennnee 251 PM-X-A-Pile caps-3: A pile group’s efficiency. ..eeonnne 251 PM-X-A-Pile caps-3: Settlement of a combined pile-cap in clay. Seeeeteaod PM-X-A-Pile Load Test-1: Determine if the load test pile has failed... 253 PM-X-A-Pile Integrity Testing-1: Most common drilled shaft pile integrity tests. ... 254 Quiz-49: Single Pile. 254 Quiz-50: Load testing a single pile. 0255 Index: 256 L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 13CIVIL BREATH 12 morning questions are geotechnical (30% of total). M) Soil Mechanics (6 morning questions). Lateral soil pressure Soil consolidation (plastic settlement) Effective and total stresses. Bearing capacity Foundation settlement Slope stability 1V) Structural Mechanics (2 morning questions). Footings Retaining walls Vil) Materials (3 morning questions). Soil classification and boring log interpretation Soil properties (for example, strength, permeability, compressibility, phases) Material testing methods and specification conformance Vill) Site Development (1 morning question). Excavation and embankment (for example, cut and fill) L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 14ake? Sn va Kye" AM-III-A-Lateral Pressures from Soils Formulas for the lateral pressures exerted by soils on walls. ‘The most basic concept of lateral stresses is the use of the coefficient K which is defined as the ratio of horizontal stresses to vertical stresses, R= Lowrtoma Th Gverticat Gg, This coefficient is used in the three types of lateral stresses: 1) At-rest lateral earth pressures, 2) Active lateral earth pressures, and 3) Passive lateral earth pressures. In all three, the word “at-rest”, or “active” or “passive” refers to what the carth is doing to the structure that is in the soil mass. At-rest Lateral Earth Pressures. In this condition, the soil has not moved the wall nor has the wall moved the soil (from hence the name “at-rest”). Kj = Chaat — Sh — | sin g® (Jaky's formula) rene F I-v = In pure sand, o, = K,o,=K,yh Typical values 0.5 for G+S, and 1.0 for M+C IF the soil isa submerged granularsoily ( ") mM) - sult 9,'=K,o,'=K, C- clay A ¢ Lateral Earth Pressures. In this condition, the soil has moved the wall slightly (hence “active”). I-si 2 Grins _ Fn _1=SiNG tan'[49°-2) (Rankine) 9, o, 1+sing 2 In pure sand, 4, = 0, = K,y'h_ Typical values 0.25-0.5 for G+8, and 0.5 for M+C When the soil possesses cohesion c in addition to angle of friction g, 20 p ficion® | gack c a, =K,y'h-2eJK, «7 chet ret * ae Passive Lateral Earth Pressures. In this condition, the soil has been pushed by the wall (hence “passive” L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 15a, _ltsing _ a, I-sing tan? [ar 2) (Rankine) Notice that X, =K,o,=K,y'h Typical values 3 to 6 for G+S, and 2 for M+C When the soil possesses cohesion c in addition to angle of friction @, 0, =K,y'h+ 2c JK, Coulomb's Lateral Earth Pressure (published in 1776). Po 9+0+5-B+o o-0-8 acer ‘\ tw B-o Coulomb’s lateral pressure coefficients K,, and Ky: _ cos’ (#-0) = : aaa te c0s°9 cos(5 +6)| 1+, SN O+#)sin(o—a)_ } P L" Yoos(5+0)cos(@—a) Fa _ cos? (g + 0) c0s%6 cos(5-8)| 1- [sin aysin a) | cos( —A)cos(a—9) | The three factors that separate Rankine’s coefficient from Coulomb's is that Rankine assumed that a= 0°, @ = 0° and 6 = 0°. If these three values are used in the Coulomb equation above, it defaults to the Rankine equation for the earth pressure coefficients. L. Pricto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 16(a) Sliding or transtational failure (6) Rotation and bearing ‘capacity failure _7Siip plane (c) Deep-seated failure @ Structural tature Failure modes for flexible walls (shes WY (a) Deep-seated failure (b) Rotation about the anchor/prop eo (c) Rotation near base (a) Faiture of anchoriprop _(e) Failure by bending. L. Pricto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 17Table of Representative Values for Wall Friction Angle 6. | Wall maveriat Soil ype ‘Angle 5 (degrees) Concrete block or masonry G'S 30 Silty and clayey sands 25 Sandy silt, silt, silty clay, cla 20 | Cast concrete Gs 25 Silty and clayey sands 20 Sand-silt, sand-clay mixture 15 to 18 Steel sheet piling Gis 2 Gravel-sand-silt mixture 17 Sand-silt, silt, sand-clay 12 to 14 G=S=M 15 A simple wall in an “at-rest” pressure condition. a retaining wall from a soil with a = 30° in an “at-rest” condition is, a) Lower than an “active” condition; £, < te ) The same as an “active” condition; 4. > Ko tee than an “active” conditions {, 5 uo ) Same as a “passive” condition. |. icy Solution: The coefficient X, for an “at-rest” condition is, Ky-l-sing'= ‘The coefficient K, for an “active” condition is, A, =a’ (45°) tan (45 3) 0 53 AK,< Ky ko 2 2 sin30°=1-0.5=0.5 The coefficient K, for a “passive” condition is, K, = tan? (as +$) Stan? {4s an ? 2 2 Obviously, the “active” coefficient is the smallest, and hence the answer is (e). AM-III-A-Lateral-2: A simple wall subjected to an “active” pressure condition. ‘A permanent 10-foot tall and 3 feet thick conerete retaining wall has a backfill from local sandy gravel with a unit weight of 115 pef and an angle of internal frietion @ = 30°. The wall will not have to retain water and 5 = g. Calculate, aa = ee a) The lateral force F, on the wall from the backfill in an active pressure condition, b) The wall’s stability against overturning, and ©) The wall’s Stability/against sliding, as vs aa ray 08 go (o we : L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 18Solution: ‘The force against the wall is F, = z (p,)h 10) = 1.9 ips per foot of wall (b) The stability of the wall against overturning is found by taking moments about the point at the toe of the wall; assume the unit weight of concrete is 7,,,, = 0.150kcf. we joment "ya" 0 kef (LS Factor of Safety( FS) = esting moment Sa ALS) =107<2NG overturning mi (1.94/A)(1073.) 5 4, s found assuming 5 = 9, ")(10")(1')(0.150 kef) (tan 30° (c) The stability of the wall against sliding resisting force Factor of Safety FS) = Pesisting force tater of Safety driving force 137<2 NG AM-II-A-Lateral-3: Movement of a wall to generate an “active” pressure. If a 10-foot wall retains a dense sand backfill, how much does the wall need to move at its top to enter into an active earth pressure condition? a) 1.2" b) 0.12" 4 Cath, ©) 0.012” @) 0.0012” Solution: The following table summarizes a group of formulas and graphs. Use the larger value when estimating the movement of the wall L. Pricto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 19Movement wall A in different soils to mobilize an earth pressure Type of retained soil am Nhe apn Fossa [ Loose sand 0.001 to 0.002 0.01 Dense sand 0.0005 to 0.0010 0.005 Soft clay 0.02 0.04 ‘Stiff clay 0.01 0.02 ‘The answer is (b) 0.12”, because in dense sand the larger movement is 0.0010H, 4 (0,001) (10/2)(12in/ ft) = 0.12 inches H AM-HI-A-Lateral-4: Rankine versus Coulomb lateral earth coefficients. a) Compare the Rankine and Coulomb lateral earth pressure coefficients for a wall that retains a granular backfill soil with ¢= 35°, = 12°, 0=0° and a= 20°. (Note: dis the angle of friction between the soil and the backside of the wall; a is the angle of the slope for the backfill behind the wall and @ is the back of the wall’s angle with respect to the vertical). b) What are the differences between Coulomb’s and Rankine’s theories? tive and passive earth pressure coefficients, af 2( 450-2) = tan?( 45°-32° |= in (4s ~2)=tan (ss -=)-0an Pott K, =tan'(45°+2) tne (450-3) 3.69 Coulomb's active and passive earth pressure coefficients, cos"(9-) —_—_*(e-}___ ie Ne 0s? Oc0s(5+8)[1+ sin(3+@) Do” oi cos(5+8)cos(0—c) Va cos* (35-0) Jw dey (12+35)sin(35—20) at S 12+35)sin| - 0cos(12+0){1+ | a ons? Ocos(12+ O){1+ I-35 (12 + 0)eos(0-20) | c0s?(+6) L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 20wh y? oe v4 Notice that both Rankine’s active and passive earth pressure coefficients are non-conservative, and should be used with caution. b) When a = 0°, @= 0? and 5 = 0° the Coulomb formula becomes identical to Ranking Rankine simplified Coulomb's theories by assuming three things: 1) The backfill is horizontal; 2) The wall-soil interface does not have friction (the friction angle 6 3) The wall is vertical (does not rack backwards). ); and AM-III-A-Lateral-5: A simple wall with a surcharge. A 20-foot high retaining wall has been subjected to an unexpected surcharge load from a crane getting close to the edge of the excavation. The crane is imposing a surcharge load of = 3 ksf. The wall was backfilled with a granular soil, with a unit weight of 120 pef and an. angle of internal friction of 30 degrees. Find the surcharge and total lateral forces of the soil upon the wall, assuming also that heavy rains have brought the WT to the surface of the backfill. surcharge q=3 ksf Solution: (45-22) 033 K, The contribution from the vertical surcharge pressure q = 3 Asf at, P= Prynog- K,q =(0.33)(3 ksf) =1ksf The pressure from the soil bouyant backfill Py = K,y/h = (0.33)(0.120 kef ~ 0.0624) (20 feet) = 0.38 ksf The pressure from the rising water table behind the wall is, P= 1h = (0.0624 kef )(20 feet) = 1.25 hsf Proof L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng, - Fall 2016 Page 21The forces from each area are, F, = pi =(1 sf )(20 feet) = 20 kips ft Kyle = $038 ksf)(20 feet) =3.8 kips fi (1.25 ksf)(20 feet) =12.5 kips ft +. The total force per foot of wall is 36.3 kips AM-III-A-Lateral-6: A wall with clay backfill. The 20-foot high wall is backfilled with a clay fill. The unit weight of the fill is 120 pef, and it has a cohesive strength of 1,200 psf. How deep will the clay separate from the wall (“clay crack”)? clay backfill Sodom 40 Since g = 0°, K,, = tan® (45°-0) coor The horizontal stress at any depth is given by, 0, =K,yh-2efK, But the horizontal stress must be zero at the bottom of the crack, at a depth /, 0 2? 0=K,yh—2eJK, therefore, solving for h, 1, 20K _ 20 _ 2(1,200psf) ‘mt Ky y (120 pef) Notice that the clay has separated from the entire depth of the wall 20 feet L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 22AM-III-B-Consolidation Formulas for consolidation (plastic settlement). Stages of Consolidation (Pla Settlement): Initial consolidation (settlement - restores the soil sample to its in-situ pressure); Primary consolidation (squeezes out the water from the pores: volume is lost); Secondary consolidation (rearranges the clay particles closer together). Initial consolidation Primary consolidation (loss of water): p ‘, behavior Secondary consolidation (rearranging of solids) Terzaghi's theory « ¢ BE} | E 5 3 3 3 5 > 0 DE: ae Noid Rabe ©? ye Original a Foul wid Pao “ % L. Prieto-Portar e Pp s Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 23,Ap" Primary consolidation settlement AM, i HC, v ‘, where C, is the compression index, C,. = tan 0 = see Be 1B?" og, (2a” ‘0 C, is commonly estimated through Skempton, C, = 0.009(LL ~10) ‘The swell index C, predicts how much a soil expends when the in-situ pressure is released, c al 9] G, 100 Secondary consolidation settlement AH, HC, a 4 Logie +e, 4 AH, Ae where C,, is the secondary compression index, C, = _ coo logio (42/4) ‘The time of consolidation ¢ is given through the time factor 7,, where c, is the coefficient of consolidation and H,,, the drainage length. HS ‘The degree of consolidation U(%) is, U (%) = (1-4) where w is the pore pressure at any time, and w, at time ¢ = 0. L, Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng, - Fall 2016 Page 24Void ratio e or compression inches per inch Void ratio e or compression in inches per inch {arithmetic scale) in Pressure Gy, (log scale) (Left) a normally consolidated clay, and (right) an over-consolidated clay, at a loading above the existing over-burden pressure ,". Notice that if the discontinuity in the curve occurs at a pressure 9,” greater than the existing overburden pressure «,°, then the soil is over-consolidated. The over-consolidation ratio (OCR) for a soil is defined as, OcR = Ze. PRe-Consolidation pressure of the soil specimen present effective vertical pressure A normally consolidated soil has an @GR= Over-eonsolidated soils havefOCR > 1} where i jeavily over-consolidated OCR > 6. An under-consolidated soil has an OCR < 1, and is typical of a soil that is young and still consolidating, as for example recent soft deposits in lakes and shallow seas close io the delta hily over-consolidated have 1 < OCR <3 and L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng, - Fall 2016 Page 25AM-III-B-Consolidation-1: Porewater pressure reflects degree of consolidation. -How high will the water rise in the piezometer immediately after the application of the load of 3 ksf? -Find h when the degree of consolidation at A is 60% -What is the degree of consolidation from the 3 As/at point A, when 5 feet? normally consolidated Rock (aquictudey —> eachyoler wate ‘Solution: The building’: 's load is 100% transferred to the water at time ¢ = 0. Hence, the entire load becomes: instantly an increase in the water pressure (rise in the W7). Assume a uniform increase of the initial excess pore water pressure throughout the 10-foot thickness of the clay layer: ‘Ap _ 3,000 te 624 The pore water pressure, = Ap=y, =3,000/b/ fP 2. h= = 48.1 feet b) When Us = 60%, what is the value of h? -000-( -4)-f uy } Ira (62.4 Pf) Uy 3,000 psf (48.1f7)(62.4pcf) =(1-0.6)(3,000 psf) = 1,200 psf _ (1,200psf) 7, (624pef) c) The degree of consolidation at A is U. (%) when h = 15 feet: 4, =19.2 feet L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 26ume }ia0 = (1- SSE. 2D. 99 coe (GBI f62.4 pef) Note 1: Construction Managers usually want to know when a structure has attained 70% consolidation, In many cases that is when most of the differential settlement has stopped. In a tall building for example, 70% of settlement is when the CM can start aligning elevator tracks, fixing sensitive (argon-filled) windows, laying expensive tiles, ete. Note 2: A simple way of finding d for any height is simply multiply the percent consolidation by the total height attained at time ¢= For example, what is the height # of the water column when the clay attains 50% consolidation? f= (%consolidation\(h, ) = (0.50)(48 feet) = 24 feet Uy AM-III-B-Consolidation-2: Normal-, Under- and Over-Consolidation. A piezometer is installed at a building site and it accurately measures the location of the phreatic surface (WT). The site is now prepared to compress a clay stratum by placing a Tapert surcharge of fill on the ground surface. The piezometric surface rises above the WT. he clay is therefore: formally consolidated; b) Over-consolidate ¢) Under-consolidated; 4) Not enough data to answer. Solution: The answer is (a) normally consolidated. Each is described below. 2) Ina normally-loaded or normally consolidated clay stratum, the ground surface overlaying the clay has never been above the existing surface, and there has never been an additional external load. The current sediments above the clay exert the known maximum vertical pressure oy’. b) In a pre-compressed, pre-consolidated or over-consolidated clay stratum, the ground surface had at some time in the past been above the existing surface, and it has now been eroded away. Alternatively, a glacier rolled over the area, or desiccation took place and the clay layer shrunk. The current maximum vertical pressure a,’ is smaller than was experienced in the past ©) In an wnder-consolidated clay stratum, the “new” soil has not had time to fully adjust or stabilize under its current loads, and there may be excess pore water pressure that has not fully dissipated. Ys peak! your [pra Marte L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 27AM-III-B-Consolidation-3: Total settlement of a single layer. A new building will be built upon the site shown below with clay solids with a specific gravity of 2.70. Find the primary consolidation settlement if the clay is normally consolidated. | | p= 1kst | | Sand 8 feet Peat? ‘Water Table Clay 17 feet Ce=036 y= 0.91 Yop = 120 pef Solution: The effective stress of the clay at its mid-stratum before the building was built is, Po" = Loans sand + Feat — Toe seasons + Loan — Yn) A mis ctay + = (0.110kcf)8 ft) + (0.115 ~0.0624)kef (7 fi) + (0.120 —0.0624)kef(8.5 ft) 74 ksf f 1) U P, The primary consolidation settlement is, C ‘ 2in/ fr)(0.3 an =2G Jog, 272. a7wC Si) 9) 1, 1.7441 = Sig = = 7.6 inches o" Tre, P. 140.91 174 AM-II-B-Consolidation-4: Using the Time factor T,. ‘A 10-foot thick, doubly-drained saturated stratum of clay is under a surcharge loading that underwent 90% primary consolidation in 75 days. Find the coefficient of consolidation c, of this clay in in’/sec, Solution The clay layer has two-way drainage, and T, = 0.85 for 90% consolidation wi : TH, _(0.85)[(5/8)(12in/ A) t (75 days x 24x 60x 60) L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 280 : od ‘ 20 2 A 40 50 { - 60 a 70 80 90 1 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 14 12 Percent consolidation AM-IN-B-Consolidation-5: Total time to settle. According to Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory, a single-story family residence wi take how long to attain 100% consolidation? a) 6-months; b) I-year; Solution: ‘The answer is (d) because consolidation is a parabolic function that is asymptotic to the time axis AM-II-B-Consolidation-6: Which condition takes the longest to drain? ‘Choose the diagram that takes the longest time to drai sy sant soe =~ san sand rock rock @ b ( a Solution: The answer is (c). Obviously, (a) and (b) are double-drained and have half the drainage path than (c) and (@). The choice is between (c) and (d) of which has the longest drainage path but (d) has twice the permeability k, hence (c) takes the longest to drain. L. Pricto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 29AM-HI-B-Consolidation-7: Time of consolidation t. Using the information derived from Consi jon-05, what is the time of consolidation ¢ of a 2-inch thick undisturbed clay sample obtained from the field to undergo 90% consolidation in the laboratory? Solution: ‘The Time Factor T, is the same 90% in the field as in the laboratory, therefore, _| e.(2Sdaysx 24x60 60) 120in : 2 Vict Sdays x i be IT seein (60 in)’ AM-III-B-Consolidation-8: Laboratory versus field time rates of settlement. Laboratory tests on a 2 inch thick clay specimen drained only through its top surface showed that 50% consolidation took place in 8.5 minutes. a) How long will it take for a similar clay layer in the field, 10 feet thick, similarly drained at the top only, to undergo 50% consolidation? b) Find the time required for the clay layer in the field as described in part (a) above, to reach a 70% consolidation. Solution: (a) The time required for a single-drained 10-foot clay stratum is, Soret) Hi pat) = aa) # gst) = Faas) pp irc ety C0, /9"ES min) _ 59, 690min = 21.3days oh peta 2in_) Lin! ft ‘The time required in the field to attain 70% consolidation is, 02,2) 909 nmin (85min) B,_(04)| (10,f(12in/ fo) . 64,000min = 44.4days 0.09 in*/min L, Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 30AM-III-B-Consolidation-9: Decreasing the time rate of consolidation. An oedometer (cons \n) test is performed on a 4” thick specimen of the clay, drained ‘on top and bottom, It was observed that 45 percent consolidation was attained in 78 hours in the laboratory. (1) Determine the time required to attain 70 percent consolidation in a job site where the clay stratum is shown below. (2) How many months would the same 70% consolidation take place with vertically placed geo-filters spaced in a grid 2-feet-on-center? Building's load qatif : diddd l20" SAND WT Solution: TH ‘The coefficient of consolidation c, = is the same for the lab and field samples. t coal where T, = 0.15 (45% consolidation) and 7, = 0.40 (70% consolidation) prncticn! nm e (0.15)(2in)* _ (0.40)(12.5 f812in/ ft pe (78hours) as ro40\/ a2sfx 1 _=(78hows( sdey ) a (cis) (2S fein") 2134 years hours )\ 36Sdays )\ 0.15 ) (in? The Project Manager will not be happy with this news, so you propose the alternative of vertical geo-filters spaced every 2-feet from each other. That will attain the same 70% consolidation in, NG thea =(T8hours)| 1 day mont 20) (2in 24 hours )| 30 days )\0.15 )\ Qin Spacing of 12” will reduce the time further down to only 2.6 months (78 days). 10.4 months L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 31AM-III-C-Effective and Total Stresses Formulas for effective and total stresses. Total stress=Effective stress (loads carried by solids)+Pore-water pressure (load carried by water) o'su and o'=/'h=(Yy-Yy)h W= Phe where 7” is the buoyant or submerged unit weight. At any point of a submerged soil, the porewater pressure w acts equally in all directions. Therefore, it can only cause hydrostatic compression on the solid particles. These particles hardly change in size, because they have huge modulii of compression. In order for deformation to take place in the soil skeleton, it must come from the effective stress 0”. Notice that 1=(a-te)-( SE) —tw (2). 1+ Ive AM-III-C-Effective Stresses-1: The concept of buoyancy. What force is required to hold an empty box that has a volume of 1 cubic foot just below a water surface? Neglect the weight of the box. Solution: The volume of the displaced water is 1 ft’, Therefore, the force is the weight of 1 ff’ of water = 62.4 Ibs. ‘What is the force required to hold the same box 10 feet below the surface? Same as above! ‘The buoyancy of a solid can be found with the following analogy: Seale The sphere shown has a volume of 0.1 m’, and weighs 2.60 KN, as shown in the scale at left. When the sphere and scale are placed in a beaker of water, the sphere’s buoyancy is, F = Feyy — Fogyyyg = 2-60 KN ~(0.Uin* )(9.8 AN /m*) = 1.62 kN Ina submerged soil, the only load that will cause settlement is the effective stress, transmitted through particle-to-particle contacts. Ifthe particles separate (figure below) the shear strength of the soil is reduced to zero (which is the shear strength of water). L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechni al and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 32Effective stress: Neutral stress: Intergranular pressure; weight carried Pore water pressure; weight carried by the soil particles by the water aah y' u=h hw Nw A ihe AM-II-C-Effective Stresses-2: The concept of effective stress. A sample was obtained from point A in the submerged cl: determined that it had a w = 54%, and a G, 78. What porewater pressure and total stresses at point A? v layer shown below. It was the effective vertical stress, the ee hw = 25 ft saturated clay SPE, A Solution The effective stress "at the point A consists solely of the depth of the soil (not of the water) ‘multiplied by the soil buoyant unit weight y» = y', = Yhyy where ¥ =, 7 ser Tw In order to find 7’ there are a number of derivations, such as this one, [rer }« . ; where the voids ratio e can be found through Se = wG, +e : ki Se and noticing that $=1 because the soil is 100% saturated, e = wG, = (0.54)(2.78) L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 33vo I GtwGdre | _[ [2:78+(0.54)(2.78) 624) _ ae iff Lew, || 1+(054)(2.78) 624 |(15#) 0 = 667 psf Total stress is 0 = o'+ u = 667 psf + (62.4pef)(40 ft) = 3,163 psf AM-III-C-E fective Stresses-3: Negative pore water from capillary rise. Determine: (a) the capillary height i. of the rise of the moisture into the sand stratum above the water table, and (b) determine the resulting negative porewater pressure w. fine sand = 080mm Gy= 2.66, ¢=0.55, $= 50% Solution: ‘a) In order to estimate the capillary rise in the sand stratum above the water table, use an estimate of the surface tension force T = 0.005 Ib/ft. The capillary rise of height is, b 4(5)(10°)— 2 n= WI 829.9 ~15 inches dy, 800 )m_ 3.281 62.41b ) The negative pore-water pressure (in tension) is, u=nhy, =—(1.22ft)(624pef)=—76.2psf L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 34AMC-LIE-C-E ffective Stresses-4: Effective stresses in multiple strata, A city has been experiencing a rapid loweringiof its phreatic surface the past 56 years due to large volumes of water pumped out of the ground by industrial users. -What was the average effective vertical stress in the clay stratum in 1960? -What is the effective stress at the same depth in 2016? -What happens to the ground surface as a result of the draw-down? 9teet SCALA eps wr 1960 TS Rae REO § Sand 1s ft sae Year =120.3 pef Solution ") OF [+7 Maso LY Maur HP Mlerey WHERE 7= Four aul o =[114.6)(9) + (119.7 —62.4(9) ] +[(12 62.4)(18)] + [(121.0 ~62.4)(9)] oy =3,117 psf In 2016 the effective str o =[(114.6)(18) + (115.2)(18) ] + [(121.0-62.4)(9)] = 4,664 psf s has increased to, This is a 50% increase in stress due solely to a dropping water table. ©) The ground surface has also been lowered due to the decreasing thickness of the sand and the silt strata, due to their loss of the volume previously occupied by water. © { v L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 35AM-III-C-Total Stresses-1: Boussinesq for square footin Boussinesq isobars from NAVFAC 7.1, where the footing’s of the isobar graph. ide dimension B sets the scale ]-—— Width = 8 —____ ‘Square loaded area } } PTT TTT tty eal é 10 os ao os 0 5 L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 36AM-II-C-Total Stresses-2: Boussinesq for continuous footings. Boussinesq isobars J; for strip, wall or continuous) footings, where the footing’s short side B sets the scale of the isobars. |_-width = B+} | xb L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 37nt ery Ay AM-II-C-Total Stresses-3: Boussinesg for both square and continuous footings. Combined graph with strip footing (left) versus square footing (right), where the footing’s short side B sets the scale. kB : 3B 2B) 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B} — 8B L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 38AM-HI-C-Total Stresses-4: Boussinesq influence factor J, (it is the influence coming from a point load on the surface upon a point anywhere inside a semi-infinite body). AM-IN-C-Total Stresses-5: Boussinesg I, for line loads. This Boussinesq figure is used to find the increase in the vertical stress in a soil mass caused by a line load (influence factor /2). A practical example of a line load is a strip or wall footing supporting a brick wall. 4 unit Iength AM-II-C-Total Stresses-6: Boussinesg I; for strip loads. This Boussinesq figure is used to find the increase in the vertical stress in a soil mass caused by a strip load (influence factor [:). . = Lp +sin Bcos(f+26)] x L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 39AMC-II-C-Total Stresses-6: Boussinesq I, for rectangular footings. This Boussinesq figure is used to find the vertical stress increase in a soil mass below a corner of a rectangular loaded area (influence factor 1,). L. Pricto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 40omer cet wes 80 OMG HAN 8 as coe ony C0065 ONE} HH OWT OH OE HIDE OM 00K CORNED 8 om owe er) | ce eos oes ten ewe 0a aac ue aM aU OU HID OMS aw ONS aM st 65 cas oa (caw) aes onIK on ee ee eT 16 cre os 7 08 On a om HO ONS O18 OB HIS OE HSH OTs 7 ome oat om oe ORT aa Ct ee ee ee er viet ome AIT ONT EON cas Ta fog asta M77 O85 OULD UIE ON CNT Is os oe ONL Ue (Ais 05 OBR HUH oaKK OBL UNE OME ust 1s Oe UT ee (165 Dia arm On aE Soe ONL A Om DS Ha ORR HAS ee ed et ee ee sn ee ee ss OMe WR OME) 20 Hw OKT HMM ORD eR 2) uss eS Ce eT) ee er ee ee ee eer ees L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 41This is the preferred alternative figure to find the Boussinesq influence factor J, mand fare interchangeable n== Value of n 0.01 0116 ous oz 0.08 Influence Factor ly 5 04 L. Pricto-Portar x01 Value of n Value of n oe P12 3 454 1108, 026-+-++ * wl 026 024 024 022 022 020 020 0.18 08 0.16 os 012 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 002 o vse 410. 2 3 436 8100 Page 42 Geotechnical and Foundations Engng, - Fall 2016AM-III-C-Total Stresses-7: Boussinesg Is for circular footings. ‘This Boussinesg [s isobar graph is used to find the vertical stress increase in a s to a surface applied uniform load with a base circular area, such as large tanks. d il mass due and water 2P be - 00 0 pee 2 3 o E F090. °F 080 | [ 0.70, 1 0.60 [0.50 Ya 2 Loo | 5 3 0. 0.10 0.05 4 L, Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 43AM-HI-C-Total Stresses-8: Reading the Iy In, I; Boussinesg isobar charts. Case-1: A single column with a load of 1,000 kips is supported by a square footing 10 feet by 10 feet in plan-view. Case 2: A 10 feet wide continuous (wall) footing that carries 10 kips per linear feet. Find the stress inerease in a soil mass at the following depths: a) 5 feet and 10 feet below the center of the footing, b) 5 feet and 10 feet below the edge of the footing, and ©) 5 feet beyond the edge of the footing, both 5 and 10 feet below the ground surface: Solution: Use the charts provided at the beginning of this Chapter. Case 1: The stress at the square footing’s invert is the column load divided by the footing area, _ 1,000 Kips _ 19 poy B 100ft This is 100% of the stress at the footing invert. It decreases as the stress spreads out in all directions below the footing, a) The stress at 5 feet below the center of the footing is S= (0.7) (10 kst) = 7.0 ksf. b)_ The stress at 10 feet below the center of the footing is s= (0.32) (10 ksf) ~ 3.2 ksf. ©) The stress at 5 feet below the edge of the footing is s= (0.4) (10 ksf) = 4 ksf. The stress at 10 feet below the edge of the footing is s= (0.25) (10 ksf) = 2.5 ksf. @)_ The stress at 5 feet beyond the edge of the footing, and 5 feet below the surface is s~ (0,07) (10 ks!) = 0.7 ksf. The sitess at 5 feet beyond the edge of the footing, and 10 feet below the surface is s= (0.1) (0 ksf) = 1 ks. Case 2: ‘The stress at the footing’s invert is simply 1 ksf. Therefore, ©) The stress at 5 feet betow the center of the footing is S= (0.82) (1 ksf) = 0.82 ksf. The stress at 10 fect below the center of the footing is s= (0.54) (I ksf) = 0.54 kst 1) The stress at 5 feet below the edge of the footing is s= (0.4) (I ksf) = 0.4 ksf. The stress at 10 feet below the edge of the footing is s~ (0.4) (1 ksf) = 4 ksf. 8). The stress at 5 feet beyond the edge of the footing, and 5 feet below the surface is, oo =(0.12)(Lksf) = 0.12 kf hh) The stress at 5 feet beyond the edge of the footing, and 10 feet below the surface is = (0.18)(Iksf) = 0.18 ksf AM-III-C-Total Stresses-9: Reading the I; Boussinesq isobar chart. A rectangular footing carries a single column and measures B = 10 feet wide by L = 20 feet long. The total load of the footing and column results in 2 uniform stress of 10,500 pounds per square feet at the footing’s invert. Determine the stress increase in kips/ft’ in the soil mass from this footing at a depth of 13 feet below a corner of the footing’s invert. Solution Use the alternative Boussinesq isobar chart, where m and n are as follows, B L_20 13, Reading the chart yields a value of I = 0.172, therefore, the stress increase from the footing is, Aor, = I,q=(0.172)(10.5 ksf) = 1.81 ksf 54 O07 and 1 13 L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 44ELECT eet Senses Larger footings influence the soil to greater depths. ‘Two square footings are placed on the ground surface. Footing A is 20 feet by 20 feet in area, whereas Footing B is 10 feet by 10 feet in area. Column A has a much higher load, but both carry the same uniform load of 10 ksf (5 tons/ft?). The soil profile consists of 20 feet of medium dense sand at the top, underlain by a soft clay stratum that is also 20 feet thick. How do these footings differ in behavior? Solution: Footing A’s stress increase influence at a depth of 30 feet (mid-clay layer) is, Ny. frome =H square te = (0-17) (10 ksf) = 1.7 ky Footing B’s stress increase has a greater influence in depth, and is, AZ font = Laguire- ie = (0.05) (10 ksf) = 0.50 ksf* Notice that even though both carry the same uniform load at their inverts, Footing A is exerting over three times as much stress increase as Footing B at mid-clay. Therefore, larger footings may produce higher settlements. Footing B Footing A ee 8. Founeaton Hi LAAT ALL Weak stratum Influence of weak stratum. AM-III-C-Total Stresses-I1: The 2:1 Method for rectangular footings. A rectangular footing carries a single column and measures B = 10 feet wide by L long. The total load Q of the footing and column results in a bearing pressure q pounds per square feet at the footing’s invert. Determine the stress increase in the soil mass from this footing at a depth of z = 25 feet below the footing’s invert using the 2:1 Method. Solution: The simple 2V:1H Method assumes that the stress is reduced from 100% at the footing’s invert to decreasing values at increasing depths due to the spreading out of the stress over an increasing area, based on the 2 vertical: | horizontal geometry. ‘The stress at z = 25 feer is given by, oe Q BL (10,500psf)(10.f#)(142) <(B+z)(L+z) (B+z)(L+z) (l0f+25fr)(14 ft +25 ft) =1,080 psf versus 10,500 psf at the footing’ s invert. L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 45Bearing pressure = q L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 46petite Airalg ook! pul TV ho eoerg the a4 AM-III-D-Bearing Capacity - LOO? Formulas to determine the bearing capacity of foundations, These wheat storage silos in Canada are an example of @ bearing capacity failure of a large foundation. This failure alerted engineers to the mechanism of how surface loads may exceed the shear strength of the soils beneath the foundation. References: White L.S., “Transcona Elevator Failure: Eye-Witness Account”, Géotechnique, 3, 5; Peck R.B., Bryant F.G., “The Bearing- Capacity Failure of the Transcona Elevator”, Géotechnique, 3, 5 (1953). The bearing capacity of a soil is its ability to carry loads without failing in shear. There are four major methods to predict failure. The first method was developed by Karl Terzaghi in 1943. Field tests in Canada by Meyerhof (1963) lead to modification factors. Finally, Brinch Hansen in Denmark (1970) and Vesie in the USA (1970) also modified these factors. Terzaghi for square footings, [, + 0.4yBN, For continuous, strip or wall footings: qyy = where, @=/D, with D, the depth of the foundation The bearing capacity factors are, where a= e0™*-# 2) L. Prieto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 47Meyerhof (1963): For vertical loads, qu, = CN, F..F., +9N,F.,Fy + 0.4yBN, F., Fy, and for inclined loads, qy, = CN FF. +N FyFy + 0A7BN,F,, Fy, and the factors are, N, =e" tan? (45°— 6/2) N,=(N, ~I)cotg N, =(N, I)tan(1.44) Brinch Hansen (1970): The general equation, jy = N.F..FgF,+9N, FFF, + 047BN,F,F,,F, and the factors are, Ny, =e"™4 tan? (45°-$/2) N, =(N,-l)cotg N, =1.5(N,~l)tang AM-III-D-Bearing-I: Factors involved in the Error! Bookmark not defined. of a footing. Which are the three factors that determine the bearing capacity of a soil under a footing? Solution. (1) the value of the cohesion ¢, (2) the depth of embedment of the footing Dy, and G) the width of the footing B and the soil unit weight y. AM-IH-D-Bearing-2: What is the depth of a footing? What is Dyin the figure below? a) 3 feet b) 4 feet c) 8 feet 4) 11 feet Solution: The answer is (A) 11 feet; Dyis used to determine the footing’s bearing capaci L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 48Bearing Ce Factors for General Shear Angle | Angle Tercaghi Meyerhoy (Degrees) | (Radians) ver Kpy_|_Ne_| Ng | Np | Ne | Ng | Ny 0 0.0000 [10.18 [5:70 |“1.00_|~0.00_| 3.10 [1.00 [0.00 |-s.10 [1.00 0.00. 1 0.0175 | 10.461_|6.00~| 1.10 | 0.08.38 | 1.09 |-000 [538 | 1-09] 0.00 0.0349 [11.07 |6.30| 122 | 018 | s03_| 120 | oo1 | s63 [120 | 001 3 0.0594 [11.56] 6.62] 135-| 028 [590 -[ 131 -002_[-s.90_|1-31_| 002 r 0.0698 | 1207 | 697] 149] 039-619 | 143 | 004 [6.19] 143 | 005 3 o.on73 [12.611 7.34 | 164 [051 | 649 | 157 | 007 | 649 | 1.37 | 007 6 “1047 13.19] 7273-181 | oss ost |r ton | eat | 172 Don z 0.1222 13.80 | 8.15) 2.00 0.80. 16 1.88_| 0.15. L1G 138 | 0.16 % 0.1396 | 14.44 |-860-[221 | 0.96 [753] 206] 021 | 753 | 2.06 | 022 ° o4s71—| 1513 | 909-244 | Las | 792 | 2.25 [-o28 | 792 [225 | 030 10 0.1745 15.87 | 9.60 2.69 1.35 8.34 247 037 1 0.1920 | 16.65 | 10.16 | 298 | 138 | 880 | 2.71 047 | a80_[-2.71 | 0530 I 10,2094_[-17.49_| 10.76 | 329 | 184-928 | 2.97 | o60_[ 928 | 2.97 | 063 13 022691838 [i141 | 363212 | 981_| 3.26 | 074 [981 | 326 | 078 18 02443 [1933 [12.1] 402-244 [1037 [3:59 | 092 [1037 | 339097 15 02618 | 2036 | 12.86 | -445| 2.79 | 1098 | 396 | 1.13 1098 | 394 LB 1 02793 [2146 | 1368 | 492319 De | 43a | 137 nes | ae 17 0.2967 —[-22.65-| 14.56] 545] 3.63 112s | 477 | 166 Dias | 477 18 03142 [93.921 15.52 1604 | 413 1 1310 [526 1310 [336 19 03316 | 2530] 16.36} 670 | 4.70 | 1393. | 5.80. 1393 [-5.80 20 03491 | 2680-| 17.69-| 744 | 5.34 | 14.83 | 640. i483 | 640 H 03665 |- 2842 | 18.92 [x26 | 6.07 | 1581 | 7.07 isl 707 22 0.3840 | 30.18 | 20.27 | 919 | 6.89 | toss | 782 1688 [7.82 23 ania | 32.40 | 21.75 [1023 | 7.83 | 18.05 | 8.66 1805 | 8.66 24 0.8189 | 34.19 | 93.36 | 11.40_[ 890] 19,32 | 9.60, 19.32 19.60 2: (04363 [3649 [25.13] 12.72 | 10.12 | 20.72 | 10.66 20.22 [10.66 26 oas38 [39.01 [27.09] 1421 [11.53] 2225 Dias 2.251185 2 08712 | 41,78 | 29.24 | 15.90-[ 13.15 | 23.94 [130 2394 [1320 28 ‘one? [sans | 3161] 1781 | 1503 | 25.80 | 14.72 25.80 | 14°72 9) 05061 | 4826 | 34.24 | 1998 | 1721 1 2786 | 16s 27.86 | 16.44 30 6 | 57.05-| 37.16 | 22.46 | 19.75 | 30.14 | 18.80 30-14 [1840 aL S411 | 5629 | 404t [25.28 | 22.71 [32.67 | 2003 32.67 | 20.63 17.69 32 0.5585 | 61.04 | 44,08 | 28,52 | 2620 | 3549 | 23.18 35.49" | 23.18 | 20.79 3 0.5760 | 66.40 | 48,09 32.23 | 3033 | 38,64 | 26,09 | 26.17 | 38.68 | 2609 | 24.44 34 0.3934 | 72.48 | 52.64 [3650] 3523 [92.1 426 | 29.44 | 28.77 35 0.6109 | 79.40 | $7.75 [a1aa | a1-08 | 46.12 612 | 33.30 | 33.92 36 0.6283 | 87.33 | 03.83 | 47.16 | 48.11 | 50.39 50.501 37.75 | 40.05 aT 0.6458 | 96.49 | 70,07 | 5380 | so.62 | 55.63 $5.63 | 42.92 [47.38 38 06632] 107.18 [77.50] 61.55-[-67.00_| 61.3s_| 48.93 | ot o7 | 61.35 | a8 93] S617 39 ‘0.307 [119.59 -85.97 | 10.61 [79.77] 6787 [55.96 | 71.33 | 6787 | 35.96] 66.76 40) 0.6981 [134.1 | 95.66 | 81.27 [95,61 | 75.51 | 64.20 | 93.69-| 75.31] 64.20] 79.84 41 0.7156 —[ 151.89 106801 9385 [115.47 | ¥3.86| 73.90 [113.99 | 83.86 | 73,90] 95.08 42 0.7330 [173.09 | 119.67] 108.75 | 140.65 [93.71 13932 [93.71 {85.37 1113.9 43 0.7505 | 198.99 | 134.58 | 126.50 | 173.00 | tos.i1 | 99.01 {171.14 | tos. | 99.01 [137.10 at 0.7679 [231.10] 151.95 | 147.74] 215.16 [837] U1s31] 2101 | 11837] 115.31 | 16538 45 o7ss4—[ 271-87 | 17229 [173.29 | 271,07 [133.87 133.87 | 13487 | 20081 46 (0.8029 | 323.57 | 196.22 | 204.19 | 346.66 | 152.10 | | 152.10 | 158.50 | 244.6 a7 0.8203 | 391.94 | 294.55 [241.80] 451.28 [173.64 173.68 | 187.21 | 299.32 48 0.8378 | 484.34 | 258.29 [987.85 | 600.15 | 199.26. 199.26 | 222.30_| 368,67 49 0. (613.33 | 298.72 | 344.64 | 819,31 [279,92 | 265.50 | 674,92 | 229.92 | 265,50 | 456.40 30 0.8727 [801.95 | 34751 1415.15 [115597 | 266.88 | 319-06 [973.86 | 266-88 [319.06 | 568.37 L. Prieto-Portar — Geotechnical and Foundations Engng. - Fall 2016 Page 49AM-II-D-Bearing-3: Tercaghi’s bearing capacity for a square footins ‘The square footing shown below must be designed to carry a 66 kip load. Use Terzaghi’s bearing capacity formula to determine B of the square footing with a factor of safe W= 66 kips 7 = 116 pof Dy=3.28 ft o=35° ¢=0 Solution: 4 qu” Terzaghi’s formula for the ultimate bearing capacity qyyp of a square a is, ute = 1.3c'N, +N +04yBN, where | = Dry The allowable bearing capacity qqy with the factor of safety of 3 is, dau = St = (1: 3c'Ne + GNq + O4YBN,) and day = % = °° (ibs/ft2) 66000 ams +(1.3c'N, + QNq + 0.4yBN,) : For 0 = 35%, N, = 57.8, Na = 41.4 and Ny = 414 —7 fom Substituting these values into Terzaghi’s equation, we get 66,0001 a = 710 + (116 )(3.28)(44.4) + (0.4)(116)B(41.1)] 66,000 Baa 5220 + 633B 633B° + 52208? — 66,000 = 0 «B= 3.04 ft L. Pricto-Portar ~ Geotechnical and Foundations Engng, - Fall 2016 Page 50