Enabling Business of Agriculture - 2016

ENABLING THE
BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016

COMPARING REGULATORY GOOD PRACTICES
SEEDS
FERTILIZER
MACHINERY
FINANCE
MARKETS
TRANSPORT
ii
The text of this conference edition is a work in progress for the forthcoming book, Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2016: Comparing
Regulatory Good Practices. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0772-5. A PDF of the final book, once published, will be available at https://
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ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Foreword................................................................................................................................................................... viii
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................... x
About Enabling the Business of Agriculture.............................................................................................................. xiii
1. Overview...................................................................................................................................................................1
2. SeedStrengthening seed systems..................................................................................................................... 15
3. FertilizerImproving supply and quality.............................................................................................................. 25
4. MachineryExpanding mechanization while ensuring quality and safety.......................................................... 36
5. FinanceExpanding access to financial services................................................................................................ 45
6. MarketsEnabling access.................................................................................................................................... 58
7. TransportMaking transportation more reliable and affordable......................................................................... 72
8. EBA topics under development............................................................................................................................ 86
Appendix 1. Methodology........................................................................................................................................ 107
Appendix 2. Topic Data Notes................................................................................................................................. 110
Appendix 3. Alternative ways of presenting the data............................................................................................... 146
Country Tables........................................................................................................................................................ 148
Local Experts........................................................................................................................................................... 189
Figures
Figure 1 Data collection, verification and analysis................................................................................................. xvii
Figure 1.1 Regional performance on EBA indicators.................................................................................................... 5
Figure 1.2 In Sub-Saharan Africa, countries show different levels of regulatory
good practices............................................................................................................................................. 6
Figure 1.3 High-income countries have regulations in place which reflect a
higher regulatory quality.............................................................................................................................. 6
Figure 1.4 Urbanized countries have a better EBA performance than transforming
and agriculture-based countries.................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 1.5 Countries with smarter regulations on market operations also promote
quality control.............................................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 1.6 Better rules on market operations are associated with more efficient
trade requirements...................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 1.7 Regions with similar rules show different costs for registering a new
seed variety.................................................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 1.8 Regions with similar rules have different time durations in fertilizer
registration................................................................................................................................................. 10
iii
iv
Figure 1.9 Agribusiness rules in Greece are the least discriminatory, while
Ethiopia, Lao PDR and Myanmar have potential to improve...................................................................... 11
Figure 1.10 Specific information on requirements for agribusiness are most
accessible in Denmark and Spain and least accessible in Rwanda........................................................... 12
Figure 2.1 Countries mostly score better on seed development and certification
indicators, while seed registration proves more challenging..................................................................... 17
Figure 2.2 The lower-middle-income and low-income countries show the
greatest variation in official registration costs........................................................................................... 19
Figure 2.3 In the majority of countries studied with a variety release committee,
the private sector is involved in the variety release process...................................................................... 21
Figure 2.4 EBA countries with mandatory maize certification predominantly
restrict its implementation to public sector actors.................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.1 Sixteen countries have overall fertilizer scores above the sample average............................................... 27
Figure 3.2 The time to register new fertilizer products ranges from 15 to 1125
calendar days............................................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 3.3 Registration takes less time but is most costly in countries where it
needs to be done only once....................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 3.4 The cost to register as an importer ranges from 0 to 57.5% of income
per capita................................................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 3.5 Over half of the surveyed countries do not prohibit the sale of open
fertilizer bagsand those that do, do not always have a penalty for it...................................................... 33
Figure 4.1 Denmark, Greece, Spain, the Philippines and Poland have the top five
scores in the aspects measured by the machinery topic.......................................................................... 38
Figure 4.2 The cost to register imported tractors is highest in Sudan........................................................................ 39
Figure 4.3 Mozambique and Bangladesh impose high costs on importers of
agricultural tractors................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 5.1 The Kyrgyz Republic is the only country that scores above average
on all 5 indicators....................................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 5.2 Almost half the countries that allow mfis to take deposits require a
higher capital adequacy ratio for mfis than for commercial banks........................................................... 49
Figure 5.3 Countries are at different stages of developing legal frameworks to
regulate agent banking activities............................................................................................................... 51
Figure 5.4 Three of the five top performers on regulations related to warehouse
receipts are in Sub-Saharan Africa............................................................................................................ 53
Figure 6.1 EBA markets scores overall and by indicator............................................................................................. 60
Figure 6.2 Time to obtain per-shipment export documents is greater in
low-income and lower-middle income countries on average, and it
varies greatly within income group............................................................................................................ 61
Figure 6.3 Obtaining a phytosanitary certificate is less expensive in high-income

countries, but takes less time in upper-middle-income countries............................................................. 63
Figure 6.4 Cash crops are subject to more trader licensing and membership
requirements than other product groups and thus to higher costs........................................................... 65
Figure 6.5 Similar trader licensing and membership requirements are imposed
in countries where cash crops are studied................................................................................................ 66
Figure 6.6 It is on average cheaper and faster to complete per-shipment documents
when exporting to regional or bilateral trading partners............................................................................ 68
Figure 7.1 High-income countries tend to have more regulations that promote
market access and operations and cross-border transport...................................................................... 74
Figure 7.2 Transport license systems vary across regions........................................................................................ 75
Figure 7.3 Truck-level licenses are issued more expeditiously than other regulated
systems..................................................................................................................................................... 77
Figure 7.4 Company licenses are more cost-effective than other licensing systems................................................ 77
Figure 7.5 Company-license systems record greater user satisfaction..................................................................... 78
Figure 7.6 The cost of technical inspection is not a constraint in most countries,
but some disparity is observed in its relative cost..................................................................................... 79
Figure 7.7 Only a few countries allow cabotage......................................................................................................... 80
Figure 7.8 Regulations in OECD high-income countries demonstrate greater
openness to cross-border competition, while countries in South Asia
and East Asia and the Pacific tend to limit the scope of operations for
foreign firms.............................................................................................................................................. 81
Figure 8.1 More people have bank accounts in countries that allow branchless
banking................................................................................................................................................... 100
Tables
Table 1 Assigning scores to legal and regulatory dimensions helps governments
define good practices................................................................................................................................. xv
Table 2 Time and motion indicators reflect the efficiency of administrative processes
related to a countrys regulatory system.................................................................................................... xvi
Table 3 EBA questionnaires use a standard business case with assumptions.................................................... xviii
Table 1.1 Colombia, Denmark, Greece, Poland and Spain score above average in
all EBA topics................................................................................................................................................ 3
Table 2.1 Variety release committees meet after each cropping season in most countries...................................... 20
Table 3.1 Cost and time to register a new fertilizer..................................................................................................... 30
Table 4.1 Countries where post-sale services are required by law............................................................................. 40
Table 8.1 EBA topic areas focus on constraints relevant to womens participation
in agribusiness............................................................................................................................................ 97
Table A1.1 Legal indicators per topic and cross-cutting category........................................................................... 108
vi
Table A1.2 Time and motion indicators per topic and cross-cutting category........................................................ 109
Table A2.1 Scoring methodology for seed............................................................................................................... 112
Table A2.2 Scoring methodology for fertilizer.......................................................................................................... 118
Table A2.3 Scoring methodology for machinery..................................................................................................... 122
Table A2.4 Scoring methodology for finance.......................................................................................................... 127
Table A2.5 Scoring methodology for markets......................................................................................................... 137
Table A2.6 Scoring methodology for transport....................................................................................................... 142
Table A3.1 Discrimination of agribusiness regulations data by topic...................................................................... 146
Table A3.2 Accessibility of agribusiness regulatory information data by topic........................................................ 147
Boxes
Box 1.1 Several good regulatory practices have been identified across topic areas.................................................... 4
Box 2.1 Good practices for involving the private sector in developing new varieties.................................................. 18
Box 2.2 Good practices for evaluating and registering new varieties......................................................................... 20
Box 2.3 Good practices for countries requiring mandatory certification.................................................................... 21
Box 3.1 Good practices for fertilizer registration......................................................................................................... 28
Box 3.2 Good practices for fertilizer import requirements.......................................................................................... 31
Box 3.3 Good practices for fertilizer quality control.................................................................................................... 33
Box 4.1 Good practices for tractor dealer requirements............................................................................................. 40
Box 4.2 Good practices for tractor import requirements............................................................................................ 41
Box 4.3 Good practices for tractor standards and safety........................................................................................... 43
Box 5.1 Good practices for MFI regulations............................................................................................................... 48
Box 5.2 Good practices for credit union regulations................................................................................................... 50
Box 5.3 Good practices for agent banking regulations............................................................................................... 51
Box 5.4 Good practices for e-money regulations....................................................................................................... 52
Box 5.5 Good practices for warehouse receipt systems............................................................................................ 53
Box 6.1 Good practices for phytosanitary regulation................................................................................................. 62
Box 6.2 Good practices for regulations related to agricultural producers................................................................... 64
Box 7.1 Good practices for road transport licensing systems.................................................................................... 75
Box 7.2 Transport rights definitions............................................................................................................................ 79
Maps
Map 1 Geographical coverage of Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2016............................................................ xvi
vii
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 FOREWORD
viii
FOREWORD
Augusto Lopez-Claros
The challenge of feeding a world population of nine billion people by 2050
Director, Global Indicators Group
can be met only through vibrant, productive, profitable and sustainable
World Bank Group
food and agriculture sectors, particularly in developing countries, where

the bulk of food is grown and consumed. Similarly, well-functioning
Juergen Voegele
agricultural markets and agribusinesses that are inclusive and efficient
Senior Director, Agriculture
and that optimize the sustainable production and distribution of food
Global Practice
are essential for a food-secure future for all.
World Bank Group
The numbers relating to the agriculture and food sectors are stark and
the challenges multifaceted. Currently, more than 800 million people go
to bed hungry every day. Food demand is projected to rise globally by at
least 20 percent over the next 15 years, with the largest increases in SubSaharan Africa, South Asia and East Asia. At the same time, agriculture
is both a contributor to climate change, accounting for 25 percent of
greenhouse gas emissions, and is adversely affected by it. Agricultural
value chains need to be dynamic, productive and efficient if the sector is
both to thrive in the face of climate change and to be part of the solution.
The World Bank Groups Enabling the Business of Agriculture (EBA)
project measures and monitors regulations that affect the functioning
of agriculture and agribusiness. The ultimate aim is to promote smart
regulations that ensure efficient processes that support thriving
agribusinesses as well as safety and quality control.
Building on the findings of a pilot phase last year, the World Bank Group
is pleased to present this first full edition of Enabling the Business of
Agriculture: Comparing regulatory good practices. It provides analysis
and results from 40 countries, covering all world regions and all income
groups.
Eighteen indicators, covering six topics, have been developed to address
various aspects relating to production inputs and market enablers that
facilitate farmers, firms and producers to sell their goods and services.
The indicators measured in this years report cover seed, fertilizer,
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 FOREWORD
machinery, finance, transport, and markets. Four additional topicsland;

water; livestock; and information and communication technology
are under development and will be included in next years report. Two
overarching themesenvironmental sustainability and genderhave
also been explored so that the indicators being developed encourage
inclusive and sustainable practices.
Given the significant public interest in the EBA project, and as part of its
commitment to openness and transparency, the EBA team continues to
seek input from relevant stakeholders and experts to further strengthen the
research methodology and analytics as well as expand country coverage. We
invite you to provide comments on the EBA website at http://eba.worldbank.
org/.
As the international development community accelerates efforts to achieve
the new Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDGs 1 and 2, which call
for ending extreme poverty and hunger by 2030, sustainable development of
the food sectors and agriculture must be at the front and center of the global
communitys response. This publication and its findings contribute to that
overall effort.
Augusto Lopez-Claros
Juergen Voegele
ix
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Enabling the Business of Agriculture
Korooluev, Alva Kretschmer, Valerie
Bajeddi (Morocco), Dalfino Hoster
2016 was prepared jointly by the
Marechal, Thibault Meilland, Arturo
Guila
World Banks Agriculture Global
Francisco Bonilla Merino, Charlotte
Osman Hussein (Sudan), Sidiki
Practice,
general
Merten, Nina Paustian, Aditi Poddar,
Soubeiga (Burkina Faso), Olayvanh
direction of Juergen Voegele, Ethel
Anis Ragland, Kateryna Schroeder,
Singvilay (Lao PDR) and Khin Sw
Sennhauser, Preeti Ahuja, and
Justin Lee Schwegel, Samjhana
Swe Aye (Myanmar).
Mark Cackler and the Development
Thapa, Yasmine Umutoni, Lechi
Economics
Zhang
under
the
(Mozambique),
Mohamed
Zheng.
Andrew Goodland, Chris Jackson,
Global Indicators Group, under
Assisting with data collection were:
Aart Kraay and Patrick Verissimo
the general direction of Augusto
Ayuen Ajok, Ibrahim Alturki, Yulia
reviewed the full draft report and
Lopez-Claros.
Saliola
Amanbaeva, Sasha Boshart, Luiza
provided
feedback.
and Farbod Youssefi managed
Casemiro, Esperanza Pastor Nez
is
grateful
the project, with the support from
de Castro, Salma Ehsan Cheema,
comments and reviews provided
Tea
Chaparro-
Timila Dhakhwa, Xiaquan Fang,
by external experts as well as
Yedro, and Raian Divanbeigi. The
Albina Gasanbekova, David William
colleagues across the World Bank
team would like to acknowledge
Green, Megan Hyndman, Tatiana
Group, in particular those in the 40
the support of Indermit Gill and
Ivanicichina, Parviz Jabarov, Gulnur
World Bank Group country offices
Melissa Johns. Current and former
Kerimkulova,
Koschorke,
and those working on several key
team members included Dinah
Yuhan Liu, Charlotte Filiz Merten,
areas investigated by the report.
Bengur, Liwam Berhane, Gerawork
Yedesdes Y Mudessir, Meirzhan
The team would especially like to
Bizuneh, Martha Branigan-Sutton,
Myrzaliyev, Trang Nguyen, Felipe
acknowledge the hard work of the
Rong Chen, Dariga Chukmaitova,
Magofke, Stephanie Samayoa, Atik
following individuals in the country
Davida
Kiran Shah, Bungheng Taing, Herve
offices
Dechery, Robert de lEscaille, Nuria
Tchakoumi,
Douglas
questionnaires and validate the
de Oca, Nealon Devore, Sarah
Winter, Xiao, Beibei Yan, Cem
data: Faten Abdulfattah, Nada
Diouri, Margarita Diubanova, Soha
Berk Yolbulan, Diana Zeng, Lilin
Abou-Rizk,
Eshraghi,
Zheng, Geyi Zheng and Jingwen
Moustafa Alver, Luis A.
Felix
Zheng. The team is grateful to
Amadou Ba, Purna Bahadur Chhetri,
Frewer, Taras Gagalyuk, Arnau
local consultants who supported
Tran Bao Thi Nguyen, Julia Barrera,
Gallard-Agusti,
Garthwaite,
data collection or helped the team
Raul Barrios, Amina Beidari Bertho,
Gabriel Simoes Gaspar, Slavena
during the EBA teams country
Aurelien Beko, Oliver Braedt, Olena
Georgieva, Jean Philippe Lodugnon
visits: Arun Saha (Bangladesh);
Bychyk,
Harding,
Fitsum
Chamroeun,
Vice
Trumbic,
Espinal,
Louise
Julia
Federica
Cesar
Connon,
Cme
Isabel Navarro
Leopoldo
Pilar
Presidencys
Bill
Fabra,
Jano,
Marketa
and
Yucheng
Julian
Jedadiah
Aregawi
(Ethiopia),
also
who
The
for
helped
Ruvejda
Barbara
team
valuable
distribute
Aliefendic,
Calvi,
Marie
Aviles,
Mudita
Genevieve
Jonasova, Edna Kallon, Marina
Mohammad Issa Mousa (Jordan),
Compaore,
Luis
Constantino,
Kayumova, Milan Kondic, Maksat
Tidiane Diarisso (Mali), Mohammed
Tesfahiwot
Dillnessa,
Hadidia
xi
Sumi,
Busch, Frederic Bustelo, Yi Cai, Jo
Michael McGowan, Ruth Meizen-
Carlos Francisco Siezar, Larisa
Caldihon, David Casanova, Julie
Dick, Frederic Meunier, Niels Morel,
Fugol, Augusto Garcia, Patricia
Caswell, Lawrence Clarke, Rick
Nancy Morgan, Mohinder Mudahar,
Gutierrez,
Hailemariam
Clayton, Mark Constantine, Joe
Jorge Munoz, Dilip N. Kulkarni,
Mekuria, Michael Hamaide, Amani
Cortes, Gily Cowan, Barney Curtis,
Ajay Nair, Shankar Narayanan,
Haque, Jairi Hernandez, Van Hoang
Morgane Danielou, Roger Day,
Nick Nwakpa, Francois Onimus,
Pham, Chris Jackson, Kutemba
Alexandra de Athayde, Philip de
David Orden, Theresa Osborne,
Kambole, Leszek Kasek, Gwladys
Leon, Claus Deblitz, Klaus Deininger,
Washington Otieno, Maria Claudia
Nadine
Chistopher Delgardo, Hans Dellien,
Pachon, Maria Pagura, Enrique
Kroff, Seenithamby Manoharan,
Brigitte
Pantoja, Roy Parizat, Valentina
Chanhsom
Diaz-Bonilla, Grahame Dixie, Carel
Paskalova,
Mariscal, Kunduz Masylkanova,
du
Stefano
Patorni, Judith Payne, Andrew
Mohamed
Duilgheroff,
Ekanayake,
Peters, Patrick Philipp, Ugo Pica-
Meyer, Manolo Morales, Mayela
Jorge Escurra, Natalia Federighi de
Ciamarra, Caroline Plante, Natalia
Murillo,
Aymen
Cuello, Erick Fernandes, Vincenzo
Pshenichnaya, Markus Reinisch,
Musmar Ali, Belinda Mutesi, Alex
Ferraiuolo, Francis V. Fragano,
Alain Reocreux, Romano Righetti,
Mwanakasale,
Mziray,
Ade Freeman, Francois G. Le Gall,
Philippe Benjamin Rivoire, Loraine
Anne
Pierra Jean Gerber, John Gibson,
Ronchi, Max Rothschild, Judith
Obreque,
Ian John Douglas Gillson, Tanja K.
Rudolph, Marieta Sakalian, Salman
Bigyan
Goodwin, Naoki Goto, Lars Nikolajs
M. A. Salman, Aguiratou Savadogo-
Pradhan, Nikos Schmidt, Daniel
Grava, David Groenfeldt, Arian
Tinto, Sara Savastano, Susanne
Sellen, Tara Shrestha, Vatthana
Groot, Vincent Guyonnet, Thomas
Scheierling,
Singharaj, Bintou Sogodogo, Heinz
Hammond, Craig Hanson, Adelaida
Harris Selod, Carlos Sere, Bekzod
Strubenhoff,
Sulukhia,
Harris, Robert John Hatton, Terhi
Shamsiev, Walter Simon de Boef,
Sugata Talukder, Tam Thi Do, Miss
Havimo, Norbert Henninger, Thea
Melvin Spreij, Victoria Stanley,
Thiri, Shewaye Yalew Shumye,
Hilhorst, Martin Hilmi, Marlynne
Nancy Sundberg, Johan Swinnen,
and Sergiy Zorya. Comments on
Hopper, Jens Hgel, Ankur Huria,
Virginia Tanase, Michael Tarazi,
the report were received from:
Juan Carlos Izaguirre, Devra Jarvis,
Felipe Targa Rodriguez, Dhanaraj
Alejandro Alvarez de la Campa,
Peter
Jenane,
Thakur, David Tipping, Muhabbat
Jamie Anderson, Maria Antip, Oya
David John, Scott Justice, Jari
Turdieva, Joyce M. Turk, Laurian
Pinar Ardic Alper, Joshua Ariga,
Kauppila, John C. Keyser, Josef
Unnevehr, Kishor Uprety, Anke
Raimonds Aronietis, Sarat Babu
Kienzle, Kaoru Kimura, Olivia Kiratu,
van den Hurk, Kees van der Meer,
Gidda, Derek Baker, Thomas Bauer,
Matthew
Keith Belk, Todd Benson, Shawki
Musa
Bhargouti, Jos Bijman, Zhao Bing,
Andrea Kutter, Andrzej Kwiecinski,
Grgoire
Florentin Blanc, Marcel Bruins,
Lloyd Le Page, Zvi Lerman, Steven
Versace, Laura Villamayor, Bert
Balu Bumb, Victor Bundi Mosoti,
Lonergan, Isabel Lopez Noriega,
Visser, Brian Wickham, Joshua
Stefano Burchi, Francois Burgaud,
Youlia Lozanova, Dibungi Luseba,
Seth Wimpey, Bruce Wise, Justin
Jacob Burke, Christina Katharina
Nathaniel Makoni, John McDermot,
Yap, Winston Yu, Ivan Zavadsky.
Djimba,
Hosna
Ferdous
Mistre
Isabelle
Kinda,
Manythong,
Medouar,
Alice
Museri,
Judith
Clarisse
Nhanbangue,
Njuguna,
Francisco
Alice
R.
Ouedraogo,
Tamara
Krista
Joanna
Tania
Dias
Ferreira,
Marchie
Sarvass,
Indira
Jeffries,
Kirk,
Kpapa,
Chakib
Eugenio
Franois-Marie
Van
Andres
Herck,
Seargent,
Justin
Kosoris,
Kristine
Charles
Kunaka,
van der Velden, Panos Varangis,

Verdeaux,
Suzanne
Francesco
xii
The
Enabling
the
Business
of
business
associations,
private
Agriculture program was developed
sector representatives, farmers
in partnership with several donors,
organizations,
whose funding and support makes
government officials and other
this report possible: the Bill and
professionals
Melinda Gates Foundation, the
in the policy, legal and regulatory
Department
requirements in the 40 countries
for
International
academics,
actively
Development (DFID), the Danish
covered
Ministry
Affairs,
year. Please note that the data
the United States Agency for
published in the report and online
International
Development
represent a unified response based
(USAID) and the Government of the
on the answers the team received
Netherlands.
from various respondents and
of
Foreign
during
the
engaged
second
sources and are not attributed

The
of
Enabling
the
Business
to
any
Agriculture
2016
outreach
Wherever
particular
possible,
respondent.
answers
strategy is being executed by
were corroborated by official fee
a communications team led by
schedules, laws, regulations and
Indira Chand and Sarwat Hussain,
public notices. The names of
supported by Hyun Kyong Lee and
those wishing to be acknowledged
Zia Morales. The development and
individually are listed at the end of
management of the Enabling the
the report and are made available
Business of Agriculture website and
on the website at: http://eba.
technical services were supported
worldbank.org.
by Kunal Patel, Vinod Vasudeavn

Thottikkatu and Hashim Zia.
The
report
designed
by
was
edited
and
Communications
Development Incorporated, led by

Bruce Ross-Larson and including
Joe Caponio, Mike Crumplar and
Lawrence Whiteley.
The
Enabling
the
Business
of
Agriculture 2016 report benefited

from the generous input from
a network of more than 2,500
local experts, including lawyers,
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 ABOUT ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE
xiii
ABOUT ENABLING THE

BUSINESS OF
AGRICULTURE
and sector-specific laws, policies,
regulations
created by it are major sources
regulations,
services,
unpredictable or discriminatory,
of
employment
information structures and labor
they raise costs and cut incentives
for a large share of the worlds
force preparedness. It sets the
to enter formal and competitive
people. Vital for food security and
stage for all business activities that
markets. A World Bank study in
poverty reduction, the business of
have to do with producing goods
Ethiopia in 2012 showed that a
agriculture affects rural livelihoods
on farms and transporting them
weak regulatory system that fails
everywhere.
to processors and consumers.
to guarantee seed quality results
Understanding this environment
in farmers paying higher prices
Growing food demands call for
can help create policies that
for seed of suboptimal quality,
greater attention to strategies to
facilitate
in
with yields up to 50% lower than
develop the business of agriculture.
agriculture
and
increase
the
expected.3 In Mali agricultural
Indeed, meeting the rising food
investment
attractiveness
and
cereal traders ranked regulatory
demand of a global population
competitiveness of countries.2
Agriculture
income
and
and
the
business
support
doing
business
expected to reach 9 billion people
are
too
complex,
uncertainty among the toughest

barriers to market entry.4
by 2050 is a major challengeeven
more so in the face of increasingly
2016 measures regulations that
What does Enabling the Business of
adverse natural conditions.1 The
impact firms in the agribusiness
Agriculture 2016 measure?
evolution of urban food demand in
value chain, providing data and
developing regions illustrates the
analysis that allow policy makers
need for agricultural value chains
to compare their countrys laws
2016
and
that
and regulations with those of
identify and analyze legal barriers
are both more efficient and more
others. Clear and accessible laws
for the business of agriculture
effective.
foster a business environment
and to quantify transaction costs
that benefits all market players
of
An enabling environment for the
from farmers, including the more
regulations.
business of agriculture is critical
vulnerable such as female farmers
been developed to cover different
to respond to evolving market
and smallholders, to consumers
aspects of production inputs and
trends. It includes macroeconomic
and large investors. But when
market enablers: seed, fertilizer,
institutional
settings
enables
dealing
policymakers
with
Ten
to
government
topics
have
xiv
strong institutions and efficient
time and cost to register fertilizer
administrative
procedures
products, register seed for sale
communication technology (ICT),
are necessary for agriculture to
and export agricultural goods. All
land, water and livestock. Two
prosper.
indicators were designed using
machinery,
finance,
markets,
transport,
information
and
specific rules that are applied
overarching themesgender and

environmental
sustainability
The
Enabling
the
Business
of
equally across countries to ensure

that the data are comparable.
to
Agriculture methodology targets
ensure that the indicators being
smart regulation in each of the
developed
measured areas for inputs and
A key development presented in
enablers.
regulation
this years report is the scoring
balance
in
methodology for legal indicators
have
been
and
investigated
encourage
sustainable
inclusive
practices.
Smart
Although women are 43% of the
striking
global agricultural workforce, they
ensuring
enforcement
on six topics: seed, fertilizer,
face many constraints that limit
of essential safety and quality
machinery, finance, markets and
their participation in agricultural
control while avoiding excessive
transport.
value chains. This report includes
regulatory burdens for value chain
assigns scores to certain legal and
are
playersis good for the business of
regulatory dimensions and serves
restrictive for women in the topics
agriculture. It can improve services
one of the main objectives of the
covered. Because of agricultures
and products and lower costs. EBA
dependence on natural resources,
considers more than the sheer
project: to provide governments
the environmental sustainability
number of regulations and does not
with defined good practices that
topic investigates plant genetic
necessarily promote deregulation.
can
resources and water resources
In fact, several indicators, such
trigger reforms based on the
management.
as fertilizer quality control and
examples of other countries. The
domestic plant protection, promote
scoring groups various data points
more regulation since the laws and
for all six topics around three
The choice of indicators was
regulations need to set appropriate
cross-cutting categories:
guided by a review of academic
standards in these areas to ensure
literature
health and food safety.
review
of
issues
Both
that
will
be
developed further next year.
and
case
studies
the
right
proper
society
including
organizations,
civil
partner
inform
methodology
policymaking
and
Operations indicators measure

the requirements for local
and by consultations with key

stakeholders,
This
companies to enter the market

2016
presents
two
types
institutions, practitioners, public
indicators.
De
and private sector representatives,
indicators
stem
researchers and technical experts.
reading the laws and regulations
jure
or
directly
and
of
conduct
agribusiness
activities.
legal
from

Quality
control
indicators
the
regulations
to measure their quality. De facto
measure
bedrock
or time and motion indicators
governing plant protection, the
enabling
reflect the efficiency of a countrys
safety standards for users of
environment. Well-designed laws
regulatory environmentsuch as
agricultural machinery and the
and
the number of procedures and the
quality control associated with
Regulations
of
are
the
countrys
regulationssupported
by
seeds and fertilizer products.

Trade
indicators
measure
trade restrictions on exporting

agricultural
xv
and cross-cutting category levels
variety release committee, while
(table 1). The rules for scoring each
others may be redundant, as with
question are described by topic in
additional
the Topic Data Notes (appendix 2).
after the technical review. Since
ministerial
approval
the times for taking the tests
products,
indicators,
depend both on regulations and
although presented and analyzed
country cropping seasons, it would
in the report, are not assigned
be unfair to penalize countries
a particular score (table 2). The
for their geographical conditions.
Comparative results on countries
reason is that some processes
The
laws and regulations help identify
are clearly necessary, as with
have been singled out and scored
weaknesses and highlight ways to
the
and
under the legal indicators. They
overcome them. The scores were
registering new seed varieties
were grouped in the categories on
developed at the indicator, topic
and the technical review by a
operations and trade requirements.
importing
tractors
fertilizer
and
and
transporting
goods across borders.
Time
and
tests
motion
for
evaluating
individual
good
practices
Table 1 Assigning scores to legal and regulatory dimensions helps governments define good practices
OPERATIONS
QUALITY CONTROL
TRADE
Seed registration (0100)

SEED
SEED SCORE
Seed development and
(0100)
certification (0100)
FERTILIZER
MACHINERY
Fertilizer registration
Fertilizer quality control
Fertilizer import
FERTILIZER
(0100)
(0100)
requirements (0100)
SCORE (0100)
Tractor dealer requirements
Tractor standards and safety
Tractor import requirements
MACHINERY
(0100)
(0100)
(0100)
SCORE (0100)
Microfinance institutions
(0100)
FINANCE
Credit unions (0100)
FINANCE SCORE
Agent banking (0100)
(0100)
E-money (0100)
Warehouse receipts (0100)
MARKETS
TRANSPORT
Production and sales

(0100)
MARKETS SCORE
Plant protection (0100)
Truck licenses (0100)

OPERATIONS SCORE
QUALITY CONTROL SCORE
(0100)
(0100)
(0100)
Cross-border transportation
TRANSPORT
(0100)
SCORE (0100)
TRADE SCORE (0100)
xvi
TABLE 2 Time and motion indicators reflect the efficiency of administrative processes related to a countrys
regulatory system
QUALITY
SEED
OPERATIONS
CONTROL
TRADE
Seed registration:
Fertilizer imports:
Procedures, time and cost

FERTILIZER
Fertilizer registration:
Procedures, time and cost
Cost of import permit and importer registration

for importers of fertilizer
MACHINERY
Tractor imports:
Cost of import permit and importer registration
for importers of tractors
FINANCE
MARKETS
Agricultural exports:
Documents, time and cost (per shipment)
TRANSPORT
Truck licenses:
Time, cost and validity of company

licenses, truck permits and vehicle
inspections
MAP 1 Geographical coverage of Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2016

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank.
The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information
shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank
Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any
endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
IBRD 42022 | NOVEMBER 2015
GSDPM
Map Design Unit
Russian Federation
Denmark
Poland
Ukraine
Spain
Bosnia
& Herz.
Georgia
Greece
Turkey
Morocco
Jordan
Kyrgyz
Rep.
Tajikistan
Nepal
Myanmar
Lao
P.D.R.
Mali
Guatemala
Niger
Bangladesh
Sudan
Cte
Ghana
dIvoire
Colombia
Ethiopia
Uganda
Kenya
Rwanda
Burundi
Tanzania
Zambia
Bolivia
Pilot countries
Enabling the Business 2016
Chile
Vietnam
Cambodia
Burkina
Faso
Nicaragua
Mozambique
Sri
Lanka
Philippines
The methodology on time and

motion indicators will be further
developed next year.
FIGURE 1 Data collection, verification and analysis

Step
1
Questionnaires emailed to local respondents in the

measured countries
Step
2
Data collected by email, telephone, or personal interviews
Step
3
Data consolidated and analyzed
Building on findings presented in

the 2015 progress report covering
10 countries, Enabling the Business
of Agriculture 2016 covers 40
countries in seven regions (map 1).5
Different criteria have been used
to select the countries, including
ensuring adequate representation
of all regions and different levels
of agricultural development. Data
collection will be further scaled up
Step
4
Selected data verified through desk reviews of available

resources, including country laws reviewed by legal experts
to 60 countries in 2016.
Step
5
How are the data collected?

indicators
are
based
on
primary data collection through

standardized
Step
6
Multiple rounds of follow-up conducted with questionnaire

respondents to validate data
Data aggregated using various scoring methodologies to

construct indicators
questionnaires
completed by expert respondents

in each target country. Once the
Step
7
Data shared for validation and review with governments and

World Bank Group country offices
data are collected and analyzed,

several follow-up rounds address
and clear up any discrepancies
in the answers the respondents
provide,
including
preliminary
Enabling the Busines of Agriculture 2016 report and indicators

peer reviewed
conference
calls and written correspondence.

The
Step
8
answers
are
Step
9
Enabling the Busines of Agriculture 2016 report and indicators

cleared by World Bank Group management
then finalized and shared with

governments for further validation.
The data in this report are current
as of March 31, 2015, and do not
reflect any changes to the laws or
administrative procedures after
that date. Figure 1 shows the steps
Step
10
Public launch of Enabling the Busines of Agriculture 2016

report and online database
xvii
xviii
in the process from data collection
individuals
and
organizations
to public release.
know their countries laws and
the perspectives of all parties.
regulations and how they affect
Chosen from the private sector,
people involved in agriculture.
data are collected in a standardized
the public sector and civil society,
Involving
experts
way to ensure comparability across
respondents
firms,
increases the accuracy of the
countries and over time. Following
academia, financial institutions,
data by balancing the possible
the methodological foundations
professional associations, farmer
biases of different stakeholders.
of Doing Business,6 questionnaires
organizations,
government
So reaching out to both the private
use a standard business case
ministries and agencies. These
and public sectors helps compare
with
include
and
various
assumptions
about
the
TABLE 3 EBA questionnaires use a standard business case with assumptions

ASSUMPTIONS USED TO STANDARDIZE THE BUSINESS CASE:
SEED
The seed variety:

Is a maize variety that has been developed by the private sector.
Is being registered for the first time in the country.
Has not been registered in any other country.
If maize varieties are not being developed by the private sector in the country, is an imported maize variety, which
may have been previously registered elsewhere.
FERTILIZER
The business:
Is a fertilizer importer.
Imports fertilizer to sell in the country.
Has registered at least one new fertilizer product in the country.
Does not operate in an export processing zone or an industrial estate with special import or export privileges.
The fertilizer product:
Is a new chemical fertilizer product that has not previously been registered in the country.
MACHINERY
The business:
Is an importer or dealer of agricultural tractors.
The tractor:
Is a new or second-hand two-axle/four-wheel drive (4WD) tractor.
FINANCE
High-income countries are not measured by the finance topic.

Microfinance institutions:
Can take deposits, lend and provide other financial services to the public.
Are licensed to operate and supervised by a public authority.
Credit unions:
Are member-owned, not-for-profit financial cooperatives that provide savings, credit and other financial services
to their members.
xix
ASSUMPTIONS USED TO STANDARDIZE THE BUSINESS CASE:

MARKETS
The business:
Performs general agricultural trading activities.
Does not operate in a special export processing zone.
The contracted product:
Is the most produced non-processed non-cereal product in terms of gross production value (current million U.S.
dollars).7
The export product and trading partner:
Is defined and grouped as cash crops, cereals, fruits and vegetables according to the Harmonized Commodity
Description and Coding System 1996 version (HS 96).8
For each country, the combination of the product and the partner country which represents the highest five-year
average export value (in U.S. dollars) is selected.
The shipment:
Is transported via a 20-foot full container-load.
Weighs 10 metric tons.
Is assumed to comply with any fumigation requirement for the packing material (such as wood pallets), treated
and marked accordingly.
TRANSPORT
The business:
Is a limited liability company.
Is 100% domestically owned.
Has between 5 and 10 employees.
Owns a maximum of five trucks and each truck has two axles and a loading capacity of 20 metric tons.9
Rents a garage.
Transports agricultural products within the country, including perishable goods.
Does not transport fertilizers, pesticides or any hazardous products.
legal form of the business, its
its economy, but are not now an
capita.
area that EBA covers.
size, its location and the nature

of its operations for each topic
What does Enabling the Business of
applied for all countries (table 3).
Agriculture not measure?
Policies, institutions, infrastructure

and
Assumptions guiding respondents
support
through their completion of the
Many elements that shape a
shaping
survey questionnaires vary by topic
countrys enabling environment
to
implement
(see Topic Data Notes in appendix
are not captured by Enabling the
its
regulationsare
2). In addition, in the interest of
Business of Agriculture indicators.
determinants
of
comparability, the values in the
Broader
environment
that
assumptions are not fixed values
pertaining to the political, social
Business of Agriculture 2016 has
but proportional to the countrys
and economic spheres of a country,
not
gross national income (GNI) per
for example, shape the climate of
characterizing the marketsuch
macro-level
aspects
servicesmany
countrys
targeted.
and
the
capacity
enforce
also
key
enabling
Enabling the
Other
variables
xx
Notes
as prices, stock market trends,
effective and see how these issues
government
and
are shaped by the context, data
directly
must be consistently collected
1. FAO 2009.
over a number of years to combine
2. FAO 2013.
methodology outside the scope
global benchmarks with context-
3. World Bank 2012.
of EBAs current capacity. While
specific information.
4. Diallo and others 2010, Staatz
expenditures
investmentsare
comparable
not
and
require
and others 1989.
EBA is interested in expanding into

these areas, they are not covered
What is in this years report?
5. Pilot countries were Ethiopia,

Guatemala,
by this reports indicators.
Morocco,
This years report presents the
Mozambique,
Much activity in rural areas, from
main results of the teams effort
Philippines, Rwanda, Spain,
employment to the production and
over the last 12 months to collect
Uganda and Ukraine. For more
sale of goods, happens through
and analyze new data and to
information on the EBA 2015
informal channels. The complexity
develop indicators that can help
progress report, please visit
of regulations and the time and
governments
informed
http://eba.worldbank.org.
cost they impose, could be reasons
decisions
enabling
6. http://www.doingbusiness.org.
for this, as could the quality of
environment
agribusiness
7. All data are sourced from
institutions, extension services and
activity in their countries.
make
about
for
the
the
FAOSTAT, using the production

data
physical infrastructure. The current
Nepal,
of
2012
(the
latest
focus of indicators presented in
Feedback is welcome on the data,
available year). Cereal crops
this report is on measuring official
methodology and overall project
are excluded from the analysis
laws and regulations and not these
design to make future Enabling
because they are less suitable
other areas.
the Business of Agriculture reports
for
even more useful. Feedback can
contracts
Benchmarking has its benefits
be provided on the project website:
characteristics, including the
and limitations. Quantitative data
http://eba.worldbank.org.
high risks of side-selling due
agricultural
due
production
to
and benchmarks can be effective
to
in
about
export markets, the reduced
policy, enhancing the ability of
need for technical assistance
policymakers to assess progress
in
over time and making meaningful
specifications and the smaller
international
price
stimulating
using
debate
comparisons.
assumptions
to
But
ensure
well-developed
certain
order
to
local
meet
differentials
or
market
at
each
point in the supply chain.
global coverage and comparability
8. All data are sourced from the
across countries can generalize
UN Comtrade Database, using
and exclude some context-specific
the export data from 200913.
information. To address some
9. A truck is defined as one
of these limitations, understand
tractor unit, excluding the
what regulatory reforms are most
trailer.
References
Diallo, B., N. Dembl and J.
Staatz. 2010.Analyse des
prix de parit en Afrique de
lOuest: Le cas du riz depuis la
crise de 20072008. Rapport
de synthse proviso ire. Food
Security Collaborative Working
Paper
57243,
Michigan
State University, Department

of
Agricultural,
Food
and
Resource Economics.
FAO
(Food
and
Agriculture
Organization). 2009. How to

Feed the World by 2050. Rome:
FAO.
. 2013. Enabling Environments
for
Agribusiness
industries
and
Agro-
Development:
Regional
and
Country
Perspectives. Rome: FAO.

Staatz, J.M., J. Dion and N.
Dembl. Statz and others
1989; Diallo and others 2010.
Cereals Market Liberalization
in Mali. World Development 17
(5): 70318.
World
Bank.
2005.
Doing
Business 2006: Creating Jobs.

Washington, DC: World Bank.
. 2012. Agribusiness Indicators:
Ethiopia.
Washington,
World Bank.
DC:
xxi
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 OVERVIEW
1. OVERVIEW
of
greater informality and corruption
good practices and given high
covers
without even attaining the original
scores.
40 countries in seven regions.
objectives.1 So it is important to
Ten topics have been developed
assess the efficiency and quality
Smart regulations can improve
to measure regulations that can
of specific regulations. The EBA
products
impact firms in the agribusiness
methodology
lower costs for agribusinesses.
value chain, providing data and
regulation in each of the measured
Specific
analysis that allow policy makers
areas. This methodology has been
the agricultural sector show the
to compare their countrys laws
informed by an extensive literature
impact of good regulatory reform
and regulations with those of
review and consultations with
on improving the supply and
others. A scoring methodology
experts.
lowering the prices in the seed
The
Enabling
the
Agriculture 2016
Business
report
highlights
smart
and
country
services
and
examples
in
and mechanization markets in
that is based on good practices

in relevant regulatory dimensions
For
for
Bangladesh and Turkey,3 in the
has been developed for 6 of the 10
example, controls are necessary
fertilizer sector in Bangladesh,4
topics measured: seed, fertilizer,
to prevent damage to the soil
Kenya5 and Ethiopia6 and in the
machinery, finance, markets and
and
maize industry in Eastern and
transport; the remaining topics
but excessive tests that prolong
(land, water, livestock and ICT) will
fertilizer
be further developed and scored
and cost thousands of dollars
But apart from these country-
next year.
are difficult to defend.2 Similarly
specific
burdensome import procedures,
few data that can help to better
which require fertilizer importers
understand
promotes smart regulations that
to make purchases months in
regulations
ensure safety and quality control
advance,
market
productivity on a global scale.
while at the same time promote
access. EBA assigns higher scores
Extensive literature on the matter
efficient regulatory processes that
to countries with laws requiring the
focuses
support agribusinesses. Regulation
labeling of fertilizer and prohibiting
quantity of regulations, but few
in agriculture is justified to address
the sale of open or mislabeled
studies look at the quality of those
market failures and protect safety,
fertilizer bags. At the same time,
regulations.8 EBA attempts to fill
health and the environment. But
countries that allow the private
this gap by assessing regulatory
some governments do not tackle
sector (including foreigners) to
quality across a wide range of
these issues through appropriate
import fertilizers or do not require
countries, thus providing a basis to
regulation.
may
re-registration if the product has
understand how regulations affect
introduce burdensome procedures
been already registered in another
economic outcomes.
that shift economic activity to
country are also seen as following
Regulations
chemical
adulterated
fertilizers,
fertilizer
registration
can
for
hinder
use
Southern Africa,7 among others.
years
examples,
on
the
there
link
and
the
are
between
agricultural
existence
or
Where are agribusiness
red in table 1.1), which suggests
regulations smarter?
there is room for improvement

in adopting the identified good
A color coding system displays a
practices across several topics
synthetic measure of a countrys
(box 1.1). But in most countries
EBA score in a particular topic
the performance is more mixed
to signal a countrys adoption of
there are a number of good
good practices and areas where
regulatory practices and at the
improvement is needed (table 1.1).
same time areas for improvement.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has solid
Greece,
regulations for plant protection
Poland and Spain score above
and fertilizer but lacks regulations
average in all topics measured
for credit unions and e-money.
(dark green or green in table 1.1).9
Morocco and Mozambique have
In general, these countries have a
weak regulations in agricultural
higher number of smart regulations
finance but strong regulations
in the topics covered. Although
for the registration, certification
they share a substantial number
and development of new seed
of good practices, they also have
varieties.
room for improvement. Colombia
regulations for fertilizer quality
displays
efficient
control and plant protection, but
fertilizer registration norms, laws
lags in requirements for tractor
that support financial inclusion
dealers and safety standards for
and adequate market regulation,
machinery.
Colombia,
Denmark,
strong
and
but still has low safety standards

for machinery. Poland has the
top score for regulations related
to cross-border transport, seed
development and certification and
fertilizer quality control, but lacks
certain regulations for warehouse
receipts, which would complement
the
existing
collateral
regime
to obtain a loan for agriculture

production.
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Ghana,
Myanmar and Niger score below
average on all topics (red or dark
Vietnam
has
strong
TABLE 1.1 Colombia, Denmark, Greece, Poland and Spain score above average in all EBA topics
COUNTRY
BANGLADESH
SEEDS
FERTILIZER
MACHINERY
FINANCE
MARKETS
TRANSPORT
BOLIVIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
BURKINA FASO
BURUNDI
CAMBODIA
CHILE
N/A
COLOMBIA
CTE DIVOIRE
DENMARK
N/A
ETHIOPIA
GEORGIA
GHANA
GREECE
N/A
GUATEMALA
JORDAN
KENYA
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
LAO PDR
MALI
MOROCCO
MOZAMBIQUE
MYANMAR
NEPAL
NICARAGUA
NIGER
PHILIPPINES
POLAND
N/A
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
N/A
RWANDA
SPAIN
N/A
SRI LANKA
SUDAN
TAJIKISTAN
TANZANIA
TURKEY
UGANDA
UKRAINE
VIETNAM
ZAMBIA
Top performing countries, defined as those with topic scores above 85, indicating a high number of good practices in place as measured by EBA.
Countries with a score above the sample average in a particular topic.
Countries with a score below the sample average in a particular topic.
Countries with topic scores below 30, indicating a low number of good practices.
High-income countriesChile, Denmark, Greece, Poland, Russian Federation and Spain are not measured under EBA finance indicators
(see Topic Data Notes in appendix 2).
BOX 1.1 Several good regulatory practices have been identified across topic areas
Seed
Fertilizer
Machinery
Variety release committee with

representation of the private sector,
which meets shortly after each
cropping season.
Efficient and affordable fertilizer

registration for companies, without
the need for re-registration.
Streamlined import procedures to

facilitate timely availability and
delivery of agricultural tractors.
The availability online of an official

variety catalog updated after each
cropping season and specifying
agro-ecological zones.
Timely availability of fertilizer by the

private sector through streamlined
import procedures.
Availability of initial seed classes to

the private sector, which is granted
access to breeder and foundation
seed, and to material stored in the
national gene bank.
Good quality fertilizer by requiring

appropriate labeling and prohibiting
open fertilizer bags.
In countries where the certification

is compulsory, official fee
schedules for certification
activities are publicly available, and
nongovernmental inspectors and/
or laboratories can be accredited
to carry out part or all of seed
certification activities.
Appropriate testing of agricultural

machinery to ensure imported
tractors suit country conditions.
Tractor registration and appropriate
after-sales service to improve
tractor durability.
Compliance with national and
international performance
standards to ensure high-quality
tractors.
Enforcement of safety standards
such as roll-over protective
structures and seatbelts.
Finance
Markets
Transport
Effective microfinance institutions

by balancing supervision and the
ability to take deposits.
Robust phytosanitary protection

framework, including national
surveillance activities, pest lists,
pest risk analysis and domestic and
import quarantine procedures.
Promotion of fair competition and

professionalism by establishing
quality criteria for access to the
transport sector through efficient
licensing and mandatory technical
inspections.
Reliable credit unions complying

with disclosure and liquidity
standards.
Payments and other financial
services accessible digitally and
through retail agents.
Electronic receipts issued by
warehouse operators that farmers
can pledge to secure a loan.
Efficient and affordable

requirements to export major
agricultural products, including
membership, licensing and pershipment documentation.
Laws that do not obstruct the
production or sale of agricultural
goods domestically and a legal
environment that facilitates the
establishment and commercial
operations of farmers
organizations.
Increased competition in the

domestic market by reducing
additional discriminatory
requirements and granting
transport rights to foreign trucking
companies.
Reduced market distortions by
discouraging queueing systems and
price interventions and promoting
freight exchange platforms for road
transport services.
Facilitation of cross-border
transport by harmonizing or
mutually recognizing road transport
standards among regional trading
partners.
How do regions perform?
and the Caribbean and Europe and
countries in the EBA sample from
Central Asia (figure 1.1). South Asia
the Middle East and North Africa
The regulatory quality and efficiency
and Sub-Saharan Africa show levels
regionJordan
of OECD high-income countries
of regulatory strength that are lower
combine fairly strong regulations on
stand out in all topics as measured
or equal to the EBA global average
seed and markets, with insufficient
by EBA, followed by Latin America
across all measured areas. The two
legal coverage in finance.
and
Morocco
Variation is also observed among
How do agribusiness regulations
The relevance of agriculture in
countries
vary across levels of income and
an economy varies significantly
agricultural development?
across countries. EBA uses a
within
region.
In
Sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya and

Tanzania perform above average,
classification
of
that
agricultural
good
A countrys regulations are linked
transformation
regulations in place for machinery
to its growth10 and development.11
agricultures
and finance, while Niger and
High-income countries have better
GDP and the share of population
Burundi are among the countries
agribusiness regulations across
dedicated
with fewer good practices in
the areas measured by EBA topics
countries are divided in three
agribusiness
than
groups:
driven
mainly
by
their
regulation
overall
(figure 1.2).
lower-income
countries
combines
contribution
to
agriculture.
to
The
agriculture-based,
(figure 1.3). The correlation found
transforming
and
between country income levels
Urbanized
and average scores is quite strong
average smarter regulations for
across topics.12
agribusiness than transforming
countries
urbanized.13
have
on
FIGURE 1.1 Regional performance on EBA indicators

Average score on EBA topics (0100)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
N/A
10
0
Seed
Fertilizer
Machinery
Finance
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
OECD high income
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub -Saharan Africa
Markets
Transport
Latin America & Caribbean

Global average
Source: EBA database.

Note: The EBA sample covers countries in East Asia and the Pacific (5), Europe and Central Asia (7), Latin America and the Caribbean (4), Middle
East and North Africa (2), OECD high income (5), South Asia (3) and Sub-Saharan Africa (14). OECD high-income countries are not measured under
the finance topic.
and agriculture-based countries
economic growth and agricultural
What is the relationship between
(figure 1.4). As more data are
transformation.
efficiency and the quality of

regulations?
collected over time, measuring

agribusiness
regulations
and
reforms may shed light on the
EBA captures three key aspects of
relationships among regulations,
the agribusiness sector: operations,
FIGURE 1.2 In Sub-Saharan Africa, countries show different levels of regulatory good practices
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Kenya
Tanzania
Global
average
Burundi
Niger
FIGURE 1.3 High-income countries have regulations in place which reflect a higher regulatory quality
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
High income
Upper middle income

Lowest
Highest
Lower middle income
Low income
Income group average

Note: The EBA sample covers high-income (6), upper-middle-income (4), lower-middle-income (19) and low-income (11) countries.
quality control and trade (see
has been demonstrated, it is not
promote
Methodology in appendix 1). Better
clear whether they come at the
the market work efficiently; they
regulation
access
expense of each otherwhether
are
contributes to firm creation, market
rules that promote easy and
substitutes. And countries with
efficiency
competition,14
nondiscriminatory entry into the
higher scores on operations also
with concrete evidence in the
market are compatible with rules
tend to have effective and more
agricultural sector.15 Well-designed
that enhance safety and quality
streamlined trade requirements
regulations
control.
(figure 1.6).
while
for
market
and
improve
enhancing
outcomes
quality
complements
while
helping
rather
than
agricultural
that
EBA also measures the efficiency
on
of administrative procedures, such
the quantity, quality, and variety
operations across topics also have
as fertilizer and seed registration,
of food at lower prices.17 While the
strong laws for quality control
with their corresponding time and
importance of these three areas
(figure
cost components. Countries with
data
productivity.16 Efficient rules on
EBA
exports and imports can improve
countries
clearly
show
performing
1.5).
Good
well
regulations
FIGURE 1.4 Urbanized countries have a better EBA performance than transforming and agriculture-based
countries
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Urbanized
Transforming
Lowest
Highest
Agriculture -based
Group average

Note: EBA countries are divided into three groups. Urbanized countries have a contribution of agriculture to GDP below 25% and a share of active
population in agriculture below 25%: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Georgia, Greece, Jordan, Kyrgyz Republic, Morocco, Nicaragua, Poland, Russian Federation, Spain and Ukraine. Transforming countries have a contribution of agriculture to GDP below 25% and a share of
active population in agriculture over 25%: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Cte dIvoire, Ghana, Guatemala, Lao PDR, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Tajikistan, Turkey,
Vietnam and Zambia. Agriculture-based countries have a contribution of agriculture to GDP over 25% and a share of active population in agriculture
over 50%: Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.
stronger regulations for market
those in East Asia and the Pacific to
operations in a particular area
comply with similar requirements
display different levels of efficiency
(in regulatory quality) to register
in those processes. While some
fertilizer products (figure 1.8).
regions pay an efficiency cost

(in actual cost or time) to put
the regulations in place, others
combine regulatory strength with
procedural efficiency.
In registering new seed varieties,
for example, firms in Latin America
and the Caribbean pay a much
higher cost than firms in the Middle
East and North Africa to adhere
to similar rules that guarantee
an effective and safe registration
process (figure 1.7). Companies in
South Asia spend more time than
FIGURE 1.5 Countries with smarter regulations on market operations also promote quality control
EBA quality control score
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
EBA operations score

Note: The figure compares the operations score with the quality control score. The correlation between the two scores is 0.70. The correlation is
significant at 5% after controlling for income per capita. The operations score is an average of the scores of indicators classified in the operations
category. The quality control score is an average of the scores of indicators classified under the quality control category.
FIGURE 1.6 Better rules on market operations are associated with more efficient trade requirements
EBA trade score
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
EBA operations score

Note: The figure compares the operations score with the trade score. The correlation between the two scores is 0.59. The correlation is significant at
1% after controlling for income per capita.
FIGURE 1.7 Regions with similar rules show different costs for registering a new seed variety
3.0
Cost to register a new

seed variety (% of GNI
per capita)
2.5
Latin America &

Caribbean
2.0
Sub -Saharan Africa
1.5
East Asia & Pacific
1.0

0.5
0.0
30
40
50
60
South Asia
OECD high income

70
80
Seed registration score

10
FIGURE 1.8 Regions with similar rules have different time durations in fertilizer registration
900
Time to register a new

fertilizer product
(calendar days)
800
700
South Asia
600
500
400
Sub-Saharan Africa
300
200
East Asia & Pacific

100
0
0
10
20
30
OECD high income
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Fertilizer registration score

Are agribusiness regulations
sector, EBA data cover the eligibility
regulations.
discriminating against the
of private companies to import
Georgia,
private sector, foreign or small
machinery,
fertilizer,
Zambia have the highest number
companies?
produce breeder or foundation
of non-discriminatory regulations
seeds
in
in place while Ethiopia, the Lao
investment
seed certification. The data also
Peoples Democratic Republic and
in agriculture by private sector
cover the possibility for foreign
Myanmar have the fewest (figure
enterprisesbig or small, domestic
companies to import fertilizers or
1.9). More than 95% of countries
or foreigncan generate such
perform transport activities in the
allow the private sector to import
benefits as higher productivity and
country. And they cover a minimum
tractors and fertilizers, but only
access to capital and markets.18
capital requirement to start a
a third allow them to carry out
But these benefits depend on a
farmers cooperative or a minimum
the seed certification process.
wide range of factors including
number of trucks to establish a
While 38 countries allow foreign
regulatory measures to improve
trucking company, which could
companies to transport goods into
both the business climate and
impede small players in the market
their country from outside, only
the
(see Alternative ways of presenting
4 allow them to transport goods
the data in appendix 3).
between two locations within the
Participation
and
effective
low-income
competition;
and
for
middle-income
and
register
be
accredited
country.
countries it is essential to avoid

discriminating against different
In general, countries perform well
types of investors.19
in terms of nondiscrimination,
with an average of 14 of 18
To
measure
regulatory
discrimination against the private
good
practices
embedded
in
the countries relevant laws and
Greece,
Poland,
Denmark,
Spain
and
11
FIGURE 1.9 Agribusiness rules in Greece are the least discriminatory, while Ethiopia, Lao PDR and Myanmar
have potential to improve
18
Greece
Denmark
17
Georgia
17
Poland
17
Spain
17
Zambia
17
10
Myanmar
9
Lao PDR
8
Ethiopia
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Number of good practices related to nondiscrimination

Is regulatory information
(see Alternative ways of presenting
accessible for agribusiness?
the data in appendix 3).
Notes
1. Clark 2014; Van Stel and
Access
to
information
agribusiness
regulations
about
Denmark and Spain comply with 9
and
of the possible 10 good practices.
Across topics, EBA data measure
Burundi, Cte dIvoire, Ethiopia and
3. Gisselquist and Grether 2000.
whether
make
Ghana (with two) can still improve
4. Lio and Liu 2008.
regulatory information available
to make regulatory information
5. Freeman and Kaguongo 2003.
to the public, such as the specific
more accessible for participants
6. Spielman and others 2011.
licensing requirements, the official
in the agribusiness value chain
7. Langyintuo and others 2010.
fee schedule of various regulatory
(figure 1.10). While 75% of the
8. Literature on the association
processes
countries have official catalogs
between quality of regulation
of registered seed varieties or
listing
and
fertilizer
fertilizer products, fewer than half
considered agricultural inputs
make them available online.
includes Lio and Liu (2008)
into
the
products.
consideration
catalogs
Also
is
taken
whether
new
seed
one)
varieties
and
2001.
Rwanda
and
only
2. Gisselquist and Van Der Meer
requirements is also important.

governments
(with
others 2007.
or
the
productivity
of
the information and services are
and Kraay and others (2010),
accessible online or electronically
using governance indicators
12
FIGURE 1.10 Specific information on requirements for agribusiness are most accessible in Denmark and
Spain and least accessible in Rwanda
Denmark
Spain
Poland
Turkey
Bolivia
Philippines
Burundi
Cte d'Ivoire
Ethiopia
Ghana
2
1
Rwanda
0
10
Number of good practices related to access to information
produced by Kaufmann and
average of EBA scores in the 6
others (2006) in 199 countries.
topics is 0.59.
9. High-income countriesChile,
Denmark,
Greece,
Russian
Federation
Spainare
under
the
not
EBA
Poland,
and
2007;
measured
2006;
finance
10. Divanbeigi and Ramalho 2015;
Papaioannou
Klapper
and
Sarria-Allende
11. Acemoglu and others 2005;

Aghion and Burlauf 2009.
between
income per capita and the
Johnson. 2005. Institutions
others
as a Fundamental Cause of
and
Long-Run Growth. Handbook
Fisma 2004.
of Economic Growth, 1A: 386

472.
2-6 for examples.

16. See endnote 8.
Eiffert 2009.
correlation
and
15. See papers cited in endnote
indicators.
12. The
Acemoglu, D., J. A. Robinson and S.
13. See note in figure 1.4.

14. Ciccone
References
Aghion, P., and S. Burlauf. 2009.
17. Mos and others 2013.
From Growth Theory to Policy
18. FAO 2014.
Design. Working Paper 57,
19. Global Harvest Initiative 2011;
Commission on Growth and
FAO 2012.
Development.
13
Ciccone, A., and E. Papaioannou.
Gisselquist, D., and J. Grether.
Governance
2007. Red Tape and Delayed
2000.
for
Indicators: Methodology and
Entry. Working Paper 758,
Deregulating the Transfer of
Analytical Issues. Washington,
European
Agricultural Technologies to
DC: Brookings Institute.
Central
Bank,
An
Argument
Developing
Frankfurt am Main.
Countries.
The
World Bank Economic Review

Clarke,
G.
2014.
Does
Over-
Evidence from a multi-country
M. Baziger. 2010. Challenges

Gisselquist, D., and C. Van Der
firm survey. Academic and
Meer.
Business
for
Research
Institute
2001.
Seed
Markets:
LV14025.
Guide
Regulations
A Compelling Case for Private-
Good
Practice
Public Interventions to Promote
Policymakers.
Growth. Food Policy 35(4):
for
2015. Business Regulations
Paper 22817, World Bank,
and Growth. Policy Research
Washington, DC.
Governance and Agricultural

Global Harvest Initiative. 2011.
Enhancing
Private
Involvement
in
Agriculture
and
and Growth? Evidence from
Development.
the
DC: Global Harvest Initiative.
Data,
Rural
Sector
Reforms Stimulate Investment

Business
Washington, DC.
(Food
and
Agriculture
Washington,
Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, and M.
N. Bottini and A. Foch. 2013.

to
Agricultural
Trade
of
Matters
IV:
Trade Policy Paper 142, OECD,
Indicators
for
Governance
19962004.
DC: World Bank.
Paris.
Sarria-Allende, V. and R. Fisma.
2004. Regulation of Entry
Investing in Agriculture for a

Klapper, L., L. Laeven and R.
and the Distortion of Industrial
Raghuram. 2006. Entry as a
Organization. Working Paper
Barrier to Entrepreneurship.
10929,
Market
Journal of Financial Economics
of
Private
82: 591629.
Cambridge, MA.
Better Future. Rome: FAO.

Freeman, H.A., and W. Kaguongo.
and
Mos, E., C. Delpeuch, S. Sorescu,
Developing Countries. OECD
of Food and Agriculture 2012:
Liberalization
50412.
Mastruzzi. 2006. Governance
Working Paper, Washington,
Fertilizer
Analysis. Food Policy 33(6):
Estimating the Constraints
Organization). 2012. The State
2003.
Productivity: A Cross-National
Infrastructure
200307. Working Paper 159,

Center for Global Development,
32331.
Lio, M., and M.C. Liu. 2008.
Working Paper 7299, World
Doing
Eastern and Southern Africa:
Fertilizer
Rural Development Working
Eiffert, B. 2009. Do Regulatory
of the Maize Seed Industry in
and
Divanbeigi, R., and R. Ramalho.
Bank, Washington, DC.
Langyintuo, A.S., W Mwangi, A. Diallo,

J. MacRobert, J. Dixon and
14 (1): 11127.
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Retail Trade in Kenya. Food

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Kaufmann
Mastruzzi.
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and
Spielman, D.J., D. Kelemwork and D.
The
Alemu. 2011. Seed, Fertilizer
and Agricultural Extension in

Ethiopia.
Ethiopia
Strategy
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Paper 020, IFPRI, Addis Ababa.
Van Stel, A., D.J.Storey and
A.RoyThurik. 2007. The
Effect of Business Regulations
on
Nascent
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and
Young
Entrepreneurship.
Small Business Economics 28

(2): 17186.
14
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 SEED
15
2. SEED
STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS

Imagine a farmer, Jelena, who sustains her family by growing corn and vegetables. A newly formed
variety release committee will release improved seed varieties in her country. With this reform, Jelena
will also be able to consult an online variety catalog indicating which varieties perform best in her
region. All seed sold in the country will be certified to ensure quality. With improved seed varieties,
subsistence farmers like Jelena can increase the yield and quality of their crops so that they can sell
the surplus on the domestic market.
EBA
seed
indicators
measure
to farmers in a timely manner
initial classes of seeds. The EBA
laws
and
regulations
on
and in sufficient quantity for
2015 progress report presented
development, evaluation, release
planting.2 Smarter
regulations
Ethiopia, where the public sectors
and quality control of improved
that include the private sector in
monopoly consistently resulted in
seed varieties. Improved varieties
the release process will provide
shortages of initial seed classes
are a key technology for improving
more transparency and incentivize
for
agricultural
the private sector to release new
agribusinesses.3 Regulations that
varieties in the country.
limit the private sectors access to
the
productivity.1 Smart
regulation of the seed sector can

ensure that laws and regulations
do
not
obstruct
the
timely
smallholder
farmers
and
initial classes of seed or genetic

Seed
development
stored
by
national
certification,
seed
gene banks reduce the resources
to the market.
indicator, is comprised of two
available to the private sector
componentsdevelopment
and
for developing new varieties.4 In
Seed registration, the first seed
certification. The first component
addition, protecting the property
indicator,
for
measures regulations that support
rights of seed developers spurs
study because burdensome and
the private sectors involvement in
further innovation.5
inconsistent
can
developing new varieties. This is
reduce the number of improved
particularly important since public
The second component of this
varieties that are released and
sector investments in agricultural
indicator
eligible for commercialization. In
research, including plant breeding,
the seed certification process.
countries that require registration
have declined in many countries
The
of new seed varieties, replacing
since 1997, leaving the task to the
certification
burdensome
smart
selected
regulations
second
resources
introduction of improved varieties
was
the
and
captures
aim
of
aspects
mandatory
is
ensuring
of
seed
the
regulations
with
private sector. In some countries
genetic purity and varietal identity
onespreventing
long
regulations
of seed varieties. But when the
limit
the
private
while
sectors role in the development
process
guaranteeing quality seedcan
of new seed varieties, preventing
overburdened public authorities
make improved varieties available
companies
and nontransparent bureaucracy
and
costly
procedures
from
accessing
is
government-run,
can delay the commercialization
whether
of new varieties and give rise to
perform it.
16
third
parties
can
countries (Ghana, Niger, Rwanda

and Uganda), certification of cereal
crops is mandatory, but there is
corruption. One way to ensure the

transparency of the certification is
The EBA country scores vary from
no official fee schedule for the
through the public availability of
28 to 94 points over all 40 countries
certification
costs associated with government-
(figure 2.1). This variation in scores
public sector.
run certification. Seed certification
has to do with the performance
by nongovernmental inspectors
of the countries in both the
Chile,
and
seed registration and the seed
Mozambique and the Philippines
burden on the public sector and
development
perform
speeds the certification process.
indicators. Overall countries tend
with scores over 80 in both the
to score better in the latter, which
seed registration and the seed
focuses on the protection of plant
development
breeder rights, the access to
indicators.
This
genetic material and initial classes
good seed laws are in place and
the
of seed and quality controls.
include provision for the flexibility
efficiency of the registration,
Nevertheless, some countries are
of the variety release committee,
including the variety release
exceptions, Bangladesh, Burkina
the transparency and efficiency
committee,
Faso,
of seed registration and seed
laboratories
reduces
the
The data cover the following areas:

Seed
registration.
indicator
measures
the
content,
Cte
and
certification
dIvoire,
Ethiopia,
by
Denmark,
the
best
and
In
the
Kenya,
overall,
all
certification
these
countries,
availability and frequency of
Ghana, Kenya, Lao PDR, Nepal,
certification
the variety catalogue updates
Nicaragua and Turkey score higher
required). They also support the
and the time and cost to
on the seed registration indicators.
involvement
activities
of
private
(when
sector
initiatives in the seed systems. But
register a new variety (which is

Countries can score lower or
a good score does not mean those
higher for different reasons. For
countries cannot improve in certain
and
the lowest performers, such as
aspects. In Chile, Denmark and the
indicator
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ghana,
Philippines the national catalogs
measures the protection of
Niger, Rwanda and Uganda, the
listing registered seed varieties
plant
the
low scores are often from a lack
do not offer information on agro-
access to initial classes of
of implementation of laws and
ecological zones. Moreover, Kenya
seed and germplasms, the
regulations. Laws in Bosnia and
does not have an official fee
licensing systems for public
Herzegovina, Ghana, Niger and
schedule for the certification of
varieties and additional testing
Rwanda establish variety release
seed varieties and Mozambiques
requirements
materials
authorities, but in practice the
national catalog listing registered
imported for research and
authorities are not operational. In
seed varieties is neither available
development.
addition,
addition, the lack of transparency
online nor updated according the
this indicator addresses the
in mandatory procedures also
countrys cropping seasons.
availability of an official fee
hurts a countrys overall score.
schedule for certification and
In four of the five lowest scoring
not scored).

performed
Seed
development
certification.
This
breeders
rights,
for
In
17
FIGURE 2.1 Countries mostly score better on seed development and certification indicators, while seed
registration proves more challenging
EBA seed scores
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Chile
Philippines
Mozambique
Kenya
Denmark
Morocco
Bolivia
Spain
Poland
Sudan
Turkey
Colombia
Georgia
Ukraine
Greece
Tanzania
Guatemala
Jordan
Bangladesh
Zambia
Cambodia
Russian Federation
Vietnam
Ethiopia
Tajikistan
Mali
Nepal
Nicaragua
Cte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Myanmar
Sri Lanka
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Uganda
Niger
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ghana
Rwanda
Seed score
Seed registration score
Seed development and certification score
Links between private and public
public actors. These practices help
by the private sector.
private breeders acquire varieties
sector breeding activities are

greater in the OECD high-income
In practice links between the private
developed or conserved by the
countries surveyed
and public sectors take several
public sector and benefit from
formsfrom
greater resources for their breeding
producing
breeder
activities (box 2.1).6
Plant breeders create new seed
and foundation seed developed by
varieties by crossing and selecting
public sector breeders and made
specific beneficial traits. Increasing
available to private breeders to
Regulations that best support
the number of sources from which
implementing licensing systems
private
private plant breeders can access
that allow private breeders to use
the breeding system are found
initial classes of seed produced by
local public varieties to multiply
in
the public sector supports private
and market their seed. Allowing
Georgia, Greece, Jordan, Kenya,
plant breeders involvement in the
private breeders access to genetic
Morocco,
countrys plant breeding system.
materials stored in the national
Philippines, Poland, Spain and
But restrictive regulations can
gene banks also supports effective
Sudan.
obstruct new variety development
collaboration between private and
sector
Cambodia,
involvement
Chile,
in
Colombia,
Mozambique,
the
18
tests are intended to measure
BOX 2.1 Good practices for involving the private sector in
the
developing new varieties
most countries, a new variety of
Should grant and protect plant breeders rights.
Should allow private companies to use local public
seed must also pass the value for

cultivation and use (VCU) tests,
varieties to produce breeder/pre-basic seed and
which identify the advantage of the
foundation/basic seed for the domestic market.
new seed over already-registered
Should conserve germplasm in national public gene

banks and make them accessible to the private sector
for research and development of new seed varieties.
varieties. The data from these

tests are reviewed by a scientific
committee, which either releases
Should allow local public varieties to be licensed
the variety or advises another
to private sector companies for multiplication and
official body that the variety is
commercialization in the domestic market.

distinctiveness,
uniformity and stability (DUS). In
varietys
Should facilitate the import of nonregistered materials

for research and development.
eligible to be released.
Across income groups, relative
registration costs are the lowest
By contrast, of the 40 countries
testing. Similarly, Bolivia, Bosnia
among
surveyed, 9 do not grant the private
and Herzegovina and Denmark
(figure 2.2). Registration costs
sector access to breeder seed of
do not have systems for licensing
among countries in this group
local public varieties (Bangladesh,
public varieties to private seed
show little variationexcept in
Burkina Faso, Ghana, Lao PDR,
enterprises for production and
Russia, where registering up to five
Mali, Nicaragua, Niger, Tajikistan
sale in the domestic market.
new varieties a year is freewith
and
Such
hampers
costs as a percent of income per
Turkey).
Nor
do
Burkina
practice
often
high-income
countries
Faso, Lao PDR and Nicaragua
commercialization
varieties
capita at 6% in Chile, 7% in Poland,
grant
foundation
bred by public sector institutes
8% in Denmark, 9% in Greece and
seed of local public varieties.
and universities, leaving newly
10% in Spain.
So breeders and seed companies
developed varieties on laboratory
access
to
are likely to market fewer seed
of
shelves rather than in crop fields.
In Bangladesh, Bolivia, Guatemala,

Morocco, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and
varieties.7
Registration costs vary the most
Ukraine the cost is well below
Countries such as Myanmar, the
among the lower-middle-income
40% of income per capita. But
Russian
and low-income countries
outliers such as Nicaragua, Sudan
Federation,
Tanzania,
and Vietnam, where costs reach
Ukraine and Zambia impose minor

limitations, such as preventing
In countries where registration
834%, 722% and 426% of income
private companies from importing
is compulsory, a new variety of
per
materials
and
seed must pass specific tests
lower-middle-income
varieties
commonly performed over one or
the income group with the most
without further government field-
more cropping seasons. The first
expensive registration for a new
for
development
of
research
new
capita
respectively,
make
countries
19
FIGURE 2.2 The lower-middle-income and low-income countries show the greatest variation in official
registration costs
Cost as % of GNI per capita
800%
700%
600%
500%
400%
300%
200%
100%
Low income
Lower middle income
Russian Federation
Chile
Poland
Denmark
Spain
Upper middle
income
Greece
Turkey
Colombia
Sri Lanka
Bangladesh
Guatemala
Bolivia
Morocco
Ukraine
Zambia
Myanmar
Kenya
Cte d'Ivoire
Vietnam
Kyrgyz Republic
Sudan
Uganda
Nicaragua
Nepal
Tanzania
Cambodia
Mozambique
Ethiopia
0%
High income
variety of seed.
Most countries have variety
ensure a flexible and effective
release committees
process may discourage breeders

from releasing new varieties. Of
There is also great variation among

low-income countries. In Nepal
At the end of the registration
the 40 countries surveyed, 39
and Uganda registering a new
process,
release
legally mandate the establishment
variety is free, whereas registration
committee
approves
of a VRC (although in Bangladesh,
costs reach 79% and 89% of
the results of several years of
Guatemala and the Philippines
income per capita in Ethiopia and
new
by
registration of cereal varieties is
Mozambique.
plant breeders in line with VRC
not mandatory). Among them,
standards.8 But a requirement
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia
to register a new variety of seed
and Niger have yet to establish
that is not supported by rules that
their VRCs in practice. To reduce
the
variety
variety
(VRC)
development
delays affecting the release of
20
BOX 2.2 Good practices for evaluating and registering new
improved varieties into the market
varieties
and the farmers, the registration

and release process needs to allow
Should include both private and public sector
seed companies to start producing
representatives in the VRC.
the newly released variety for the
VRC should meet after each round of DUS/VCU tests.
next cropping season (box 2.2).
Should allow new seed varieties to be released
In practice, this means that the
immediately after a favorable decision of the VRC.
release of a new variety by a VRC
Should maintain an up to date national variety catalog
should be possible before each
listing, with agro-ecological zones and available online.
cropping season starts. Among the

surveyed countries, 7 have a VRC
that is fully flexible and meets on
measure the involvement of the
PDR, Myanmar, Russia, Rwanda,
demand, and 22 have a VRC that
private sector in the variety release
Sri
meets after each cropping season
decision-making.
and
(table 2.1). Registration applicants
the
are thus informed about the VRC
stakeholders within the VRC may
decision far enough in advance to
raise private sector confidence
start production.
in the variety registration and
In addition to the VRC review and
release
36
decision, countries may require
In addition to the frequency of VRC
countries with an established VRC,
additional formalities that delay
meetings, EBA seed indicators
Colombia, Ethiopia, Jordan, Lao
the release of the new variety
In
representation
process.
practice,
of
Of
other
the
Lanka,
Tajikistan,
Vietnam
representatives
Ukraine
do
not
include
of
the
private
sector (figure 2.3).
TABLE 2.1 Variety release committees meet after each cropping season in most countries
VARIETY RELEASE
NUMBER OF
COMMITTEE
COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES
Meets on demand
Bangladesh, Bolivia, Colombia, Cte dIvoire, Kenya, Lao PDR, Nepal
Meets after each cropping
22
Chile, Denmark, Ethiopia, Greece, Jordan, Kyrgyz Republic, Mozambique,
season
Myanmar, Nicaragua, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Spain, Sri

Lanka, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Vietnam,
Zambia
Does not meet after each
Morocco
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Georgia, Ghana, Mali, Rwanda
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, Guatemala, Niger
cropping season
Established but does not
meet
Not established
21
FIGURE 2.3 In the majority of countries studied with a variety release

committee, the private sector is involved in the variety release process
Mozambique, Niger, Tanzania and

Zambia have variety catalogs, but
they are not updated after each
Number of countries
cropping season, so information

about new varieties is not released
as soon as it is available.
11
Bangladesh,
Burkina
Faso,
Ethiopia, Guatemala, Kenya, Mali,

Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Russia,
19
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Ukraine and

Vietnam
have
catalogues
national
that
variety
specify
agro-
ecological zonesareas indicated

No private sector
Less than half private sector
Half or more private sector
by the national seed registration

authority as regions in which
growers
can
expect
optimal
results for specific seed varieties.
Specifying agro-ecological zones

without providing any additional
the country. Of the 40 surveyed
enables agricultural producers to
technical verification. In 14 of the
countries, 30 have a national
use new seed varieties properly
surveyed countries, the decision
variety catalog, but only 19 make
according to the soil, landform and
of the VRC does not automatically
it available online. Bangladesh,
climatic characteristics of their
lead to the release of the variety. In
Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia,
farms, increasing crop yields.
practice, additional administrative
Georgia, Jordan, Kenya, the Kyrgyz
formalities
Republic, Lao PDR, Mali, Morocco,
must
be
satisfied
for the variety to be released. In

Kenya a registration applicant will
be delayed on average 31 days in
BOX 2.3 Good practices for countries requiring mandatory
releasing a new variety.
certification
Once released, the information
accreditation) and private institutions (third-party
relating to new varieties should

be
accessible,
useful.9
EBA
reliable
seed
accreditation) to be accredited for the performance of
and
indicators
measure accessibility through the

availability of an online version of
the national variety catalog listing
the latest varieties released in
Should provide for an option for companies (self-
part or all of the certification process.

Should provide seed producers with official fee

schedules that detail the costs associated with the
certification performed by the public authority.
22
Seed quality certification in
charge of inspections, testing and
all of the maize seed certification
surveyed countries is mainly
labeling. While this may slow the
process in Bolivia, Cte dIvoire,
government-run
certification process, it can also
Denmark, Georgia, Ghana, Greece,
improve the quality of new seed
Kenya,
varieties.
Vietnam and Zambia.
Seed
certification
subjects
Niger,
Spain,
Tanzania,
registered seed to controls and

inspections,
before
it
reaches
Regulations
that
allow
farmers and other agricultural
accreditation of nongovernmental
producers.10
inspectors
or
carry
certain
processes
Certification
commonly
include
out
laboratories
to
certification
Conclusion
Strengthening
through
seed
smart
systems
regulations
is
laboratory
activities can reduce potential
an
essential
analysis, packaging and labeling.
delays caused by an overburdened
the
creation
Most
(31
public authority (box 2.3). This
environment for the business of
of 40) establish a mandatory
option allows accredited private
agriculture. This years findings
government-run seed certification
companies to support the public
show that laws and institutions
system for cereal seed (figure
sector in the certification process,
are mostly in place, but with some
2.4). While quality control offered
increasing the speed and efficiency
differences
in
by government-run systems can
of quality control and ensuring
indicators
and
ensure the quality of seed sold in
that quality seed is delivered to
implementation of the laws. There
the country, efforts may also be
market on time.11 Seed companies
is room for improvement in all
hindered by the limited resources
and other private institutions can
countries surveyed, such as:
available to regulatory bodies in
be accredited to carry out part or
field
inspections,
countries
surveyed
component
of
an
the
enabling
developed
challenges
FIGURE 2.4 EBA countries with mandatory maize certification predominantly restrict its implementation to
public sector actors
Number of countries
31
19
12
No mandatory certification
Mandatory certification
Third party accreditation not available
Third party accreditation available
to
in
23
provides transparent costs and
procedures
new
options for the accreditation
varieties to be available in
of third party inspectors or
1. Tripp 1998.
time for farmers and other
laboratories. In Burkina Faso
2. Langyintuo and others 2008.
stakeholders. In Bolivia the
the fee payable for seed quality
3. Enabling
variety
control is provided by law and
allowing
release
committee
includes an equal number
proportional
of public and private sector
area.
to
production
the
Business
of
Agriculture 2015.
4. Breeder seed is seed directly
controlled by the originating
or sponsoring plant breeding
representatives, and meets on
Notes
Transparent variety release
demand to prevent delays in
Improving laws and regulations
institution, firm or individual
the release of the new variety.
that
development,
which is the source for the
evaluation, release and quality
production of seed of the
plant
control of improved varieties is an
certified classes. Foundation
varieties developed by plant
important step. Research shows
seed is a progeny of breeder
breeders to ensure sustained
that improved seeds account for
or foundation seed, handled
breeding efforts in the country.
about 3050% of the increase
to maintain specific genetic
Tanzania, which already had a
in
purity
law granting and protecting
profitability of farmers. The seed
the rights of plant breeders
topic data can inform discussions
5. Fernandez-Cornejo 2004.
over
varieties,
on strengthening seed systems,
6. King and others 2012.
became bound by the 1991
indicating regulatory obstacles to
7. In
UPOV Act in November 2015.
the timely release of quality seed
Variety Protection title was
along with other factors, including
approved
that
limited public sector capacities
total of five Plant Variety
facilitates the private sectors
and the socio-economic conditions
Protection titles were in force
access to initial classes of seed
of farmers.
at end of 2013; UPOV 2013.
Laws
that
their
legal
protect
new
environment
affect
the
productivity
and
enhancing
and
identity
(USDA
2009, 1).
Nicaragua
in
no
2013
Plant
and
and materials for research and
8. Tripp 1997.
development
9. Rohrbach, Howard and Zulu
and
involves
private
sector
in
multiplication
the
companies
commercialization
public
varieties.
and
of
In
Cte
2004.
10. Aidoo and others 2014.
2001.
dIvoire the seed law allows

nongovernmental entities to
References
be accredited by ministerial
decree for the multiplication of
plant materials.
Aidoo, R., J. Osei Mensah, B. Fenni

Omono and V. Abankwah. 2014.
Factors Determining the Use
A quality control system that
of Certified Maize Seeds by
24
Farmers in Ejura-Sekyedumasi
Economic
Municipality
Department
in
Ghana.
World Journal of Agricultural

2
Sciences
(5):
84-90.
Brief
19,
of
Economic
Service,
U.S.
Seed
Quality
Control,
In
Agriculture
Seed Industries in Developing
Research
Countries, ed., M.L. Morris.
Washington,
DC.
Lynne
Reinner
Boulder,
Publishers,
Colorado,
USA.
2004.
Langyintuo, A.S., W. Mwangi, A.O.
The Seed Industry in U.S.
Diallo, J. MacRobert, J. Dixon
Agriculture:
Exploration
and M. Bnziger. 2008. An
of
Information
Analysis of the Bottlenecks
Understanding
Markets,
Affecting the Production and
Certification and Seed Labels.
Industry
Deployment
Seed
Plant
Southern
Note
10,
of
Agriculture
Fernandez-Cornejo,
of
An
Data
on
J.
and
Crop
Seed
Regulation,
Structure, and Research and
in
Development.
Africa.
Agriculture
of
Eastern
Maize
and
Harare,
Zimbabwe:
Information Bulletin 786, U.S.
International
Department
Wheat Improvement Center.
of
Agriculture
Economic
Service,
Maize
and
Research
Washington,
DC.
Rohrbach, D., J.
Howard and E.
Zulu. 2004. Harmonization of

Seed Laws and Regulations in
Meer. 2001. Regulations for
Southern Africa. In Seed Trade
Seed and Fertilizer Markets: A
Liberalization in Sub-Saharan
Good Practice Guide for Policy
Africa, eds., David Rohrbach
Makers. Rural Development
and Julie Howard. Michigan
State University, International
Bank,
Crops Research Institute for the
Washington,
DC.
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISTAT).

International
Union
for
the
Protection of New Varieties

of
Plants.
Variety
for
the
2013.
Protection
Period
C/48/7
prepared
Office
of
Plant
Statistics
20092013.
the
Tripp, R. 1997. Seed Regulatory

Framework
and
the
Availability of Crop Varieties.

In
Easing
Barriers
to
the
Movement of Plant Varieties
Union.
for Agricultural Development,
by
King, J., A. Toole and K. Fuglie.

2012. Complementary Roles
eds.,
David
Gisselquist
and
Jitendra
Srivastava.
of the Public and Private

Sectors in U.S. Agricultural
Research and Development.
. 1998. Regulatory Issues:

Varietal
Registration
and
USDA (United States Department

Agriculture).
Seed
Materials
Resources
Service,
2009.
U.S.
Technical
Department
Natural
Conservation
Alexandria,
LA.
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 FERTILIZER
25
3. FERTILIZER
IMPROVING SUPPLY AND QUALITY

A farmer wants to diversify her crops by growing different vegetable products. The fertilizer she has
been using until now does not work well with this particular set of vegetables. The agro-input dealer in
her village has told her that none of the fertilizers available provide the proper suite of nutrients for her
vegetable crops. A fertilizer company is registering a new fertilizer product in the country suited for the
vegetables she plans to grow, but burdensome regulations require the company to interact with multiple
agencies to register the product and conduct fertilizer testing so that a national committee can approve
the application. This whole process takes more than seven years and the farmer will have to wait until
then before she can access this new fertilizer that can increase her yield.
EBA fertilizer indicators measure
requirements
can distort competition by limiting
laws
fertilizer product for the first time
the number of players and products
registration, import and quality
and
in the market. This indicator also
control
is
and
regulations
on
the
whether
They address factors important
Fertilizer registration ensures that
registration system by examining
to
and
governments have control over
catalogs listing registered fertilizer
selling fertilizer products, farmers
what types of fertilizers enter
products and whether they are
using quality fertilizer products
the market. It is important to
available online.
to increase their productivity and
provide market oversight through
governments pursuing regulations
a registration scheme, since the
The second indicator, fertilizer
that ensure the quality of products
effects of farm inputs may only
import
and
become apparent long after they
regulations for importing fertilizer.
are used.1 Inadequate nutrients,
Import requirements are important
heavy metals or other residues
because
fertilizer
found in fertilizer products can
is concentrated only in a few
products must be registered before
contaminate crops, animals and
countries, so most must rely on
they can be sold commercially.
humans.2 Farmers should be given
imports.3 This is because fertilizer
Registration of fertilizer products
assurance that the products they
is subject to economies of scale
is important because it brings new
use will not contaminate their
at every stage of the supply
and innovative products to the
crops and the environment. But
chain,
market while ensuring safety and
registration procedures should be
of capital and raw materials to
quality.
time- and cost-efficient to ensure
produce.4 Understanding import
that new products reach the market
requirements and the associated
in a timely manner. If registration
time and costs allow for a better
becomes lengthy and expensive, it
knowledge of the market. This
companies
products.
importing
effectiveness
of
fertilizer
markets.
In
The
many
first
registration,
countries,
indicator,
fertilizer
measures
the
registration
measures the transparency of the
fertilizer
to
the
register
period.
of
limited
to
time
requirements,
fertilizer
requiring
vast
measures
production
amounts
26
products can stunt crop growth
the existence and accessibility
the private sector is allowed to
and
of an official fertilizer catalog.
import and sell fertilizer products.
lower crop yields, lower farmer
Allowing the private sector to
incomes,
engage in the domestic market for
income
fertilizer can result in more efficient
environmental
markets and lower prices.5 More
indicator also addresses labeling
requirements
private sector participation in the
requirementsimportant because
fertilizer, including the costs
market increases fertilizer access
labeling fertilizer bags increases
of registering as an importer
and use, which in turn raises crop
market certainty (since consumers
of fertilizer and obtaining an
yields and cuts reliance on heavy
know what types of products they
import permit.
food imports.6 This indicator also
are buying). Labeling requirements
addresses the cost and time to
give important information about
obtain import registrations and
a bags contents and the name
indicator measures labeling
permits. A quick and cheap import
of its producer. In addition, the
requirements, rules on the
registration process eases access
indicator looks at rules on the sale
sale of open and mislabeled
to the market while informing the
of open and mislabeled fertilizer
fertilizer
government of the players in the
containers. Governments should
practices
market within its borders.7 But
act to ensure that fertilizer labels
fertilizer quality.
import permits obstruct trade by
correspond to the content inside
complicating the import process
their containers to guarantee trust
Across the 40 countries surveyed,
and increasing the required time
between
sellers.10
fertilizer regulations range from the
and cost. This practice often
Aside from mislabeling, the sale
more strict and highly protective,
creates
between
of open fertilizer bags can also
limiting market access, to the
dealers
be harmful to consumers, as they
weaker or seemingly nonexistent;
supplying farmers.8 Since import
are susceptible to adulteration,
neither of the two extremes is
procedures vary across countries,
hurting
reducing
desirable. Bosnia and Herzegovina,
this indicator aims to highlight
farmers profits and increasing
Poland, Greece, Colombia and
the balance between control and
food insecurity.11
Spain are the top 5 performers in
indicator
the
measures
whether
bottlenecks
companies
and
development,9 leading
increased
and
even
This indicator focuses on the
problems.
This
private sectors role and the
buyers
and
yields,
The EBA fertilizer data cover the
The third indicator, fertilizer quality

assesses
regulations
on
government
and
preventing
Fertilizer
registration.
This
indicator
measures
the
quality
requirements to register a
fertilizer products from reaching
fertilizer product for the first
the
low
time, whether the registration
quality and counterfeit fertilizer
is limited to a time period and
market.
poor
practices
Adulterated,
for
importing
Fertilizer quality control. This
containers
for
and
monitoring
the regulatory areas measured by

following areas:
control,
Fertilizer import requirements.
and
efficiency needed to ensure a

strong market for fertilizer.
food
insecurities
crop
to
the fertilizer topic (figure 3.1).
27
FIGURE 3.1 Sixteen countries have overall fertilizer scores above the sample average
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Poland
Greece
Colombia
Spain
Denmark
Ukraine
Tanzania
Sri Lanka
Mali
Vietnam
Georgia
Jordan
Russian Federation
Guatemala
Turkey
Cte d'Ivoire
Nicaragua
Kyrgyz Republic
Bolivia
Sudan
Burundi
Myanmar
Rwanda
Lao PDR
Ghana
Cambodia
Nepal
Philippines
Zambia
Uganda
Bangladesh
Morocco
Kenya
Mozambique
Burkina Faso
Chile
Niger
Tajikistan
Ethiopia
EBA fertilzier score
EBA fertilizer scores
Fertilizer score
Fertilizer registration
Fertilizer import requirements
Bosnia
and
Herzegovina,
across countries, with the time
Africa, both Kenya (a lower-middle-
Colombia,
Greece
and
Poland
needed to register a new fertilizer
income country) and Rwanda (a
have the strongest and most
product ranging between 15 and
low-income country) are among
efficient regulations for fertilizer
1125 calendar days, and the cost
the
registration. In these countries, the
ranging from 0% to 1,064.5% of
offering good examples to other
private sector is required to register
income per capita.
countries in the region that are not
fertilizer
products,
best
performers
globally,
performing as well.
registration
of fertilizer products has no time
Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
limit
Colombia,
countries
The differences among countries
products are listed in an official
(Denmark, Greece, Poland and
are less apparent in fertilizer
catalog that is accessible online.
Spain), Kenya, Turkey and Rwanda
quality control. Twelve of the 40
Thirty-three of the 40 countries
are the best performers in terms of
countries surveyed require labeling
surveyed require the private sector
the fertilizer import requirements
fertilizer containers and prohibit
to register fertilizer. But only 17
measured. Regulatory bottlenecks
the sale of mislabeled and opened
of those have registrations that
for importing fertilizer, such as
fertilizer bags. All countries require
either have no time limit or have
licensing requirements, are less
labeling and most prohibit the
one that lasts at least 10 years. For
costly
these
sale of mislabeled products. But
fertilizer registration, the number
countries than in the EBA 16
22 of the 40 countries do not
of procedures varies significantly
sample average. In Sub-Saharan
prohibit the sale of open fertilizer
and
registered
fertilizer
and
the
EU
onerous
in
bagsa practice that is common

because of affordability, but not
recommended because it hampers
28
BOX 3.1 Good practices for fertilizer registration

Should require private companies to register fertilizer
the ability to ensure high-quality
products. The registration would ideally be valid
fertilizer.
indefinitely.

In countries where the registration is limited to a
Registration takes less time but is
specific time period, the validity should be at least
most costly in countries where it
10 years.
needs to be done only once
In countries where the registration is limited to a

specific time period, the renovation of application
Registering new fertilizer products

is
good
practice
because
should be automatic.

it ensures that a country has

control over what fertilizers are
Develop efficient and affordable fertilizer product

registration.
used within its borders (box 3.1).
Should list registered fertilizer products in an official

catalog that is accessible online.
Controls are necessary to prevent

soil
damage,
environmental
pollution or adulterated fertilizer
It takes on average 258 calendar
the official gazette or journal. Of
use.12 And product registration
days to register a fertilizer product
these procedures, field testing is
allows
increase
in the 40 countries sampled,
the longest, as it can take place
market awareness, compile and
ranging from 15 calendar days
over many seasons, prolonging
share information with the public
in Vietnam to 1125 in Nepal
the registration process for several
and guarantee human, animal and
(figure 3.2). Countries which take
years.
environmental safety.
the least time usually require
countries
to
an
The time it takes to register fertilizer
Countries may require companies
application for registration and
products also depends on the type
to register fertilizer products in
a content verification report in
of registration. Registration takes
three ways: once in a lifetime,
the form of lab samples. Among
less time but is most costly in
re-applying
for
these
Denmark,
countries where it needs to be done
periodically
or
the
Guatemala, Nicaragua, Spain and
only once. Indeed, in countries
registration automatically renewed
Vietnam. Countries where fertilizer
where firms do not need to re-
after a certain time. Having to
product
the
register fertilizer (once-in-a-lifetime
register fertilizer products once in
longest require several procedures,
registration), the registration of a
a lifetime or having the registration
usually including an application for
new fertilizer product takes less
automatically
reduces
registration, content verification
timeon average 154 calendar
the burden on companies by
report in the form of lab samples,
daysranging from 54 calendar
not requiring them to have to go
field testing, an environmental
days in Bosnia and Herzegovina
through the process again.
report, approval by a national
to 578 in Tanzania. Registering
committee
a new fertilizer product for the
fewer
registration
having
renewed
proceduresusually
countries
are
registration
and
takes
publication
in
29
FIGURE 3.2 The time to register new fertilizer products ranges from 15 to 1125 calendar days
Time to register a new fertilizer product
1200
Time (calendar days)
1000
800
600
400
200
Low income
Lower middle income
Upper middle
income
Spain
Poland
Denmark
Greece
Russian Federation
Jordan
Colombia
Turkey
Vietnam
Sudan
Nicaragua
Myanmar
Guatemala
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Zambia
Ghana
Ukraine
Kyrgyz Republic
Georgia
Bangladesh
Mali
Tanzania
Uganda
Nepal
High income
first time takes on average 325
costing
179.7%
570 calendar days (table 3.1).
calendar days in countries where
of income per capita. Among
Countries where re-application is
a new application is needed to re-
countries
once-in-a-
necessary have a much lower cost
register. And where re-registering is
lifetime registration, Bosnia and
to register a product for the first
automatic, the time for registering
Herzegovina
time (85.9% of income per capita),
a new fertilizer product is the
with a negligible cost. Tanzania
as
highest398 calendar days.
is the most expensive, averaging
countries (3.7% of income per
1,064.5% of income per capita,
capita) (figure 3.3).
on
average
with
is
the
cheapest,
It is most expensive to register a
due to expensive costs for field
fertilizer product in countries with
testing, which alone costs 1,050%
once-in-a-lifetime
of income per capita and takes
registration,
do
automatic-registration
30
TABLE 3.1 Cost and time to register a new fertilizer

COST TO REGISTER A NEW FERTILIZER (% OF GNI PER
TIME TO REGISTER A NEW FERTILIZER (DAYS)
CAPITA)
The cheapest
and the most expensive
The fastest
and the slowest
Spain
0.0%
Tanzania
1064.5%
Vietnam
15
Nepal
1125
Jordan
0.3%
Ukraine
717.3%
Sudan
29
Bangladesh
951
Guatemala
0.4%
Uganda
258.9%
Nicaragua
30
Georgia
765
Denmark
0.4%
Zambia
241.5%
0.5%
Ghana
89.2%
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Denmark
31
31
Kyrgyz
Republic
Uganda
730
691
500
200%
400
160%
300
120%
398.0
200
80%
324.6
100
40%
154.3
0%
Lifetime
Re-application needed
Time to register a new fertilizer (days)

Automatic
Cost to register a new fertilizer (% of GNI per capita)
Cost (% income per capita)
Time (calendar days)
FIGURE 3.3 Registration takes less time but is most costly in countries where it needs to be done only once
31
Only four countries require

companies to register as an
BOX 3.2 Good practices for fertilizer import requirements
importer of fertilizer but do not

require import permits
Should allow fertilizer products already registered in

another country (with good policies, regulations and
Registering
import
companies
quality and standards requirements) to be imported
allows countries to monitor the
without needing to be re-registered in the importing
supply
country.
of
imported
fertilizer
products (box 3.2). Having simple

and
affordable
processes is a good practice

that
allows
registration
competition
to import fertilizer for own use and sale.

and
Should require private companies to register as

importers of fertilizer in order to sell it. The registration
facilitates market access.13 Import

permits are primarily desirable for
Should allow private companies (including foreign ones)
would ideally not be limited to a specific time period.

In countries where the registration is limited to a specific
controlling potentially dangerous
time period, the validity should be at least 10 years.
chemicalssuch as ammonium
The cost of the registration should be affordable.
nitrate, a chemical that can be
Should allow private companies to import fertilizer
used for producing explosives.

But
onerous
requirements
for
without needing to obtain a special permit.

In countries where a permit is required, the permit should
obtaining import permits obstruct
not be limited to a specific time period.
trade andcreate unnecessary
The cost of the permit should be affordable.
burdens for importers.14

except
Twenty-five of the 40 countries
cost ranges from free of charge
domestic
studied require the private sector
to 58% of income per capita
fertilizer
to register as an importer of
(figure 3.4). Bolivia, Bosnia and
products for their sale. Ethiopia
fertilizer, and 12 of the 40 do not
Herzegovina, Colombia, Mali, Nepal
only allows domestic companies
require companies to obtain import
and Zambia are the six countries
to import fertilizer products for
permits. Only 4 countriesBosnia
that require fertilizer importers to
self-consumption,
practice
and Herzegovina, Cte dIvoire,
register and where the registration
only carried out by large agro-
Ghana and Kenyafollow both
is free, which is considered a good
industries. Bangladesh, Cambodia,
good practices. In countries where
practice. In import permits, the
Ethiopia, Myanmar, the Philippines
companies are required to register
cost variation is smaller, ranging
and Sudan are the only countries
as fertilizer importers and obtain
from no cost to 13% of income per
that prohibit foreign companies
import permits, the cost varies
capita.
from importing fertilizer products.
substantially across countries. To
All
studied
Ethiopia
companies
countries
allow
to
import
register as a fertilizer importer, the
32
FIGURE 3.4 The cost to register as an importer ranges from 0 to 57.5% of income per capita
Cost to register as an importer of fertilizer by country
70.0%
Cost (% of GNI per capita)
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
Low income
Lower middle income
Colombia
Jordan
Zambia
Bolivia
Nicaragua
Cte d'Ivoire
Sri Lanka
Myanmar
Sudan
Ghana
Bangladesh
Kenya
Nepal
Burkina Faso
Rwanda
Mozambique
Uganda
0.0%
Mali
10.0%
Upper middle
income
A majority of countries prohibit
fertilizer bags to be sold is not a
the countries that prohibit the sale
mislabeled fertilizer containers
good practice. Common in many
of open fertilizer bags, only four
and only one-third penalize the
counties where farmers cannot
Denmark, Lao PDR, Sri Lanka and
sale of open bags
afford to purchase entire bags of
Turkeydo not establish penalties
fertilizer, the sale of fertilizers in
for companies that do so.
Labeling fertilizer helps to ensure
open bags can be harmful since they
quality control (box 3.3).15 All
are susceptible to adulteration
surveyed
affecting crop yields, potentially
countries
except
farmers
profits
Conclusion
Tajikistan require companies to
reducing
and
A strong and competitive fertilizer
label fertilizer containers in order
leading to food insecurity.16 Instead,
market is extremely important
to sell them. And all surveyed
markets should adapt to offer
to a countrys agricultural sector
countries except Turkey have laws
smaller bags. Over half the surveyed
since this input greatly influences
prohibiting companies from selling
countries do not prohibit the sale of
farm productivity. Several external
mislabeled fertilizer. Allowing open
open fertilizer bags (figure 3.5). Of
factors not measured by EBA,
33
BOX 3.3 Good practices for fertilizer quality control

Should require labeling of fertilizer containers (bags, bottles).

The regulations should specify the requirement to include the fertilizer brand name, net
weight or volume and a description of the content on the label.
Should prohibit the sale of mislabeled fertilizers.

A penalty for the sale of mislabeled fertilizers should be established in the regulations.
Should prohibit the sale of opened fertilizer containers.

A penalty for the sale of opened fertilizer containers/bags should be established in the
regulations.
FIGURE 3.5 Over half of the surveyed countries do not prohibit the sale of open fertilizer bagsand those
that do, do not always have a penalty for it
Percentages on the prohibition and penalties against the sale of open fertilizer bags
(number of countries)
22
13
17
Law prohibits the sale of opened fertilizer containers/bags

Law does not prohibit the sale of opened fertilizer containers/bags
Law establishes penalty for the sale of opened fertilizer containers/bags
Law does not establish penalty for the sale of opened fertilizer containers/bags
such as international commodity
promote smart regulations that
for companies. Colombia sets
and
enable competitive markets in the
a good example with clear
fertilizer sector, such as:
registration regulations and
shipping
prices,
have
strong influence on the industry.
efficient procedures.
But the regulatory environment

also determines the health of
the fertilizer market. EBA aims to
Efficient
and
affordable
fertilizer product registration
Streamlined import procedures
34
Fintrac. 2014. Assessment of
Notes
the
for the private sector, which
Environment
allow for timely availability
1. World Bank 2015.
for
of fertilizer. Kenyas import
2. Rutgers University 2006.
Agricultural Inputs. Thailand,
regulations allow the private
3. Hernandez and Torero 2011,
Vietnam
sector
to
import
fertilizer
Cross-Border
and
Washington,
2013.
products through an efficient
4. World Bank 2015.
Enabling
import
(EAT).
registration
and
labeling
packaging
and
requirements,
which promote the sale of highquality
fertilizer.
exemplary
of
Cambodia.
DC:
USAID/
Agriculture
Trade
6. World Bank 2015.

Compulsory
Tarde
2001.
licensing system.

Enabling
Vietnams
regulations
Meer.
for
2001.
8. AGRA 2014; Keyser 2012;
2001.
Seed
Markets:
Guide
World Bank 2012.
Regulations
and
Fertilizer
Good
Practice
for
Policymakers.
for
9. Fintrac 2014; Liverpool-Tasie
Rural Development Working
ensuring
quality
fertilizer
and others 2010; Mujeri and
Paper 22817, World Bank,
establish
effective
labeling
others 2012; Pullabhotla and
Washington, DC.
Ganesh-Kumar 2012; Visker
mechanisms
and
penalize
mislabeled
and
opened
Hernandez,
and others 1996.

fertilizer bags.
M.
Torero.
and
2011.
Market
2001.
A.,
M.
Fertilizer
Situation:
Market
Regulatory reforms are not easily
11. World Bank 2010.
Structure, Consumption and
accomplished and do not occur
Trade Patterns, and Pricing
overnight. The complexity of the

fertilizer sector demands smart
regulations that balance the needs
of a competitive sector while
ensuring safety and quality for
human health and the environment.
The
fertilizer
topic
measures
regulations pertinent to companies
Behavior. IFPRI Discussion
2001.
01058,
International
Food Policy Research Institute
2001.
14. AGRA 2014; Keyser 2012;
(IFPRI), Washington, DC.
World Bank 2012.

. 2013. Market Concentration

and Pricing Behavior in the
2001.
Fertilizer Industry: A Global
Approach.
and farmers in the areas of product

registration, import and quality
Paper
Agricultural
Economics 44 (6): 72334.
References
control. These indicators can be

used by governments pursuing to
AGRA
(Alliance
for
Green
Keyser, J. C. and others 2015.
improve their laws and regulations
Revolution in Africa). 2014.
Counting
the
Costs
to enable a competitive fertilizer
Improving Fertilizer Supplies
Compliance
sector.
for African Farmers. AGRA
Requirements from a Value
Brief 2, Nairobi, Kenya: AGRA.
Chain Perspective: Evidence
with
of
Trade
35
from Southern Africa. Africa
Pullabhotla, H., and A. Ganesh-
Trade Policy Notes 32, World
Kumar. 2012. Review of Input
and Output Policies for Cereal

Production
Keyser, J. C., Eilitta, Marjatta,

Dimithe,
Georges,
Ayoola,
in
Bangladesh.
IFPRI Discussion Paper 01199,

International
Gbolagade, Sene, Louis. 2015.
Research
Towards an integrated market
New Delhi.
Food
Policy
Institute
(IFPRI),
for seeds and fertilizers in

West Africa. Washington, DC:
Rutgers University. 2006. Public

Health
World Bank Group.
Concerns
Hazardous
Materials
with
in
Liverpool-Tasie, S. L.O., A. A.
Fertilizers. The Soil Profile 16.
Auchan and A. B. Banful.
Rutgers, New Jersey: Rutgers
2010.
University.
An
Assessment
of
Fertilizer Quality Regulation

in Nigeria. Nigeria Strategy
World
Bank.
Support Program Report 09,
Development
International
Research
2010.
Africa
Indicators
Food
Policy
2010: Silent and Lethal: How
Institute
(IFPRI),
Quiet Corruption Undermines

Africas Development Efforts.
Abuja.

Mujeri, M. K., S. Shahana, T.
T.
. 2012. Africa Can Help Feed
Haider. 2012. Improving the
Africa: Removing Barriers to
Effectiveness, Efficiency and
Regional Trade in Food Staples.
Sustainability of Fertilizer Use
T.
Chowdhury
and
K.
in South Asia. Policy Research

Paper 08, Global Development
Network, New Delhi.
Visker, C., D. Rutland and K. Dahoui.

1996. The Quality of Fertilizers
in West Africa (1995). Muscle
Shoals, Alabama: International
Fertilizer Development Center
(IFDC).
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 MACHINERY
36
4. MACHINERY
EXPANDING MECHANIZATION WHILE

ENSURING QUALITY AND SAFETY
Tractor accidents can be fatal and have dire economic consequences for poor farmers. Imagine a
farmer who spends all of the family savings to buy a new tractor in hope of improving her farmland and
increasing productivity. One day while working the field, she approaches a steep hill, and the tractor
rolls over and fatally crushes her. Stricter quality control and safety regulations such as requiring
roll-over protective structures and seatbelts on tractors could prevent these accidents and avoid the
economic loss that her family must endure.
EBA machinery indicators measure
The EBA machinery indicators
promote
obstacles
who
use agricultural tractors as a
services to farmers, appropriate
import tractors for sale. Besides
proxy to assess the regulations
government
meeting
facing
dealers
farm
mechanization
institutions
requirements
for
for
machinery.
responsible for standards, health
registration,
the
Agricultural tractors are the most
and safety need to be in place.3
measure
the
representative form of agricultural
Having national or regional centers
standards
and
machinery and are used at different
for impartial testing and evaluation
safety for operators of tractors.
stages of agricultural production,
of
Regulations
from land preparation to harvest.
standards and safety and other
The
with
requirements
the globe make tractor-related
international
indicators
across
tests ensure the quality of tractors
market affect the availability of
countries, unlike other forms of
and their suitability to country
appropriate machinery to farmers
machinery specific to certain crops
conditions.
and agribusinesses. Agricultural
or regions.
is another area where there are
import
the
and
indicators
also
regulations
on
mechanical
on
for
imports,
introducing
technology
to
the
agricultural
use
of
tractors
comparable
around
machines can increase production
agricultural
good
machinery
practice.
established
is
Conforming
national
standards,
Tractor
or
these
registration
significant differences between
since they are labor-saving and
Tractor dealer requirements, the
countries. Lengthy and expensive
directly
and
first indicator for EBA machinery,
procedural
production1 with more efficient
was selected for study because
competition, limiting the players
operations that can cultivate more
there are a number of prerequisites
and
land.2 Agricultural mechanization
that must be ensured at the
Providing
spurs
machinery
that
sales of spare parts and training
directly impact the availability of
on how to use a tractor safely and
high-quality tractors. To enable
correctlyare equally important.
the private machinery sector and
Having domestic support facilities
and
increase
rural
economic
ultimately
livelihoods.
yields
growth
improves
rural
dealer
level
requirements
products
in
the
after-sales
stifle
market.
services
37
Tractor standards and safety.
repairs
specific mechanization policies
successful
and market realitiesalso affect
These indicators look at legal
the agricultural machinery sector.
requirements for operational
Among the major constraints to
safety
safety,
increased levels of mechanization
standards of tractors.
machinery
are the poor access of farmers to
indicator, addresses national and
agricultural technologies (mainly
international standards on tractor
as a result of the high cost of
These
performance
and
mechanization inputs) and the low
at
how countries ensure that only
purchasing power of smallholder
agricultural
tractors
and
high-quality machines enter their
farmers to acquire machinery.
harvesters,
including
the
supply chain5 and that consumers
These
the
private machinery sectors role
are given unbiased information
demand by farmers and the supply
and the required procedures to
about tractors. Given that the
of machinery which, in turn, keeps
import.
agricultural
industry
prices high and stifles competition.8
is a global industry, with tractors
Also important, however, are the
For the machinery topic the laws
manufactured on one continent
unfavorable
that
and regulations appear strongest
and sold on another,6 international
machinery suppliers face in many
in EU countries (Denmark, Greece,
standards
countries and which is the main
Poland and Spain) and in the
focus of the current indicators.
Philippines (figure 4.1). All four
The
countries
that
is
offer
an
parts
and
element
of
mechanization.4
Tractor
the
standards
second
and
EBA
and
safety
machinery
also
help
facilitate
international trade.7
factors
limit
both
regulations
indicators
encourage
the
and
performance
Tractor import requirements.

indicators
aspects
of
share
importing
substantial
good
practices.
third
indicator
for
EBA
adoption of smart regulations that
number
machinery
focuses
on
the
enable competitive markets in
Denmark,
importing
the agricultural machinery sector
have strong regulations related
Local
while ensuring tractor quality and
to
safety.
requirements.
The
has
regulations
The
requirements
agricultural
for
tractors.
manufacturing
of
agricultural
tractors is concentrated in a
few countries and the majority
of
look
tractor
tractor
Greece
dealer
strong
standards
and
and
Spain
import
Philippines
and
for
safety.
The Kyrgyz Republic is among
of countries rely on imports.

Tractor dealer requirements.
the top performers in regulations
licensing obstructs trade in many
These
for tractor import requirements
countries, making it difficult for
legal
tractor importers to introduce their
suitability
Inefficient
and
costly
import
indicators
measure
for
but performs below average on
of
standards and safety. The two
products in the market. Balancing
agricultural tractors, specific
countries surveyed in the Middle
control and efficiency requirements
licensing required to operate
East and North AfricaJordan and
eases importing machinery.
a tractor, and warranties and
Moroccoscore
post-sale services that must
than the sample average, but
be provided at the retail level.
vary on some indicators. Jordan
Several other factors that are

currently not measuredsuch as
requirements
testing
slightly
better
has higher scores tractor import
38
FIGURE 4.1 Denmark, Greece, Spain, the Philippines and Poland have the top five scores in the aspects
measured by the machinery topic
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Denmark
Greece
Spain
Philippines
Poland
Russian Federation
Kyrgyz Republic
Ukraine
Kenya
Turkey
Morocco
Tanzania
Uganda
Colombia
Tajikistan
Sudan
Cte d'Ivoire
Georgia
Chile
Mozambique
Jordan
Nicaragua
Rwanda
Guatemala
Burkina Faso
Sri Lanka
Ghana
Zambia
Bolivia
Bangladesh
Burundi
Ethiopia
Mali
Cambodia
Niger
Vietnam
Myanmar
Nepal
Lao PDR
EBA machinery score
EBA machinery scores
Machinery score
Tractors standards and safety
requirements but performs below
Most countries targeted require
components be registered, but
average on standards and safety
tractors to be registered, but the
this procedure is not required in
and on tractor dealer requirements,
cost varies
all surveyed countries. Of the 40

countries, 27 require companies
while Morocco has higher scores

on regulations for standards and
Registering imported agricultural
to register imported machinery,
safety
machinery
tractors
and only in Denmark is registration
requirements. The five countries
is a good practice because it
free. In the other 26 countries the
with the lowest scores across
establishes
registration
all three indicators are Lao PDR,
and
owners
tractors ranges from 0.03% of
Myanmar,
the opportunity to extend the
average income per capita in the
standard
Philippines to 34.7% in Sudan
but
insufficient
Nepal,
Vietnameach
Niger
import
and
demonstrating
such
as
ownership
provides
tractor
warranty
machines.
rights
periods
Many
for
room to adopt many of the good
their
tractor
practices identified by EBA.
manufacturers recommend that

original equipment manufacturer
(OEM)
engines
or
drivetrain
(figure 4.2).
cost
for
imported
39
FIGURE 4.2 The cost to register imported tractors is highest in Sudan
Cost to register imported agricultural machinery (% of GNI per capita)

40%
34.7
Average cost (% of GNI per capita)
35%
24.1
25%
18.4
20%
15.4
13.1
15%
Sudan
Cambodia
Jordan
Uganda
Tanzania
Nicaragua
Nepal
10.1 10.3
Bangladesh
Mozambique
7.0
Ghana
Burkina Faso
Sri Lanka
Kenya
Ukraine
Ethiopia
Kyrgyz Republic
Morocco
Colombia
Spain
Chile
Poland
Russian Federation
Greece
Denmark
0%
2.8 3.7
1.5 2.1 2.3
0.0 0.03 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.4
Philippines
5%
5.7
8.1 8.6 8.8 9.2
Zambia
10%
% of GNI per capita
30%
Few countries require importers to
countries,
private
where there is little control on the
test machinery
companies to obtain proof of
quality of imported goods, which
suitability
can lead to substandard imports.10
12
of
require
tractors,
costing
Some countries have machinery
from 1.1% of income per capita
Requiring
testing and evaluation centers
in the Kyrgyz Republic to 765% in
provide after-sales services is
to determine what machinery is
Tanzania.
a good practice since it gives
suited to country conditions and

can
of
out
enhance
the
productivity
farmers.9 Typically
according
to
carried
that
tractor
dealers
more security to buyers (box

Few countries studied require
4.1). Only seven of the countries
after-sales services by law
studied
legally
require
after-
sales services. Five of them
standards
established by national authorities
Farmers in many countries do not
Colombia, Denmark, Greece, the
or international standardization
have access to machinery after-
Philippines
organizations, these tests help
sales services, limiting their access
that dealers of agricultural tractors
farmers
select
to maintenance or spare parts. This
provide
machinery. Of the 40 surveyed
is especially relevant in countries
allow the return of poor quality
compare
and
and
Turkeyrequire
reparation
services,
40
BOX 4.1 Good practices for tractor dealer requirements

Should require compulsory testing of tractors in conformity with established standards

Should require tractor registration

The test/proof of suitability should be affordable.

The registration should be affordable and the process efficient.
Should require tractor manufacturers or dealers to provide post-sale services, including:

repairing tractors.
replacing or returning poor quality tractors.
supplying spare parts.
training users in operating tractors.
tractors and supply spare parts if
Requirements for import licensing
importers. This is a good practice
needed. Colombia also requires
and permits and incurred costs
because it gives public authorities
that machinery dealers provide
vary significantly across countries
a better understanding of trade

flows in the country and ensures
training on how to use a tractor.

countries
the quality of imported goods (box
agricultural
4.2). In addition, importers may be
and
machines
required to obtain a permit each
So
machinery
time they wish to import tractors.
imports
But import permits can often be
machinery dealers provide training
usually handled by the private
usedas trade barriers, creating
on the maintenance of tractors
sector. Many countries require
costly
(table 4.1).
companies to register as machinery
Among the 14 countries that
Morocco and Jordan require only
Few
developing
that machinery dealers allow the
manufacture
return of poor quality tractors or
equipment
provide replacements. None of the
domestically.
surveyed countries require that
acquisitions
rely
on
burdens
for
importers.
TABLE 4.1 Countries where post-sale services are required by law

REPAIR OF
TRACTORS
WARRANTY ON
TRACTORS
SUPPLY OF SPARE
PARTS
COLOMBIA
DENMARK
GREECE
JORDAN
MOROCCO
PHILIPPINES
TURKEY
TRAINING ON
TRACTOR OPERATION
41
BOX 4.2 Good practices for tractor import requirements

Should allow private companies, including foreign firms, to import new and second-hand
tractors, as well as spare parts for sale.
Should require pre-shipment inspections of agricultural tractors at the port of export in order
to verify quality, quantity, price and classification of the imported good.
Should require private companies to register as importers of agricultural tractors. The

registration should not be limited to a restricted time period.

In countries where the registration is limited to a specific time period, the validity should
be at least 10 years.
The cost of the registration should be affordable.
Should allow private companies to import agricultural tractors without an import permit.

In countries where the permit is required, the permit should not be limited to a restricted
time period.
The cost of the permit should be affordable.
require machinery importers to be
Myanmar, the Philippines11 and
But many safety measures are not
registered, the incurred costs vary.
Sudanimpose both the cost for
required by law in most surveyed
They range from more than 35% of
registration as importer and the
countries. Only nine countries
income per capita in the Philippines
cost of import permit.
require tractors to be equipped
to minimal or no cost in Sri Lanka
with roll-over protective structures:
(0.2% of income per capita), Jordan
Most countries lack safety
Denmark,
(0.3% of income per capita) and
regulations that prevent injuries to
Spain, Kenya, the Philippines, the
Bolivia, Mali and Nicaragua (free
machinery operators
Russia, Turkey and Ukraine.
striking cost of 880.6% of income
Safety guidelines for machinery
Conclusion
per capita on importer registration
operators are a good practice
(figure 4.3).
because they can prevent or
Agricultural
reduce worker injury and damage
improves agricultural productivity,
Among the 13 countries that
to machinery, saving lives and
thereby enabling markets for rural
require
the
costs. Seat belts and roll-over
economic growth and improving
average cost is 4.6% of income per
protective structures have proven
rural livelihoods. There is still
capita. In Morocco and Rwanda,
to be 99% effective in preventing
much to be done in countries to
obtaining an import permit is free,
death or serious injury in the event
improve the enabling environment
while in Bangladesh the cost is
of tractor roll-overs in the United
for
over 40% of income per capita.
States.12
often
mechanization and move toward
Seven
countriesBangladesh,
operate on uneven ground, a roll-
the good practices identified, such
Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Jordan,
over is a constant risk for workers.13
as:
Greece,
Poland
and
of charge). Mozambique levies a
import
permits,
Since
tractors
successful
mechanization
agricultural
42
FIGURE 4.3 Mozambique and Bangladesh impose high costs on importers of agricultural tractors
Cost to register as an importer of agricultural machinery (% of GNI per capita)

880.6%
34.9%
4.7%
Burkina Faso
Sudan
Mozambique
4.3%
Philippines
3.8%
Bangladesh
2.8%
22.1%
Guatemala
0.9%
Cte d'Ivoire
Bolivia
0.3%
Ethiopia
Mail
0.2%
Myanmar
0.0%
Jordan
0.0%
Sri Lanka
0.0%
Nicaragua
18.1%
Cost to obtain a permit to import agricultural machinery (% of GNI per capita)

41.3%
4.4%
1.9%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.3%
Rwanda
Morocco
Lao PDR
Jordan
Burkina
Faso
0.4%
Mali
0.9%
Ethiopia
1.3%
Russian
Federation
Sudan
Myanmar Bangladesh

Note: Countries that require companies to register as an importer of agricultural machinery: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cte dIvoire, Ethiopia,
Guatemala, Jordan, Mali, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nicaragua, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Sudan. Countries that require companies to obtain a
permit to import agricultural machinery: Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Jordan, Lao PDR, Mali, Morocco, Myanmar, the
Philippines, Russian Federation, Rwanda and Sudan. Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Philippines were excluded from the lower figure because the
price of the import permit for agricultural machinery is calculated as a percentage of the customs value.
43
Safeguard
availability
international
and
performance
of
machinery
for
agricultural
timely delivery of agricultural
standards.
tractors through streamlining
40 studied countries have
production. The machinery topic
import procedures. In Bolivia
established national standards
identifies and measures several
registering
tractor
for agricultural tractors, and
key regulatory constraints that
importer has no cost, and
10 stipulate that imported
can hinder farmers access to
importers are not required to
tractors should conform to
appropriate machinery. The topic
get a permit each time they
international standards.
uses agricultural tractors as a
as
Fifteen
of
the
proxy to assess the regulations
wish to import tractors.

tractor
for agricultural machinery. These
Ensure that imported tractors
operators by enforcing safety
actionable indicators are intended
suit
standards
roll-
as a starting point for discussion
structures
with policymakers on possible
facilitate and ease the availability
country
conditions
Ensure
safety
of
such
of
over
agricultural machinery. In the
and
Kyrgyz Republic regulations
in
require that tractors be tested
agricultural tractors must be
that might obstruct the expansion
to ensure their suitability to
fitted with a roll-over protection
of mechanization, the quality of
country conditions, as well
structure (ROPS) and require
imported tractors and safety of
as
with
that seatbelts must be fitted
tractor operators.
performance
where a ROPS structure is in
by
requiring
their
testing
compliance
established
standards. The cost of the test
protective
as
seatbelts.
Kenya
Regulations
stipulate
that
ways
to
constraints
address
and
regulatory
inefficiencies
use (box 4.3).
is minimal.
Laws

and
regulations
Facilitate tractor durability by
promote
requiring tractor registration
efficiency requirements can help
and
appropriate
both
control
that
and
after-
sales service. In Colombia

appropriate
after-sales
services must be provided

at the tractor dealer level. It
BOX 4.3 Good practices for tractor standards and safety

tractors comply with national quality and performance
is also required that tractors

must to be registered; the
registration can be obtained
standards.

Organization for Standardization, Organisation for
cost.
Economic Co-operation and Development).
Guarantee
tractors
Should require that national tractor standards be in

accordance with international standards (International
within two days at a minimal
Should require that manufacturers of agricultural
high-quality
by
requiring
compliance with national and
Should require that agricultural tractors be equipped with

a fixed roll-over protective structure and seatbelts.
44
Management 22. Rome: FAO.
Notes
Brazil. Agricultural and Food

Engineering Technical Report
Ingle, C. 2011. Agricultural Tractor
1. Houmy and others 2013.

2. FAO and UNIDO 2008.
Test Standards in America.
3. Sims and Kienzle 2009.
The Catholic University of
4. FAO and UNIDO 2008.
America, Washington, DC.
7, FAO, Rome.
Kienzle, J., J. Ashburner and B.
Sims. 2013. Mechanization for
Rural Development: A review
5. Sims and Kienzle 2009.

Murphy, D., and D. Buckmaster.
6. Ingle 2011.
Rollover
Protection
of patterns and progress from

around the world. Integrated
7. OECD 2014.
2015.
8. Kienzle 2013.
for Farm Tractor Operators.
9. Faleye and others 2014
Cooperative
10. Sims 2006.
E-42,
11. The Philippines was excluded
Pennsylvania State University
of
from the graph 4.3 because
College
of
Experiences. Safety Science
the price of the import permit
Sciences,
Agricultural
for agricultural machinery is
Biological Engineering.
Extension
University
Park,
PA:
Agricultural
and
Springfeldt, B. 1996. Rollover

TractorsInternational
24.
FAO and UNIDO. 2008. Agricultural
calculated as a percentage of
OECD
the costumes value.
Crop Management 20.
(Organisation
for
Mechanization
Africa:
12. Murphy and Buckmaster 2015.
Economic Co-operation and
Time
13. Springfeldt 1996.
Development). 2014. OECD
Investment
Standard Codes for the Official
Agricultural
Testing of Agricultural and
Report of an Expert Group
Forestry
Meeting January 2008, Vienna,
References:
Faleye, T., A.J. Farounbi, O.S.
Tractors.
Paris:
Sims, B. G. 2006. Addressing the
An
Challenges Facing Agricultural
Essential Step for Developing
Mechanization Input Supply
Mechanization
and farm product processing.
of
Farm
Machines:
in
Nigeria.
International Research Journal
Agricultural
of Agricultural Science and Soil
Engineering Technical Report
Science 4 (2): 47-50.
5, FAO, Rome.
Houmy, K., L. Clarke, J. Ashburner

and
J.
Agricultural
in
Kienzle.
2013.
Mechanization
Sub-Saharan
Africa:
and
Food
Sims, B., and J. Kienzle. 2009.

Farm
Equipment
Chains.
Guidelines
Policymakers
and
Supply
for
Service
Guidelines for Preparing a
Providers:
Strategy.
from Kenya, Pakistan and
Integrated
Crop
Action.
Planning
for
Enhanced
Productivity.
Austria: FAO and UNIDO.
OECD.
Ogundipe and J.A. Adebija.

2014. Testing and Evaluation
for
in
Experiences
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 FINANCE
45
5. FINANCE
EXPANDING ACCESS TO
FINANCIAL SERVICES
Imagine a successful farmer, Sophia, whose farm is in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Sophia
exercises great discipline by making sure she saved a substantial part of the money from selling her
crops to pay for inputs and school fees as well as to deal with emergencies. But since there are no
banks nearby in the Morogoro region, Sophia, like most farmers in the region, keeps her savings at
home, where they are at risk of theft. This is about to change for Sophia and the other farmers since
banks can now hire local agents that represent them where their branches fail to reach. Sophia will be
able to deposit and withdraw cash, pay bills, transfer funds and obtain loans without needing to travel
hours to the closest bank. And access to formal providers will offer a wider range of financial services
as well as cheaper and safer transactions.
EBA finance indicators measure
for EBA finance, were chosen for
protection regulations that ensure
the quality of laws and regulations
study because MFIs and credit
that customers savings are safely
that promote access to financial
unions are important providers
handled.
services
the
of microcredit and other financial
agricultural
services to those who cannot
Formal financial markets fail to
that
access financial services through
reach most smallholder farmers
ensure the stability of the financial
commercial banks.2 They provide
in developing countries5 who live
system and protect customers
savings and credit for farmers and
far from urban centers and cannot
while promoting innovative ways
agribusinesses to purchase fertilizer
afford high transaction costs.6 Agent
of delivering financial services
and seed and pay for crop marketing,
banking and e-money, measured
help meet the financial needs of
storage and transport. But many
under the third and fourth indicators
farmers and agribusinesses.1 The
countries
appropriate
for EBA finance, offer farmers in
finance indicators address factors
legal framework to regulate and
rural locations access to financial
important to customers excluded
supervise those institutions.3 While
services without needing to travel
from traditional financial services
overly burdensome requirements
far to a bank. In agent banking
due to their geographical location
on MFIs and credit unions drive up
agents provide financial services on
or the type of collateral they have
the cost of their products, prudent
behalf of a bank in areas where the
available.
regulations flexible to the different
banks branches do not reach. Non-
activities farmers engage in can
bank e-money issuers can provide
cut the costs of financial services
payments, transfers and savings
microfinance institutions (MFIs) and
and
for those excluded from the formal
credit unions, the first two indicators
Regulations also include consumer
and
development
enterprises.
Regulation
support
of
Regulations
and
supervision
of
foster
lack
an
financial
inclusion.4
financial
system.7
Regulation
46
requirements
Warehouse
receipts.
This
has not caught up with the rapid
protection
development of these new ways for
focusing
rate
indicator covers the existence
delivering financial services. Legal
disclosure and enrollment in a
and scope of rules regulating
uncertainty and nontransparency
deposit insurance system.
warehouse receipt systems,
on
interest
including
impede the growth of the market.8
insurance
and
Credit unions. This indicator
other performance guarantee
balance between maximizing the
measures
existence
requirements for warehouse
opportunities for agent banking and
and content of credit union
operators and the form and
e-money while minimizing the risks
regulations
content required for legally
that they bring.9
Regulators
need
to
strike
the
including
the
minimum
requirements
to
establish
credit
valid receipts.
union,
The fifth indicator for EBA finance
prudential ratios and consumer
Colombia has the highest score
addresses
protection
requirements
on EBA finance indicators, due to
similar to those measured for
strong regulations on credit unions,
MFIs.
e-money and warehouse receipts
systems.
warehouse
Farmers
receipt
often
lack
traditional collateral, such as houses
(figure 5.1).12 Colombias credit
or cars, required to obtain a loan.

Agent banking. This indicator
union regulations set minimum
farmers to obtain financing by
focuses on the regulations for
ratios to ensure financial stability
using their newly harvested crop as
allowing third party agents to
and require transparency in loan
collateral. Strong regulations protect
provide financial services on
pricing. E-money regulations set
the interests of both depositors and
behalf of commercial banks.
minimum standards for licensing
lenders and help build trust in the
It
and require issuers to safeguard
system. They ensure transparency
standards
and
customer funds and warehouse
and predictability required to attract
operate as an agent, type of
receipts regulations allow both
customers and financial institutions
contract between commercial
paper and electronic receipts.
to use or accept the agricultural
banks and agents, the range of
commodities
collateral.10
financial services agents can
The
The data11 cover the following areas:
provide and bank liability for
only country that scores above
agent actions.
average on all five indicators.
Warehouse receipt systems enable
as
Microfinance
includes
the
to
minimum
qualify
institutions
Kyrgyz
Republic
is
the
Other countries in the top 10 show

Electronic money (e-money).
vast differences in their financial
the regulations for deposit-
This indicator measures the
regulations. Kenya achieves the
taking MFIs. It measures the
regulations for the provision
top score on electronic money
requirements to establish an
of
non-bank
but has no system for warehouse
MFI,
issuers. It covers the licensing
receipts. Although the Philippines
and
standards,
scores 100 on credit unions, there

is no regulation for agent banking.
(MFIs). This indicator covers
prudential
regulations
e-money
by
operational
including
minimum
capital
adequacy
ratios
and
as well as requirements on
imposed
safeguarding funds collected
provisioning
rules
on MFIs, as well as consumer
by non-bank e-money issuers.
47
FIGURE 5.1 The Kyrgyz Republic is the only country that scores above average on all 5 indicators
EBA finance score (0100)
Morocco
Jordan
Burundi
Myanmar
Sudan
Sri Lanka
Mozambique
Nicaragua
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Tajikistan
Mali
Niger
Cte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Ukraine
Georgia
Ghana
Vietnam
Guatemala
Nepal
Uganda
Zambia
Rwanda
Ethiopia
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Kenya
Philippines
Turkey
Tanzania
Colombia
Kyrgyz Republic
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Note: High-income countriesChile, Denmark, Greece, Poland, Russian Federation and Spainare not measured under EBA finance indicators.
Many countries impose overly
normally excluded from traditional
access to financial services.15
strict regulations on microfinance
banks.
Smart MFI regulations should
institutions and lack regulations
secure the financial stability of
to ensure the financial stability of
MFI regulations have to be more
MFIs while protecting consumers,
credit unions
stringent than those for banks.14
yet not be so restrictive as to
MFIs have higher administrative
reduce lending (box 5.1).
MFIs and credit unions provide
costs for each dollar lent given
access to credit and savings for
the limited volume and value of
Among the 30 countries measured
customers unable to obtain loans
microloans. And their portfolios
by
or open accounts at commercial
tend to be confined to loan products
24 allow MFIs to take deposits
banksdue
geographic
with substantially similar risks,
from the public while 6 do not.16
location, a lack of credit history
limiting the room for diversifying
MFIs that take deposits can offer
or low credit-worthiness. Whereas
portfolio risk. Microloans have
more services to customers than
MFIs take deposits from the public,
higher default risk since they are
credit-only institutions, such as
credit unions provide financial
not secured by collateral and the
savings accounts, which enable
services to members and often at
credit-worthiness
borrowers
the poor to manage emergencies
lower cost than banks and MFIs.13
is hard to assess. But overly
better, smooth consumption and
Both MFIs and credit unions reach
restrictive regulations can reduce
take advantage of investment
customers in rural areas who are
loans to MFI customers, hindering
opportunities. Deposit mobilization
to
of
the
microfinance
indicator,
48
be
BOX 5.1 Good practices for MFI regulations

at
least
three
percentage
points higher than required for
Should require MFIs to maintain a capital adequacy ratio
commercial banks. Three countries
(CAR) that is equal to or slightly higher than the CAR for
set lower CAR requirements for
commercial banks.
MFIs, putting MFIs at greater risk
Should require provisioning schedules for unsecured MFI
for financial instability.
loans to be similar to or slightly more aggressive than

those for commercial banks.
Tajikistan scores the highest in
Should require MFIs to disclose the full cost of credit to
this area, where minimum CAR
loan applicants.
requirements for MFIs are the same
Should require MFIs to participate in the deposit
as for banks and both are bound
insurance system.
by common provisioning rules.

It also features strong consumer
protection
measures
such
as
also gives MFIs a stable channel to
been overdue for 150 days, while
requiring MFIs to disclose the full
scale up operations and outreach.17
banks are required to do so only
cost of credit to loan applicants
when a loan has been overdue for
and requiring MFI participation
one year.
in
Once a loan becomes delinquent,
the
system.
financial institutions must set
deposit
These
insurance
requirements
(provisions)
A capital adequacy ratio (CAR)
promote customer confidence in
usually a percentage of the loans
measures a financial institutions
microfinance
valuein
ensuring financial stability.
aside
is
reserves
unable
case
to
the
borrower
ability to withstand portfolio losses
repay.
Although
from
nonperforming
institutions
while
loans.20
provisioning helps MFIs maintain
Regulators
minimum
Of the 6 lowest scoring countries
stability in case of loan losses,
CARs to protect depositors and
on the MFI indicator, 5 are located
requiring MFIs to provision too
promote the stability of financial
in West Africa. Regulations in these
much too quickly leaves less
institutions.
Proportionately
countries do not set a minimum
money available to grant new
higher CARs should be required
capital requirement to establish an
loans. MFIs should be bound by
for
given
MFI and include overly restrictive
similar or slightly more aggressive
their riskier portfolios and higher
provisioning schedules for them.
provisioning rules than commercial
operating costs. But CARs that are
These countries also have no
banks.18 Of the 24 countries that
too high can reduce the number of
mandatory
allow MFIs to take deposits, 14
loans granted.21 Of the 24 countries
systems.
have similar provisioning rules
where MFIs are allowed to take
for MFIs and commercial banks,
deposits, 8 require the same CARs
While a majority of EBA countries
while 9 overly burden MFIs.19 In
for MFIs and commercial banks
that allow MFIs regulate them
Ghana MFIs are required to reserve
(figure 5.2). Nine countries impose
prudently, credit unions are not
100% of the value of an unsecured
discriminative rules against MFIs
regulated to the same extent.
microfinance loan if the loan has
by requiring that minimum CARs
Although
impose
deposit-taking
MFIs
deposit
credit
insurance
unions
take
49
FIGURE 5.2 Almost half the countries that allow MFIs to take deposits require a higher capital adequacy ratio
for MFIs than for commercial banks
CAR Percentage points

CARMFI > CARCOMMERCIAL BANK
16
CARMFI = CARCOMMERCIAL BANK
CARMFI < CARCOMMERCIAL BANK
14
12
10
8
6
4
Kyrgyz Republic
CAR required for MFI
Nepal
Bolivia
Tajikistan
Sudan
Rwanda
Philippines
Cambodia
Kenya
Ghana
Burundi
Vietnam
Uganda
Tanzania
Lao PDR
Ethiopia
Zambia
Niger
Mali
Cte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
CAR required for commercial bank

Note: The capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is defined as an institutions total capital to risk weighted assets. It aims to prevent institutions from taking
excess leverage and becoming insolvent in the process. International regulation recommendations encourage commercial banks to maintain
a minimum CAR of 8% to safeguard against portfolio losses. Excessively high minimum CARs can reduce lending capacity and appetite of an
institution. By contrast, a minimum CAR that is too low can result in financially unstable institutions. Therefore, a good practice is for MFIs to have
equal to or slightly higher minimum CARs than commercial banks. There is no minimum CAR required for MFIs in Bangladesh, Mozambique and
Myanmar.
deposits from and lend to only their
three of the 30 countries with credit
from loans with unfair or abusive
members, they should be subject to
unions regulate such ratios, and 8
terms,24
appropriate regulations to ensure
require credit unions to adhere to a
important for low-income and low-
financial stability and protect the
minimum CAR.
literate customers.25 But of the 22
deposits of their members (box
which
is
especially
countries that have regulations for
5.2).22 Credit union regulations
Transparent loan pricing helps
both MFIs and credit unions, only
tend to have various financial
customers
whether
11 require both types of institutions
stability
ranging
they can afford a loan.23 Requiring
to disclose the effective interest
from liquidity and reserve ratios to
financial institutions to disclose
rate to customers. Another 4
stable funding ratiossometimes
a loans effective interest rate to
require only MFIs to disclose
including a minimum CAR. Twenty-
a borrower protects consumers
their effective interest rates, while
requirements
determine
50
BOX 5.2 Good practices for credit union regulations

Establish appropriate minimum capital requirements to establish credit unions.
Should define the minimum number of members to establish a credit union in regulations.
Should require credit unions to adhere to minimum ratios for financial stability such as capital
adequacy and liquidity ratios.
Should require credit unions to disclose the full cost of credit to loan applicants.
2 require only credit unions to
The financial sector is more
Of the low-income and lower-
disclose. The remaining 5 do not
inclusive in countries with
middle-income countries covered,
require either MFIs or credit unions
branchless banking laws
only 11 regulate agent banking.27
to disclose the effective interest
Among them, 7 adopt the good

Few banks open branches in
practice of allowing both exclusive
rural areas because population
and
The Kyrgyz Republic, the Philippines
density is much lower than in
between
and
highest
cities and the limited customer
institutions, while the remaining
on the credit unions indicator.
base hardly justifies the costs of
Regulations in these countries
operating a new branch. Rapid
(figure 5.3). Exclusive contracts
set prudent requirements that
ICT
spurred
promote innovation by granting
guarantee the financial stability
new ways to deliver financial
banks a monopoly over an agent.
of
include
services without relying on a
Nonexclusive
consumer protection measures.
local bank. Agent banking, also
agents to provide services for
All require appropriate minimum
called branchless banking, relies
multiple
capital requirements and a low
on agents that provide services
increasing access to financial
minimum number of members to
to rural customers through retail
services.28
establish credit unions. And they
points while remotely connected
set minimum ratios for financial
to a bank in a city. Alternatively,
It is good practice to allow agents
stability for credit unions. Each
payments and deposits can be
to offer a wide variety of financial
ensures
loan
made electronically through mobile
services (box 5.3).29 Although most
pricing by requiring that credit
phones or debit cards (e-money).
of the 11 countries measured allow
unions disclose loans effective
Both e-money and agent banking
agents to provide cash deposits,
interest
offer farmers more economical
withdrawals, transfers and bill
ways to access financial services
payments, only in Bangladesh and
so that they do not need to travel
Ghana can clients open a deposit
far to a bank branch.26
account through an agent.
rate.
Tanzania
credit
score
unions
and
transparency
rates
borrowers.
to
in
prospective
development
has
nonexclusive
agents
prohibit
contracts
and
exclusive
financial
contracts
contracts
financial
allow
institutions,
51
FIGURE 5.3 Countries are at different stages of developing legal frameworks to regulate agent banking
activities
19
11
Countries with a legal framework on agent banking

Countries without a legal framework on agent banking
Countries allow both exclusive and nonexclusive contracts
Countries do not allow both exclusive and nonexclusive contracts
Note: Thirty countries measured under the agent banking indicator include Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cte dIvoire, Ethiopia, Georgia, Ghana, Guatemala, Kenya, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao PDR, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, the Philippines,
Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Uganda, Ukraine, Vietnam and Zambia.
BOX 5.3 Good practices for agent banking regulations

Should identify minimum standards to qualify and operate as an agent, such as real-time
connectivity to the commercial bank.
Should allow agents to enter both exclusive and nonexclusive contracts with financial
institutions.
Should allow agents to offer a wide range of services such as cash-in, cash-out, bill payment,
account opening and processing of loan documents.
Should hold commercial banks liable for the actions of their agents.
Finally, it is good practice to hold
hold commercial banks liable for
allows
customers
to
access
commercial banks liable for the
the acts of their agents.
savings, payments and transfers

through mobile phones.31
actions of their agents.30 This

ensures oversight of agents and
While both agent banking and
increases customer confidence.
e-money
and
Of the 28 countries that have
Among the 11 countries measured,
accessible financial services by
regulations on e-money, 16 allow
only Ghana and Ukraine do not
lowering delivery costs, e-money
businesses
enable
cheap
to
issue
e-money
without having to hold a banking
52
BOX 5.4 Good practices for e-money regulations
license (box 5.4).32 While these

businesses still need adequate
Should allow both banks and non-bank businesses to
supervision, obtaining a banking
issue e-money.
license can be costly and is likely
Should specify minimum licensing standards for non-
to deter innovative actors from
bank e-money issuers, such as:
entering the market.
internal control mechanisms that comply with antimoney laundering and combating the financing of
Kenyas
strong
e-money
terrorism (AML/CFT) laws.
regulations are reflected in the
countrys top score. Thanks to
consumer protection measures and recourse

mechanisms.
high standards for licensing non-
Should require e-money issuers to safeguard and ring-
bank e-money issuers, regulations
fence customer funds by holding funds in a separate
protect customers against fraud
account at a regulated financial institution.
by imposing anti-money laundering

and combating the financing of
terrorism (AML/CFT) controls and
laws,
the
Comprehensive warehouse receipt
require e-money issuers to have
population is financially included.34
regulations are still limited for
consumer protection measures,
Regulations in these countries
the industry. Only 15 of the 34
such
recourse
typically combine clear minimum
countries measured under the
mechanisms. And they require
capital requirements with internal
warehouse receipts indicator have
issuers to safeguard customer
AML/CFT controls and consumer
laws regulating warehouse receipt
funds by setting aside 100% of
protection measures.
systems (figure 5.4).
money is readily accessible when
Few countries regulate warehouse
Performance
the customers want to convert
receipt systems
as requirements that warehouse
as
consumer
higher
share
of
what is owed to customers, so that
their e-money back to cash.
guaranteessuch
receipt operators file a bond with

Many
farmers
in
emerging
the regulator, pay into an indemnity
The relevance of e-money for
economies
traditional
fund and insure the warehouse
financial inclusion is shown by
collateral required to access credit,
and stored goods against theft,
Global Findex data on the share
so warehouse receipts can enable
burglary and natural disasters
of the poor population with an
farmers and agricultural producers
increase user confidence in the
account at a financial institution.33
to use agricultural commodities as
warehouse
This correlates positively with
collateral for a loan.35 And secure
Furthermore, insuring a warehouse
the licensing standards imposed
and reliable warehouse receipt
and the goods inside reduces a
on non-bank e-money providers
systems can enable farmers to
banks risk in lending against a
as
extend the sales period beyond the
warehouse receipt, which may
harvesting season (box 5.5).36
incentivize
measured
indicators,
by
the
suggesting
finance
that
in
countries with strong e-money
lack
receipt
banks
system.37
to
extend
credit.38 Of the 15 countries with
53
BOX 5.5 Good practices for warehouse receipt systems

Should require warehouse receipt operators to file a bond with the regulator or pay into an
indemnity to secure performance of obligations as an operator.
Should require that warehouse and stored goods be insured against fire, earthquakes, theft,
burglary and other damage.
Should require that both electronic and paper-based receipts be valid.
Should define the information required to be stated on a receipt, including the location of
storage, the quantity and quality of goods and the information on security interest over the
goods, such as the certificate of pledge.
FIGURE 5.4 Three of the five top performers on regulations related to warehouse receipts are in SubSaharan Africa
Score on warehouse receipts (0100)
Kyrgyz Republic
Georgia
Bangladesh
Nicaragua
Guatemala
Bolivia
Colombia
Tanzania
Philippines
Zambia
Ukraine
Uganda
Turkey
Ethiopia
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Note: High-income countriesChile, Denmark, Greece, Poland, Russian Federation and Spain are not measured under the warehouse receipts
indicator. Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cte dIvoire, Ghana, Jordan, Kenya, Lao PDR, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger,
Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tajikistan and Vietnam do not have any regulations for warehouse receipts.
54
warehouse receipt laws, 12 require
smooth volatile income flows,
to have real-time connectivity
the warehouse operator to insure
better allocate risk and increase
to the commercial bank and
the warehouse and stored goods,
production. The EBA finance results
hold commercial banks liable
but only 7 require that the operator
show that there is opportunity in
for the actions of their agents.
file a bond or pay into an indemnity
many countries to improve laws
fund.
and regulations and move towards
Allowing non-bank financial

institutions to issue e-money.
good practices, such as:
Colombia requires non-bank
Of the 15 countries with laws

Implementing standards for
e-money
5 score 100 on the warehouse
microfinance institutions that
internal control mechanisms
receipt indicator, all having enacted
ensure stability and protect
to
specific warehouse receipt laws in
customers, yet are not so
laws and standards and to
the past 15 years. Three of the 5
restrictive as to limit access
safeguard 100% of customer
are in Sub-Saharan Africa: Ethiopia,
to financial services. Kenyas
funds.
Uganda and Zambia.39 Turkey and
microfinance regulations set
Ukraine also score full points.
a loan provisioning schedule
regulating
warehouse
receipts,
issuers
comply
with
to
have
AML/CFT
Fostering a legal environment
that is slightly more aggressive
that raises confidence in the
than that for commercial banks
warehouse receipts system
System Act of 2006 and Warehouse
and
microfinance
and the use of agricultural
Receipt Regulations of 2007 have
institutions to participate in a
commodities as collateral for
created an enabling environment
deposit insurance system.
loans. In Uganda warehouse
Ugandas
Warehouse
Receipt
requires
operators must pay into an
for the use of warehouse receipts

as collateral for loans. The laws
Establishing
and
minimum
indemnity fund and insure the
consumer
warehouse and stored goods
create licensing standards for
prudential
warehouse operators, including
protection standards for credit
a requirement to file a bond with
unions. The Philippines credit
the warehouse authority to ensure
union regulations set a low
An
fulfillment of duties and a second
minimum number of members
environment can improve access
requirement that all stored goods
to establish a credit union
to financial services for farmers
are fully insured against loss by
and require credit unions to
and agribusinesses. The challenge
fire and other disasters. The law
disclose their effective interest
is to strike a balance between
defines the content of a valid
rate to loan applicants.
stability of the financial sector
against theft and damage.

enabling
regulatory
and protecting customers, while
warehouse receipt and allows

enabling
increasing access to financial
environment for commercial
services. The finance topic focuses
banks to hire agents to perform
on a small set of regulatory
financial services. The agent
indicators that measure lending
Increasing access to financial
banking regulations in the
constraints
services is key to helping farmers
Kyrgyz Republic require agents
institutions and credit unions, the
receipts to be negotiable.
Conclusion
Creating
an
for
microfinance
55
entry and operational requirements
services. This is not applicable
Chile,
for
to
Greece, Jordan, Spain, Turkey,
agent
banking
and
non-
high-income
countries
Poland and Russia) are not
whose
regulations for using warehouse
smallholder farmers have few
measured
receipts
These
obstacles accessing the formal
subindicator since commercial
indicators can help policymakers
financial sector. Data from
banks serve the needs of the
identify where regulatory reforms
the Global Findex database
majority of the population in
can improve access to finance for
show that, on average, more
these countries.
farmers and agribusinesses.
than 80% of the population
17. CGAP 2003.
of
18. CGAP 2012.
collateral.
high-income
and
Denmark,
bank e-money issuers and the

as
agribusinesses
Colombia,
countries
in the EBA sample have an
Notes
under
the
19. Myanmar does not set a
account at a formal financial
provisioning
1. CABFIN 2001.
institution. In addition, high-
microfinance loans.
2. CGAP 2012.
income
countries
have
MFI
20. Capital
schedule
adequacy
is
instruments to those covered
institutions total capital to
4. IFC and GPFI 2011.
by EBA finance indicators.
risk-weighted assets.
5. Besley 1998.
For
6. Poulton, Kydd and Doward
warehouse receipt financing,
22. Branch and Grace 2008.
term financing and working
23. Chien 2012.
7. Lauer and Tarazi 2012.
capital financing are widely
24. The annual percentage rate
8. Kumar and others 2006.
used in high-income countries.
(APR), an amortization table,
9. Alexandre, Mas and Radcliffe
Additional
will
or the total cost of credit
be designed to account for
including interest and other
10. Ammar and Ahmed 2014.
regulations governing relevant
charges were used as proxies
11. High-income
financial
for the effective interest rate.
and
Kloeppinger-Todd
2007.
2006.
2010.
countries
Chile,
Denmark,
Poland,
Russia
Greece,
and
Spain
instance,
instead
indicators
services
in
of
high-
income countries next cycle.

12. Colombia, along with all high-
26. Jayanty 2012.

27. High-income
and
EBA finance indicators and
income
countries,
data
measured under the MFI and
(Bosnia
agent banking subindicators.
Chile,
those
countries
are shown as N/A. The
not
financial
25. Chien 2012.
income
is
21. CGAP 2012.
are not measured under the

for
upper-middle-
as
ratio
developed alternative financial
3. Nair
defined
for
and
middle-income
and
uppercountries
Herzegovina,
Colombia,
Denmark,
EBA finance indicators were
13. WOCCU 2011.
Greece, Jordan, Spain, Turkey,
designed to measure laws
14. CGAP 2012.
Poland and Russia) are not
and regulations that promote
15. CGAP 2012; Cull, Demirg-
measured under the agent
access to financial services

for potential customers that
Kunt and Morduch 2009.

16. High-income
are partially or fully excluded
middle-income
from
(Bosnia
traditional
financial
and
and
upper-
banking
bank
subindicator
branch
since
penetration
countries
is high and branches are
Herzegovina,
accessible in rural locations in
those countries.
28. Muthiora 2015.
56
All. Challenge Magazine, 54 (3):
Responsible
11634.
Inclusion. Focus Note 78,

CGAP, Washington, DC.
29. Tarazi and Breloff 2011.

Ammar, A., and E. M. Ahmed.
30. Ibid.
31. Gutierrez and Singh 2013;
Jack and Suri 2011.
32. High-income countries (Chile,
Denmark,
Greece,
Poland,
Russia and Spain) are not

measured
Financial
under
the
and
Microfinance
Mobile
Banking
and
Cull, R., A. Demirg-Kunt and

J.
Regulatory
2014.
34. The correlation between the
2009.
Does
Regulatory Supervision Curtail
Melaka, Malaysia: Multimedia
Microfinance Profitability and
University.
Outreach? Policy Research
Supervision

Besley, T. 1998. How Do Market

others
Morduch.
Issues.
and
EBA
finance indicators.
33. Demirg-Kunt
2014.
Failures Justify Interventions

in
Rural
In
International
Markets?
Demirg-Kunt, A., L. Klapper, D.
Agricultural
Singer and P. Van Oudhuesden.
Credit
percentage of poor population
Development, eds., C.K. Eicher
2014.
having an account at a financial
and J.M. Staatz.
Database
2014:
Financial
Inclusion
institution and the score on
The
Global
Findex
Measuring
around
Capacity
the World. Policy Research
an e-money issuer is 0.35. The
Building in Rural Finance).
correlation is significant at the
2001.
5% level after controlling for
Framework for Regulation and
income per capita.
Supervision
standards to be licensed as
35. Hollinger, Rutten and Kirakov

2009.
36. Lacroix and Varangis 1996.
CABFIN
(Improving
An
Analytical
Agricultural
Gutierrez, E., and S. Singh. 2013.
Finance. Agricultural Finance
What Regulatory Frameworks
Revisited
Are More Conductive to Mobile
of
Series
4.
Rome:
Banking? Empirical Evidence
CABFIN.
from
37. Wehling and Garthwaite 2015.

38. Ibid.; Kiriakov and the QED
Group, LLC 2007.
Findex
Data.
Policy
Research Working Paper 6652,
CGAP (Consultative Group to Assist
World Bank, Washington, DC.
the Poor). 2003. Microfinance
39. Only 4 of 14 Sub-Saharan
Consensus
Guidelines:
African countries have laws
Developing
regulating warehouse receipt
for the Poor. Washington, DC:
Corporation) and GPFI (Global
systems.
CGAP.
Partnership
Deposit
Services
IFC
(International
Finance
for
Financial
Inclusion). 2011. Scaling up

References
. 2012. A Guide to Regulation

and Supervision of Microfinance.
Alexandre, C., I. Mas and D.
Bring Financial Services to
Washington, DC: World Bank
Washington, DC: CGAP.

Jack, W., and T. Suri. 2011.
Radcliffe. 2010. Regulating

New Banking Models that Can
Finance for Agricultural SMEs.
Chien,
J.
Disclosure
2012.
Designing
Regimes
for
Risk
Sharing
Benefits
of
Mobile Money. Georgetown
57
University and Massachusetts
Developing
Institute of Technology.
Economies.
and
Transition
Finance
and
Development 33 (3): 36-39.

Jayanty, Sai Kumar. 2012. Agency
Wehling,
Philine,
and
Bill
Garthwaite. 2015. Designing

Warehouse
Receipt
Legislation:
Regulatory
Banking: New Frontiers in
Lauer, Kate, and Michael Tarazi.
Options and Recent Trends.
Financial Inclusion. Infosys
2012. Supervising Non-bank
Prepared in collaboration with
Finacle
E-money Issuers. CGAP Brief,
the Development Law Service
CGAP, Washington, DC.
of the FAO Legal Office. Rome:
Thought
Paper,
Bangalore, India.
FAO.
Kiriakov, Krassimir D., and the QED
Muthiora, Brian. 2015. Enabling
Group, LLC. 2007. Necessary
Mobile Money Policies in Kenya:
World Council of Credit Unions
Conditions for an Effective
Fostering a Digital Financial
(WOCCU). 2011. Model Law
Warehouse Receipts Activity.
Revolution. London: GSMA.
for Credit Unions. Madison,
United
States
Agency
International
Concept
Development
Paper,
Wisconsin: WOCCU.
for
USAID,
Nair, Ajai, and Renate KloeppingerTodd. 2007. Reaching Rural

Areas with Financial Services:
Washington, DC.
Lessons
Kumar, Anjali, Ajai Nair, Adam
from
Cooperatives
Financial
in
Brazil,
Eduardo
Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Sri
Urdapilleta. 2006. Expanding
Lanka. Agricultural and Rural
Bank Outreach through Retail
Development
Partnerships:
Paper
Parsons
and
Correspondent
Banking in Brazil. Working

Paper
85,
World
35,
Discussion
World
Bank,
Washington, DC.
Bank,
Poulton, Colin, Jonathan Kydd
Washington, DC.
and
Hollinger, Frank, Lamon Rutten and
2006.
Andrew
Overcoming
on
Doward.
Market
Krassimir Kiriakov. The Use of
Constraints
Pro-Poor
Warehouse Receipt Finance
Agricultural Growth in Sub-
in Agriculture in Transition
Saharan Africa. Development
Countries. FAO Working Paper
Policy Review 24 (3): 24327.
presented at the World Grain

Forum 2009, St. Petersburg,
Tarazi, Michael, and Paul Breloff.

2011.
Russian Federation: FAO.
Regulating
Banking
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Lacroix,
Richard,
Varangis.
Warehouse
and
1996.
Panos
Using
Receipts
in
Washington, DC.
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 MARKETS
58
6. MARKETS
ENABLING ACCESS
Huy, a farmer in Vietnams Mekong River Delta region, suspects a virus outbreak on his farm. If Huy
reports the threat to the local plant protection authority, he can receive the necessary treatments to
contain the outbreak and minimize the impact on his crop. So when the harvest comes he can fulfill
his obligations as a member of an agricultural cooperative, pooling his production with other farms
to sell to a local rice trader. Huy and his fellow farmers in the cooperative are interested in exporting
to more profitable foreign markets, but they face several obstacles in the process. Besides preparing
export documents and conducting expensive quality testing in order to sell in destination markets with
more stringent product standards, they must first obtain a Certificate of Eligibility for the Rice Export
Business issued by the Ministry of Industry and Tradeprincipally to state-owned enterprises and for a
limited time only.
indicators
market
obstacles
abroad.2 But where governments
second EBA markets indicator, is
agribusinesses face in producing,
require pest surveillance activities
comprised of three components.
marketing
exporting
by plant protection authorities and
The first component looks at the
agricultural products, as well as
impose reporting obligations on
regulation of agricultural sales
the strength of plant protection
the private sector, pest outbreaks
and purchases. Such regulations
measures.
can be dealt with promptly and
can take the form of licensing
crop damage minimized. Using this
and
Regulations on producers, buyers
information to prepare pest lists
for
and exporters of agricultural goods
and conduct pest risk analyses
certain agricultural products, or
can affect business growth and, in
enables governments to regulate
may involve special registration
turn, the growth of the agricultural
cross-border agricultural trade in
requirements
sector as a whole. Plant protection
a cost-effective manner, negotiate
production
regulation, the first indicator for EBA
access to foreign markets for their
licenses can impose an additional
markets, was selected for study
producers and issue valid and
regulatory
because reliable pest management
reliable phytosanitary certificates
market access opportunities for
and robust pest control at the
for
and
smallholder farmers. A second
border
with
exporters rely on the guarantees of
component analyzes the regulation
sectors.1
phytosanitary certificates to show
of farmers cooperatives. Farmers
Unmanaged and undocumented
that their products comply with
cooperatives
pest populations lead to crop
the plant health requirements in
overcome regulatory hurdles and
failures,
destination markets.
achieve
markets
EBA
measure
strong
regulatory
and
go
hand-in-hand
agricultural
smaller
harvests
and
contaminated products, hindering
access
at
home
exports.3 Producers
and
Production
and
sales,
registration
the
sale
or
the
requirements
purchase
for
agricultural
contracts.4
hurdle
help
economies
of
and
Such
hinder
producers
of
scale.5
Cooperatives allow members to
59
regulations,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chile,
access inputs at a lower cost
protection
through aggregate purchases of
including
and
Colombia, Greece, Poland and
seeds and fertilizers and to use
pest reporting obligations, the
Spain have the highest scores on
collectively owned equipment, such
existence and availability of
markets indicators overall, with
as tractors, harvesters and storage
quarantine pest lists, provision
only minor differences observed
facilities. Farmers cooperatives
for pest risk analysis and risk-
with
can also offer members services
based
impacting agricultural production
to facilitate sales, negotiate long-
domestic
and
and sales (figure 6.1). Countries
term agricultural contracts and
border quarantine procedures.
lagging behind on the overall score
surveillance
border
inspections,
containment
respect
to
regulations
tend to have more divergent results
enter lucrative and reliable value

Production and sales. This
with respect to each indicator, with
this second indicator addresses
indicator
issues
the majority of countries receiving
the enforceability of mediated
that can have an effect on
higher scores for the indicator on
settlement agreements and the
the
enabling
production and sales than for plant
ease
for
producers
chains.6 A final component of
addresses
environment
other
protection. For example, Burkina
agribusinesses in a country. It
Faso, Ethiopia, Mali, Myanmar,
considers (i) product-specific
Rwanda and Uganda all have
The third indicator for EBA markets
licenses to sell or purchase
scores for production and sales that
addresses the requirements for
agricultural products, (ii) the
are 50 or more points higher than
exporting agricultural products.
ability of farmers cooperatives
their scores for plant protection.
Regulatory bottleneckssuch as
to
and
Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa
special licenses, registration and
take out loans and (iii) the
and East Asia and the Pacific
export documentationcan raise
enforceability
mediated
have the lowest scores for plant
transaction
settlement agreements, which
protection. In Sub-Saharan Africa
and
is a preferred method of
most countries do not have a list of
discourage private investment in
resolving disputes stemming
regulated quarantine pests, which
marketing and storage capacity.7
from agricultural production
is a key element when negotiating
Delays in obtaining mandatory
contracts.
with trading partners and for
of
resolving
contractual
disputes outside traditional courts.
specifically
costs
with
associated
exports
establish,
and
merge
of
managing
export documents can reduce
pests
domestically.
This
Countries in East Asia and the
damage or deterioration, especially
indicator, which is not scored,
Pacific tend not to allow risk-based
for
measures
phytosanitary
overall export volumes due to

time-sensitive
agricultural
Agricultural
export.
requirements
agricultural exports, including
products.8
mandatory
indicator
protection.
measures
on
import consignments.
memberships,
The strength of plant protection
documentary
regulation varies greatly across
This
requirements, including the
countries. Denmark and Chile have
key
time and cost to obtain these
robust plant protection regulations,
documents.
including pest surveillance and
trader-level
per-shipment
Plant
inspections
and

on
aspects of domestic plant
licenses
60
FIGURE 6.1 EBA markets scores overall and by indicator

EBA markets scores
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Chile
Colombia
Greece
Poland
Spain
Georgia
Guatemala
Ukraine
Denmark
Jordan
Lao PDR
Mozambique
Bolivia
Nepal
Bangladesh
Kyrgyz Republic
Russian Federation
Vietnam
Tajikistan
Morocco
Ghana
Turkey
Cambodia
Nicaragua
Sudan
Zambia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Uganda
Cte d'Ivoire
Rwanda
Ethiopia
Mali
Niger
Tanzania
Philippines
Kenya
Myanmar
Sri Lanka
Markets score
Plant protection
reporting obligations, as well as
countries may impose potentially
countries across income groups.
pest containment and quarantine
burdensome
on
Fourteen countries require one
procedures
producers.
requires
membership or license to export
These countries carry out pest
coffee producers to be registered
the selected product, while Kenya,
risk analyses and make pest lists
to produce and sell coffee. And
Morocco and Sri Lanka require two
publicly available.
in
and Ghana requires three.
in
relevant
laws.
requirements
Nicaragua
Morocco
producers
must
meet certain minimum capital

a
In low-income and lower-middle-
Imposing
income countries, traders also
across countries as for plant
additional burdens and compliance
face longer delays to obtain the
protection,
costs can limit market access.
documents
Although the scores for production
requirements
and sales do not vary as much
farmers
differences
exist.
to
establish
cooperative.
required
for
each
export shipment (figure 6.2). On
In Nepal there are no licensing

requirements for potato production
Roughly half of the countries
average, it takes about twice as
or purchase, while Sri Lanka requires
surveyed impose at least one
much time to obtain per-shipment
coconut producers and buyers to
trader licensing or membership
export documents in low-income
register annually with the Coconut
requirement on exporters and there
and lower-middle-income countries
Development
is no significant variation among
than
Authority.
Some
in
upper-middle-income
61
FIGURE 6.2 Time to obtain per-shipment export documents is greater in low-income and lower-middleincome countries on average, and it varies greatly within income group
Average time (calendar days)
12
10
8
6
4
Low income
Lower middle income
Upper middle income
Spain
Greece
Poland
Chile
Denmark
Jordan
Russian Federation
Turkey
Colombia
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Kyrgyz Republic
Vietnam
Lao PDR
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Ukraine
Myanmar
Georgia
Kenya
Tajikistan
Ghana
Nepal
Zambia
Mozambique
Burkina Faso
Mali
Niger
Burundi
Tanzania
Cambodia
High income

Note: Data on time to obtain per-shipment export documents are not available for Cte dIvoire, Ethiopia, Morocco, Rwanda, Sudan and Uganda.
These cases were excluded from the calculation of the averages by income group.
and high-income countries. But
In some countries exporters face
350,000 Cambodian riels (8.6%
significant variations exist within
lengthy processes and high costs
of income per capita) to obtain
each income group. Obtaining
to obtain export documents, as
the documents takes over 10
in Zambia, where a cereal trader
fumigation
days in Tanzania (low income),
must spend roughly 11 days and
quantity and weight certificate
Zambia (lower middle income)
1,135 Zambian kwacha (10.8% of
before they can export. But a
and the Russia (high income); it
income per capita) to get all the
fast process may also coincide
only takes 2 days in Burkina Faso,
required
including
with high costs. In Lao PDR a
Mozambique and Nepal (all low
phytosanitary
fumigation
coffee trader has to spend more
income), slightly below the average
certificates.
in upper-middle-income countries.
traders
documents,
face
and
Cambodian
similar
phytosanitary
certificate,
certificate
and
cereal
than 1,200,000 Lao kip (9.4% of
hurdles,
income per capita) to obtain the
spending about 7 days and over
phytosanitary
and
fumigation
certificates, although
they are
62
risk and impose border controls
pests in the country.
accordingly at a higher or lower
issued in just 3 days, below the

average of lower-middle-income
Phytosanitary measures applied to
rate (box 6.1).12 PRA evaluates
countries. Conversely, a Russian
imports of agricultural and other
biological or other scientific and
cereal trader spends only 1,190
plant products at the border
economic evidence, often specific
Russian rubles (0.3% of income per
such as inspections, sampling
to a commodity or country of origin,
capita) but waits about 12 days to
and
and
to determine whether a pest should
obtain a phytosanitary certificate,
quarantine proceduressafeguard
be regulated and the strength of
a quality certificate, a fumigation
the domestic agricultural sector
any phytosanitary measures to
certificate and a health certificate.
against the entry, establishment
be taken against it.13 Of the 40
and spread of pests and diseases
countries studied, 31 provide for
Strong plant protection
across borders. But since border
a PRA procedure in legislation, or
frameworks correspond with
agencies have limited resources
have a designated unit to carry out
low time and cost to obtain a
to inspect and control every import
PRA. Seventeen countries allow
phytosanitary certificate
consignment, pest risk analysis
phytosanitary import inspections
(PRA) can be used to differentiate
to be carried out at a reduced
between consignments based on
frequency based on PRA: Bolivia,
Plant
protection
frameworks
laboratory
testing
consist primarily of phytosanitary

measures, which refer to any
legislation, regulation or official9
procedure to protect plant health
and
prevent
the
introduction
and spread of pests, diseases,

or disease-carrying or diseasecausing organisms and limit their
economic
impact.10 Pest
lists
BOX 6.1 Good practices for phytosanitary regulation

surveillance.

distribution and status to help land users to monitor and

treat pests.

The list of regulated pests is

publicly available for more than
half
the
countries
measured.
Chile, Denmark and Spain have

more advanced pest databases
available online that list the status
and geographic distribution of
Should establish a list of regulated quarantine pests and

make available on the website of the International Plant
indicating whether specific pests

are present in each country.11
Should establish a publicly available pest database

that lists pests present in the country and their current
phytosanitary certificates tailored

and facilitate trade negotiations by
Should require producers and land users to report

outbreaks of pests.
allow exporting countries to issue

to foreign market requirements
Should require plant protection agencies to conduct pest
Protection Convention.

Should mandate pest risk analysis by law or officially

task a unit to conduct it.
Should allow phytosanitary import inspections on a riskmanagement basis.
Should address both domestic containment and border

quarantine procedures in relevant legislation.
63
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia,
while the certification process
purchase
Denmark,
Georgia,
takes the least time to complete
or enter agricultural production
Greece, Guatemala, Jordan, the
in upper-middle-income countries
contracts.15 In Tanzania, sweet
Kyrgyz
(figure 6.3).
potato
Ethiopia,
Republic,
Mozambique,
Poland, Russia, Spain, Tanzania,

Turkey and Ukraine.
The
strength
of
phytosanitary
agricultural
producers
products
must
be
registered with the authorities

The enabling environment for
to sell their produce. In the
production and sales varies across
Philippines, purchasers of coconut
countries
products need a license from the
protection regulations can also
Philippine
Coconut
Authority.
agribusinesses
Many governments impose special
In Kenya, anyone engaged in
meet phytosanitary requirements
licensing regimes on the domestic
collecting, transporting, storing,
in
as
marketing of certain agricultural
buying or selling potatoes for
they enable producers to meet
plant products. These requirements
commercial ends must register
certain minimum standards and
can determine whether farmers are
with the Agriculture, Fisheries
demonstrate compliance.14 Strong
permitted to sell regulated crops,
and Food Authority. And in Turkey,
plant protection in high-income
or if those crops can be bought
producers must register with the
countries
corresponds
only by licensed buyers. Of the
authorities to enter an agricultural
with lower costs to obtain a
40 countries covered, 9 require
production contract.
phytosanitary certificate for export,
registration or licensing to sell or
affect
whether
destination
markets,
also
FIGURE 6.3 Obtaining a phytosanitary certificate is less expensive in high-income countries, but takes less
time in upper-middle-income countries
Average time
(calendar days)
Average cost
(income per capita)
2.5
1.6%
1.4%
2.0
1.2%
1.0%
1.5
0.8%
1.0
0.6%
0.4%
0.5
0.2%
0.0
0.0%
High income
Upper middle
income
Lower middle
income
Low income
Average cost (income per capita)

Note: The EBA sample covers high-income (6), upper-middle-income (4), lower-middle-income (19) and low-income (11) countries.
Agricultural
marketing
improved
production
capacity
through
arrangements
but
BOX 6.2 Good practices for regulations related to agricultural
be
producers
cooperative
among
excessive
and
can
farmers,
initial
capital

smallholder farmers to establish a

limitations
Should allow farmer cooperatives to raise capital

through loans from third-party sources.
on the commercial operations of

farmers
Should allow farmers to establish cooperatives without

minimum capital requirements.
cooperative in the first place (box

Furthermore,
Should allow sales of plant products without productspecific licensing.
requirements can make it harder for
6.2).16
64
cooperativesraising
Should allow farmer cooperatives to grow through

mergers.
funds from third parties such as
commercial banks, or merging
Should enable prompt and effective dispute resolution

through enforceable mediated settlement agreements.
with other farmers cooperatives

hinder
growth
and
marketing
potential.17 Of the 40 countries
projected
farmers.
extrajudicial mediation to have
studied, most do not restrict
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
the same enforceability as a court
third-party
mergers
mechanisms, such as mediation,
decision. In 8 of those countries
between farmers cooperatives.
conciliation, expert determination
a settlement agreement reached
But in Morocco, the Philippines
and arbitration, offer means to
through
and Turkey the law establishes a
resolve disputes more promptly
automatically
minimum capital requirement for
and effectively than traditional
binding force as a court judgment.
the creation of a cooperative. This
court procedures, and as a result
Four of those countries are located
requirement is highest in Turkey,
preserve business relationships
in Latin America and the Caribbean
where shareholders are required to
and
(Bolivia,
form a minimum capital of 50,000
cost, length and complexity of
Nicaragua). In the remaining 14 the
Turkish lire, equivalent to 219.2% of
traditional court procedures can
settlement agreement can be filed
income per capita, just to register
heighten
ADR
with a court or notarized to acquire
and establish a cooperative.18
facilitated by a neutral third party
the same enforceability as a court
is more consensual, collaborative
judgment and bind the parties
and practical in nature.20
accordingly. Six of those countries
loans
or
In marketing agricultural products,
sales
for
livelihoods.19 Whereas
disagreements,
the
extrajudicial
has
Chile,
mediation
the
Colombia
same
and
are located in Sub-Saharan Africa,
disagreements may arise between

farmers and buyers over prices,
The legal force of any settlement
2 in East Asia and the Pacific, 2 in
product quality or delays in delivery
agreement reached through ADR
the Middle East and North Africa,
or payment. Disagreements can
can be an important consideration
1 in Europe and Central Asia and
be potentially fatal for production
for
dispute
the remaining 3 are OECD high-
contracts, which rely on long-
settlement. Of the 40 countries
income countries. In 18 countries a
term positive relationships and
surveyed
successful extrajudicial mediation
may account for all current and
agreements
parties
22
seeking
allow
reached
settlement
through
can
result
in
settlement
65
agreement with the binding value
More trader-level export
imposed in the countries where
of a contract between the parties.
requirements apply to cash crops
cash crops were studied (figure
In case of a breach, enforcement
than to other product groups
6.5). In Kenya, Rwanda and Sri

Lanka, where tea was selected
would thus require civil litigation

first to establish the validity of the
Many governments impose trader-
as the export product, exporters
agreement (or contract) and then
level licensing regimes on the
must maintain membership of
to establish a breach. Thirty-eight
export of agricultural products.
and pay annual fees to a specific
countries offer the opportunity to
When analyzed by product type,
organization to source tea for
seek mediation during the course
cash crops stand out as being
export through an auction in the
of judicial proceedings upon a
subject to more membership and
respective
referral by the court or at the
licensing requirements to export,
might also have to register or
parties own initiative.
increasing the associated costs
obtain an export license from a
(figure 6.4).21
public
country.
agency
Exporters
responsible
for
affairs related to tea. In Kenya tea

Similar trader-level licensing and
exporters must register annually
membership
with the Tea Directorate to obtain
requirements
are
FIGURE 6.4 Cash crops are subject to more trader licensing and membership requirements than other product
groups and thus to higher costs
Number
Cost
(income per capita)
1.4
80%
1.2
70%
60%
1.0
50%
0.8
40%
0.6
30%
0.4
20%
0.2
Average number of
trader licensing and
membership
requirements
Average cost of
trader licensing and
membership
requirements
(income per capita)
10%
0%
0.0
Cash crops
Fruits
Vegetables
Cereals

Note: Cash crops were studied for Burundi (coffee), Colombia (coffee), Cte dIvoire (cocoa), Ethiopia (coffee), Ghana (cocoa), Kenya (tea), Lao PDR
(coffee), Nepal (nutmeg, mace and cardamom), Nicaragua (coffee), Rwanda (tea), Sri Lanka (tea), Uganda (coffee). Data on cost of trader-level licensing and membership requirements are not available for Morocco and Tanzania, which were excluded from the calculation of the averages by product
group.
66
FIGURE 6.5 Similar trader licensing and membership requirements are imposed in countries where cash
crops are studied
Number
Cost
(income per capita)
300%
250%
200%
150%
100%
50%
0%
Rwanda
(tea)
Sri Lanka
(tea)
Kenya
(tea)
Nepal
(nutmeg, mace
and cardamom)
Lao PDR
(Coffee)
Uganda
(Coffee)
Nicaragua
(Coffee)
Ethiopia
(Coffee)
Colombia
(Coffee)
Burundi
(Coffee)
Cte d'Ivoire
(cocoa beans)
Ghana
(cocoa beans)
Trader licensing and membership requirements (number)

Trader licensing and membership requirements (cost, income per capita)
and Nicaragua (free of charge).
the right to export and be members
all countries except Lao PDR
of the East African Tea Trade
impose an export license or its
Association to purchase tea at the
equivalent. Coffee exporters in
Between the two countries where
Mombasa Tea Auction. In Sri Lanka
Colombia must register with the
EBA studied cocoa bean exports,
both an annual export license
Registro Nacional de Exportadores
Ghana
issued by the Sri Lanka Tea Board
de Caf. Exporters in Ethiopia must
requirements for exporters than
and a pass to the Colombo Tea
obtain a certificate of competence
Cte dIvoire. In Ghana cocoa
Auction from the Ceylon Chamber
from the Ministry of Agriculture
exporters
of Commerce are required to
and Rural Development every year.
of
export tea. The situation is similar
Despite similarities in licensing
Commerce and are required to
in Rwanda, where the associated
regimes, the incurred costs vary
obtain an export license from the
costs are equivalent to $1602.30
greatly among countries. They
Ghana Cocoa Board as well as
(246.5% of income per capita).
range from greater than 85% of
an annual accreditation by the
income per capita in Burundi and
Plant Protection and Regulatory
For coffeethe cash crop selected
Uganda to minimal or no cost
Services Directorate, leading to
for Burundi, Colombia, Ethiopia,
in Ethiopia (1.6% of income per
Lao PDR, Nicaragua and Uganda
capita), Colombia (free of charge)
to approximately $2,345.60 or
the
has
established
must
be
Federation
cumulative
cost
more
members
of
Cocoa
equivalent
67
150.3% of income per capita. In
for
relevant
import quarantine procedures.
Cte dIvoire, by contrast, an export
countries and strengthen cross-
Plant protection laws and
license granted by the Conseil du
border value chains.24
regulations in Nepal require
agribusinesses
in
the government to conduct
Caf-Cacao costs roughly $198.30

or 12.8% of income per capita, and
The
measured
pest surveillance and pest
is the only requirement imposed on
risk analysis and make a list
the trader level.
Spain) illustrate this integration.
of regulated quarantine pests
While agribusinesses in these
publicly available.
EU
countries
Per-shipment requirements have
countries can export to other
a lower time and cost under a
EU
bilateral or regional agreement
documentation, if they choose to
the
export the same consignment to a
of
Regional and bilateral economic
non-EU country, it takes on average
domestically.
integration
preferential
two days and 0.2% of income per
the
trade agreements (PTAs) typically
capita to complete the required
do not require a product-
reduces
per-
documents.25 In other countries
specific license to engage
shipment requirements to export.
the time and cost associated
in an agricultural production
PTAs aim to reduce or remove tariff
with
contract, or to sell or purchase
and non-tariff barriers to trade
requirements are generally lower
in goods, services and finances
when
between participating countries.22
products to regional or bilateral
They have grown in number and
trading partners (figure 6.6).26
through
the
number
of
countries
without
mandatory
exporting
special
document
production
or
sale
agricultural
40
goods
Thirty-one
countries
of
studied
the contracted product.
agricultural

legal
that
environment
supports
cooperatives.
coverage in recent years and may

extend to the integration and
Laws that do not obstruct
farmers
In
Zambia
there is no minimum capital
Conclusion
requirement to establish a
improvement of transport and trade

strengthening
Improving access to markets for
farmers cooperative, which
of infrastructure, harmonization
agricultural producers is crucial for
facilitates farmer coordination
of
arrangements
developing a countrys agricultural
activities and reduces the
and practices and improvement
sector. The analysis shows that
initial
in behind-the-border policies and
there is still plenty of room for
Cooperatives are also allowed
regulations that impose a burden
countries to improve their laws
to merge and take out loans
on business activity.23 They often
from third parties.
streamline customs procedures
good practices identified, such as:
logistic
and
systems,
institutional
remove
export
licenses
and other border measures; in
Strong
phytosanitary
investment
Efficient
and
requirements
needed.
affordable
to
export
major agricultural products,
complex arrangements they can
protection
legislation
facilitate harmonized and mutually
governing
national
recognized standards. As such,
surveillance for pest lists, pest
licensing and per-shipment
they can increase market access
risk analysis and domestic and
documentation. In Guatemala
including
membership,
68
FIGURE 6.6 It is on average cheaper and faster to complete per-shipment documents when exporting to
regional or bilateral trading partners
Average cost (% income per capita)
4.3%
6.2
2.0%
2.5
No trade agreement
No trade agreement
Either regional or bilateral

agreement
Either regional or bilateral

agreement

Note: Relevant bilateral and regional trade agreements between studied countries and the selected trading partner were not identified for the
following 14 countries: Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Russian Federation, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Turkey,
Uganda and Ukraine. Data on time to obtain per-shipment export documents are not available for Cte dIvoire, Ethiopia, Morocco, Rwanda, Sudan
and Uganda. Data on cost to obtain per-shipment export documents are not available for Colombia, Cte dIvoire, Morocco and Uganda. These cases
were excluded from the calculation of the averages.
Notes
fruit exporters are not required
production and the environment
to obtain a license or become
from pests and diseases. The
specific
markets topic identifies certain
1. International Plant Protection
they
regulatory constraints that can
Convention 2015; International
can export and the process
hinder
Plant Protection Convention
to obtain the per-shipment
and sale. These indicators are a
2012;
mandatory
is
starting point for discussion with
Leeman 2009; World Bank
efficient, costing only 0.2% of
policymakers on addressing such
2012.
income per capita.
regulatory constraints and working
2. Murina and Nicita 2014.
towards
member
of
organization
before
documents
Identifying
good
regulatory
practices is
challenging
when
agricultural
productive
production
more
streamlined,
and
profitable
agricultural sector.
Lesser
and
Mos-
Convention 1997.
4. An
agricultural
production
dealing with the agricultural sector
contract is a contract where
because,
facilitating
the producer undertakes to
production, market access and
produce and deliver agricultural
cross-border trade, regulation is
commodities in accordance
also needed to protect domestic
with
besides
the
contractors
69
specifications. The contractor,

in turn, undertakes to acquire
the
product
and
for
generally
involvement
has
in
and poor potential for price
2006.
9. Established,
authorized
or
price
performed by a National Plant
some
Protection
production
activities through, for example,

the supply of inputs and
minimum capital requirements
International Plant Protection
applicable to firms, please
Convention 2005.
see Doing Business. http://

Convention
See UNIDROIT, FAO and IFAD
This
2015.
understood to supersede and

cooperatives
are
also known as agricultural

cooperatives,
farmers
cooperatives
or
associations.
producers
farmers
cooperative is defined as a
voluntary, jointly-owned and
democratically
controlled
association of farmers created

to
support
and
promote
16. For additional information on
Organization.
provision of technical advice.
5. Farmers
differentials.
2005.
definition
Erratum.
should
be
correct that in Enabling the

Business of Agriculture 2015.
data/exploretopics/starting-abusiness/good-practices.
17. FAO 1998; Von Pischke and
Rouse 2004.
18. In the Philippines the minimum
capital requirement is 60,000
Philippine
Convention 2003.
peso
(39.6%
of
income per capita), and in

Morocco it is 700 Moroccan
Convention 2004.
dirhams (2.7% of income per

capita).
Convention 2007.
14. Asian
w w w. d o i n g b u s i n e s s . o r g /
Development
Bank
19. UNIDROIT, FAO and IFAD 2015.

20. Dixie and others 2014.
2013.
21. EBA
defines
and
groups
the economic interests of
15. For each country, this finding
its members through joint
is based on the most produced
agricultural
economic activity, including,
non-processed
non-cereal
cash crops, cereals, fruits
but not limited to, production,
product in terms of gross
and vegetables according to
processing
production
the Harmonized Commodity
and
marketing
value
(current
products
of agricultural products. If
million US$). All data are
Description
different types of farmers
sourced from FAOSTAT, using
System 1996 version (HS 96):
organizations
the production data of 2012
cash crops (HS 09, HS 1201-
most
(the latest available year).
HS 1206, HS 1210, HS 1212,
closely adhere to this definition
Cereal crops are excluded from
HS 1801); cereals (HS 10);
are selected for study.
the analysis because they are
fruits (HS 08); vegetables (HS
less suitable for agricultural
07).
country,
exist
those
that
in
6. Arias and others 2013; FAO
and
as
Coding
due
characteristics,
Untied
including high risk of side-
2010; Comprehensive African
selling given well-developed
25. Data
Agriculture
local or export markets, less
European Union countries to
Programme (CAADP) 2009.
need for technical assistance
third countries are available
8. Djankov, Freund and Pham
to meet market specifications
on the EBA website: eba.
production
2013.
7. World
Pannhausen
Bank
and
2012;
Development
to
several
contracts
for
exports
from
SPS Plan for the CAREC
worldbank.org.
26. The
bilateral
70
and
regional
Countries. Mandaluyong City,
agreements included in our
Manila,
analysis are those covering
Development Bank.
agricultural
trade
Philippines:
Asian
.
a
2004.
Guidelines
Phytosanitary
Comprehensive African Agriculture
countries and their largest
Development
Programme
cross-border
agricultural
(CAADP). 2009. Framework
trading partner. Agricultural
for African Food Security.
trade is defined as import
Midrand, South Africa: CAADP.
System.
International
Standard
for
Phytosanitary Measures No.

20. Rome: FAO.
.
2005.
Glossary
Phytosanitary
and export of plant-based
for
Import
Regulatory
and
concluded between studied
Measures No. 19. Rome: FAO.
International
of
Terms.
Standard
for
products, including cash crops,
Dixie, G., M. Jonasova, L. Ronchi, A.
cereals, fruits and vegetables,
Sergeant, P. Jaeger and J. Yap.
Phytosanitary Measures No.
according to the Harmonized
2014. An Analytical Toolkit for
5. Rome: FAO.
Commodity Description and
Support to Contract Farming.
Coding System 1996 version
Agriculture and Environmental
. 2007. Framework for Pest
(HS 96). All data are sourced
Services Internal Paper, World
Risk Analysis. International
from
Standards for Phytosanitary
the
UN
Comtrade
Database, using the import

and export data from 2009
Djankov, S., C. Freund and C.

Pham.
2006.
Trading
2012.
IPPC
Strategic
13. For each country, the cross-
S.
border partner country that
on Time. Policy Research
Framework
represents the highest five-
Celebrating
year average agricultural trade
Protecting Plant Resources
20122019:
60
Years
of
from Pests. Rome: FAO.
value (in US$) is selected.

.
1998.
Agricultural
Cooperative Development: A
References
Arias, P., D. Hallam, E. Krivonos and
2015.
Plant
Pest
Manual for Trainers. Rome:
Surveillance. IPPC Technical
FAO.
Resources 7. Rome: FAO.
J. Morrison. 2013. Smallholder

Integration in Changing Food
Markets. Rome: FAO.
Asian Development Bank. 2013.
Modernizing
Sanitary
Phytosanitary
Measures
and
Protection
Lesser, C., and E. Mos-Leeman.
Convention. 1997. Guidelines
2009. Informal Cross-Border
for Surveillance. International
Trade and Trade Facilitation
Standard
Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa.
International
Plant
for
Phytosanitary
OECD Trade Policy Working

Paper 86, OECD, Paris.
to
Facilitate Trade in Agricultural
. 2003. Guidelines on Lists of
and Food Products: Report
Regulated Pests. International
on the Development of an
Standard
for
Phytosanitary
Murina, M., and A. Nicita. 2014.

Trading
With
Conditions:
71
The Effect of Sanitary and
. 2012. Africa Can Help Feed
Phytosanitary Measures on
Africa: Removing Barriers to
Lower
Regional Trade in Food Staples.
Income
Countries
Agricultural Exports. Policy

Issues in International Trade
and Commodities Research
Study Series 68, UNCTAD,
Geneva.
Pannhausen, C, and B. Untied.
2010. Regional Agricultural
Trade
for
Economic
Development
and
Security
Sub-Saharan
in
Food
Africa. Eschborn, Germany:

Deutsche
Gesellschaft
fr
Technische Zusammenarbeit
(GTZ) mbH.
UNIDROIT, FAO and IFAD. 2015.
UNIDROIT/FAO/IFAD
Legal
Guide on Contract Farming.

Rome: UNIDROIT, FAO and
IFAD.
Von Pischke, J.D., and J. G. Rouse.
2004.
New
Strategies
for
Mobilizing Capital in Agricultural

Cooperatives. Rome: FAO.
World
Bank.
Development
Reshaping
2008.
World
Report
2009:
Economic
Geography. Washington, DC:

World Bank.
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 TRANSPORT
72
7. TRANSPORT
MAKING TRANSPORTATION MORE

RELIABLE AND AFFORDABLE
A young and dynamic entrepreneur, Guillaume, owns a truck and transports cereals for rural
smallholder farmers to nearby markets. He is committed to provide reliable services to his clients by
keeping his truck in good condition. He has the required truck-level transport license presenting his
technical inspection and insurance certificates. But he finds it hard to expand his business with all the
competition from formal and informal operators offering transport services below minimum quality and
safety standards. As a certified driver and licensed truck operator, Guillaume would like his customers
to be able to distinguish professional truckers ensuring certain standards from informal competitors.
The government is aware of the situation and is working on improving the current licensing system to
establish certain professional minimum standards.
EBA transport indicators measure
effectiveness, reliability and safety
without becoming too burdensome
laws and regulations that affect
of transport services.2
and excessively restricting small
commercial
road
and foreign companies in the
transport
services. The indicators address
Truck licenses, the first indicator
market. The process for obtaining
factors
for
been
licenses or permits for transport
benefit farmers and agribusinesses
selected for study as licenses
equipment and operations should
through more competitive and
promote
safe
be clear, transparent and efficient.
better
that
transport services. Truck licenses
Making it easier to obtain licenses
enable the transport of agricultural
create a level playing field for road
for
products to the market.
transport operators by regulating
operations is an important way to
access to the profession and
improve trade and transport.3
that
could
regulated
potentially
services
transport,
EBA
reliable
has
and
transport
equipment
and
With growing demand for food and
setting safety and environmental
increasing
opportunities
standards. Countries with few or no
Cross-border transport, the second
in regional trade, farmers will
qualitative market entry criteria are
indicator
need to transport their produce to
dominated by many small, often
measures restrictions to foreign
these markets to benefit from their
informal businesses. Informality
transport
potential. High transport costs
hampers the viability and efficiency
cross-border services. Permit and
increase the price farmers pay for
of formal road transport services,
quota restrictions obstruct regional
inputs and decrease their income,
cutting
trade
which decreases the incentive to
from the transport sector. Smart
foreign participation in trucking
invest in their farms.1 Regulations
regulations
need
and logistics is one way to improve
affect the availability, efficiency,
for safety and quality standards
the quality and competitiveness
export
the
revenue
balance
collected
the
for
EBA
companies
integration.4
transport,
providing
Increasing
73
Cross-border transport. This
progress. Low-income countries
agribusinesses. Allowing foreign
indicator measures restrictions
tend to have regulations with lower
logistics
to
transport
quality standards for operator
trucks to transport third-country
including the regulation of
licenses and more price-setting
cargo
trade.5 Backhauls
carriers liabilities, rights of
and freight allocation mechanisms,
and long travel times from waiting
foreign trucking companies to
hurting their transport indicator
and idling during trips create
transport agricultural goods in
scores.
inefficiencies
raise
the country, and existence of
countries
transport prices.6 Harmonizing and
quotas on number of transport
othersespecially in cross border
mutually
rights granted.
transport. For example, Kenya and
of transport services available to

services
eases
and
that
foreign
also
recognizing
technical
cross-border
countriessuch as axle load limits,
Countries
technical inspections and carrier
Greece, Poland and Spain score
liabilitiesimproves cross-border
better than most on both transport
transport
indicators,
quality
and
perform
low-income
better
than
such
with
as
Denmark,
regulations
in
competition than Cambodia and

Ethiopia.
Low-income countries have weaker
place that lead to a more favorable
regulations
enabling regulatory environments
transportation because they often
for transport operators (figure 7.1).
grant fewer transport rights to
They have transparent regulations
trucking companies from their
Truck licenses. This indicator
and neither impose discriminatory
main neighboring trading partner,
addresses
the
criteria to obtain a license nor
limiting foreign transport operators
licensing
regimes
for
interfere with freight allocation
in the domestic market. But some
commercial
road
transport
and price settingmaking it easier
countries are leveraging regional
the
domestic
for foreign transport operators to
integration to gradually harmonize
market, the extent to which
enter and operate in the domestic
regional
license
market.
and
efficiency.

some
Uganda are more open to foreign
and procedural standards between
service
But
services
in
different
requirements
applications
are
and
ease
Although
available
for
cross-border
transport
regulations
cross-border
Tanzanias
trade.
transport
online, the additional legal
Countries that score poorly often
license regulations restrict foreign
requirements
struggle with the trade-off between
transport operators, they allow
license or permit and the
the need for a more formal and
transport companies from other
price and freight allocation
professional
East African Community (EAC)
regulations affecting domestic
availability of administrative and
road
services.
institutional resources. Transport
In addition, data has been
regulators seek to promote the
Company road transport licensing
collected on the time, cost and
sectors
promotes better transport
validity required for transport
establishing quality standards and
licenses and the cost and
other requirements for obtaining a
validity of mandatory technical
license. But limited enforcement
Introducing and enforcing quality
inspections.
and institutional capacity hinders
criteria to enter the transport sector
to
transport
obtain
sector
and
professionalization
the
by
countries to offer more services.
operations
74
FIGURE 7.1 High-income countries tend to have more regulations that promote market access and
operations and cross-border transport
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Denmark
Spain
Greece
Poland
Turkey
Colombia
Tajikistan
Nicaragua
Kenya
Uganda
Guatemala
Kyrgyz Republic
Bosnia and
Rwanda
Lao PDR
Bolivia
Mali
Tanzania
Zambia
Jordan
Chile
Georgia
Ghana
Russian Federation
Sudan
Ukraine
Philippines
Burkina Faso
Cte d'Ivoire
Morocco
Niger
Bangladesh
Mozambique
Cambodia
Vietnam
Burundi
Ethiopia
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Myanmar
EBA transport scores
Transport score
Truck licenses
Cross-border transport

Note: The EBA transport aggregate ranking is constructed by combining two subindicators: truck licenses and cross-border transport.
should be a key objective of any
sectors by regulating access to
transport regulation.7 Regulation
the profession, setting standards
Licenses are also crucial to
affects
for transport operations, collecting
guarantee certain safety standards
efficiency of transport services, as
revenue
business
since trucking involves heavy and
well as their availability, reliability
profits, compiling more detailed
sophisticated machinery requiring
and safety.8 Competition improves
data on the trucking industry and
training and regular maintenance.
service
facilitating the enforcement of
the
competition
quality
and
and
lowers
transport prices,9 but imperfect
based
on
labor regulations (box 7.1).
in
more
informal
markets.
Of the 40 countries measured, 12

require a company license only,
competition accounts for 35% of

national transport costs in Central
They provide a level playing field
16 require a truck license only, 4
America.10 Lower
and
to promote competition based
require both company and truck
reliable services increase the profit
on common criteria. They also
licenses and 8 require no company
margin for farmers, which they can
ease establishing and enforcing
or truck licenses.
reinvest in other production-related
certain minimum quality standards
activities.
more than truck licenses,11 which
Company licenses are prevalent
can
regulatory
in OECD high-income countries,
Company licenses promote more
instruments to set basic trucking
and truck licenses are mostly
formal and professional transport
service
seen
prices
be
appropriate
standards,
especially
in
Sub-Saharan
Africa.
75
BOX 7.1 Good practices for road transport licensing systems

Most countries in Europe and

Central Asia do not require either
Should require licenses to access the sector and provide
a company or a truck license for
truck services to establish minimum conditions and
domestic operations (figure 7.2).
requirements such as technical inspection certificates.

Should not include discriminatory requirements for
High-income countries have the
licenses, such as nationality, membership in a trucking
largest share of company-license
organization and minimum operational capacity.
regimes. Such licensing trends
Should establish quality criteria such as good repute,
suggest that transitioning toward
financial standing and professional competence to
a company-license regime is not
obtain a transport license, preferably by implementing a
an easy task. Such systems may
company-level license.
imply other regulatory reforms,
Should make licensing requirements transparent and
such as labor law reforms that
accessible and collect and update road transport data.
set standards for the access to
Should promote market-based price-setting mechanisms
the profession of licensed drivers
and freight allocation systems.
or corporate tax code reforms

associated
with
company
license. Another challenge for

lower-income countries is the cost
FIGURE 7.2 Transport license systems vary across regions
Share of total countries (%)

100%
90%
80%
25%
14%
20%
40%
57%
70%
Both company
and truck licenses
60%
50%
20%
40%
50%
40%
10%
29%
100%
71%
Truck license
80%
14%
30%
20%
No license
Company license
25%
14%
0%
East Asia &
Pacific
Europe & Central Latin America &

Asia
the Caribbean
OECD high
income
South Asia
Sub -Saharan
Africa

Note: The Middle East and North Africa is excluded from the sample as EBA does not cover a representative number of countries (only Jordan and
Morocco).
76
of investing in the enforcement of
Despite the costs and resources
But company licenses must comply
higher and more complex quality
to set up such platforms, they
with a wider number of technical
standards. But some low-income
can make licensing easy and
and qualitative prerequisites such
countriessuch as Rwanda and
accessible for applicants far from
as applicants proof of good repute,
Ethiopiahave
an
financial
company-license
application
office.
Greater
capacity,
professional
transparency is also associated
competence, operational capacity
with less discrimination in entry.
and fulfillment of tax obligations.
Online availability of transport
Countries that do not impose
So processing time in company
regulations and license
discriminatory
systems tends to be longer than
applications is not widespread
to
systems.
Transparency
and
information
obtain
requirements
licensesuch
as
in truck systemswhere technical
nationality, mandatory association
and qualitative prerequisites are
membership
more limited (figure 7.3).
and
minimum
are crucial to enable citizens to
operational capacity criteriaalso
monitor the quality of government
have the most transparency.14
services.12
Accessing
Countries
with
company-
license systems record higher
and
understanding the requirements
Company licenses set higher
absolute costs than countries
for a license ensures a predictable
standards for truck operators at
with truck-license systems. But
business
no significantly higher cost
relatively, company licenses are
environment
for
only slightly costlier than truck
transport operators. It also enables

them to demand better regulatory
Transport regulations that strike
licenses (figure 7.4). And given
quality and reduces potential for
the right balance between ensuring
that company licenses are valid
discretionary practices by public
enforcement of essential safety
longer than truck licenses, their
officials. Evidence from the Asia-
and quality standards and avoiding
yearly cost is considerably lower.
Pacific
Cooperation
excessive regulatory burdens for
Company-license systems strike
(APEC) suggests that increasing
transport operators can lead to
a good balance between the
the transparency of transaction
both better transport services
standards of quality established
costs could raise intra-APEC trade
and
and the efficiency of the issuance
by 7.5%.13
standards and certification for
Economic
lower
costs.
Professional
procedure.
logistics service providers are

transport
important parts of an effective
Linking
easily
logistics sector. But quantitative
Index (LPI) data with EBA transport
accessible, evident in the number
and
of
licensing categories reveals that
of countries still not publishing
transport services that do not
countries with company-license
their
have an explicit and objective
systems record greater transport
justification should be cut.15
service satisfaction (as measured
In
many
regulations
countries
are
transport
not
regulations
on
government websites. And of the
economic
regulations
Logistics
Performance
by perceptions of freight forwarders
24 countries publishing licensing

requirements online, only 5 offer
Obtaining a company license takes
on the competence and quality of
applicants an online platform to
longer than in other licensing
service provided by road transport
submit their license applications.
systems such as truck regimes.16
service providers) than countries
77
FIGURE 7.3 Truck-level licenses are issued more expeditiously than

other regulated systems
transport operators.
The costs of technical inspections
Average time to obtain a license

(calendar days)
vary across countries
44.9
One of the key obstacles to an

efficient road transport sector
is
the
condition
of
vehicles,
especially trucks. Trucks in poor

condition
lead
to
unreliable
services and high operating costs

from breakdowns and repair work.
8.4
Company license
This affects road safety and the

environmentfor example, through
Truck license
higher emissions. For users of
road transport services, reliable

services
are
important.
Post-
FIGURE 7.4 Company licenses are more cost-effective than other
harvest losses due to transport
licensing systems
conditions
or
accidents
can
cause a significant loss of income

for farmers. To improve road
License Cost (% income per capita)
safety and reliability of services,
8%
countries need an efficient system
7%
of technical inspections. Regular

inspections
can
ensure
that
vehicles in operation are properly

maintained to ensure their safety
and
durability.18 Frequent
and
systematic vehicle tests make

roads safer and reduce the number
Company license
of accidents.19
Truck license
Regular inspections are mandatory

in all countries except Georgia,
satisfaction),
where technical inspections will
(figure 7.5).17 Truck licenses record
supporting the assumption that
become mandatory only in 2017.
the lowest satisfaction rates of
market entry quality criteria in
And in high-income countries such
any licensing regime (as measured
company-license systems improve
as EU members, the regulator
by the percentage of respondents
the
monitors
with
other
licensing
systems
reporting
high
professionalism
of
road
the
quality
of
the
78
FIGURE 7.5 Company-license systems record greater user satisfaction
80%
70%
High satisfaction
(good or very good)
Satisfaction rate
60%
50%
40%
Medium satisfaction
(average)
30%
20%
Low satisfaction
(bad or very bad)
10%
0%
Company license
Truck license
Both
Neither
Licensing system
Source: EBA database, LPI database.
Note: Graph developed based on question 19-1 of the 2014 LPI Survey. The LPI collects data in 33 of the 40 EBA countries.
technical inspection by introducing
and the average validity of these
Additional
minimum standards and certifying
certificates
denote
centers that ensure compliance
similar across the 40 countries.
(six
months)
are
an
transport
rights
increased
freedom
of movements and operations

allowed to foreign firms willing
with the requirements. But in

countries without such regulations,
Few countries are truly open to
to do business in the domestic
the technical inspection quality
international competition coming
market. In spite of the efforts to
relies on each service provider, so
from their largest trading partner
facilitate cross-border transport,

there
the risk of a low-quality inspection

Harmonizing
wide
disparity
in
liberalizing
actual openness to cross-border
regional road transport services
competition. Only four countries
The average cost of a (first-time)
exposes national service providers
technical
2.9%
to wider regional competition. And
Spain) grant foreign companies
of income per capita, ranging
that can lead to lower transport
the same transport entitlements
between 0.1 and 13.9% (figure
tariffs, higher efficiency and higher
as they do to domestic firms,
7.6), and thus is not a constraining
transport quality.20 EBA transport
and even in such cases there
factor in most countries. But in
indicators measure the number of
are limitations (figure 7.7).21 But
low-income
costs
transport rights granted to truck
when granting transport rights to
more of income per capita than
companies registered in the largest
foreign companies governments
in
neighboring agricultural trading
should make sure that foreign
partner (box 7.2 and figure 7.7).
trucks and transport firms comply
is higher.
inspection
countries
high-income
is
it
countries.
The
average time to obtain a technical

inspection certificate (a few hours)
and
is
with the same standards required
79
FIGURE 7.6 The cost of technical inspection is not a constraint in most countries, but some disparity is
observed in its relative cost
Tecnical inspection cost (US$)
200
12%
180
160
10%
140
8%
120
100
6%
80
4%
60
40
2%
20
0
Niger
Chile
Nepal
Lao PDR
Russian Federation
Zambia
Denmark
Spain
Bolivia
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Poland
Greece
Nicaragua
Jordan
Vietnam
Kenya
Kyrgyz Republic
Bangladesh
Ukraine
Turkey
Morocco
Colombia
Cambodia
Guatemala
Tanzania
Ethiopia
Myanmar
Rwanda
Mali
Mozambique
Cte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Burundi
Uganda
Sudan
Burkina Faso
Tajikistan
0%
Techincal Inspection cost (% GNI per capita)
14%
220
Cost (US$)
Cost (% of GNI per capita)

Note: Regular vehicle inspections are mandatory in all countries except Georgia, where technical inspections will only become mandatory in 2017.
BOX 7.2 Transport rights definitions

Transport rights: A truck registered in country A is allowed to transport goods produced in its
country to country B for sale.
Backhauling rights: A truck registered in country A is allowed to load goods in country B and
transport them back to Country A.
Transit rights: A truck registered in country A is allowed to travel through country B to deliver
goods in country C.
Triangular rights: A truck registered in country A is allowed to pick up goods in country B and
transport them to country C.
Cabotage rights: A truck registered in country A is allowed to pick up goods in country B and
transport them to a different point in country B.
80
FIGURE 7.7 Only a few countries allow cabotage
by
20%
40%
60%
80%
85%
Triangular
75%
Transit
Cabotage
100%
93%
Backhauling
transport
Granting
foreign
companies access to the domestic
95%
Transport
cross-border
indicator.23
Share of total countries measured

0%
the
marketfor example, by allowing

importing
and
backhauling
increases cross-border trade and

competition. But many obstacles
to cross-border transport result
from a lack of harmonization or
lack of mutual recognition of a
variety of technical standards,
10%
such as axle-load limits, truck

dimensions and drivers licenses.
So,
Note: Transport rights are entitlements granted by domestic transport authorities to trucking
companies registered in the largest neighboring agricultural trading partner. For this study, transport rights are categorized along five basic rights or freedoms. Cabotage rights imply that foreign
bilateral
agreements
rights
and
multilateral
granting
should
also
transport
address
companies are granted treatment similar to domestic truck companies. Cabotage rights are only
the harmonization and mutual
allowed in Denmark, Greece, Poland and Spain.
recognition of transport standards

that hinder cross-border transport.
to domestic operators. Only in
measured (Denmark, Greece, Spain
Public access to the respective
such a way will licenses maintain
and Poland) demonstrate greater
information on transport rights
minimum
quality
openness to competition from
and applied transport standards
service standards and provide a
truck operators from their largest
should be a fundamental part of
level playing field for competition.
neighboring agricultural trading
harmonization.
safety
and
partner as they grant on average

Community
all five transport rights measured
Greater regional integration and
promotes cross-border transport
by EBA. South Asia (Bangladesh,
easier trade and transit practices
openness
harmonizing
Nepal and Sri Lanka) is the least
reduce entry costs for transport
standards on road transportation
open region with an average of 1.3
service operators in landlocked
and
license
rights granted (figure 7.8). Basic
countries.24 So, achieving efficient
requirements. A larger market
transport rights are granted in
cross border transport by reducing
and greater competition benefit
38 of the 40 countries surveyed,
transit times and transport costs
local producers by improving the
except Myanmar and Sri Lanka.22
is another major objective for
quality and cutting the price of
But 18 countries have a quota on
regional economic communities.25
transport
prompting
the number of permits granted.
OECD countries that are also EU
more producers to participate in
More open transport increases
members are the only countries
regional value chains.
trade, as shown by the correlation
that allow cabotage, which the
between merchandise exports and
European Commission labels a
regional liberalization as measured
free market essential. Allowing
The
East
African
by
standardizing
services,
Regulations in the EU countries
81
FIGURE 7.8 Regulations in OECD high-income countries demonstrate greater openness to cross-border
competition, while countries in South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific tend to limit the scope of operations
for foreign firms
Transport rights
5
4
3
2
1
Chile
Denmark
Greece
Poland
Spain
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cte d'Ivoire
Ethiopia
Ghana
Kenya
Mali
Mozambique
Niger
Rwanda
Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Bosnia and H.
Georgia
Kyrgyz Rep.
Russian Fed.
Tajikistan
Ukraine
Turkey
Bolivia
Colombia
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Morocco
Jordan
Cambodia
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Philippines
Vietnam
Bangladesh
Nepal
Sri Lanka
OECD high income
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia & Pacific
South Asia
Regional group average
cabotage rights and optimizing
transport.
sector based on minimum
capacity can improve efficiency

and
reduce
environmental
access the road transport
Conclusion
requirements
such
as
vehicle technical inspection
damage.26
Improving access to reliable and
certificates. Tanzanias 2012
economic
affordable transport for agricultural
Goods
require
producers is key to developing and
regulations
contracting parties engaged in
strengthen a countrys agricultural
binding principles to obtain
international
to
sector. There is still plenty of room
and maintain a truck license,
sign a document acknowledging
for countries to improve their laws
including
valid
vehicle
carrier liabilities or a waybill, as in
registration
cards,
vehicle
ECOWAS and the European Union.
good practices identified, such as:
third-party liability insurance,
Some
regional
communities
also
transactions
establish
vehicle
clear
vehicle inspection report from
Farmers can use such transport

documents to claim losses from
carrying
Strong licensing systems to
an authorized inspector or
82
copy of employment contract
statistics. Colombias Ministry
to sale their production. These
between the driver and the
of Transport consolidates all
actionable indicators can be used
licensee.
laws, regulations, directives,
as a starting point for discussion
decrees,
with policymakers on ways to
notifications
or
discriminatory
resolutions pertaining to road
address
requirements to obtain road
transport and makes them
that might obstruct efficient and
transport
easily
quality transport for agricultural
Eliminate
as
licenses,
certain
such
nationality,
accessible
on
their
regulatory
constraints
governmental website.
producers, buyers and exporters.
Promote market-based price-
Notes
membership in a trucking
organization
and
minimum
operational capacity. Through
setting
its 2003 decree regulating
freight
merchandise
Nicaraguas
road
public
mechanisms
allocation
2005
and
systems.
General
2. Lema and others 2008.
transport, Morocco ensures
road transport law provides
3. World Bank 2010.
any citizen with a nationally-
a solid legal foundation to
4. World Bank 2010.
constituted company can offer
guaranteethat the conditions
5. World Bank 2010.
trucking services, ruling out
of carriage including pricing
6. Araya, Pachn and Saslavsky
the necessity to be a member
and cargo quantities are solely
of a transport association or to
determined by the contracting
have a minimum fleet size.
parties without any external
2012
7. International Road Transport
Union 2007.
8. Lema, de Veen and Abukari
interference.

1. Staatz and Dembl 2007.
2008.
Establish company licenses
9. Teravaninthorn and Raballand
that enforce qualitative criteria
Reforming laws and regulations is
such as good repute, financial
a challenge for policymakers given
standing
professional
the complexity of the transport
competence. In 2014 Turkey
sector. Identifying good regulatory
2014.
reformed
transport
practices is difficult when dealing
11. Company
regulations to create K1-type
with agricultural transport because
licenses
granted
to
licenses requiring operators
besides ensuring efficiency, laws
established
companies
to
to provide proof of minimal
and regulations are also needed
legally offer domestic road
working
to protect clients, consumers and
transport services. For the
maximum fleet age (20 years)
the
unsafe,
purposes of this study general
and national certification for
unreliable and polluting transport.
business registration licenses
managers.
The Transport topic identifies and
are not considered. Instead,
measures several key regulatory
a company-level license is
Make licensing requirements
constraints that can hinder farmers
more
and
from
exclusively for the provision
collect
reaping the benefits of growing
of road transport services. A
and update road transport
urban and rural markets in which
transport license at company
and
their
capital
transparent
accessible,
and
($3,500),
and
environment
agribusiness
from
firms
2009.
10. Osborne, Pachon and Araya.
specific
license:
permit
Specific
required
83
level
generally
allows
to
15. World Bank 2010; This is

known
the
guillotine concept, in which
registration
license: Truck licenses are
all regulations
road
licenses granted to each truck
certain sector or transaction
inspection
to legally transport goods in
are publicly listed and then
not considered, as these are
the domestic market. For the
automatically rescinded if an
usually not specific to the
purposes of this study vehicle
explicit justification for the
provision of road transport
registration
regulation
services.
road
license.
Truck
certificates
or
worthiness/technical
the
is
regulatory
purposes of this study vehicle
operate several trucks under

same
as
the domestic market. For the
affecting
not
provided
within a certain time frame.
certificates
or
worthiness/technical
certificates
are
17. The LPI is a World Bank project
regulations
published every two years
not considered, as these are
mentioned in this context by
since 2007 and measuring
usually not specific to the
the World Banks Trade and
logistics performance or the
provision of road transport
Transportation
on-the-ground
services.
Assessment
inspection
certificates
are
The
economic
Facilitation
toolkit
issues
would
such
edition covers 160 countries
include
13. Helble and others 2007.
transportation price controls,
and
14. Data analysis demonstrates a
quantitative
from
on
the
of
trade supply chains. The 2014
12. Geginat and Saltane 2014.
limits
as
efficiency
compiles
information
approximately
1,000
moderate positive correlation
provision of trucking services
respondents,
(0.27) between transparency
and so on.
total of around 5,000 country
assessments (website: http://
(defined in this analysis by
16. Company
the scores obtained to the
licenses
granted
to
questions: Are the license/
established
companies
to
permit requirements publicly
legally offer domestic road
available online? and Can the
transport services. For the
2011.
application for a license/permit
purposes of this study general
20. Raballand,
or its renewal be submitted
business registration licenses
electronically? Each country
are not considered. Instead,
is ranked high, medium or low
a company-level license is
to truck companies coming
based on their scores in both
required
from the largest agricultural
questions)
additional
exclusively for the provision
neighboring trading partner
requirements considered as
of road transport services. A
is equivalent to giving foreign
discriminatory
transport license at company
transport
level
treatment
association
and
(mandatory
membership,
specific
license:
permit
generally
Specific
providing
allows
to
lpi.worldbank.org/).
18. IRU 2011.
19. Cuerden, Edwards and Pittman
Kunaka
and
Giersing 2008.
21. Granting
cabotage
firms
with
rights
national
regard
to
minimum operational capacity
operate several trucks under
transport operational freedom.
or nationality criteria). This
the same license. Truck-level
22. Sri Lanka transports goods
correlation is 5% significant
license: Truck-level licenses are
internationally mostly by air or
when controlling for income
licenses granted to each truck
water.
per capita.
to legally transport goods in
23. EBA
cross-border
transport
84
indicators measure the number
Geginat, C., and V. Saltane. 2014.
Osborne, T., M. C. Pachn and G.
of transport rights granted
Transparent Government and
E. Araya. 2014. What Drives
to the largest neighboring
Business Regulation Open for
the High Price of Road Freight
agricultural trading partner,
Business? Policy Research
Transport in Central America?
including mandatory carriers
Policy
liabilities documents.
Paper
6844,
World
Bank,
Helble, M., B. Shepherd and J. S.
25. Runji 2015.

26. European Commission 2006.
References
Araya, G., M. C. Pachn, and
Saslavsky
2012.
Road
Wilson. 2007. Transparency,
Raballand, G., C. Kunaka and B.
Trade Costs, and Regional
Giersing. 2008. The Impact
Integration in the Asia Pacific.
of
Policy
and Harmonization in Road
Paper
Research
4401,
Working
World
Bank,
Five Explanations to High
International
Road
Transport
Union. 2007. IRU Position on
Background
Access to the Profession of
World

Cuerden, R., M.J. Edwards and
Transport Services: A Focus

Road Passenger and Goods
Runji, J. 2015. Africa Transport
Transport Operator. Position
Policy Performance Review:
Paper. Geneva: IRU.
The Need for More Robust

Transport
M.B. Pittman. 2011. Effect

of Vehicle Defects in Road
Liberalization
Landlocked Countries. Policy
Costs of Service Provision.

Paper,
Regional
on Zambia and Lessons for
Washington, DC.
Freight in Central America:
Lema, C., J. de Veen, and M. Abukari.
Saharan
Policies.
Transport
Discussion
Policy
Program
Research Laboratory Limited.
Review of IFAD Rural Roads,
Paper
103,
Published
Travel and Transport (RTT)
Washington, DC.
Transport
Project
Report
PPR565.
Commission.
2006.
2008.
Experiences,
19942007.
International
Fund
Agricultural Development.
for
Sub-
Africa
Comprehensive
Accidents.
European
Working
Washington, DC.
D.
Research
World
Bank,
Staatz, J., and N. Dembl. 2007.

Agriculture for Development
Road Transport Policy: Open
in
Roads across Europe. Brussels:
Background Paper for the
European Commission.
World
2008.
Sub-Saharan
Development
Africa.
Report
85
Teravaninthorn,
S.,
and
G.
Raballand. 2009. Transport

Prices and Costs in Africa: A
Review of the International
Corridors.
Policy
Research

World Bank. 2010. Trade and
Transport
Facilitation
Assessment: A Practical Toolkit

for
Country
Implementation.

. 2014. Improving Trade
and Transport for Landlocked
Developing
Ten-Year
Countries:
Review.
World
BankUnited Nations report

in preparation for the 2nd
United
on
Nations
Conference
Landlocked
Developing
Countries (LLDCs).
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 EBA TOPICS UNDER DEVELOPMENT
86
8. EBA TOPICS
UNDER DEVELOPMENT
In this second year of the EBA
and
proper
When connecting to the internet
project, some topics have been
management of water rights is
from remote areas, farmers can
refined
and
essential to a well-functioning
access key resources such as
several new topic areas added. The
agricultural sector. Livestock is
real-time data on market and
information and communication
another area where governments
transport
technology (ICT) topic area was
design regulations to ensure the
on
piloted during the first year of
supply, safety and quality of animal
farming techniques as well as
the EBA project and restructured
production
several tools for production and
this year to include data about
methodology for these two topic
marketing.
policies and regulations on mobile
areas will be developed in the next
and communication technologies
and internet services. The land
EBA cycle.
facilitate
and
restructured
the
security
and
inputs.
scoring
seed
prices,
information
varieties,
pests
Better
and
information
farmers
access
to
markets, particularly to improved
topic was expanded to include

new areas on tenure security, land
Two cross-cutting themes were
seed
sales and lease markets. Given
introduced
So,
the nature of the land topic and
yeargender and environmental
disseminate
the legitimate interests involved,
sustainability. The gender analysis
provide extension services in rural
further
be
presented below shows how the
areas using the internet, mobile
carried out and some new areas
data collected on several relevant
applications and text and voice
could be included next year, such
indicators
interpreted
services, alongside more traditional
as the cost of registering group
through the lens of gender.The
channels of communication such
rights, the time and cost of land
environmental
as the radio and extension agents.
surveying process, the procedural
theme crosses several existing
safeguards in case of expropriation
topicsmainly seed and water
This multifaceted approach gives
and the management of land
to assess practices that protect
policymakers
records. These developments will
natural resources for agricultural
to
contribute to a more balanced
production.
community
consultations
will
and
can
analyzed
be
this
sustainability
scoring methodology.1
Two
new
topic
areas
varieties
many
interact
and
fertilizers.2
governments
now
information
and
an
opportunity
with
and
the
farming
develop
more
targeted regulatory and policy

were
Information and communication
interventions for agribusinesses.
technology
Appropriately
designed
ICT
regulations can ensure market
developed this year: water and

livestock. Water is an essential
Mobile phones and the internet are
liberalization
input to agricultural production,
powerful tools for farmers today.
in the ICT sector, leading to fair
and
competition
87
retail prices, more high-quality
funds, which use contributions
In all 7 countries costs are publicly
mobile
from
available online.
services
and
greater
multiple
to
expansion
of
mobile market penetration.3 By
finance
contrast, burdensome licensing
network coverage and mobile
Government
requirements
services.
improve access to ICT services
can
hinder
the
sources
users needs.
EBA
ICT
indicators
laws,
regulations
measure
and
to
in rural areas. The last mile of
competition and innovative mobile

services solutions responsive to
strategies
policies
addressing ICT services in rural
Agricultural
e-extension
telecommunication infrastructure
services. These data address
in rural areas is usually expensive,
how the government provides
and the resulting benefits do not
agricultural
information,
always make up for the costs.7
particularly on market prices
Governments differ in how they
and weather.
address
areas. The indicators focus on
this.
The
solutions
include tying coverage and quality
the institutional framework for
Licensing regimes in the ICT
requirements to licenses, offering
service providers to operate and
sector. Licenses are an effective
tax breaks to providers that cover
expand
and
tool for governmentsnot only to
hard-to-reach
government strategies to improve
regulate competition and generate
mobile operators to offer social
farmers access to ICT services
revenue, but also to define the
tariffs to eligible customers in rural
and agricultural information.
obligations of market players on
areas and setting up universal
matters relevant to farmers and
access funds for infrastructure or
agribusinesses,
other outreach projects.
mobile
Licensing
networks
regimes
the
such
as
rural
requiring
These
data
coverage. Obtaining a license to
countries
ICT
offer telecommunication services
Universal access funds are popular
licensing framework, validity
is costly and may obstruct entry
in developing countries since they
and associated costs. The
for mobile operators. EBA data on
generate
data
ICT collected this year show how
sources, including contributions
price
licensing regimes vary among
from
quality
the 40 EBA countries. Individual
international
standards, with a particular
licenses are most prevalent.4 Only
well as direct funds from the
emphasis on standards in
7 countries have implemented
government budget.8 They help
rural areas.
a general authorization regime
expand ICT coverage in otherwise
for
commercially
ICT
sector.
measure
also
cover
management,
regulations
in
areas,
Government
spectrum
retail
and
strategies
mobile
cellular
services.5
funds
from
mobile
multiple
operators and
organizations,
unviable
as
areas.9
to
Compared with other licensing
But
improve access to ICT services
regimes, the general authorization
collecting contributions, selecting
in rural areas. These data
regime has greater transparency
projects, disbursing funds and
describe government policies
and competition, as well as lower
monitoring and evaluating the
and measures to facilitate
costs, since it creates a level
impact of projects require capable
ICT in rural areas, including
playing field among providers and
administrators
and
universal access and service
simplifies the regulatory process.6
organizational
structures.10
establishing
the
funds,
transparent
Of
88
the 40 countries studied, 24 have
many countries the vast majority of
international
a universal access fund that has
agricultural land lies outside formal
volatile
started collecting funds. Despite
legal protection.14 To encourage
contribute
having a universal access fund in
investments that can increase
productive
place, 4 countries (Bangladesh,
productivity, rights to land must be
especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.20
Burkina Faso, Kenya and Niger)
secure and transferable. Indeed,
have never disbursed funds for ICT
landowners will be willing to
Secure,
projects.
invest more to improve production,
enables the use of agricultural land
such as planting perennials and
as collateral, which can increase
Agricultural e-extension services.
establishing irrigation,15 when they
access to credit and agricultural
Information asymmetries between
believe their land will be protected
investment.21
participants in agricultural value
from
operate smoothly, land transfers
chains
expropriation.16
can
impede
farmers
conflicting
claims
and
countries.11
Access
commodity
to
the
and
markets
scarcity
agricultural
of
land,
transferable
tenure
Where
markets
(through sale or lease) can operate
access to markets, especially in

developing
investment
to allocate land efficiently.22 This is

Security
of
tenure
be
critical for skilled farmers seeking
formal
to expand and invest in more
can
to information enables farmers
guaranteed
through
to participate in value chains,
mechanisms,
such
state-
intensive production and for those
scale up production and increase
granted titles and state-backed
seeking to exit farming to be able
revenues.12 E-extension services
legal enforcement. It can also be
to invest the value of their land in
can address the information deficit
guaranteed through community-
other economic sectors.
farmers face in remote areas and
administered customary tenure,
empower them to engage more
where
in
as
EBA
land
customary rights as legitimate
the
rights
marketing. In 22 of the countries
and
firms
studied,
provide
frameworks must recognize all
transfer
agricultural e-extension services,
legitimate land rights (including
the
mainly for market prices and
informal and customary rights
procedures that give effect to
weather.
where applicable), enable their
these rights. Security of tenure23
recordation
agricultural
production
governments
and
Land
the
state
protects
protection.18
recognizes
them.17
and
Legal
indicators
of
to
measure
individuals
and
register,
use
and
agricultural
land
and
of
the
administration
ensure
their
and
transferability
Customary
land
are
important
for
of
rights24
increasing
tenure continues to play a large role
agricultural
Access to agricultural land and
in agricultural production in many
different market actors at different
the legal and regulatory regimes
countries and statutory recognition
levels of economic development.
underpinning
that
of customary land tenure regimes
The administrative mechanisms
fundamental
to
can
that
access
are
economic
help
protect
agricultural
development.13 Land is a key factor
producers from conflicting claims
of agricultural production, and for
to customary land and government
many rural families it is the most
expropriation.19 This is important
valuable asset they possess. But in
as population growth, increased
productivity
guide
them
must
for
be
transparent and easily navigable.25

Land tenure security. These

data
include
information
89
on the types of land tenure
Ethiopia, Mozambique,26 Myanmar,
property registry, and the first-time
granted by countries (private
Lao PDR and Tajikistan. Of the
registration process is no longer
or
the
remaining 3, Vietnam provides for
applicable.30
informal
use rights of up to 50 years (or 70
public
ownership),
formalization
rights
of
of
and
years for larger investments) and
Countries adopt different ways of
communities and the security
Tanzania27 and Zambia both allow
addressing first time registrations
that land registration provides.
use rights of up to 99 years. Thirty-
of land rights, but the processes
nine of 40 countries allow for land
can generally be classified as
Land sales and lease markets.
rights to be used as collateral for
either judicial or administrative,
Impediments to transferring
accessing credit.28 In Ethiopia,
depending
land
such
while holders of perpetual use
body
transfers (whether leases or
rights cannot mortgage them,
Chile has both a judicial and an
sales) reduce the likelihood
those holding leases to land use
administrative process depending
of
rights can use them as collateral.
on the value of the land. The cost of
data
In Zambia, too, leaseholders can
first-time registration also follows
address how land sale and
use their lease rights as collateral.
one of two general regimesa flat
and
individuals
registering
efficiency-enhancing
exchanges.
lease
These
markets
including
function,
does
on
which
the
type
of
formalization.
rate or a percentage of the lands
government
First-time registration of informally
value. Some countries have both.
land
sales
held land rights is important
While collecting taxes is important,
restrictions
on
such
as
price
controls,
to ensure land tenure security,
it can discourage the formalization
land
ownership
ceilings,
particularly in developing countries.
of informal rights if it exceeds the
minimum farm sizes and other
Thirty-one
actual cost of land registration.
restrictions on the ability of
individuals to register agricultural
individuals and companies to
land rights for the first time based
Land sales and lease markets.
buy, sell or lease land.
solely on open, exclusive and
Private ownership of land is not
notorious possession of the land.29
a requirement for land markets
Land tenure security. Of the 40
Six countries in the study allow
to operate efficiently. In 39 of 40
countries surveyed, 32 recognize
for registration of land use rights
countries those who hold rights
private ownership of land. In the
after possession for a statutorily
to agricultural land can lease
remaining 8 countries all land
stated period, even though they do
those rights to other agricultural
is owned by the state, but the
not recognize private ownership.
producers. For the 8 countries
government allows for long-term
Of the 40 countries surveyed, 24
without private land ownership, 3
leases or land use rights. The
allow for the first-time registration
(Myanmar, Lao PDR and Tajikistan)
difference between the two is
of customary rights including 13 of
allow buying and selling perpetual
blurred by because not all leases
14 Sub-Saharan African countries.
use rights. In Tanzania, Vietnam
are based on market rates and
Three countries (Denmark, the
and Zambia no perpetual rights
land use rights often come with an
Kyrgyz Republic and Rwanda)
existonly long-term use rights or
annual fee. Five of these 8 allow for
have registered all privately held
leases, which can be subleased. In
perpetual land rights of some form:
land
Ethiopia perpetual use rights exist
plots
countries
at
the
allow
immovable
but cannot be sold, though they
to meeting the increasing global
can be leased for up to 15 years if
demand for food.32
90
Permits
for
water
use.
Effective water use permit

systems provide secure rights
the lessee engages in mechanized

Access to irrigation water can
to water users and allow
be constrained by its depletion
resource managers to ensure
dispossession of land whether
and
or
sufficient water supply for
sale, lease or mortgage. Although
inappropriate regulation can also
future crop cycles. These data
private
lead to the mismanagement of
measure the legal security of
allowed in Ukraine, there has
water
hamper
water use permit systems by
been a moratorium on sales of
access to irrigation water for
examining public notification
agricultural land since 2004.
both small and large agricultural
requirements, permit duration
producers.33 For example, if legal
and
Governments often restrict the
rights surrounding the use of
curtailment
sale and lease of land. Nineteen
water are insecure, agribusinesses
scope of application of the
countries impose at least one
could reduce or forgo investments
permit system that exempts
restriction on the sale of land
because of concerns that water
small-scale
(minimum size of subdivision,
supplies will be unreliable or
the systems efficiency and
maximum number of hectares,
insufficient to meet production
sustainability by examining
setting minimum or maximum
targets. Similarly, the absence
pricing water as a resource.
prices) and 7 countries impose at
of
least two of them. And 17 countries
mechanismssuch
restrict
user
agriculture.
the
In
constitution
property
Mozambique
prohibits
ownership
registration
to
any
is
leases
pollution.
Insufficient
resources
and
decentralized
associations
compensation
of
for
rights,
the
agriculture
and
governance
as
water
(WUAs)
to
Decentralized
irrigation
management.
Decentralized
spanning a minimum number of
manage irrigation infrastructure
mechanisms
years.
may prevent some farmers from
governance
securing equitable access to water
resources and infrastructure,
and limit their ability to voice
such as WUAs, can improve
grievances and resolve water-
system efficiencies and allow
related disputes.
farms to have a greater role
Water
Access
to
irrigation
water
is
in
directly connected to the success
the
for
the
of
decisions
water
affecting
of farmers and agribusinesses: a
EBA water indicators measure the
their access to water.34 These
sufficient and stable water supply
quality of laws and regulations
data measure the extent to
can lead to larger crop yields and
that affect the ability of both small
which the legal framework
more reliable production patterns.
and large commercial farms to
enables WUAs to manage
The highest crop yields from
get access to adequate quantities
irrigation
irrigation are more than twice
of water at the times and places
granting them the authority to
those from rain-fed agriculture, and
needed
production,
decide on water allocations,
the use of irrigation can increase
through
irrigation
set and collect fees and
crop
infrastructure and decentralized
monitor and enforce rules.
institutions.
They
yields
by
100400%.31
Irrigation systems are thus critical
for
crop
appropriate
infrastructure,
also
measure
by
WUA
91
membership restrictions and
information of interest to water
alike. Formal permit requirements
whether WUAs are included
users and reducing the potential
are not appropriate for all water
in broader decisions on basin
for disputes.
users in all contexts.38 Some
planning and water resource
countries exempt some categories

A long duration for water use
of small-scale water users from
permits can also enhance the
the obligation to obtain a permit,
For
security of water use rights. In EBA
based on specific thresholds or
commercial farms of all sizes the
countries the duration of water
defining
security of water rights affects
use permits varies from 2 years in
as the volume of water used,
farmers decisions for investing,
Burundi to 75 years in Spain. The
land area, intended water use,
producing
average duration is approximately
means of water extraction and
20 years for both surface water
recognized
water use permit system either
and groundwater. Across regions,
rights. Twelve EBA countries have
recognizes existing water use rights
OECD
countries
exemptions that can facilitate
or creates new water use rights.
had the longest average permit
water access for small commercial
Of the countries studied 35 have
duration, and Sub-Saharan Africa
farms using surface water (16 for
a permit system for both surface
the shortest. Farmers are more
groundwater).40
water and groundwater use.36 Only
likely to make bigger investments
Jordan and the Kyrgyz Republic
with long duration permits. But
In response to water scarcity
require the permit system only
governments need to balance that
concerns and increasing demand,
for groundwater, and 3 countries
incentive with the need to conserve
many countries impose fees on
have no formal permit system for
and protect water resources.37
the use of water resources. An
water use. Such legal gaps could
Fourteen
appropriate fee structure is often
send negative signals to investors
Ghana,
and commercial farms about a
Turkeyhave legislation that gives
efficiently
higher risk in securing enough
the granting agency discretion
conservation,41 though the specific
water for planned crop production
to determine the duration at the
systems vary significantly across
operations. Almost half the EBA
time of issuance. While this gives
countries.42
countries (19) have a statutory
the resource manager flexibility
countries
obligation for the authority issuing
to set permit durations based on
charge permit holders for surface
permits
announce
resource planning needs, it could
water used (29 for groundwater).43
new permit applications for both
reduce predictability and thus
surface water and groundwater
increase
use,
commercial farms.
management.
Permits
for
water
crops
commercial
to
and
use.
locating
operations.35
publicly
enhancing
transparency
high-income
countriesincluding
the
Philippines
investment
risks
and
for
characteristics,39
customary
considered
such
water
to
allocate
water
and
promote
water
Twenty-eight
allow
Decentralized
authorities
EBA
to
irrigation
management. In recent decades
for existing and potential water
many countries have taken steps
users on the allocation of water
requirement,
to decentralize the governance of
resources. The transparency of a
despite its benefits, can impose
water resources and infrastructure,
permit system contributes to the
a large burden on smallholder
implementing local participatory
security of water rights by sharing
farmers and granting agencies
management systems,44 mainly
formal
permit
92
should
exclude leaseholders and other
the supply of safe feed resources
be supported by a strong legal
land users that are not registered
can ensure production efficiency
framework.45 Five EBA countries
owners from membership.
and create an environment for
through
have
WUAs,
introduced
which
full
high-quality input throughout the
specific
legislation on WUAs. Another 26
Livestock
countries have specific provisions
livestock
production
process.52
Regulations that encourage the
for WUAs in their laws and
Livestock production accounts for
genetic improvement of livestock
regulations for sectors such as
up to 40% of global agriculture GDP,
breeds that are more efficient at
water, irrigation and agricultural
trending toward 5060%.47 Fueled
converting feed to body mass
development. The remaining 9
by a surge in global demand,
can
countries have no specific legal
livestock production is growing
reduce feed expenditures, cutting
recognition of WUAs, which are
faster than any other agricultural
production costs.53 In this respect,
subject to the general framework
production.48 Over the last 30 years
gene banks are important for
for associations or cooperatives.
population growth, urbanization
conserving
and rising incomes have steadily
for current and future breeding
Among the 31 countries that have
increased global consumption of
activities.54
specific provisions or full legislation
animal protein. For example, global
on WUAs, several features have
consumption of meat increased
EBA livestock indicators measure
to do with the establishment and
from 30 kg per capita in 1980 to
the supply, safety and quality of
internal organization of WUAs.46
40 kg per capita in 200549 and
animal production inputs. Data
In 16 countries the law explicitly
to 42.9 kg per capita in 2012.50
also focus on the existence and
permits WUAs to establish, monitor
The fastest growth in production
quality of such infrastructure as
and enforce their own rules in areas
and consumption has been in
databases, gene banks and testing
such as water use, fee payment
developing countries, particularly
laboratories.
and infrastructure maintenance.
in Asia.51

Also in 16 countries (a different
increase
productivity
genetic
and
material
Livestock genetic resources.
set) the law permits WUAs to
Such a steady increase in global
Regulating livestock genetic
directly
fees
livestock consumption, production
resources facilitates breeding
maintenance;
and trade offers substantial market
by encouraging farmers to
in 12 of them fees are freely set
opportunities for actors in the
select for specific traits while
by the WUA to cover expenses.
livestock value chains, including
ensuring
This legal autonomy and cost
input suppliers. This calls for
of local animal breeds. The
recovery ensure that WUAs have
direct support of policymakers
data describe the legislative
sufficient capacity and powers
in designing and implementing
framework
to improve and maintain the
regulations. Laws and regulations
improvement (such as genetic
infrastructure that brings water to
addressing the development and
evaluation),
commercial farms. Despite sharing
conservation of genetic resources,
new breeds and recognition
the previously mentioned good
the availability and quality of
of breeder organizations. Data
practices, Spain and Tanzania
veterinary medicinal products and
also cover functioning gene
for
collect
infrastructure
irrigation
the
conservation
for
breed
registration
of
93
banks for conserving livestock
evaluation
performance
different focus areas prescribed by
genetic material.
testing), new breed registration
international guidelines is limited.
(herd bookkeeping and pedigree
Of the 35 countries that regulate
Animal disease prevention and
certificate)
recognition
animal feed resources, only 15
veterinary inputs. Prevention
of
organizations
address all four areas included in
and control of animal diseases
(registration and accreditation). Of
the Codex Alimentarius Code of
and
and
breeding
of
quality
the 40 countries surveyed only 17
Practice for Good Animal Feeding,
livestock
medicinal
inputs
have a gene bank with functioning
while 33 address at least one of
are
to
sustainable
cryogenic storage capacity. Of the
the four areas. Burundi, Ghana, Lao
commercial livestock sector.
23 countries that do not have a
PDR, Rwanda and Uganda are the
The
gene bank, 18 are low-income or
five countries that do not regulate
lower-middle-income
animal feed resources.
availability
key
data
accessibility
collected
to
cover
national
countries.
livestock
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chile,
diseases and registration of
Greece, Jordan and the Russia are
veterinary medicinal products
the only high-income and upper-
and veterinary vaccines.
middle-income countries without a
Mitigating the negative effects
national gene bank.
of
databases
and
Safety
of
on
animal
feed
Environmental sustainability
agricultural
production
on
natural resources, such as soil,
resources. Safe livestock feed
Animal disease prevention and
water and plant resources, is
increases animal productivity
veterinary
inputs.
cost
one of the biggest challenges
and improves animal health,
associated
for
an
facing agriculture today. Not only
thus
production
application package for registration
are these resources required for
costs for livestock producers
and market authorization is low in
sustaining production, but their
and contributing to the safety
Nepal, at only $2, while in Greece
careful maintenance is essential
of food of animal origin. The
it is high, at $16,500.55 The time
for
data cover the regulation of
regulators take to review such
to
match
feed
including
applications and issue a decision
So
regulations
standards for the production,
also varies greatly. In the Kyrgyz
increased agricultural production
composition and safety of
Republic it takes only 3 days for
while adhering to environmental
feed. They also cover labeling
authorities to review a dossier and
good practices can enable farmers
requirements for animal feed
issue a decision, whereas in West
around the world to produce more
and the accreditation of feed
African Economic and Monetary
without depleting resources.
testing laboratories.
Union (UEMOA) countries it can
reducing
resources,
Livestock genetic resources. Only
The
submitting
global
food
production
population
that
growth.
facilitate
take up to 400 days and in Tanzania
As a result of the Green Revolution,
548 days.
plant
genetic
declined
23 countries regulate breeding
among
diversity
has
domesticated
activities, and fewer than half have
Safety of animal feed resources.
species since 1960, particularly the
a comprehensive breeding law that
While most EBA countries regulate
intraspecies diversity in farmers
covers breed improvement (genetic
feed
fields and farming systems. The
resources,
coverage
of
94
main cause of this genetic erosion
resources.
is the increased use of improved
measure the regulations and
seed varieties instead of more
institutions
genetically diverse local varieties.56
plant genetic resources. Ex situ
management.
But the development of improved
conservation conserves plant
measure
seed varieties relies on the use of
genetic resources outside their
resources
genes found in local varieties and
natural habitats, while in situ
in
wild relatives of domesticated
conservation59 is mainly used
the
watershed
crops. Without the genes from
for wild species, including
for
transboundary
these crop wild relatives (CWRs),
CWRs in wild habitats.60
management, through bilateral
These
for
lands and water sources.
data
conserving
water
resource
These
data
whether
an
are
water
managed
integrated
way
level
at
or,
water
or multilateral structures.
many useful traits would not

exist in todays improved seed
Integrated
Sustainable
use
of
plant
genetic resources. These data
varieties.57
Monitoring water resources.
measure the regulations that
These
Water is another natural resource
either promote or inhibit the
quantity and quality of water
crucial to sustainable agricultural
increased use of genetically
monitoring for both surface
production but under increasing
diverse plants, the possibility
and groundwater. Specifically,
pressure
of commercializing seeds of
the data report on water
and
landraces,61 and the rights
resource inventories and water
By
granted to farmers over farm-
quality standards.
from
agricultural
the
intensified
production
associated
pollution.58
between
expected
the
Some interesting results were
water
withdrawals and existing supplies,
measure
saved seeds.
2030 there will be a deficit of

40%
data
Access
to
plant
genetic
collected this year in 29 EBA
and this will reach 50% for a third
resources.
data
countries62 to set the foundation
of the worlds population, mostly
measure the rules of access
for further indicator developments
in developing countries. Adopting
applicable to germplasm held
next year.
policies
publicly by gene banks or by
and
legislation
that
These
Conservation
communities.
address growing water scarcity
developing countries.
EBA
environment
indicators
plant
genetic
resources. All 29 countries have a
is essential for agriculture, which

takes 85% of water withdrawals in
of
Regulation
of
agricultural
national plan for the conservation
activities. These data measure
and sustainable use of biological
whether
good
agricultural
diversity, including plant genetic
are
promoted
diversity.63 Among them, only 13
practices
measure laws and regulations that
through
and
have established a national plant
safeguard the long-term availability
regulations
promoting
inventory specifically documenting
and use of natural resources for
cover crops, siting livestock
landraces or crop wild relatives
agricultural production.
operations relative to water
of cultivated plants. For ex situ
sources and creating buffer
conservation, all countries studied
zones
report having functioning gene
Conservation of plant genetic
such
as
between
laws
agricultural
95
banks or collection systems. But
saved, used, exchanged and sold.
between
any
livestock
facility
and nearby surface water bodies.
while all EBA countries in East

Asia and the Pacific, Europe and
Access to plant genetic resources.
Sixteen address the establishment
Central Asia and Latin America
Breeders and farmers often rely
of
and the Caribbean regions have
on genetic material found in
agricultural
gene banks set by law, only one-
other countries to develop new
nutrient run-off into surface water
third of the Sub-Saharan countries
varieties, so genetic resources
bodies. And 15 regulate laws or
and none of the South Asian and
must be shared to sustain food
policies addressing cultivation and
Middle Eastern and North African
production and overcome diseases
irrigation on steeply sloping soils.
countries do.
and climate change. Globally 18
Europe and Central Asia is the only
countries have a law that regulates
region where more than half of the
Sustainable use of plant genetic
access to plant genetic resources.
surveyed countries have policies
resources. Informal seed systems
In Latin America and the Caribbean
or laws addressing the use of
must be retained alongside formal
access is subject to the issuance
cover crops.66
seed systems, given the significant
of a permit. In 7 EBA countries
contribution
seed
the conditions applicable to the
Integrated
systems to genetic diversity and
issuance of those permits differ
management. Eighteen surveyed
the ability of both to complement
for national and foreign applicants.
countries have laws establishing
each
The International Treaty on Plant
watershed commissions, which
focus
Genetic Resources for Food and
enable
predominantly on formal seed
Agriculture requires its members to
of the upper and lower parts
systems and most are silent on the
facilitate access to crops identified
of a watershed.67 All mainland
production and commercialization
as the most relevant to human
countries
of landraces. One exception is
consumption.65 Twenty-two EBA
transboundary water resources,
the European Directive 2008/62
countries are signatories, but only
and all are signatories to regional
(for
crops
Jordan, Kenya, Morocco, Poland,
or bilateral agreements for their
threatened by genetic erosion
Spain, Tanzania and Zambia have
management and use. While most
and adapted to regional and
satisfied this specific requirement.
of the transboundary agreements
have
local
of
other.64
seed
the
informal
All
laws
that
protection
conditions),
countries
of
implemented
buffer
zones
land
adjacent
to
prevent
water
integrated
to
resource
management
surveyed
have
establish authorities to address
by Denmark, Greece and Spain,
Regulation
agricultural
cost and benefit sharing,68 Chile,
which
establishes
activities. Regulation or policy
Denmark and Turkey do not have
specific procedures to market
guidance on good agricultural
a separate management authority
landraces. Twenty-one countries
practices can transform production
for such waters.
have laws that allow farmers to
methods and contribute to a more
save and use harvested seeds of
environmentally
an improved variety. Uganda also
agriculture
allows the exchange of those
Among EBA countries 10 have
groundwater availability can avoid
seeds among farmers. And four
laws or policies providing for a
overexploitation and be used to
countries allow those seeds to be
minimum distance of separation
develop early warning systems for
formally
of
in
the
sustainable
Monitoring
water
long
Monitoring
surface
term.
resources.
water
and
96
shortfalls and to design mitigation
agropreneurs.70 They have less
laws
measures. Nineteen EBA countries
decision-making
over
from men, and in 100 countries
have laws that require monitoring
basic assets, inputs and services,
women face gender-based job
both the quality and quantity of
including land, livestock, labor,
restrictions.74 In Russia a woman
surface water and groundwater
technology, education, extension
cannot drive a truck carrying
by a national authority. Most EBA
and financial services. Due to their
agricultural producea constraint
countries (26 of 29) have national
remote location and lack of formal
relevant to EBA since one of the
inventories for surface water and
education, they have less direct
indicators looks at market access
21 for groundwater. In total, 14
access to markets.
and operations for trucking service
power
countries (Bangladesh, Colombia,

Denmark,
women
differently
companies. Some countries restrict
Greece,
If women had the same access to
womens ability to be considered
Mozambique,
productive resources as men, they
a head of household, which can
the Philippines, Poland, Russia,
could increase yields on their farms
prevent them from getting financial
Uganda, Vietnam and Zambia)
by 2030%. That could raise total
assistance
share all four good practices
agricultural output in developing
of decision-making bodies, like
laws requiring both surface water
countries and reduce the number
water user associations or farmer
and
monitoring
of hungry people in the world by
cooperative boards, two areas
and national inventories for both
1217%.71 Yet recent studies in
measured by EBA indicators. Not
surface water and groundwater.
Africa have shown that, even with
getting finance prevents women
Twenty-two EBA countries have
equal access to improved seed
from overcoming the initial costs
laws that establish an authority to
and fertilizer, yields of women
of entering certain value chains
develop water quality standards,
farmers are lower than those of
the costs can be in money or time.
and 25 countries legally set these
male farmers. So other factors
Not being part of decision-making
standards.
standards
beyond access can influence the
bodies means that policymakers
typically address the quality of
effectiveness of these resources
may not address womens specific
water for domestic use rather than
for
legal
issues and constraints. In some
for irrigation (the case in only 11 of
restrictions, lack of information,
countries laws restrict married
those countries).
social norms, market failures and
womens ability to travel outside
institutional constraints.72
the home, register a business or
Jordan,
Ethiopia,
treat
Kenya,
groundwater
But
the
women,
such
as
Gender
or
becoming
part
open a bank account.75

Reforming
laws
that
directly
Women make up 43% of the global
affect womens capacity to own
Beyond direct legal discrimination
agricultural workforce, with large
and manage property, conduct
some rules and regulations can
regional and national variations.69
business, open accounts in own
hurt women more because they
Yet due to constraints that prevent
names and otherwise use public
typically have less access to
them from fully participating in
institutions and services increases
information, greater restrictions
agricultural value chains, they
womens economic empowerment
of time and capital and more
continue
and participation in agricultural
constraints
value chains.73 In 155 countries
access.76 High costs of market
as
to
farmers,
be
unrecognized
producers
and
to
institutional
97
entry and burdensome regulations
How can EBA indicators be used to
to operate limit the products and
regulate agribusiness inclusively?
services offered by agricultural

resource and service providers
EBA indicators address constraints
leading to higher prices, again
women
in
hurting women more because they
8.1).
Governments
have less capital and fewer assets.
implement laws and regulations
A lack of input dealers and financial
to directly or indirectly enhance
services in remote locations can
female participation in economic
be a constraint for many women
activitiesimproving
producers who want to engage
development and social welfare.77
agribusiness
(table
could
economic
in business activities but cannot

afford to travel to major cities.
TABLE 8.1 EBA topic areas focus on constraints relevant to womens participation in agribusiness
EBA TOPIC
SPECIFIC CONSTRAINT FOR WOMEN
LAND
Fewer than 20% of landholders worldwide are women. They often face legal constraints in owning and
inheriting land, which often disadvantage them when claiming land after a divorce or the death of a
husband or father. In 35 countries the law treats female surviving spouses differently from male spouses.78
119 Beyond the direct legal discrimination, burdensome and opaque land administration procedures
increase the cost and time to register transfers of ownership for both men and womenthough this can
be more prohibitive for women, who generally have less time and capital. In Ethiopia, Ghana and Rwanda
womens lack of land tenure security could be one reason for the lower productivity of their agricultural
plots.79 120 EBA land indicators aim to improve regulations on tenure security and ease restrictions on land
right transfers.
WATER
Womens limited access to water for agriculture is linked to their limited access to land and inheritance
rights. As a result of insecure land rights, women can be marginalized in water user associations and
farmers organizations, which often formalize farmer access to water. In many instances restrictions
for association membership are based on land ownership, and membership is limited to the head of the
household only.80 Such bylaws exclude women since many women do not own land and men are the heads
of households. Women can also be barred from decision-making positions within such organizations,
based on the same discriminatory restrictions. But it is important for women to be on the boards of user
associations and farmers organizations since they can inform gender-sensitive water management
practices.81 EBA water indicators address the legal frameworks that enable water user associations to make
decisions affecting all users of water and irrigation in the country.
EBA TOPIC
SEED,
Many countries struggle with low use of agricultural inputs, reducing farmers productivity and livelihoods.
FERTILIZER AND
But women face unequal access to inputs due to several factors, including a lack of credit, property
MACHINERY
ownership and appropriate extension services. In other words, gender differences in access to land and
credit cause gender differences in access to inputs. Female-headed households are less likely to use
fertilizer than male-headed households, with differences ranging from 25 percentage points to 3 percentage
points. The same goes for machinery use between men and women, from 20 percentage points to less
than 1 percentage point across countries.82 In addition to using fewer inputs, women tend to use lower
quality inputs, either due to capital constraints or a lack of information. And women tend to use inputs
incorrectly more often than men do. This is partly due to the fact that extension services are tailored to
men, and women often receive second-hand information or lack access to extension service providers due
to cultural norms.83 Insecure land rights and credit constraints mean that women seldom own the land they
farm and generally have smaller plots than men. So they have fewer incentives to use agricultural inputs
and technology.84 EBA indicators of inputs measure the market constraints for seed, fertilizer and tractors.
Regulations that ease the burden on importers and dealers of these inputs can make them more readily
available and affordable in remote regions, and thus more accessible to women farmers. Improving the
quality control of fertilizer, seeds and machinery is also key to ensuring that increased input use boosts
womens productivity.
LIVESTOCK
It can be easier for women to acquire livestock than land, especially poultry and smaller ruminants.85
Rural women account for two-thirds of livestock keepers.86 But empirical evidence, national statistics and
data on the role of women in livestock value chains are scarce, making it difficult to draw conclusions on
the specific constraints women face in the livestock sector. Women have fewer rights of ownership over
livestock and its means of production in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East and North Africa regions.
They have more control over animals in Latin America and the Caribbean and East Asia and the Pacific.87
Other gender-specific concerns for women in livestock production or service provision include cultural
norms, unequal control over production and access to information on disease prevention.88
EBA livestock indicators measure factors affecting the supply, safety and quality of animal production
inputs. They also focus on the existence and quality of specific infrastructure such as gene banks, testing
laboratories and databases. The legal framework surrounding animal genetic resources and food security
can benefit women livestock keepers.
FINANCE
The share of female farmers who have access to credit is, on average, 5 to 10 percentage points lower
than for male farmers. Women face discriminatory legal provisions or bank practices dictated by cultural
norms, which require women to seek the approval of a male guardian before their loan application can be
processed. And when credit requires collateral, women are disadvantaged relative to men because they
have less land to secure a loan.89 In addition, delivery channels of financial services may inadequately serve
women, especially in rural areas.90 EBA finance indicators measure laws and regulations for microfinance
institutions, credit unions and branchless banking such as agent banking and electronic money. The
indicators account for alternative sources for movable collateral, such as warehouse receipts. All five can
help improve financial inclusion and the access women have to financial resources.
98
99
EBA TOPIC
TRANSPORT
Transport services and the quality of roads enable those in rural areas to reach markets, purchase inputs
and sell goods. The cost of transport and lack of affordable options can be a particular constraint for
women. In addition to their lack of capital to procure these services, the lack of service providers can
also increase the time they have to spend working outside the home.91 EBA transport indicators look at
constraints on the market access and operation of trucking companies, including servicing demand using
foreign-owned trucks. Removing or reducing these constraints could benefit women by reducing costs of
transport and increasing the availability of transport services in a country.
MARKETS
The participation of female producers in agricultural value chains depends on many factors.92 Owning
sufficiently large parcels of land, which women lack, is often a prerequisite to enter contract farming
arrangements with buyers. Women make up a minority of participants in contracted production as diverse
as barley and sugar in South Africa, tea and horticulture in Kenya, rice, sorghum and sunflower in Uganda
and French beans in Senegal.93 With limited access to credit, female producers can also be constrained
in their capacity to invest in better inputs and equipment, which in turn affects their ability to upgrade
processes and product to meet buyers requirements for quantity and quality.94 The benefits of social
capital, such participation in farmers cooperatives or professional associations range from facilitating
access to inputs and equipment to sharing market information and to strengthening links with buyers.95
Women are less likely to participate in farmer-based organizations and female leadership is even rarer.96
Social norms, time constraints and high membership fees may limit womens willingness and capacity to
participate.
Reducing the transaction costs of obtaining the documents required for export, such as phytosanitary
and quality certificates, can help resource-constrained producers, especially female farmers. Lowering the
fees to join professional organizations such as commodity boards or acquire mandatory licenses can also
facilitate female producers access to social capital and marketing opportunities. And enabling regulations
for cooperative creation and growth can help women leverage collective action in agricultural production
and marketing.
ICT
The positive impact of ICTs on farmers access to production and marketing information and services
potential and realis well documented.97 It also raises hope for addressing the information needs of
women farmers for new farming practices, crop management, market prices and marketing opportunities.98
But women are less likely than men to own a mobile phone, for example.99 They have less access to ICTs
because of illiteracy, cultural attitudes against womens access to technology and a reluctance to patronize
cyber cafs, often owned and visited by men.100 Rural women may also lack access to ICT infrastructure,
such as mobile phone networks, outside the main urban centers. EBA ICT indicators investigate licensing
regimes and regulations for service provider operations that affect the availability of ICT services in the
countryand government strategies and initiatives to increase access and use of ICT services in rural
areas. Indicators of e-extension services can help in analyzing the ICT-supported provision of agriculturerelevant information, such as weather forecasts and market prices, for the benefit of both women and men.
Interesting insights can emerge
100
is
Notes
required
to
obtain
separate individual license in
by analyzing EBA data with other

gender specific datasets. EBA data
1. For information about areas
order to offer a specific service
supports the finding that there is
covered by the ICT and land
using specific technologies.
a positive relationship between
indicators
Exact
regulations that allow bank agents
year of the EBA project please
across
and mobile money and increased
visit the website: http://eba.
also
account ownership among men
worldbank.org.
InfoDev
and women in rural areas (figure

8.1).101
Easing
market
2. Ogutu,
during
Okello
the
and
first
countries.
with
vary
Compare
terminology
and
in
International
Telecommunication
Otieno
Union
2015a.
2014.
entry
definitions
Broadband
5. General authorization regimes
microfinance institutions and credit
Commission study of 165
provide greater flexibility than
unions could help provide financial
countries between 2001 and
individual licenses. They are
services to women without access
2012 showed that countries
technology and service neutral
due to bank lending policies. And
with
stronger
competition
and providers meeting certain
expanding womens ability to use
had
average
broadband
different types of movable goods
penetration
as collateral, including warehouse
for
receipts,
and up to 26.5% higher for
and operation requirements for
could
increase
3. The
their
UN
fixed
mobile
chances to secure a loan.
(Broadband
broadband
range of telecommunication
than
services.
6. InfoDev
and
International
Telecommunication
markets
Union
2015.
Commission
7. World Bank 2011.
2013).
4. Under an individual licensing
8. Mobile
regime every service provider
operators
contribute
typically
percentage
FIGURE 8.1 More people have bank accounts in countries that allow branchless banking
Account at a financial institutions, female (% age 15+)

Account at a financial institutions, male (% age 15+)
63.5
53.9
22.7
29.4
36.8
23.6
25.0
Agent banking and e -money Agent banking allowed, e not allowed

money not allowed
Source: EBA database; Global Findex Database 2014.
are
permitted to offer a wide
broadband
noncompetitive
requirements
higher
1.4%
line
minimum
26.8
E-money allowed, agent

banking not allowed
Agent banking and e -money

allowed
101
of their gross revenue to a
99 years. It should also be
defined as nongovernmental
universal access fund.
noted that a separate land
organizations
governance regime exists in
and other water users form to
Zanzibar.
manage an irrigation system
9. InfoDev
and
International
Telecommunication
Union
2015;
International
Telecommunication
Union
28. Land holders in Mozambique

are prohibited by Article 109
of
(ITU) 2013.
the
Constitution
at the local or regional level

(Vapnek and others 2009).
35. Ausness 1983.
36. Many
of
these
countries
mortgaging
11. Ogutu, Okello and Otieno 2014.
they
12. Qiang and others 2011.
improvements to the land.
50 years to create formal
29. When used in this context,
permit systems (Van Koppen
13. Cotula, Quan and Toulmin
though
farmers
10. Ladcomm Corporation 2013.
can
land,
from
that
mortgage
any
notorious is a legal term
2006.
undertook reforms in the past
and others 2014).
and
of art. It means that it is well
37. Ausness 1983.
Resource Management Office
known that the person is
38. Van Koppen and others 2014.
2013.
in possession of the land.
39. Van Koppen and others 2014.
In the context of adverse
40. The case study used for
possession in most legal
purposes of data collection
systems the possession must
involved a mixed subsistence
fulfill five elements: 1. Open
and commercial farm on a 2
(not
Exclusive
hectare plot, with more than 30
also
years of similar use of water.
14. USAID
Land
15. Coudouel
Tenure
and
Paternostro
2006.
16. Besley 1995.
17. Coudouel
and
Paternostro
2006.
18. Committee on World Food
hidden)
(others
are
2.
not
in
possession) 3. Notorious (well-
41. ICWE 1992.
19. Knight 2010.
known) 4. Adverse (contrary to
42. Briscoe
20. Idem.
the legal interests of a third
and others 2002; Rogers and
21. Feder and Tongroj 1987.
party) 5. For a statutorily
others 1998.
22. Deininger 2003.
stated duration of time. Here,
23. Idem.
because the land does not
24. Lerman, Csaki and Feder 2002.
belong to a third party the 4th
25. Crabtree-Condor and Casey
element is dropped.
2007; Groenfeldt 2000; Salman
30. Doing Business database.
1997; Vapnek and others 2009.
Security 2012.
2012.
26. DUATs
obtained
occupancy
are
through
perpetual,
32. FAO
2002;
while DUATs obtained by grant
Schoengold
are limited to 50 years.
2007.
27. In Tanzania customary rights

of occupancy can be perpetual,
and
44. Garces-Restrepo and others
and
Hodgson 2009.
Zilberman
46. Hodgson 2009.
others
2009;
47. Steinfeld and others 2006.

48. IAASTD 2009.
33. Vapnek and others 2009.

34. Alternatively
collected this year.
1996;
FAO
Johansson
43. Data on water fees were not
45. Vapnek
31. FAO 1996; FAO 2002.
1996;
known
as
49. FAO 2009a.
though they are customarily
irrigation associations, user
50. FAO 2015.
administered. Granted rights
associations, or water user
51. Thornton 2010.
of occupancy are limited to
organizations, WUAs may be
52. FAO 2010a.
53. Lamb and others 2013.
improvement
54. FAO 2012a.
others 2013.).
55. The World Organization for
(Maxted
and
102
their use. To ensure easy

access to those crops that
62. The EBA country sample for
are most relevant to human
Animal Health (OIE) requires
environmental
sustainability
consumption, it created the
that
provide
includes
following
29
Multilateral System (MLS) of
animal
countries: East Asia and the
Access and Benefit Sharing
diseases, but this is only for
PacificCambodia, Lao PDR,
for seeds. Appendix 1 of the
notifiable diseases.
the
ITPGRFA identifies the priority
countries
information
on
the
Philippines,
Vietnam;
Asia
crops that are important for
Poland,
food security and on which
others
Russia, Spain, Turkey; Latin
countries are interdependent
from the over-application of
America and the Caribbean
(FAO 2009b).
chemical or organic fertilizers.
Bolivia,
56. FAO 1997.
Europe
57. Louwaars and de Boef 2012.
Denmark,
58. Resulting
among
of
the
traditional
Greece,
Chile,
Colombia;
66. FAO 2010b.

67. FAO 2007.
also
Jordan, Morocco; South Asia
68. UN-Water 2008.
conservation
Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka;
69. FAOSTAT database.
and
Sub-Saharan
70. World Bank 2011a.
conservation
includes
Central
Middle East and North Africa
59. FAO 2009b.

60. In-situ
and
locally
AfricaBurkina
adapted varieties of crops on
Faso, Burundi, Cte dIvoire,
71. FAO 2011.
farm (referred to as on-farm
Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali,
72. World Bank and ONE 2015.
conservation).
Mozambique, Niger, Tanzania,
73. FAO 2011; Quisumbing and
61. Landraces
relatives
and
crop
are
genetically
wild
generally
diverse
and
others 2014; World Bank 2007.
Uganda, Zambia.
63. All 29 countries are parties to
the Convention on Biological
plant
resources
adopted a National Biodiversity
agriculture.
Strategy Plan (NBSAP). The
2010.
Landraces are domesticated
CBD reports that most CBD
77. World
plants that have developed
member countries (94%) have
2012; World Bank 2011; World
unique characteristics through
adopted such plans; https://
Bank and ONE 2014.
repeated
www.cbd.int/nbsap/.
food
and
in
situ
grower
selection and thus are often

closely
associated
with
specific geographical location

and
traditional
farming
have
Diversity
for
and
wbl.worldbank.org.
therefore are important for

genetic
(CBD)
74. For the latest data, see: http://
64. Louwaars, de Boef and Edeme
Development
Report
78. Women, Business and the Law

database.
2013.
65. The International Treaty on
Plant
76. Simavi, Maul and Blackden
Genetic
Food
and
80. FAO 2002.
Resources
81. Ibid.
Agriculture
systems. Crop wild relatives
for
are undomesticated species
facilitates the exchange and
that are closely related to
conservation of plant genetic
crops and whose traits are
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ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 APPENDIX 1
107
APPENDIX 1.
METHODOLOGY
Enabling the Business of Agriculture measures regulations that can improve market access for producers,
providing data and analysis that allow policymakers to compare their countrys policies, regulations and
market conditions with those of others. Data covers 40 countries in the following 11 areas: seed, fertilizer,
machinery, finance, markets, transport, land, information and communication technology (ICT), water, livestock
and environmental sustainability. Six of the topics were chosen for scoring and are presented below. The other
5 will go through further refinement and be scored next year.
The data for all sets of indicators presented are current as of March 31, 2015.
The report team welcomes feedback
on the methodology. All the data
and sources are publicly available
Country assumptions and characteristics
at http://eba.worldbank.org.
Region and income group
Legal indicators
Enabling the Business of Agriculture uses the World Bank re-
Legal indicators emerge from a

reading of the laws and regulations.
In this case, the team identified
good regulatory practices for each
topic area. The individual questions
are
assigned
numerical
scores
ranging from 0 to 1 (see topic

notes below for details). For each
indicator developed, the scores of
individual questions are averaged
and multiplied by 100, resulting
in a final score ranging from 0 to
100. The scores of the different
indicators within one topic are also
averaged into a topic score (0100).
gional and income group classifications, available at http://

data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups.
While the World Bank does not assign regional classifications to high-income countries, regional averages presented
in figures and tables in the report include countries from
all income groups. For the report, high-income OECD countries are assigned the regional classification as OECD high
income.
Gross national Income (GNI) per capita
Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2016 uses 2014 income
per capita as published in the World Banks World Development Indicators 2015. Income is calculated using the Atlas
method (current U.S. dollars). For cost indicators expressed
as percentage of income per capita, 2014 gross national
income (GNI) in U.S. dollars us used as the denominator.
108
Most of the EBA topics constitute an individual per se market; the key actors in those markets are governed by a
set of rules that facilitate or hinder their business activities as they affect their market entry and operations both
locally and internationally. At the same time, those key actors need to respect the necessary safety standards
and quality control in a sector as sensitive as agriculture established by the relevant laws and regulations.
Topics cover the following cross-cutting categories.

Operations measures the requirements for local companies to enter the market (such as the registration of
seeds and fertilizer products, licensing of trucking companies or requirements to start a MFI) and develop
their respective agribusiness activities (such as the rules governing operations of producers and farmers
organizations, activities allowed for agent banking or freight allocation for transportation of agricultural
products);
Quality control focuses on regulations governing plant protection, safety standards for users of machinery
or quality control for seeds and fertilizer products.
Trade looks into the trade restrictions for exporting agricultural products, as well as importing fertilizer and
tractors (given the lack of production in many countries) and cross-border transport rights;
Similar to the topic scores, each country has also a score for each cross-cutting category, averaging their
scores in the specific indicators belonging to that category (table A1.1).
TABLE A1.1 Legal indicators per topic and cross-cutting category
OPERATIONS
SEED
QUALITY CONTROL
TRADE

Seed development and
certification (0100)
SEED SCORE
(0100)
FERTILIZER
Fertilizer registration (0100)

(0100)
Fertilizer Import requirements

(0100)
FERTILIZER
SCORE (0100)
MACHINERY

(0100)
Tractor standards and safety

(0100)

(0100
MACHINERY
SCORE (0100)
FINANCE
Microfinance institutions
(0100)
E-money (0100)
MARKETS

(0100)
TRANSPORT
FINANCE SCORE
(0100)
Cross-border transportation
(0100)

OPERATIONS SCORE
(0100)
MARKETS
SCORE (0100)
QUALITY CONTROL SCORE

(0100)
TRADE SCORE (0100)
TRANSPORT
SCORE (0100)
109
Time and motion indicators

Time and motion data refer to the efficiency of the regulatory systemfor example, the number of procedures
and the time and cost to complete a process such as certifying seed for sale in the domestic market. Data of
this type are built on legal requirements and cost measures are backed by official fee schedules when available.
Time estimates often involve an element of judgment by respondents who routinely administer the relevant
regulations or undertake the relevant transactions. To construct the time estimates for a particular regulatory
process, such as completing the requirements to import fertilizer, the process is broken down into clearly
defined steps and procedures. The time to complete these steps is verified with expert respondentsthrough
conference calls, written correspondence and visits by the teamuntil there is convergence on a final answer.
The specific rules followed by each topic on defining procedures, time and cost estimates is described in the
following pages. Time and motion indicators are presented and analyzed in the report, but are not assigned a
particular score (table A1.2). The reason is that some processes follow good practices, such as the tests for
evaluating and registering new seed varieties and the technical review by a variety release committee, while
others may be redundant, such as an additional formal approval by a minister after the technical review. The
individual good practices have been singled out and scored under the legal indicators. Since the time for taking
the tests depends not only on regulations but also on the countrys cropping seasons, it would be unfair to
penalize countries for their specific geographical conditions. The methodology on time and motion indicators
will be further developed next year.
The following assumptions and definitions were used to make the data comparable across countries.
TABLE A1.2 Time and motion indicators per topic and cross-cutting category
SEED
OPERATIONS
QUALITY CONTROL
TRADE
Seed registration:
Fertilizer import requirements:
procedures, time and cost

FERTILIZER
Fertilizer registration: procedures, time and

cost
cost of import permit and importer

registration for importers of fertilizer
MACHINERY
Tractor import requirements:

cost of import permit and importer
registration for importers of tractors
FINANCE
MARKETS
Agricultural exports: documents, time and

cost (per shipment)
TRANSPORT
Truck licenses:
time, cost and validity of company
licenses, truck permits and vehicle
inspections
APPENDIX 2.
TOPIC DATA NOTES
Seed
EBA seed indicators seek to identify the obstacles affecting the timely introduction and production of highquality seed from formal sources, by examining availability of initial seed classes, requirements for the
evaluation and registration of new varieties and seed quality control requirements.
Two sets of indicators have been developed:

Seed registration.
Seed development and certification.
Seed indicators have four main types of respondents: (i) seed producers and companies, (ii) seed associations,
(iii) relevant government authorities (such as a ministry of agriculture seed authority) and (iv) academia. In
addition, local and international technical experts from donor-funded seed programs and nongovernmental
organizations were also consulted. Data were collected through interviews conducted during country visits
directly with respondents as well as by email and teleconference calls from Washington, DC.
Responses from respondents were crosschecked by reading the applicable laws and regulations to the extent
that these were available. Secondary research was also performed when necessary, such as the verification of
information via recently published literature and online searches. In addition to the initial consultations with seed
experts, the team received technical contributions on the methodology, data selection and the interpretation of
the regulations from Joseph Cortes and Adelaida Harries. Lloyd Le Page also provided technical expertise on
the indicator methodology.
To make the data comparable across countries, several assumptions about the evaluation and registration
process are made.
Assumptions for evaluation and registration of new maize varieties
The variety:

Is a maize variety that has been developed by the private sector.
Is being registered for the first time in the entire country.
110
111
Has not been registered in any other country.
In exceptional cases when maize varieties are not being developed by the private sector in the country, is
an imported maize variety, which may have been previously registered elsewhere.
Procedures
A procedure is defined as any interaction of the seed companys owner, manager, or employees with external
parties, including any relevant government agencies, lawyers, committees, public and private inspectors and
technical experts. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for the seed company to register a new
seed variety are counted. Procedures are consecutive but can be simultaneous, such as the tests that need to
be performed to evaluate the new variety.
Time
Time is recorded in calendar days and captures the median duration necessary to complete each procedure. It
is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day. Although procedures such as testing
may take place simultaneously, they cannot start on the same day (that is, simultaneous procedures start on
consecutive days). A registration process is considered completed once the new variety has been released and
commercial production can start. Any tests performed by the company prior to filling an application are not
counted. It is assumed that the companys owners, managers or employees have had no prior contact with any
of the officials.
In most countries, a new variety must pass standard tests in order to be released. Those tests are needed to
evaluate the varietys distinctiveness, uniformity and stability (DUS tests) and its value for cultivation and use
(VCU tests). The time required by law to perform these tests is often based on the number of cropping seasons
required to test different aspects fully. This presents a methodological challenge in how the time is accounted
and compared because countries can have one or two cropping seasons per calendar year depending on their
geography. In addition, a cropping season in a country with one season per calendar year tends to last longer
than one in a country with two seasons per year (estimated to 135 days in countries with one season and 182
days in countries with two seasons). So the time needed for the tests differs by climate.
The time for tests requiring a specified number of cropping seasons is measured in the following way:
Countries with two cropping seasons per calendar year (two testing seasons per year):

If one season is required by law to perform the tests, 135 days are counted for the testing procedure.1
If two seasons are required by law to perform the tests, 275 days are counted. This accounts for the 2
seasons of 135 days each and 5 days to account for the time needed to plow and prepare the land before
the next cropping season (135 + 5 + 135 days)
112
If three seasons are required by law to perform the test, 500 days are counted. This accounts for a full
calendar year including two seasons (365 days) and an additional testing season (135 days).
Countries with one cropping season per calendar year (one testing season per year):

If one season is required by law to perform the tests, 182 days are counted for the testing procedure.2
If two seasons are required by law by law to perform the tests, 547 days are counted. This accounts for the
full calendar year including one season (365 days) and an additional testing season (182 days).
If three seasons are required by law to perform the test, 912 days are counted. This accounts for two full
calendar years including one season (365 + 365 days) and an additional testing season (182 days).
Costs
Only official costs are recorded, including fees and taxes. In the absence of fee schedules, a government
officers estimate is taken as an official source. In the absence of a government officers estimate, estimates
by seed companies are used. If several seed companies provide different estimates, the median reported value
is applied. Professional fees (notaries, lawyers or accountants) are only included if the company is required to
use such services. All costs are indicated in U.S. dollars and as a percentage of the countrys income per capita.
TABLE A2.1 Scoring methodology for seed
Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
How it is scored?
Seed registration
(operations)
This indicator looks at the

legally mandated processes
and practices required to
introduce a locally developed
new maize variety into the
domestic market
1. The law establishes a variety

release committee (VRC) in
the country
A score of 1 if yes
113
Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
How it is scored?
2. The composition of the legally

mandated variety release
committee includes the
private sector
A score of 1 if private and public

sectors are equally represented (or if
majority of private sector members)
A score of 0.75 if private sector

representation between and

representation between and 1/8

representation between 1/8 and 0
A score of 0 if no private sector

representation or no variety release
committee
3. The variety release committee
(VRC) meets regularly in
practice
A score of 1 if the VRC meets on

demand, or at least twice a year in
a country with 2 crop seasons or at
least once a year in a country with 1
crop season
A score of 0 if the VRC meets once

a year in a country with 2 crop
seasons or less than once a year in a
country with 1 crop season, or if the
VRC does not exist or meet at all
4. A variety can be
commercialized immediately
after the recommendation of
the VRC
A score of 1 if yes.
This question has double weight (2/8)

with regard to the other questions of
this indicator (1/8)
5. The country has a variety
catalog listing new varieties
and if it is available online
A score of 1 if yes.
A score of 1/2 if a variety catalog

exists but it is not available online
6. The catalog specifies agroecological zones suitable
for plantation of each listed
variety
A score of 1 if yes
Indicator
(category)
Description
114
What is measured?
How it is scored?
7. The variety catalog is updated

frequently
A score of 1 if the catalog is updated

twice or more a year if the country
has 2 crop seasons, or if the catalog
is updated once a year if there is one
crop season
A score of 1/2 if the catalog is
updated once a year if the country
has 2 crop seasons.
A score of 0 if the catalog is updated
less than once a year irrespective of
the number of crop seasons
8. Total procedures to evaluate

and register a new variety
Not scored
9. Total time to evaluate and

register a new variety
10. Total cost to evaluate and

register a new variety
Seed
development
and certification
(operations)
This indicator measures the

legal requirements for the
production of initial seed
classes and the certification
of new varieties
1. The country currently

implements regulation
governing plant breeders
rights
2. Private enterprises are eligible

to produce breeder/pre-basic
seed of local public varieties
for use in the domestic market
3. Private enterprises are eligible
to produce foundation/basic
seed of local public varieties
for use in the domestic market
4. Private sector can access
germplasm from the national
gene bank
5. Materials for research and
development of new varieties
can be imported without
further government field
testing
6. There is an established
system for licensing public
varieties to private seed
enterprises for production and
sale in the domestic market
A score of 1 if yes
115
Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
How it is scored?
7. The regulations allow for a

private institution or seed
companies to be accredited
to carry out the certification
process
A score of 1 if yes. For countries that

do not allow this practice, this question
is not counted when aggregating the
indicator scores (bonus point)
8. There is an official fee

schedule established for seed
certification activities carried
out by the public sector
A score of 1 if yes
Specific terms
Basic/foundation seed has been produced under the responsibility of the maintainer according to the generally
accepted practices for the maintenance of the variety and is intended for the production of certified seed. Basic
or foundation seed must conform to the appropriate conditions in the regulations and the fulfillment of these
conditions must be confirmed by an official examination.
Breeder/pre-basic seed is directly controlled by the originating or sponsor plant breeding institution, firm or
individual, and is the source for the production of seed of certified classes.
Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) testing is a test performed to compare candidate varieties for
registration with varieties already listed in seed register on these qualities:

Distinctness (UPOV definition): A variety shall be deemed distinct if it is clearly distinguishable in at least
one character from any other variety whose existence is a matter of common knowledge at the time of
filing the application for registration.
Uniformity (UPOV definition): A variety shall be deemed to be uniform if, subject to the variation that
may be expected from the particular features of its propagation, it is sufficiently uniform in its relevant
characteristics.
Stability (UPOV definition): A variety shall be deemed stable if its relevant characteristics remain unchanged
after repeated propagation by the method that is normally used for the particular variety.
Seed certification (OECD definition) is the quality assurance process during which seed intended for domestic
or international markets is controlled and inspected by official sources to guarantee consistent high quality
for consumers. This process involves: (i) controlling the seed in previous generations, (ii) conducting field
inspections during the multiplication process to ensure there is little contamination and that the variety is true
to type, (iii) growing samples of the known seed in control plots to ensure that the progeny is conform to the
characteristics of the variety and (iv) testing the seed quality in laboratories.
UPOV is the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, an intergovernmental organization
based in Geneva, Switzerland. Its mission is to provide and promote an effective system of plant variety
protection, with the aim of encouraging the development of new varieties of plants for the benefit of society. To
be a member, the law of a country must conform to the standards of the 1991 Act of the UPOV Convention. The
country can also have an observer status after having officially expressed an interest in becoming a member
of UPOV and participating in the sessions of the Council. To date, 71 countries have a member status and 57
countries, an observer status.
Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) is a test performed to assess whether a variety has characteristics and
properties that affect improvement in cultivation or in the utilization of the harvest or its products in comparison
to the existing listed varieties.
Variety (UPOV definition) is a plant grouping within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank, which,
irrespective of whether the conditions for the grant of a breeders right are fully met, can be:

defined by the expression of the characteristics resulting from a given genotype or combination of
genotypes.
distinguished from any other plant grouping by the expression of at least one of the said characteristics.
considered as a unit with regard to its suitability for being propagated unchanged.
Variety catalog is a list of varieties that have been registered and released by a national authority and can be
produced and marketed in a country or region as certified seed.
Variety release committee is the committee that decides whether a new variety can be registered and introduced
on the domestic market.
Fertilizer
EBA fertilizer indicators measure laws and regulations on the registration, import and quality assurance of
fertilizer products. The indicators focus on areas that are important for companies who want to import and sell
fertilizer in a country.
Three sets of indicators have been developed:

Fertilizer registration.
Fertilizer quality control.
Fertilizer import requirements.
Fertilizer indicators have three main types of respondents: (i) fertilizer companies, (ii) relevant government
authorities (for example, the ministry of agriculture) and (iii) agricultural input dealer associations. The
questionnaire targets all three groups of respondents, whereby the time and motion component is typically
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answered by the private sector. Data were collected through interviews conducted during country visits directly
with respondents and also by email and teleconference calls from Washington, DC.
To make the data comparable across countries, several assumptions about the fertilizer company and the
fertilizer product are used, as detailed below:
Assumptions about the business and registered fertilizer
The business:

Is a fertilizer importer.
Imports fertilizer to sell in the country.
Has registered at least one new fertilizer product in the country.
The destination port for importation of fertilizers is the most used port in the country. If the country is landlocked,
it is assumed that the most used border posts are employed.
The fertilizer:

Is a new chemical fertilizer product that has not previously been registered in the country.
Procedures
A procedure is defined as any interaction of the companys owners, managers or employees with external
parties, for example, government agencies, lawyers, auditors, notaries and customs or border authorities. It
includes all procedures that are officially required for the business to legally perform its described activities,
such as registering and importing fertilizer. Interactions among owners, managers and employees are not
counted as procedures.
Time
Time is recorded in calendar days and captures the median duration of each procedure. The time span for each
procedure starts with the first filing of the application or demand and ends once the company has received
the final document, such as the fertilizer registration certificate. It is assumed that the companys owners,
managers or employees have had no prior contact with any of the officials.
Costs
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Only official costs required by law are recorded, including fees and taxes. If possible, the relevant fee schedule
or calculation formula should be indicated (for example, as a percentage of the companys capital). Professional
fees (notaries, lawyers or accountants) are only included if the company is required to use such services. All
costs are indicated in U.S. dollars and as a percentage of the countrys income per capita.
TABLE A2.2 Scoring methodology for fertilizer
Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
How it is scored?
Fertilizer
registration
(operations)
As many countries require fertilizer to

be registered before they can be sold
commercially, this indicator measures
required procedures for fertilizer
registration
1.
A score of 1 if yes
The private sector is required to

register fertilizer
1a. The registration is not limited

to a specific time period or reapplication is not needed
A score of 1 if yes
1b. If registration is limited to

a specific time period, the
following scores are assigned
A score of 0.75 if equal

to or greater than 10
years
A score of 0.5 if greater
than or equal to 5 years,
and less than 10 years
than or equal to 2 years
A score of 0 if less than
2 years
1c. The renovation of application is

automatic
A score of 1 if yes, or if the

renovation is not required
2.
There is an official fertilizer

catalogue listing all registered
fertilizer
A score of 1 if yes
3.
The catalogue is accessible

online
A score of 1 if yes
4.
Total number of procedures

legally required to register a new
fertilizer product
Not scored
5.
Total time to register a new

fertilizer product
Not scored
6.
Total cost to register a new

fertilizer product
Not scored
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Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
How it is scored?
Fertilizer quality
control (quality
control)
This indicator focuses on labeling

requirements, legislation on the
sale of mislabeled and open
fertilizer containers, and practices in
monitoring fertilizer quality
1.
A score of 1 if yes
The fertilizer law requires

labeling of fertilizer containers
(bags, bottles)
1a. The following scores are

assigned with regard to the label
content
A score of 1/3 is assigned

to each of the following
elements:
brand name
net weight or volume
content description
2.
Fertilizer import
requirements
(trade)
As fertilizer production is
concentrated in only a few countries,
requiring most others to rely on
imports, this indicator focuses on
the private sectors role and the
requirements for importing fertilizer
The fertilizer law prohibits the

sale of mislabeled fertilizer bags
A score of 1 if yes
2a. The fertilizer law establishes

a penalty for the sale of
mislabeled fertilizer
A score of 1 if yes
3.
A score of 1 if yes
The fertilizer law prohibits

the sale of opened fertilizer
containers/bags
3a. The fertilizer law establishes a

penalty for the sale of opened
fertilizer containers/bags
A score of 1 if yes
1.
A fertilizer product that has

previously been registered in
another country does not need
to be re-registered in the country
A score of 1 if yes
2.
The private sector is allowed to

A score of 1 if yes
import fertilizer in the country for
its own use
3.

import fertilizer in the country in
order to sell it
A score of 1 if yes
4.
Foreign firms are allowed to

import fertilizer in order to sell it
A score of 1 if yes
Indicator
(category)
Description
120
What is measured?
How it is scored?
5.
A score of 1 if yes
The private sector is required

fertilizer in order to sell it. The
registration is not limited to a
specific time period
5a. If registration is limited to

a specific time period, the
A score of 0.75 if equal

to or greater than 10
years
A score of 0 if less than
2 years or the importer
registration is not
required
5b. Cost of the registration
Not scored
6.
A score of 1 if no

to obtain an import permit to
import fertilizer
6a. If import permit is required, the

A score of 0.8 if permit is

not limited to a specific
time period
A score of 0.6 if valid for
12 months or longer
6 months or longer and
less than 12 months
longer than 1 month and
less than 6 months
A score of 0 if valid for 1
month or less
6b. Cost of the import permit
Not scored
Specific terms
Blend is any combination or mixture of fertilizer products.
Fertilizer form is the form in which the fertilizer is presented, for example, liquid, granules, powder, spikes, tablets
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or pellets.
Fertilizer product is any product containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, or any recognized plant nutrient
element or compound that is used for its plant nutrient content.
Fertilizer types are as follows:

NPK is composed of three main elements: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K), each of these
being essential in plant nutrition.
Urea is a form of nitrogen fertilizer with an NPK (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) ratio of 46-0-0.
DAP, diammonium phosphate, is the worlds most widely used phosphorus (P) fertilizer.
MAP (Monoammonium phosphate).
MOP, Muriate of Potash, is the most common form of potash.
Potash or fertilizer potassium (K), sometimes called potash.
Ammonium Nitrate is a salt of ammonia and nitric acid that is widely used in fertilizers. The substance can
be used in explosive compounds, which is why many countries have imposed specific regulations for its
transport, storage and handling.
Machinery
EBA machinery indicators measure obstacles facing tractor dealers wishing to import tractors for sale. Besides
meeting the requirements for import and registration, the indicators also measure the regulations for standards
and safety.

Tractor dealer requirements.
Tractor standards and safety.
Tractor import requirements.
Machinery indicators have four main types of respondents: (i) agricultural machinery manufacturers, (ii)
importers, (iii) machinery dealers and (iv) relevant government authorities (such as the ministry of agriculture).
Data were collected through interviews conducted during country visits directly with respondents and also by
email and teleconference calls from Washington, DC.
To make the data comparable across countries, several assumptions about the machinery company and the
machinery product are used, as detailed below:
Assumptions about the business and the agricultural tractor
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The business:

Is an importer or dealer of agricultural tractors.
The destination port for importation of tractors is the most used port in the country. If the country is landlocked,
it is assumed that the most used border posts are employed.
The tractor:

Is a new or second-hand two-axle/four-wheel drive (4WD) tractor.
Costs
Only official costs required by law are recorded, including fees and taxes. If possible, the relevant fee schedule
or calculation formula should be indicated (for example, as a percentage of the companys capital). In cases
where no official costs are in place, the median of the responses from respondents is computed. Professional
fees (notaries, lawyers or accountants) are only included if the company is required to use such services. All
costs are indicated in U.S. dollars and as a percentage of the countrys income per capita.
TABLE A2.3 Scoring methodology for machinery
Indicator
(category)
Description
Tractor dealer
requirements
(operations)
This indicator measures

legal requirements with
regard to suitability
testing of agricultural
tractors, specific
licensing required to
operate a tractor, as
well as warranties and
post-sale services that
must be provided at the
retail level
What is measured?
1.
How it is scored?
Requirement to obtain proof of

A score of 1 if proof of suitability
suitability for the import of new
is required and the cost is below
agricultural tractors and associated
10% of GNI per capita
cost.
A score of 0.75 if proof of
suitability is required and the
cost is equal to or greater than
10% and less than 25% of GNI per
capita
A score of 0.5 if proof of
suitability is required and the cost
is equal to or greater than 25% of
GNI per capita and less than 50%
of GNI per capita
A score of 0.25 if equal to or
greater than 50% of GNI per
capita
A score of 0 if proof of suitability
is not required
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Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
2.
Requirement to register the tractor

once the machine is imported and
associated cost
How it is scored?
A score of 1 if registration is
required and has no cost, or the
cost is lower than 2% of GNI per
capita
A score of 0.75 if registration is
required and the cost is equal
to or greater than 2% of GNI per
capita and lower than 5% of GNI
per capita
required and the cost is equal
to or greater than 5% of GNI per
capita and lower than 10% of GNI
per capita
required and the cost is equal to
or greater than 10% of GNI per
capita
A score of 0 if registration is not
required
3.
Requirement of a special operators

license in order to operate an
agricultural tractor
A score of 1 if yes
4.
Requirement that producers and

sellers of agricultural tractors are
responsible for providing post-sale
services. The following scores
are assigned with regard to the
provision of post-sale services
A score of 0.2 is assigned to each of

the following post-sale services
repair of tractors
replace or return poor quality
tractors
supply of spare parts
train users on the use of tractors
train users on maintenance of
tractors
Tractor standards
and safety (quality
control)
These indicators look at

legal requirements with
regard to operational
safety and performance
standards of tractors. A
score of 1 is assigned
for each of the following
6 data points
1.
Requirement that tractors must

be equipped with a fixed roll-over
protective structure (ROPS)
A score of 1 if yes
Indicator
(category)
Description
124
What is measured?
How it is scored?
2.
Exemption from this requirement

if the owner provides proof by
the tractor manufacturer that the
tractor was not designed to be fitted
with a ROPS
A score of 1 if yes
3.
Requirement that tractors must

be equipped with a seatbelt. The
A score of 1 if ROPS and

seatbelts are required
A score of 2/3 if ROPS are
required and seatbelts are not
required
A score of 1/3 if neither ROPS nor
seatbelts are required
A score of 0 if ROPS are not
required and seatbelts are
required
4.
Establishment of sanctions for

owners of agricultural tractors that
fail to comply with safety standards
A score of 1/3 is assigned to each of

the following
lack of seatbelts
lack of ROPS
not being in possession of an
operators license
Tractor import
requirements
(trade)
These indicators look

at aspects of importing
agricultural tractors and
harvesters, including
the private machinery
sectors role and the
required procedures to
import
5.
Requirement that manufacturers

and sellers of agricultural tractors
comply with national quality and
performance standards
A score of 1 if yes
6.
Requirement that tractor standards

must be in accordance with
international standards (e.g.
International Organization for
Standardization, ISO)
A bonus point is assigned to those

countries that have this requirement
1.

import new agricultural tractors
A score of 1 if yes
2.

import second-hand agricultural
tractors
A score of 1 if yes
3.

import spare parts for agricultural
tractors
A score of 1 if yes
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Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
How it is scored?
4.
Requirement for pre-shipment

inspections of new agricultural
tractor
A score of 1 if yes
5.

agricultural tractors. The registration
is not limited to a specific time
period
A score of 1 if yes
5a. If registration is limited to a specific

time period, the following scores are
assigned

greater than 10 years
greater than 5 years and less than
10 years
greater than 2 years and less than
5 years
A score of 0 if less than 2 years,
or registration is not required
5b. Cost of the registration
Not scored
6.
A score of 1 if yes
The private sector is not required to

obtain an import permit to import
agricultural tractors
6a. If import permit is required, the

A score of 0.8 if permit is not

limited to a specific time period
A score of 0.6 if permit is valid for
12 months or longer
A score of 0.4 if permit is valid for
6 months or longer and less than
12 months
A score of 0.2 if permit is valid
longer than 1 month and less
than 6 months
A score of 0 if permit is valid for 1
month or less
6b. Cost of the import permit
Not scored
Specific terms
Agricultural tractor means a two- or four-wheel drive type vehicle or track vehicle of more than 20 engine
horsepower, designed to furnish the power to pull, carry, propel or drive implements that are designed for
agriculture. All self-propelled implements are excluded.
Roll-over protection structures (ROPS) are attached to the tractor frame and come as either two post fixed or
foldable, four post, or as an integral part of a ROPS cab. They generally will limit a side overturn to ninety
degrees (90) and will provide an important safety zone for the operator provided the operator is wearing the
seat belt.
Finance
EBA finance indicators measure laws and regulations that promote access to a range of financial services,
with focus on areas that are relevant for potential customers that are partially or fully excluded from traditional
financial services due to factors such as their geographical location or available type of collateral.
Five sets of indicators have been developed:

Microfinance institutions (MFIs).
Credit unions.
Agent banking.
Electronic money (e-money).
Warehouse receipts.
Finance indicators have three main types of respondents: financial sector supervisory authorities, financial
lawyers and legal officers of financial institutions. Data collection includes interviews conducted during country
visits directly with respondents, followed by rounds of follow-up communication via email and conference calls
with respondents as well as with third parties. Data are also verified through analyses of laws and regulations,
including review of public sources of information on banking law, warehouse receipt law, financial institutions
law and others.
Assumptions about the financial institutions
Microfinance institutions (MFIs): MFIs are financial institutions that specialize in the provision of small-volume
financial services (such as credit, deposits and loans) to low-income clients. MFIs can take deposits, lend and
provide other financial services to the public and are licensed to operate and supervised by a public authority.
Credit unions: Credit unions are member-owned, not-for-profit financial cooperatives that provide savings,
credit and other financial services to their members. There are typically two types of financial cooperatives: (i)
small financial cooperatives that provide services only to their members and are typically supervised by either
the central bank, the department of cooperatives, or the ministry of financethey are referred to as savings and
credit cooperatives (SACCOs) in some countries, and (ii) cooperative banks that take deposits from and lend
to the public and are regulated under the main financial institution laws and supervised by the central bank.
The credit union indicator measures small financial cooperatives to be consistent with the topics emphasis on
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small-scale lending and financial inclusion.

TABLE A2.4 Scoring methodology for finance
Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
How it is scored?
Microfinance
institutions
(operations)3
This indicator
measures the
regulations for
deposit-taking MFIs
1.
Score of 1 if yes
The economy allows and regulates deposittaking MFIs
2. The regulated minimum capital adequacy ratio

for MFIs is at least equal to, or no more than
2 percentage points higher, than the capital
adequacy ratio for commercial banks
3. Loan sizes of MFIs are not limited to a specific

amount or are greater than 10 times the GNI per
capita if there is a specific amount4
4. The law requires MFIs to disclose the effective

interest rate or a proxy to loan applicants
5.
MFIs are required to fully provision a delinquent

unsecured loan after the same number of days
required for commercial banks, or within half the
number of days required for commercial banks
6. The law requires MFIs to subscribe to a deposit

insurance system
Indicator
(category)
Description
128
What is measured?
How it is scored?
7. Minimum capital required to establish an MFI.

Scores are divided into four groups (1, 2/3, 1/3 and
0) based on each countrys minimum mandatory
capital requirement as a multiple of GNI per
capita. Threshold values are determined based on
distribution
A score of 1 if the mandatory

capital requirement is greater
than 0 but less than 201
times the GNI per capita of
the country
A score of 2/3 (0.66) if
the mandatory capital
requirement is equal to or
greater than 201 times, but
less than 501 times the GNI
per capita
A score is 1/3 (0.33) if the
minimum mandatory capital
greater than 501 times the
GNI per capita, but less than
1001 times the GNI per capita
A score of 0 if the minimum
mandatory capital
greater than 1001 times the
GNI per capita of the country
or if there is no provisions on
minimum capital requirement
Credit unions
(operations)
This indicator
measures the
regulations for credit
unions
1. The economy has a law regulating credit

unions, or there is a specific section of a general
cooperatives law that regulates the governance
and operation of credit unions
2. 30 or fewer members are required to establish a

credit union
3. The law defines ratios to ensure financial stability

of credit unions
4. The law requires credit unions to disclose the

effective interest rate or a proxy to loan applicants
Score of 1 if yes for each

question
129
Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
5. Minimum capital required to establish a credit
union. The scores are divided into four groups (1,
2/3, 1/3 and 0) based on each countrys minimum
mandatory capital requirement as a multiple of
GNI per capita. Threshold values are determined
based on distribution
How it is scored?
A score of 1 if the
mandatory capital
requirement is greater than
0 but less than 11 times
the GNI per capita of the
country
A score of 2/3 if the
mandatory capital
greater than 11 times, but
less than 51 times the GNI
per capita
A score of 1/3 if the
minimum mandatory
capital requirement is equal
to or greater than 51 times
the GNI per capita, but less
than 101 times the GNI per
capita
A score is 0 if the minimum
mandatory capital
requirement is equal to
or greater than 101 times
the GNI per capita of the
country or if there is no
provisions on minimum
capital requirement
Agent banking
(operations)5
This indicator
measures the entry
and operational
requirements for
agent banking
1. There exists a legal framework to regulate agent

banking activities
Score of 1 if yes
2. Whether there are minimum standards in order to

qualify and operate as an agent in the following
areas: 1) has to be an operating/established
business, 2) has to have positive financial
records, 3) has to have real-time connectivity to
a commercial bank. Each standard is weighted
equally with a score of 1/3
A score of 1/3 for each

standard
3. Type of contracts that agents can enter with

financial institutions
A score of 1 is assigned
if agents are allowed to
enter both exclusive and
nonexclusive contracts
For example: A score of 1

if the law states all three of
the minimum standards as
requirements to qualify and
operate as an agent. If the law
states only two out of three of
the minimum standards, the
score is 2/3
A score of is assigned if
only nonexclusive contracts
are allowed
A score of 0 is assigned if
only exclusive contracts are
allowed
Indicator
(category)
Description
130
What is measured?
How it is scored?
4. The types of services agents can offer on behalf

of a bank. This data point looks at 7 services: cash
deposits, cash withdrawals, transfer of funds to
other customers accounts, bill payments, balance
inquiry, opening a deposit account and collection/
processing of loan application documents. Each
of the above services is equally weighted and
worth 1/7 of a point
A score of 1/7 for each

service
5. Whether commercial banks are liable for the acts

of commission and omission of agents providing
financial services on their behalf
A score of 1 if the legislation

states that commercial banks
are liable
A score of 0 if they are not
liable
Electronic
money
(e-money)
(operations)
This indicator
measures the
legal framework
for e-money, in
particular the entry
and operational
requirements for
non-bank e-money
issuers
1. E-money is allowed

question
2. Non-bank businesses are allowed to issue

e-money
3. Non-bank e-money issuers are required to keep a

minimum of liquid assets to safeguard customer
funds
4.
The requirements for non-bank businesses to

receive a license to issue e-money. The four
requirements are:

an initial capital requirement; for

the initial capital requirement,
countries are divided into four
groups (1, 2/3, 1/3, 0) based on the
countrys capital requirement as a
multiple of its GNI per capita
A score of 1*1/4 if the

capital requirement is less
than 101 times the GNI per
capita but greater than 0
A score of 2/3*1/4 if the
minimum capital is equal to
or greater than 101 times the
GNI per capita but less than
501
A score of 1/3*1/4 if the
minimum capital is equal to
or greater than 501 times the
GNI per capita but less than
901
capital requirement is equal
to or greater than 901 times
the GNI per capita or if there
is no provisions on minimum
capital requirement
131
Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?

interoperability with other existing

electronic money payment/transfer
systems
existence of internal control

mechanisms to comply with AntiMoney Laundering and Combatting
Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT)
laws, standards and measures
consumer protection measures

such as consumer recourse
mechanisms, consumer awareness
programs, etc.
How it is scored?
A score of if the law states
the requirement and 0 if it
does not
Each of the above services is equally weighted with a

score of
Warehouse
receipts
(operations)
This indicator
measures the
regulations
facilitating the
use of agricultural
commodities as
collateral
1. The economy has a law regulating the operation

of warehouse receipts, or the regulation of
warehouse receipts is included in other general
legislation

question
2. Warehouse operators are required to file a bond

with the regulator or pay into an indemnity fund
to secure performance by him of his obligations
as a warehouse operator
3. Warehouse operators are required to insure the

warehouse or the stored goods against fire,
earthquakes, theft, burglary or other damage
4. Warehouse receipts are negotiable
5.
Types of warehouse receipts that are legally

valid: paper-based, electronic or both
A score of 1 is assigned if the

law allows both paper-based
and electronic warehouse
receipts and if electronic
warehouse receipts are
explicitly mentioned in the
regulation
A score of is assigned if the
law allows only paper-based
receipts
A score of 0 is assigned if
warehouse receipt is not
recognized or used
Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
6. Information that must be listed on a warehouse
receipt for it to be valid. There are 4 details
measured: location of storage, amount in
storage, description of goods (type, quality and
harvest) and information on security interest over
the goods (certificate of pledge)
132
How it is scored?
Each piece of information
counts for of a point
For example, a score of 1 is
assigned if all 4 pieces of
information are required to be
listed on the receipt for it to
be legally valid
A score of is assigned if
only 3 above the pieces of
information are required to
be listed on the receipt, and
so on
Specific terms
Agent banking is the delivery of financial services through partnership with a retail agent (or correspondent) in
order to extend financial services to locations where bank branches would be uneconomical.
Capital adequacy ratio is a measure of a banks total capital expressed as a percentage of its risk-weighted
assets.
Credit unions are member-owned, not-for-profit financial cooperatives that provide savings, credit and other
financial services to their members.
Effective interest rate is the annual interest rate plus all fees associated with the administration of the loan to
the client. It is a symbol of the total cost of the loan to the client. Proxies for the effective interest rate are the
annual percentage rate or the amortization table/schedule for the loan.
E-money refers to money that is stored and exchanged through an electronic device and not associated with
a deposit account at any financial institution. Examples include electronic funds transfers and payments
processed through mobile phones or prepaid cards.
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are financial institutions specializing in the provision of small-volume financial
services (credit, deposits, loans) to low-income clients, which can take deposits, lend and provide other financial
services to the public and are licensed to operate and supervised by a public authority.
Negotiable receipts allow a transfer of ownership without having to physically deliver the commodity.
Non-bank businesses are those that do not hold a banking license, including telecoms, post offices or other
businesses licensed by the central bank or financial supervisory authority to issue e-money.
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Provisioning rules determine how much money banks must set aside as an allowance for bad loans in their
portfolios. The share of a loan that must be covered by provisioning can either be the full loan amount or the
part that is not secured by collateral (unsecured share).
Ratios to ensure financial stability can include liquidity ratio, capital adequacy ratio, solvency ratio, credit to
deposit ratio, assets to liabilities ratio, stable funding ratio, net loan receivables to total assets and others.
Countries address the issue of stability of credit unions using different criteria, therefore all the ratios above
can be included in this measure.
Warehouse receipts are documents issued by warehouse operators as evidence that specified commodities are
of stated quantity and quality, deposited or stored at particular locations by named depositors and owned by
the beneficiary of the receipt issued. Where supported by an appropriate legal framework, warehouse receipts
can serve as a form of collateral to obtain a loan from financial institutions and facilitate future sales.
Markets
EBA markets indicators measure obstacles faced by agribusinesses in the production and marketing of
agricultural products and when accessing foreign markets. Phytosanitary regulations that favor agricultural
trade through the promotion of plant and crop health are also assessed.

Plant protection.
Production and sales.
Agricultural exports.
Markets indicators have six main types of respondents: (i) government agencies (responsible for trade,
customs, plant protection and cash crops), (ii) private producers, processors and exporters of agricultural
products (both domestic and multinational companies) and related trade/export associations, (iii) farmers
organizations, including unions, federations, cooperatives and other similar entities, (iv) chambers of commerce,
(v) lawyers, and (vi) freight forwarders and customs brokers. Data were collected from these respondents using
four different surveys: two for the public sector and two for the private sector. Data were collected through
interviews conducted during country visits directly with respondents and also by email and teleconference
calls from Washington, DC.
To render data on production and sales as well as agricultural export more comparable across countries, several
assumptions about the business, the agricultural products and the trading partner are used, as detailed below:
Assumptions about the contracted product
The contracted product is defined as the most produced non-processed non-cereal product in terms of gross
production value (current million U.S. dollars). All data are sourced from FAOSTAT, using the production data
of 2012 (the latest available year). Cereal crops are excluded from the analysis because they are less suitable
for agricultural production contracts due to high risks of side-selling in well-developed local or export markets,
the reduced need for technical assistance to meet market specifications and reduced price differentials at each
point in the supply chain.
Assumptions about the business
The business:

Performs general agricultural trading activities.
Does not operate in a special export processing zone.
Assumptions about the export product and trading partner

The export products are defined and grouped as cash crops, cereals, fruits and vegetables according to the
Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System 1996 version (HS 96). All data are sourced from the
UN Comtrade Database, using the export data from 200913. For each country, the combination of the product
and the partner country which represents the highest five-year average export value (in U.S. dollars) is selected.
For example, cereal export to Zimbabwe is selected for Zambia. In addition, for countries where cash crops
are selected as the export product, the HS 4-digit product within the category that is exported the most to the
partner country is used for studying the legal and regulatory requirements. For example, coffee export to the
United States is selected for Colombia since coffee is the top product in the cash crop category and the United
States is Colombias main trading partner.
Assumptions about the shipment

Is transported via a 20-foot full container-load.
Weighs 10 metric tons.
All packing material that requires fumigation (such as wood pallets) is assumed to be treated and marked
with an approved international mark certifying that treatment.
Requirements to export
A requirement for purposes of the study is any legally required qualification or document that must be obtained
by the exporter (Company A) in order to export the selected product to the trading partner. These requirements
may apply to the trader (annual export license or mandatory memberships) or to the consignment on a per
shipment basis (phytosanitary certificate or fumigation certificate). These requirements involve interactions
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with external parties, including government agencies, inspectors, laboratories and other relevant institutions.
All requirements mandated in the law in order to complete the export transaction outlined by the case study are
taken into account, even if they may be avoided in certain cases. Buyer-driven requirements or documents are
not considered for purposes of the study. The following principles apply to the requirements recorded:

Only requirements specific to the export product group (or the top exported subproduct within that group)
and agricultural products more generally are captured. Customs procedures or documentary requirements
that are not specific in this way are not measured (certificate of origin, generalized system of preferences
(GSP) certificate, export declaration, commercial, shipping or transport documents, letter of credit and so
on).
Mandatory membership of a public or private entity is included if it is required to obtain and exercise the
right to export the selected product or agricultural products more generally.
Trader-level export licenses include any document or action that is required to obtain and exercise the right
to export, including registration or accreditation requirements, or traditional licenses.
Documents are collected on a per shipment basis and one document includes both application and
completion of the process (phytosanitary certificate, quality certificate from a private laboratory).

Where multiple documents are obtained simultaneously, they are recorded as separate documents but
time is adjusted to reflect their simultaneity.
The mandatory documents required by both the country studied and the selected trading partner are
included.
Both public and private fumigation certificates are excluded if they are not required by the laws of
either the country studied or the selected trading partner. Only fumigation that is required for the
product itself is captured and separate fumigation for packaging prior to its purchase and use is not
included.
Time
Time is recorded in calendar days and captures the median duration to obtain each mandatory document to
export on a per shipment basis. Time to complete membership requirements or to obtain trader-level licenses is
not captured. The time span for each document starts with the first filing of the application or demand and ends
once the company has received the final document, such as the phytosanitary certificate. It is assumed that
the companys owners, managers or employees have had no prior contact with any of the officials and that the
company completes each procedure to obtain the document without delay on its side. The following principles
apply to the documents coded:

It is assumed that the minimum time required for each document is 1 day, except for documents that can
be fully obtained online, for which the time required is recorded as half a day.
Although multiple documents may be obtained (and related processes completed) simultaneously, the
process to obtain each document cannot start on the same day (that is, simultaneous processes start on
consecutive days).

If the process to obtain a document can be accelerated for an additional cost and is available to all types
of companies, the fastest legal process is chosen and the related costs are recorded. Fast-track options
applying only to firms located in an export processing zone or to certain accredited firms under authorized
economic operator programs are not taken into account.
Costs
The costs include all official fees and fees for legal or professional services if such services are required by
law to complete the qualification requirement or obtain a document. Service fees (charged by fumigation
companies or private laboratories) are only included if the company is required by law to use such services.
Traditional (scheduled) border taxes and tariffs are not captured. Other special charges or taxes that apply
to the export product or subproduct, or the export of agricultural products generally, are included only where
they result in the issuance of a stand-alone mandatory document to export or are needed to obtain another
mandatory document to export.
Where possible, laws, regulations and fee schedules are used as sources for calculating costs. In the absence
of fee schedules, estimates by public and private sector respondents are used. If several respondents provide
different estimates, the median reported value is applied. In all cases the cost excludes bribes. All costs are
indicated in U.S. dollars and as a percentage of the countrys income per capita.
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TABLE A2.5 Scoring methodology for markets

Indicator
(category)
Description
Plant
protection
(quality
control)

strength of the domestic
plant protection framework
by considering the legal
obligations applicable to
domestic pest management
What is measured?
1.
There is an obligation on the national

plant protection agency or another
government agency to carry out pest
surveillance activities on plants in
your country
2.
There is an obligation on producers/

land owners to monitor and report
outbreaks of pests to the government
3.
The government or national plant

protection agency maintains a list
of regulated quarantine pests that is
accessible to the public
4.
The list of regulated quarantine pests

is uploaded to the IPPC website
5.
A pest database that contains

details on the pests present in
your country, such as their current
status, geographical distribution
and/or treatment, is available on a
government website
6.
Pest risk analysis (PRA) is provided

for in the law OR there is a
designated unit in the government to
carry out PRA
7.
Phytosanitary inspections on imports

of plant products may be carried out
on a risk basis
8.
Phytosanitary legislation covers both

domestic containment and import/
export quarantine procedures at the
border
How it is scored?
A score of 1 if yes
138
Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
How it is scored?
Production
and sales
(operations)
This indicator measures legal

requirements with regard to the
establishment and activities of
farmers cooperatives, the ease
of engaging in contract farming
arrangements and resolving
related disputes
Please note that questions 1 and 2

on licenses are based on the selected
contracted product:
A score of 1 if no
1.
The producer or seller requires a

license to sell the contracted product
or to engage in an agricultural
production contract
2.
The contractor needs a license to

purchase the contracted product or
engage in an agricultural production
contract
3.
Farmers cooperatives can seek

loans or lines of credits provided by
non-members
4.
Farmers cooperatives can merge
5.
Minimum capital requirement to

establish a farmers cooperative
A score of 1 if yes
A score of 1 if there is no
minimum capital requirement
A score of 0.25 if the minimum
capital requirements is equal to
or less than 1 times the income
per capita
capital requirement is greater
than 1 times the income per
capita
6.
Mediation/conciliation can be
attempted after the start of judicial
proceedings upon either courtreferral or application of the parties
A score of 1 if yes
7.
Enforceability of a settlement
agreement reached through an
extra-judicial and/or extra-arbitral
negotiation, conciliation or mediation
A score of 1 if the settlement

agreement has the same
enforceability as a court
decision
A score of 0.5 if the settlement
agreement can acquire the
same enforceability as a court
decision upon submission
to a judicial body or upon
notarization
A score of 0 if the settlement
agreement is enforceable only
under the laws of contract
139
Indicator
(category)
Description
What is measured?
How it is scored?
Agricultural
export (trade)

mandatory requirements to
export the selected product to
the selected trading partner
at the trader level and per
shipment
1.
Exporters do or do not have to be a

member of a specific association
or organization in order to obtain
the right to export the selected
product or agricultural products more
generally
Not scored
2.
Exporters do or do not have to obtain

a trader-level export license in order
to export the selected product or
agricultural products more generally
to the selected trading partner
3.
Total number of mandatory

documents required to export
4.
Total time to obtain mandatory

5.
Total cost to obtain mandatory

Specific terms
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is any litigation process or procedure, other than adjudication by a presiding
judge in court, in which a neutral third party assists in or decides on the resolution of the issues in dispute.
Farmers cooperatives are also known as agricultural cooperatives, farmers organizations, or producers
associations. A farmers cooperative is defined as a voluntary, jointly-owned and democratically controlled
association of farmers created to support and promote the economic interests of its members through joint
economic activity, including, but not limited to, production, processing and marketing of agricultural products.
If different types of farmers organizations exist in a countrys laws, that which most closely adheres to this
definition is selected for study.
Inspections on a risk-management basis involve an import monitoring programme where the monitoring (the
number of consignments inspected) is established on the basis of predicted risk through pest risk analysis
(PRA).
Mediation is an ADR process in which a neutral mediator helps the parties discuss and find a mutually acceptable
solution. The mediators role is strictly facilitative; he or she does not decide in favor of one party or another, but
guides the parties toward a consensual resolution.
Pest risk analysis (PRA) is defined as [t]he process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic
evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to
be taken against it.6 It consists of three stages: initiating the process for analyzing risk, assessing pest risk
and managing pest risk.
Phytosanitary measures include [a]ny legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent
the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine
pests.7
Plant protection encompasses regulations, policies and institutional frameworks that affect plant health in a
country, including domestic pest management measures as well as phytosanitary controls at the border.
Production and sales encompasses regulations, policies and institutional frameworks that impact the production,
processing, marketing and sales of agricultural products in a country.
Regulated quarantine pest refers to [a] pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby
and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled.8
Settlement agreement is a mutually acceptable solution found by the parties upon conciliation or mediation.
Transport
EBA transport indicators measure regulatory and administrative constraints affecting the market access and
operations of reliable and sustainable commercial road transport services and the regulatory requirements for
cross-border transportation.
Two sets of indicators have been developed:

Truck licenses.
Cross-border transportation.
Transport indicators used two different questionnaire versions targeting: (i) private sector respondentsmainly
trucking associations, trucking companies, freight forwarders, lawyers; and (ii) public sector respondents
mainly ministries of transport, road transport regulatory authorities and ministries of infrastructure. Data
were collected through interviews conducted during country visits directly with respondents, by email and
teleconference calls from Washington, DC and by local staff in the different target countries.
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141
To make the data comparable across countries, several assumptions about the trucking company and its
environment were made, as detailed below:
Assumptions about the business
The business:

Is a limited liability company.
Is 100% domestically owned.
Has between five and 10 employees.
Owns a maximum of five trucks; each truck has two axles and a loading capacity of 20 metric tons.9
Rents a garage.
Transports agricultural products within the country, including perishable goods.
Does not transport fertilizers, pesticides or any hazardous products.
The information on transport licenses and permits refers exclusively to domestic operations. The section on
cross-border transportation assumes trade is undertaken with the largest neighboring agricultural trading
partner.
Time
Time is recorded in calendar days and captures the median duration of obtaining the required company or
truck license. The timespan starts once all required documents have been submitted to the relevant authority
and ends once the company has received the final document. The minimum time to obtain a company or truck
license is one day. It is assumed that the companys owners, managers or employees have had no prior contact
with any of the officials.
Cost
Costs capture only official costs required by law, including fees and taxes. Transport laws and regulations have
been used as legal basis when available, and an estimation from respondents have been used when not. In
such cases where no official costs are in place, the median of responses is computed. This section assumes
all documents have been submitted correctly. All costs are indicated in U.S. dollars and as a percentage of the
countrys income per capita.
Validity
Validity is measured for company and truck licenses and for technical inspections. Validity is expressed in
years.
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TABLE A2.6 Scoring methodology for transport

Indicator
(category)
Description
Truck licenses
(operations)
This indicator
categorizes the different
licensing regimes to
provide commercial
road transport services
in the domestic market.
It also measures the
extent to which license
requirements and
application submissions
are available online,
additional legal
requirements to obtain a
license/permit and price
and freight allocation
regulations affecting
road transport services
in the domestic market
What is measured?
1.
Type of licensing regime required

for a company to legally transport
agricultural products in the
domestic market
How it is scored?
A score of 1 if only company license
required
A score of 0.5 if both company and
truck licenses are required
A score of 0.25 if only registry,
franchise/public concession or truck
license is required
A score of 0 if no license is required
This question has double weight (2/7)
with regard to the other questions of this
indicator (1/7)
2.
Online availability of license or permit A score of 1 if yes

requirements
This question is not scored for countries
without a license or permit
3.
Availability of an electronic
submission platform for license or
permit application or renewal
A score of 1 if yes
Additional requirements for obtaining

the relevant licenses, permits,
inspections and certificates with
regard to nationality, membership
with a trucking association or
operational size
A score of 1 if none of the following

is a requirement to obtain a license
/ permit: (a) membership to an
association, (b) being of a specific
nationality and (c) certain operational
size (number of trucks)
4.
This question is not scored for countries

without a license or permit
A score of 2/3 if one is required

A score of 1/3 if two are required
A score of 0 if all three are required to
obtain a license or permit
5.
Government regulation of prices for

agricultural road transport service
A score of 1 if no
6.
Presence of a queuing system (also

known as a tour de rle)binding
for all trucking companies and used
to access or allocate freight in the
country
A score of 1 if no
143
Indicator
(category)
Cross-border
transportation
(trade)
Description
What is measured?
How it is scored?
Licenses and permits
1.
Total time to obtain a license

at company level to transport
agricultural products by truck
Not scored
2.
Total cost to obtain a license at

company level
3.
Validity of the license at company

level
4.
Total time to obtain a permit or

license at truck level
5.
Total cost to obtain a license or

permit at truck level
6.
Validity of the permit or license at

truck level
7.
Total cost of a vehicle technical

inspection
8.
Validity of vehicle technical

inspection
1.
Requirement of a written contract

acknowledging carriers liabilities
in cross-border transportation
transactions
A score of 1 if yes
2.
The right of foreign trucking

agricultural trading partner to
transport goods into the country
A score of 1 if yes
3.
Existence of quotas on the number

of transport right permits granted
A score of 1 if no
This indicator measures

the restrictions to
cross-border transport
including the regulation
of carriers liabilities
A score of 0 if yes or if no transport

rights granted
4.

transport goods back from the
country (backhauling)
A score of 1 if yes
5.

transport goods from the country
into a third country (triangular rights)
A score of 1 if yes
6.

agricultural trading partner to transit
through the country
A score of 1 if yes
Indicator
(category)
Description
144
What is measured?
How it is scored?
7.
A score of 1 if yes

transport goods between two points
within the country (cabotage)
Specific terms
Freight allocation:

Deregulated market: Market actors can freely interact with each other.

Freight allocation occurs through direct contracting between a producer or trader and a trucking
company.
Direct contracting is facilitated by a freight exchange (platform in which freight supply and
demand are made public to all actors).
Regulated market: Freight allocation is influenced or organized by a third party.

Queuing system (tour de rle): freight allocation practice by which freight is sequentially allocated
by trucking associations, unions or the government.
Cross-border transportation:

Transport rights: A truck registered in Country A is able to transport agricultural goods produced in its
country into Country B for sale.
Backhauling rights: A truck registered in Country A is able to transport agricultural goods into Country
B for sale, load other goods in Country B and carry them back to Country A.
Transit rights: A truck registered in Country A is able to travel through Country B to deliver agricultural
goods into Country C.
Triangular rights: A truck registered in Country A is able to pick up agricultural goods in Country B and
transport them to be delivered into Country C.
Cabotage rights: A truck registered in Country A is able to pick up agricultural goods in Country B and
deliver them to a different point in Country B.
Notes
1.
Based on the average growing time for medium-maturing varieties of maize.
2. Seasons in countries with one season per calendar year tend to last longer.
3. High-income and upper-middle-income countries are not measured under the MFI indicator.
4. In some countries, the maximum loan an MFI can extend is limited to a percentage of deposits or a
percentage of core capital. This language is included in regulations for risk management, intended to limit
the exposure of the institution to a single borrower. For countries with this type of loan limitation, EBA
145
considers it no limit because the currency value corresponding to that percentage is so high as to present
no effective limit to borrowers.
5. High-income and upper-middle-income countries are not measured under the agent banking indicator.
6. International Plant Protection Convention 2005. p. 16.
9. A truck is defined as one tractor unit, excluding the trailer.
References
2005. Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms. International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 5. Rome: FAO
APPENDIX 3.
ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF PRESENTING THE DATA

The following are two alternative ways of presenting EBA data. The questions used to build the accessibility
of agribusiness regulatory information and discrimination of agribusiness regulations scores are questions
also used to build the topics and cross-cutting categories scores. For example, a seed variety catalogue
(within accessibility of agribusiness regulatory information) also belongs to the seed registration (operations)
indicator, so it is part of the seed score and the operations score. Similarly, the eligibility of the foreign firms to
import fertilizer (within discrimination of agribusiness regulations) belongs to the fertilizer import requirements
(trade) indicator, so it is part of the fertilizer score and the trade score.
Discrimination of agribusiness regulations
The data on discrimination of agribusiness regulations were collected across six EBA topics (table A3.1). For
each question, countries where the nondiscriminatory feature under study is in place are assigned a score of 1;
those without such features are assigned a score of 0. The total score of the 18 questions reflects the number
of good practices related to nondiscrimination. These questions are also part the corresponding topic and
score.
TABLE A3.1 Discrimination of agribusiness regulations data by topic
GOOD PRACTICES BY TOPICS
SEED
1.
The mandatory participation of private sector representatives in seed variety release committee
2.
The eligibility of private enterprises to produce breeder/pre-basic seed of local public varieties for use in
the domestic market
3.
The eligibility of private enterprises to produce foundation/basic seed of local public varieties for use in
the domestic market
4.
The accessibility of germplasm from the national gene bank for the private sector
5.
The existence of a system for licensing public varieties to private seed enterprises for production and sale
in the domestic market
FERTILIZER
6.
The eligibility of the private sector to be accredited to carry out the certification process
7.
The eligibility of the private sector to register fertilizer
8.
The eligibility of the domestic firms to import fertilizer in order to sell it
9.
The eligibility of the foreign firms to import fertilizer in order to sell it
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147
MACHINERY
10. The eligibility of the private sector to import new agricultural tractors and harvesters
11. The eligibility of the private sector to import second-hand agricultural tractors and harvesters
12. The eligibility of the private sector to import spare parts for agricultural tractors and harvesters
FINANCE
13. The eligibility of non-bank businesses (businesses that do not hold any financial institution license) to
issue e-money
MARKETS
14. The absence of minimum capital requirements to establish a farmers cooperative
TRANSPORT
15. In addition to company and/or truck level licenses as well as technical inspections, the absence of other
requirements regarding nationality, membership with a trucking association or operational size for a
transport operator to offer commercial road transport services in the domestic market
16. The eligibility of foreign trucking companies registered in the countrys largest agricultural trading partner
to transport goods into the country
to transport goods back from the country (backhauling)
to transport goods between two points within the country (cabotage)
Accessibility of agribusiness regulatory information

The data on accessibility of agribusiness regulatory information were collected across five EBA topics (table
A3.2). For each question, countries where the information accessibility feature under study is in place are
assigned a score of 1; those without such features are assigned a score of 0. The total score of the 10 questions
reflects the number of good practices related to access to information. These questions are also part the
corresponding topic and score.
TABLE A3.2 Accessibility of agribusiness regulatory information data by topic
GOOD PRACTICES BY TOPICS
SEED
FERTILIZER
FINANCE
1.
The existence of a seed variety catalog listing new varieties
2.
The online availability of the seed variety catalog
3.
The existence of an official fee schedule for seed certification activities carried out by the public sector
4.
The existence of an official catalog listing all registered fertilizer
5.
The online availability of the fertilizer catalog
6.
The legal requirement for credit unions to disclose their effective interest rate or the annual percentage
rate to loan applicants
MARKETS
7.
The existence of a list of regulated pests
8.
The availability of a database on a government website that lists pests present in the country, their current
distribution and/or status
TRANSPORT
9.
The online availability of the transport license/permit requirements
10. The existence of an electronic procedure to apply and/or renew the transport license/permit
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 COUNTRY TABLES
COUNTRY TABLES
The team collected data in 40 countries in the following 11 areas: seed, fertilizer, machinery, finance,
markets, transport, land, information and communications technology (ICT), water, livestock and
environmental sustainability. Six of the topics were chosen for scoring and are presented in this
section.
148
BANGLADESH
70.8
52.8
SEED
FERTILIZER
70.8
SEED
52.8
FERTILIZER
38.1
MACHINERY
60.1
FINANCE
80.4
MARKETS
60.7
TRANSPORT
84.4
2a
3a
0.0a
57.1
45.0
7
951
702.6 (65.1)
66.7
46.7
238.2 (22.1)
0
37.5
13.3
63.3
238.2 (22.1)
446.6 (41.3)
57.1
60.0
100
25.0
58.3
85.7
75.0
1
1
6.0 (0.6)
0
N/A
64.3
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.5
30.0 (2.8)
3
10.7 (1.0)
1
57.1
60.6
OPERATIONS ()
SOUTH ASIA
LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
38.1
60.1
MACHINERY
FINANCE
80.4
149
60.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Cost in US$ (% income per capita)
Seed development and certification (0100)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Fertilizer quality control (0100)
Fertilizer import requirements (0100)
Cost to register as an importer of fertilizer in US$ (% income per capita)
Cost to obtain an import permit for fertilizer in US$ (% income per capita)
Tractor dealer requirements (0100)
Tractor standards and safety (0100)
Tractor import requirements (0100)
Cost to register as an importer of tractors in US$ (% income per capita)
Cost to obtain an import permit for tractors in US$ (% income per capita)
Microfinance institutions (0100)
Electronic money (0100)
Production and sales (0100)
Export documents per shipment (number)
Time to prepare export documents (days)
Cost of export documents in US$ (% income per capita)
Cost of licenses and membership in US$ (% income per capita)
Time to obtain company license (days)
Cost to obtain company license in US$ (% income per capita)
Validity of company license (years)
Time to obtain truck permit (days)
Cost to obtain truck permit in US$ (% income per capita)
Validity of truck permit (years)
Cost to obtain vehicle technical inspection in US$ (% income per capita)
Validity of vehicle inspection (years)
Cross-border transportation (0100)
51.7
QUALITY CONTROL ()
55.7
TRADE ()
The operations score is an average of seed, fertilizer, machinery, nance, markets and transport indicator scores indicated with a . The quality control score is an average of seed,
fertilizer, machinery and markets indicator scores indicated with a . The trade score is an average of fertilizer, machinery and transport indicator scores indicated with a .
a. Registration is not available for maize varieties. Private companies can, at their discretion and at no cost, list maize varieties in the national catalogue. This is what the
procedures and time capture.
BOLIVIA
84.4
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
63.3
SEED
FERTILIZER
84.4
SEED
63.3
FERTILIZER
38.3
MACHINERY
65.3
FINANCE
81.3
MARKETS
67.9
TRANSPORT
81.3
5
517
711.3 (25.1)
87.5
20.0
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
100
70.0
0
No data
25.0
6.7
83.3
0
N/A
66.7
93.3
0
91.7
75.0
100
62.5
1
2
54.0 (1.9)
0
N/A
64.3
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.5
10.0 (0.4)
1
10 (0.4)
1
71.4
59.8
OPERATIONS ()
38.3
65.3
MACHINERY
FINANCE
81.3
150
67.9
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
56.4
QUALITY CONTROL ()
74.9
TRADE ()
a. The private sector is not required to register fertilizer.

42.0
94.4
SEED
FERTILIZER
42.0
SEED
94.4
FERTILIZER
44.0
MACHINERY
18.1
FINANCE
93.8
MARKETS
71.4
TRANSPORT
12.5
No practice
No practice
No practice
71.4
100
2
31
23.3 (0.5)
100
83.3
0
N/A
37.5
27.8
66.7
N/A
N/Aa
N/A b
0
N/A b
0
54.2
100
87.5
1
1
26.7 (0.6)
0
N/A
71.4
60
266.7 (5.6)
10
30
33.3 (0.7)
10
60.0 (1.3)
1
71.4
61.5
OPERATIONS ()
44.0
EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA

UPPER MIDDLE INCOME
18.1
MACHINERY
FINANCE
93.8
151
71.4
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
71.8
QUALITY CONTROL ()
73.8
TRADE ()
a. 10% of customs value. b. Upper-middle-income countries are not measured under the micronance institutions indicator and agent banking indicator.
BURKINA FASO
54.2
43.9
SEED
FERTILIZER
54.2
SEED
43.9
FERTILIZER
40.6
MACHINERY
37.2
FINANCE
58.9
MARKETS
60.7
TRANSPORT
65.6
No practice
No practice
No practice
42.9
0
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
66.7
65.0
2.0 (0.3)
2.0 (0.3)
37.5
6.7
77.5
30.4 (4.3)
2.0 (0.3)
42.9
60.0
0
83.3
0
92.9
25.0
2
2
19.2 (2.7)
0
N/A
50.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
1
21.0 (3.0)
0.5
87.0 (12.3)
0.5
71.4
45.3
OPERATIONS ()
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOW INCOME
40.6
37.2
MACHINERY
FINANCE
58.9
152
60.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
32.8
QUALITY CONTROL ()
71.3
TRADE ()
BURUNDI
53.8
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOW INCOME
62.2
SEED
FERTILIZER
53.8
SEED
62.2
FERTILIZER
35.6
MACHINERY
21.3
FINANCE
60.7
MARKETS
53.6
TRANSPORT
21.9
No practice
No practice
No practice
85.7
60.0
No practice
No practice
No practice
66.7
60.0
N/A
No data
33.3
13.3
60.0
N/A
No data
66.7
40.0
0
0
0
71.4
50.0
3
6
3.0 (1.1)
1
240.7 (89.2)
35.7
N/A
N/A
N/A
1
12.0 (4.5)
0.5
18.1 (6.7)
0.5
71.4
45.9
OPERATIONS ()
35.6
21.3
MACHINERY
FINANCE
60.7
153
53.6
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
43.3
QUALITY CONTROL ()
63.8
TRADE ()
CAMBODIA
68.8
57.2
SEED
FERTILIZER
68.8
SEED
57.2
FERTILIZER
26.5
MACHINERY
32.0
FINANCE
67.9
MARKETS
57.1
TRANSPORT
37.5
6
407
187.0 (18.5)
100
45.0
3
No data a
506.5 (50.1)
66.7
60.0
No data
No data
6.3
6.7
66.7
N/A
N/A
85.7
0
74.3
0
0
85.7
50.0
3
7
86.6 (8.6)
0
N/A
57.1
10
365.2 (36.2)
2
3.5
11.0 (1.1)
1
26.8 (2.7)
1
57.1
49.1
OPERATIONS ()
EAST ASIA & PACIFIC

LOW INCOME
26.5
32.0
MACHINERY
FINANCE
67.9
154
57.1
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
41.1
QUALITY CONTROL ()
61.3
TRADE ()
a. No data on application for registration, but approval by committee takes 56 days.
CHILE
OECD HIGH INCOME

HIGH INCOME
93.8
43.3
SEED
FERTILIZER
93.8
SEED
43.3
FERTILIZER
43.3
MACHINERY
N/Ab
FINANCE
93.8
MARKETS
65.7
TRANSPORT
87.5
5
848
920.8 (6.2)
100
0
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
66.7
63.3
N/A
20.1 (0.1)
50.0
13.3
66.7
N/A
N/A
-
100
87.5
1
1
0c
0
N/A
60.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
15.4 (0.1)
0.5
71.4
60.8
OPERATIONS ()
43.3
N/Ab
MACHINERY
FINANCE
93.8
155
65.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
55.8
QUALITY CONTROL ()
67.1
TRADE ()
a. The private sector is not required to register fertilizer. b. High-income countries are not measured under the nance topic. c. The cost is 0.002 US$ (0.0001% of income per
capita)
COLOMBIA
75.0
91.1
SEED
FERTILIZER
75.0
SEED
91.1
FERTILIZER
50.0
MACHINERY
89.4
FINANCE
93.8
MARKETS
78.6
TRANSPORT
50.0
5
591
4,526.4 (58.2)
100
100
3
48
No data
100
73.3
0
31.3 (0.4)
70.0
13.3
66.7
No data
N/A
N/Aa
93.3
N/Aa
91.7
83.3
100
87.5
2
4
No data b
1
0
71.4
57
268 (3.4)
Indenite c
N/A
N/A
N/A
156.4 (2.0)
2
85.7
84.3
OPERATIONS ()

UPPER MIDDLE INCOME
50.0
89.4
MACHINERY
FINANCE
93.8
156
78.6
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
66.9
QUALITY CONTROL ()
75.2
TRADE ()
a. Upper-middle-income countries are not measured under the micronance institutions indicator and agent banking indicator. b. The cost of document 1 (phytosanitary certicate)
is $33.9 (0.4% of income per capita). The cost of document 2 (quality certicate) could not be obtained. c. Has to be validated every year.
CTE D'IVOIRE
54.7
64.4
SEED
FERTILIZER
54.7
SEED
64.4
FERTILIZER
45.4
MACHINERY
37.7
FINANCE
58.0
MARKETS
60.7
TRANSPORT
59.4
6
368
2,082.2 (134.2)
50.0
60.0
No practice
No practice
No practice
66.7
66.7
59.5 (3.8)
N/A
25.0
27.8
83.3
59.5 (3.8)
N/A
42.9
60.0
0
85.4
0
78.6
37.5
3
No data
No data
1
198.3 (12.8)
50.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
1
49.6 (3.2)
2
87.1 (5.6)
0.5
71.4
51.0
OPERATIONS ()
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
45.4
37.7
MACHINERY
FINANCE
58.0
157
60.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
44.0
QUALITY CONTROL ()
73.8
TRADE ()
DENMARK
87.5
82.2
SEED
FERTILIZER
87.5
SEED
82.2
FERTILIZER
80.7
MACHINERY
N/Aa
FINANCE
85.7
MARKETS
100
TRANSPORT
87.5
6
690
4,640.5 (7.6)
87.5
80.0
2
31
267.7 (0.4)
83.3
83.3
N/A
N/A
86.7
72.2
83.3
N/A
N/A
-
71.4
100
0
0
0
1
667.5 (1.1)
100
27
0
10
N/A
N/A
N/A
190.5 (0.3)
1
100
85.1
OPERATIONS ()
OECD HIGH INCOME

HIGH INCOME
80.7
N/Aa
MACHINERY
FINANCE
85.7
158
100
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
85.2
QUALITY CONTROL ()
88.9
TRADE ()
a. High-income countries are not measured under the nance topic.
ETHIOPIA
58.9
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOW INCOME
34.4
SEED
FERTILIZER
58.9
SEED
34.4
FERTILIZER
28.5
MACHINERY
59.8
FINANCE
55.4
MARKETS
52.4
TRANSPORT
75.0
4
620
488.9 (88.9)
42.9
20.0
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
66.7
16.7
N/A
N/A
18.8
6.7
60.0
15.3 (2.8)
5.2 (0.9)
47.6
60.0
91.4
0
100
85.7
25.0
3
No data b
80.9 (14.7)
1
9.0 (1.6)
61.9
1
34.6 (6.3)
1
N/A
N/A
N/A
19.4 (3.5)
1
42.9
50.9
OPERATIONS ()
28.5
59.8
MACHINERY
FINANCE
55.4
159
52.4
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
32.8
QUALITY CONTROL ()
39.8
TRADE ()
a. The private sector is not required to register fertilizer. b. The time to obtain document 1 (phytosanitary certicate) is 1 day, and the time to obtain document 3 (fumigation
certicate) is 1 day. The time to obtain document 2 (quality certicate) could not be obtained.
GEORGIA
75.0

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
68.9
SEED
FERTILIZER
75.0
SEED
68.9
FERTILIZER
44.4
MACHINERY
37.7
FINANCE
86.6
MARKETS
65.7
TRANSPORT
62.5
6
534
No data
87.5
90.0
5
765
260.6 (7.0)
50.0
66.7
N/A
N/A
33.3
33.3
66.7
N/A
N/A
0
80.0
0
50.0
58.3
85.7
87.5
2
5
95.6 (2.6)
0
N/A
60.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
71.4
63.6
OPERATIONS ()
44.4
37.7
MACHINERY
FINANCE
86.6
160
65.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
56.9
QUALITY CONTROL ()
68.3
TRADE ()
GHANA
40.6
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
59.4
SEED
FERTILIZER
40.6
SEED
59.4
FERTILIZER
39.2
MACHINERY
41.7
FINANCE
71.4
MARKETS
65.7
TRANSPORT
43.8
6
757
No data
37.5
45.0
4
255
1,445.4 (89.2)
66.7
66.7
158.4 (9.8)
N/A
37.5
13.3
66.7
N/A
N/A
42.9
80.0
60.5
25.0
0
92.9
50.0
3
8
5.9 (0.4)
3
2,435.6 (150.3) a
60.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
99 (6.1)
1
71.4
52.9
OPERATIONS ()
39.2
41.7
MACHINERY
FINANCE
71.4
161
65.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
43.3
QUALITY CONTROL ()
68.3
TRADE ()
a. The total cost excludes the cost of Ghanas Cocoa Export License, which could not be quantied and was recorded as variable based on contributor responses and the applicable regulations.
GREECE
73.4
OECD HIGH INCOME

HIGH INCOME
93.3
SEED
FERTILIZER
73.4
SEED
93.3
FERTILIZER
74.6
MACHINERY
N/Aa
FINANCE
90.2
MARKETS
92.9
TRANSPORT
46.9
6
729
1,911.4 (8.7)
100
100
7
211
1,282.4 (5.8)
100
80.0
N/A
135.0 (0.6)
83.8
73.3
66.7
N/A
N/A
-
92.9
87.5
0
0
0
1
809.9 (3.7)
85.7
60
674.9 (3.1)
10
N/A
N/A
N/A
141.7 (0.6)
1
100
87.2
OPERATIONS ()
74.6
N/Aa
MACHINERY
FINANCE
90.2
162
92.9
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
86.9
QUALITY CONTROL ()
82.2
TRADE ()
GUATEMALA
71.0
66.9
SEED
FERTILIZER
71.0
SEED
66.9
FERTILIZER
40.6
MACHINERY
46.3
FINANCE
86.6
MARKETS
72.9
TRANSPORT
56.3
4
166
67.5 (2.0)
85.7
35.0
2
105
12.5 (0.4)
100
65.8
No data
No data
25.0
13.3
83.3
622.6 (18.1)
N/A
0
40.0
91.4
25.0
75.0
85.7
87.5
1
1
6.3 (0.2)
0
N/A
60.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
100 (2.9)
1
85.7
53.8
OPERATIONS ()

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
40.6
46.3
MACHINERY
FINANCE
86.6
163
72.9
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
66.9
QUALITY CONTROL ()
78.3
TRADE ()
JORDAN
71.0
MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA

UPPER MIDDLE INCOME
67.8
SEED
FERTILIZER
71.0
SEED
67.8
FERTILIZER
42.1
MACHINERY
21.7
FINANCE
83.9
MARKETS
66.7
TRANSPORT
56.3
No practice
No practice
No practice
85.7
70.0
3
36
15.0 (0.3) a
66.7
66.7
13.6 (0.3)
13.6 (0.3)
36.3
13.3
76.7
13.6 (0.3)
13.6 (0.3)
N/A b
40.0
N/A b
25.0
0
92.9
75.0
1
1
2.7 (0.1)
0
N/A
61.9
3
203.3 (3.9)
1
1
521.7 (10.1)
1
40.7 (0.8)
1
71.4
58.9
OPERATIONS ()
42.1
21.7
MACHINERY
FINANCE
83.9
164
66.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
51.7
QUALITY CONTROL ()
71.6
TRADE ()
a. Cost of application for registration is $15, but cost of lab report is unknown. Approval by the National Committee is free. b. Upper-middle-income countries are not measured
under the micronance institutions indicator and agent banking indicator.
KENYA
90.6
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
50.0
SEED
FERTILIZER
90.6
SEED
50.0
FERTILIZER
57.2
MACHINERY
72.9
FINANCE
50.9
MARKETS
75.0
TRANSPORT
93.8
6
321
1,798.5 (140.5)
87.5
0
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
66.7
83.3
327.0 (25.5)
N/A
43.8
61.1
66.7
N/A
N/A
90.5
86.7
87.1
100
0
64.3
37.5
4
6
130.8 (10.2) b
2
1,602.3 (125.2)
78.6
N/A
N/A
N/A
1
32.7 (2.6)
1
10.9 (0.9)
1
71.4
58.3
OPERATIONS ()
57.2
72.9
MACHINERY
FINANCE
50.9
165
75.0
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
55.1
QUALITY CONTROL ()
73.8
TRADE ()
a. The private sector is not required to register fertilizer. b. The total cost excludes the cost of document 4 (export release order), which requires payment of an ad valorem levy (1%
of ex-warehouse price for tea exports sold at the tea auction).
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
48.9
63.9
SEED
FERTILIZER
48.9
SEED
63.9
FERTILIZER
63.9
MACHINERY
79.8
FINANCE
80.4
MARKETS
72.9
TRANSPORT
40.6
5
970
2,850.7 (228.1)
57.1
75.0
5
730
277.9 (22.2)
50.0
66.7
N/A
N/A
75.0
33.3
83.3
N/A
N/A
61.9
100
91.4
87.5
58.3
85.7
75.0
1
2
10.1 (0.8)
0
N/A
60.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
12.4 (1.0)
1
85.7
70.7
OPERATIONS ()

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
63.9
79.8
MACHINERY
FINANCE
80.4
166
72.9
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
52.8
QUALITY CONTROL ()
78.6
TRADE ()
LAO PDR
45.5
EAST ASIA & PACIFIC

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
60.6
SEED
FERTILIZER
45.5
SEED
60.6
FERTILIZER
20.0
MACHINERY
34.3
FINANCE
83.9
MARKETS
69.0
TRANSPORT
62.5
No practice
No practice
No practice
28.6
45.0
4
No data
7.9 (0.5)
83.3
53.3
N/A
3.1 (0.2)
0
6.7
53.3
N/A
1.2 (0.1)
66.7
80.0
0
25.0
0
92.9
75.0
2
3
151.0 (9.4)
0
N/A
66.7
30
24.4 (1.5)
1
7
67.2 (4.2)
1
2.4 (0.2)
1
71.4
47.4
OPERATIONS ()
20.0
34.3
MACHINERY
FINANCE
83.9
167
69.0
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
55.0
QUALITY CONTROL ()
59.4
TRADE ()
MALI
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOW INCOME
56.0
71.1
SEED
FERTILIZER
56.0
SEED
71.1
FERTILIZER
27.8
MACHINERY
37.2
FINANCE
55.4
MARKETS
67.9
TRANSPORT
40.6
No practice
No practice
No practice
71.4
80.0
4
90
No data
66.7
66.7
0
3.0 (0.4)
0
6.7
76.7
0
3.0 (0.4)
42.9
60.0
0
83.3
0
85.7
25.0
1
3
19.8 (2.7)
0
N/A
64.3
N/A
N/A
N/A
3
31.6 (4.4)
1
34.6 (4.8)
0.5
71.4
53.9
OPERATIONS ()
27.8
37.2
MACHINERY
FINANCE
55.4
168
67.9
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
32.8
QUALITY CONTROL ()
71.6
TRADE ()
MOROCCO
85.9
50.4
SEED
FERTILIZER
85.9
SEED
50.4
FERTILIZER
52.0
MACHINERY
71.9
6
585
469.9 (15.6)
100
0
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
94.4
56.7
N/A
0
55.0
44.4
56.7
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
60.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT
FINANCE

TRANSPORT
45.5
72.3

60.7
OPERATIONS ()
FINANCE

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
MARKETS
50.0
3
0
Indenite d
N/A
N/A
N/A
47 (1.6)
1
71.4
52.0
MACHINERY
169

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
72.3
82.1
62.5
2
No data b
No data c
2
No data
MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME

67.1
QUALITY CONTROL ()
61.6
TRADE ()
a. The private sector is not required to register fertilizer. b. The time to obtain document 1 (phytosanitary certicate) is 3 days. The time to obtain document 2 (inspection
certicate) could not be obtained. c. The cost of document 1 (phytosanitary certicate) is $17.6 (0.6% of income per capita). The cost of document 2 (inspection certicate) could
not be obtained. d. License is revoked if any of the pre-requirements are not fullled.
MOZAMBIQUE
90.6
46.1
SEED
FERTILIZER
90.6
SEED
46.1
FERTILIZER
42.5
MACHINERY
29.8
FINANCE
83.9
MARKETS
60.7
TRANSPORT
81.3
7
582
500.0 (79.4)
100
30.0
No practice
No practice
No practice
50.0
58.3
200.0 (31.7)
81.6 (13)
37.5
6.7
83.3
5548.1 (880.6)
N/A
57.1
66.7
0
25.0
0
92.9
75.0
1
2
13.4 (2.1)
0
N/A
64.3
N/A
N/A
N/A
2.5
130.5 (20.7)
5
34.4 (5.5)
0.5
57.1
57.5
OPERATIONS ()
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOW INCOME
42.5
29.8
MACHINERY
FINANCE
83.9
170
60.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
43.9
QUALITY CONTROL ()
66.3
TRADE ()
MYANMAR
53.6
61.9
SEED
FERTILIZER
53.6
SEED
61.9
FERTILIZER
21.4
MACHINERY
24.6
FINANCE
42.0
MARKETS
22.6
TRANSPORT
50.0
6
306
445.1 (35.1)
57.1
45.0
3
42
122.4 (9.6)
100
40.8
55.6 (4.4)
55.6 (4.4)
0
6.7
57.5
11.1 (0.9)
55.6 (4.4)
42.9
80.0
0
0
0
71.4
12.5
2
4
20.3 (1.6)
0
N/A
31.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
11.5
2.2 (0.2)
1
51.7 (4.1)
1
14.3
37.6
OPERATIONS ()
EAST ASIA & PACIFIC

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
21.4
24.6
MACHINERY
FINANCE
42.0
171
22.6
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
39.7
QUALITY CONTROL ()
37.5
TRADE ()
NEPAL
55.8
SOUTH ASIA
LOW INCOME
57.2
SEED
FERTILIZER
55.8
SEED
57.2
FERTILIZER
21.0
MACHINERY
50.0
FINANCE
81.3
MARKETS
44.0
TRANSPORT
68.8
5
611
0
42.9
45.0
3
1125
49.4 (6.8)
66.7
60.0
0
83.9 (11.5)
6.3
6.7
50.0
N/A
N/A
57.1
93.3
74.3
25.0
0
100
62.5
2
2
5.3 (0.7)
0
N/A
45.2
N/A
N/A
N/A
2
303.7 (41.6)
0.3
1.0 (0.1)
0.5
42.9
50.4
OPERATIONS ()
21.0
50.0
MACHINERY
FINANCE
81.3
172
44.0
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
45.3
QUALITY CONTROL ()
51.0
TRADE ()
NICARAGUA
54.9
64.4
SEED
FERTILIZER
54.9
SEED
64.4
FERTILIZER
41.5
MACHINERY
31.2
FINANCE
67.0
MARKETS
75.0
TRANSPORT
81.3
6
650
15,265.0 (834.2)
28.6
35.0
2
30
1,600.0 (87.4)
100
58.3
50.0 (2.7)
25.0 (1.4)
31.3
13.3
80.0
0
No data
0
60.0
0
25.0
70.8
71.4
62.5
2
2
28.9 (1.6)
1
0
64.3
N/A
N/A
N/A
7.5
94.3 (5.2)
5
12.1 (0.7)
0.5
85.7
48.0
OPERATIONS ()

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
41.5
31.2
MACHINERY
FINANCE
67.0
173
75.0
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
58.6
QUALITY CONTROL ()
74.7
TRADE ()
NIGER
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOW INCOME
43.8
42.2
SEED
FERTILIZER
43.8
SEED
42.2
FERTILIZER
24.4
MACHINERY
36.8
FINANCE
54.5
MARKETS
60.7
TRANSPORT
37.5
No practice
No practice
No practice
50.0
0
N/Aa
N/Aa
N/Aa
66.7
60.0
N/A
39.9 (9.3)
0
6.7
66.7
N/A
N/A
42.9
60.0
0
81.3
0
71.4
37.5
1
3
10 (2.3)
0
N/A
50.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
1
39.9 (9.3)
0.5
0.3 (0.1)
0.5
71.4
33.7
OPERATIONS ()
24.4
36.8
MACHINERY
FINANCE
54.5
174
60.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
36.9
QUALITY CONTROL ()
66.0
TRADE ()
PHILIPPINES
92.2
57.2
SEED
FERTILIZER
92.2
SEED
57.2
FERTILIZER
68.7
MACHINERY
72.6
FINANCE
52.7
MARKETS
65.5
TRANSPORT
84.4
6a
571 a
0.0 a
100
65.0
3
114
108.9 (6.0) b
66.7
40.0
No data
No data
53.8
72.2
80.0
1200 (34.9)
N/A c
85.7
100
0
89.6
87.5
67.9
37.5
2
3
97.3 (2.8)
1
113.5 (3.3)
59.5
235
136.1 (4)
5d
N/A
N/A
N/A
12.8 (0.4)
1
71.4
68.5
OPERATIONS ()
EAST ASIA & PACIFIC

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
68.7
72.6
MACHINERY
FINANCE
52.7
175
65.5
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
58.8
QUALITY CONTROL ()
63.8
TRADE ()
a. Registration is not mandatory, therefore we do not account for non-mandatory costs. b. The cost of application for registration and eld testing is $108.9 but there is no data on
the lab reports. c. 1020% of import value. d. Licenses can be issued with varying validity from a minimum of 1 year up to a maximum of 5 years.
POLAND
78.1
OECD HIGH INCOME

HIGH INCOME
94.4
SEED
FERTILIZER
78.1
SEED
94.4
FERTILIZER
66.7
MACHINERY
N/Aa
FINANCE
90.2
MARKETS
92.9
TRANSPORT
56.3
6
699
979.2 (7.1)
100
100
4
60
219.8 (1.6)
100
83.3
N/A
N/A
66.7
66.7
66.7
N/A
N/A
-
92.9
87.5
0
0
0
0
N/A
85.7
90
249.5 (1.8)
15
N/A
N/A
N/A
78 (0.6)
1
100
84.7
OPERATIONS ()
66.7
N/Aa
MACHINERY
FINANCE
90.2
176
92.9
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
84.7
QUALITY CONTROL ()
83.3
TRADE ()
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
67.0
67.6
SEED
FERTILIZER
67.0
SEED
67.6
FERTILIZER
64.7
MACHINERY
N/Ab
FINANCE
80.4
MARKETS
65.7
TRANSPORT
62.5
5
716
0a
71.4
75.0
5
424
9,059.9 (68.6)
61.1
66.7
N/A
N/A
56.3
77.8
60.0
N/A
168.3 (1.3)
-
85.7
75.0
4
12
33.4 (0.3)
0
N/A
60.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
34.6 (0.3)
1
71.4
68.8
OPERATIONS ()
64.7

HIGH INCOME
N/Ab
MACHINERY
FINANCE
80.4
177
65.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
71.3
QUALITY CONTROL ()
66.0
TRADE ()
a. Registering up to ve varieties in a year is free of charge. b. High-income countries are not measured under the nance topic.
RWANDA
27.7
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOW INCOME
61.7
SEED
FERTILIZER
27.7
SEED
61.7
FERTILIZER
41.1
MACHINERY
59.1
FINANCE
56.3
MARKETS
71.4
TRANSPORT
12.5
No practice
No practice
No practice
42.9
45.0
5
No data
14.9 (2.3)
66.7
73.3
29.8 (4.6)
0
33.3
33.3
56.7
N/A
0
61.9
73.3
87.1
72.9
0
100
12.5
1
No data a
0.3 (0.0)
1
1,602.3 (246.5)
71.4
7
158.5 (24.4)
1
N/A
N/A
N/A
29.8 (4.6)
1
71.4
56.1
OPERATIONS ()
41.1
59.1
MACHINERY
FINANCE
56.3
178
71.4
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
37.5
QUALITY CONTROL ()
67.1
TRADE ()
a. The time to obtain document 1 (phytosanitary certicate) is 2 days. The time to obtain document 2 (quality certicate) could not be obtained.
SPAIN
OECD HIGH INCOME

HIGH INCOME
81.3
86.1
SEED
FERTILIZER
81.3
SEED
86.1
FERTILIZER
69.6
MACHINERY
N/Aa
FINANCE
90.2
MARKETS
97.6
TRANSPORT
62.5
6
598
2,841 (9.6)
100
75.0
1
90
0
100
83.3
N/A
N/A
68.8
73.3
66.7
N/A
N/A
-
92.9
87.5
0
0
0
1
0
95.2
3.5
50.9 (0.2)
Indenite b
N/A
N/A
N/A
94.9 (0.3)
1
100
82.6
OPERATIONS ()
69.6
N/Aa
MACHINERY
FINANCE
90.2
179
97.6
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
86.9
QUALITY CONTROL ()
83.3
TRADE ()
a. High-income countries are not measured under the nance topic. b. Has to be validated every 2 years. License is revoked if any of the pre-requirements are not fullled.
SRI LANKA
53.6
72.2
SEED
FERTILIZER
53.6
SEED
72.2
FERTILIZER
40.1
MACHINERY
30.3
FINANCE
41.1
MARKETS
36.9
TRANSPORT
50.0
4
298
0
57.1
80.0
3
187
73.5 (2.2)
83.3
53.3
147.0 (4.3)
0
18.8
26.7
75.0
7.4 (0.2)
N/A
0
60.0
0
91.7
0
57.1
25.0
3
4
273.2 (8)
2
222 (6.5)
73.8
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.5
101.1 (3.0)
1
15.1 (0.4)
1
0
52.3
OPERATIONS ()
SOUTH ASIA
LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
40.1
30.3
MACHINERY
FINANCE
41.1
180
36.9
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
45.0
QUALITY CONTROL ()
42.8
TRADE ()
SUDAN
76.6
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
63.3
SEED
FERTILIZER
76.6
SEED
63.3
FERTILIZER
45.9
MACHINERY
27.1
FINANCE
61.6
MARKETS
65.7
TRANSPORT
53.1
5
654
12,554.3 (721.5)
100
80.0
4
29
65.9 (3.8)
66.7
43.3
82.4 (4.7)
33.0 (1.9)
50.0
44.4
43.3
82.4 (4.7)
33.0 (1.9)
85.7
0
0
50.0
0
85.7
37.5
2
No data a
41.9 (2.4)
0
N/A
60.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
205.9 (11.8)
1
71.4
63.2
OPERATIONS ()
45.9
27.1
MACHINERY
FINANCE
61.6
181
65.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
49.5
QUALITY CONTROL ()
52.7
TRADE ()
a. The time to obtain document 1 (phytosanitary certicate) is 7 days. The time to obtain document 2 (fumigation certicate) could not be obtained.
TAJIKISTAN
56.7
40.6
SEED
FERTILIZER
56.7
SEED
40.6
FERTILIZER
47.8
MACHINERY
32.0
FINANCE
74.1
MARKETS
78.6
TRANSPORT
56.3
No data
No data
No data
57.1
55.0
No data
No data
No data
0a
66.7
N/A
N/A
50.0
26.7
66.7
N/A
N/A
95.2
40.0
0
25.0
0
85.7
62.5
2
6
62.9 (5.9)
0
N/A
85.7
30
111.0 (10.5)
5.0 b
N/A
N/A
N/A
138.8 (13.1)
1
71.4
60.9
OPERATIONS ()

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
47.8
32.0
MACHINERY
FINANCE
74.1
182
78.6
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
29.7
QUALITY CONTROL ()
68.3
TRADE ()
a. According to the Law On Production and Safe Use of Pesticides and Agrochemicals (03/07/2012), quality control is not regulated. b. Not less than 5 years.
TANZANIA
71.9
75.0
SEED
FERTILIZER
71.9
SEED
75.0
FERTILIZER
51.4
MACHINERY
74.2
FINANCE
54.5
MARKETS
67.9
TRANSPORT
56.3
6
333
652.1 (70.1)
87.5
60.0
5
578.5
9,899.5 (1,064.5)
100
65.0
No data
No data
37.5
33.3
83.3
N/A
N/A
71.4
100
87.1
25.0
87.5
71.4
37.5
4
13
39 (4.2) a
1
No data
64.3
N/A
N/A
N/A
3
47.4 (5.1)
1
29.6 (3.2)
1
71.4
63.2
OPERATIONS ()
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOW INCOME
51.4
74.2
MACHINERY
FINANCE
54.5
183
67.9
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
56.9
QUALITY CONTROL ()
73.3
TRADE ()
a. The total cost excludes the cost of document 3 (radioactivity analysis certicate), which is approximately 0.3% of the FOB value of the goods exported.
TURKEY
76.6

UPPER MIDDLE INCOME
66.7
SEED
FERTILIZER
76.6
SEED
66.7
FERTILIZER
54.3
MACHINERY
79.7
FINANCE
69.6
MARKETS
83.3
TRANSPORT
78.1
6
646
3,367.3 (31.0)
75
70.0
3
50
180.7 (1.7)
50.0
80.0
No data
No data
46.3
50.0
66.7
N/A
N/A
N/A a
60.0
N/A a
79.2
100
64.3
75.0
3
3
19 (0.2)
1
0
81.0
4
4280.5 (39.5)
5
N/A
N/A
N/A
142.7 (1.3)
1
85.7
69.6
OPERATIONS ()
54.3
79.7
MACHINERY
FINANCE
69.6
184
83.3
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
58.3
QUALITY CONTROL ()
77.5
TRADE ()
a. Upper-middle-income countries are not measured under the micronance institutions indicator and agent banking indicator.
UGANDA
44.2
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOW INCOME
56.4
SEED
FERTILIZER
44.2
SEED
56.4
FERTILIZER
51.0
MACHINERY
46.3
FINANCE
58.9
MARKETS
31.3
5
523
0a
57.1
45.0
5
691
1,708.9 (258.9)
66.7
57.5
379.8 (57.5)
0
56.3
13.3
83.3
N/A
N/A
66.7
40.0
0
25.0
100
92.9
25.0
4
No data
No data
1
569.6 (86.3)
75
78.6
N/A
N/A
N/A
1
41.8 (6.3)
1
76 (11.5)
1
71.4
60.5
OPERATIONS ()
51.0
46.3
MACHINERY
FINANCE
58.9
185
75.0
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
TRANSPORT

35.0
QUALITY CONTROL ()
70.8
TRADE ()
a. In practice, the National Agriculture Research Organization (NARD), which is in charge of registration , has not been charging fees for these procedures.
UKRAINE
74.1

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
80.6
SEED
FERTILIZER
74.1
SEED
80.6
FERTILIZER
62.7
MACHINERY
41.6
FINANCE
86.6
MARKETS
65.7
TRANSPORT
62.5
6
714
1,136.4 (31.9)
85.7
75.0
5
325
25,537.2 (717.3)
100
66.7
N/A
N/A
43.8
77.8
66.7
N/A
N/A
0
40.0
42.9
25.0
100
85.7
87.5
3
5
31.2 (0.9)
0
N/A
60.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
39.3 (1.1)
1
71.4
63.4
OPERATIONS ()
62.7
41.6
MACHINERY
FINANCE
86.6
186
65.7
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
88.4
QUALITY CONTROL ()
68.3
TRADE ()
VIETNAM
62.5
EAST ASIA & PACIFIC

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
70.0
SEED
FERTILIZER
62.5
SEED
70.0
FERTILIZER
24.4
MACHINERY
45.3
FINANCE
80.4
MARKETS
54.8
TRANSPORT
62.5
6
901
8,050.8 (426.0)
62.5
60.0
3
15
50.0 (2.6)
100
50.0
N/A
20.0 (1.1)
0
6.7
66.7
N/A
N/A
71.4
80.0
0
75.0
0
85.7
75.0
2
3
38.5 (2.0)
1
0
81.0
3
9.2 (0.5)
7
N/A
N/A
N/A
16.1 (0.9)
0.5
28.6
55.7
OPERATIONS ()
24.4
45.3
MACHINERY
FINANCE
80.4
187
54.8
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
60.6
QUALITY CONTROL ()
48.4
TRADE ()
ZAMBIA
70.3
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
LOWER MIDDLE INCOME
56.7
SEED
FERTILIZER
70.3
SEED
56.7
FERTILIZER
39.2
MACHINERY
51.3
FINANCE
61.6
MARKETS
67.9
TRANSPORT
53.1
5
544
1,045.0 (59.4)
87.5
40.0
4
211
4,249.8 (241.5)
66.7
63.3
0
183.0 (10.4)
37.5
13.3
66.7
N/A
N/A
66.7
40.0
0
50.0
100
85.7
37.5
5
11
190.6 (10.8)
0
N/A
50.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
90
17.6 (1.0)
1
5.2 (0.3)
1
85.7
55.8
OPERATIONS ()
39.2
51.3
MACHINERY
FINANCE
61.6
188
67.9
MARKETS
TRANSPORT

Procedures (number)
Time (days)
Procedures (number)
Time (days)
39.2
QUALITY CONTROL ()
71.9
TRADE ()
ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 LOCAL EXPERTS
189
LOCAL EXPERTS
GLOBAL RESPONDENTS
Md. Joynal Abedin, Ministry of Local
Monsanto
Government, Rural Development and

Africa Legal Network (ALN)
OLAM
Cooperatives
AGCO
One Acre Fund
Rozina
Afroz,
Bangladesh
Agricultural Research Institute

Baker & McKenzie
Pioneer
Iftekhar
Ahmed,
Bangladesh
Bayer Animal Health
SQM
Bayer CropScience
Syngenta
Vinay Ahuja, DFDL
Ceva Sant Animale
Syngenta Foundation
Shahid Akbar, Bangladesh Institute

of ICT in Development (BIID)
Clifford Chance
Tilleke & Gibbins

Lamisa Alam, Kamal Hossain &
Colibri Law Firm
VimpelCom
Associates
DFDL
Vodafone Group Plc
S. M. Khorshed Alam, Bangladesh

Agricultural Research Council
FINCA
YARA
Saiful Alam, Ministry of Water
GALVmed
BANGLADESH
Resources
Hester Biosciences Limited
Bangladesh Agricultural Research
Mohsin Ali, WAVE Foundation
Institute
Shah Mohammad Arefin, Lal Teer
IFDC
Hatim Industries Ltd.
Seed Limited
Karnaphuli Fertilizer Co. Ltd (KAFCO)
Jennifer
John Deere
Legacy
Legal
Corporate Law firm
KWS
Microcredit
Merial
Ashraf,
(MRA)
Regulatory
Authority
Mohammed
Ayub,
Development Academy (RDA)
Rural
190
Abdul Halim Bhuiyan, Bangladesh
Altaf Hossain, Directorate General
Md.
Agricultural
of Drug Administration (DGDA)
Amjad
Mohammed Khairul Islam, Jagorani
Development
Tariqul
Islam,
Bangladesh
Corporation (BADC)
Sharif Bhuyian, Kamal Hossain &
Hossain,
Bangladesh
Chakra Foundation (JCF)
Anwar Hossain, WAVE Foundation
Towhidul
Associates
Israil
Hossain,
Ishrat Jahan, International Fertilizer

Development Center (IFDC)
Md. Mozammel Ali Chowdhury,

Md. Sanwar Hossain, S Hossain &
Md. Abdul Jalil, Land Records and
Associates
Survey Department, Ministry of Land
Ahmed Zaker Chowdhury, Kamal

Hossain & Associates
Mohammad Iqbal Hossain

Ahmed
Kafiluddin,
Subrato Dey, ADESH
Shahadat Hossain, ACDI/VOCA
Fertilizer Association
Chowdhury Md. Feroz Bin Alam,
S. M. Jahangir Hossain
A.
Z.
M.
Bangladesh
Momtazul
Karim,
Department of Agricultural Extension
Bangladesh Bank
Nazmul Huda, Bangladesh Society
Rajiv Ghandi, Hester Biosciences
Legal
Bangladesh

Young Power in Social Action
Legacy
Corporate Law firm
Ahnaf Chowdhury, Kamal Hossain &

Associates
Islam,
(DAE)
of Seed Technology
Abu Raihan Muhammed Khalid,
Ltd
Raihan Khalid & Associates
Arif Imtiaz, OGR Legal

Bishwojit Ghosh, Jagorani Chakra
Foundation (JCF)
Mohammad
Iqbal,
Bangladesh
Chemical Industries Corporation
Anwar
Hossain
Khan,
Department of Agricultural Extension

(DAE)
Golam Zilani, Milky Way Shipping

Lines (Pvt.) Limited
Md.
M. Amir-UI Islam, Amir & Amir Law

Associates, member of Lex Mundi
Munzur Murshid Khan, Advance

Animal Science Co. Ltd.
Md. Osman Goni, OGR Legal

Md. Monjurul Islam
Md.
Aminul Haque, Advance Animal
Abdul
Malek,
Bangladesh
Science Co. Ltd.
Md. Nazrul Islam, Bangladesh Bank
Aminul Haque, Come To Save
Raisul Islam, Kamal Hossain &
Moin Ghani, Kamal Hossain &
Cooperative (CTS)
Associates
Associates
191
Ahmed Moinuddin, Advance Animal
Quazi Rezaul Islam, Ministry of Local
Quazi Ludmila Zaman, Amir & Amir
Science Co. Ltd.
Government, Rural Development and
Law Associates, member of Lex
Cooperatives
Mundi
Durlave Roy, Northern Agro Services
BOLIVIA
Md. Rezwan Molla, Bangladesh

Ltd
Instituto Nacional de Innovacin
Mohamm Monsured
Sheikh Saiful Rajib, S Hossain &
Md. Abu Fazal Munif, Legacy Legal
Agropecuaria y Forestal (INIAF)
Associates
La Autoridad de Supervisin del
Corporate Law firm

Kalidas
Sarkar,
Department
of
Nujhat Naeem, Banglalink Digital
Livestock Services (DLS), Ministry of
Communications Ltd.
Fisheries and Livestock
Sistema Financiero (ASFI)

Ministerio de Desarrollo Rural y
Tierras
Afrina
Naznin,
Legacy
Legal
Corporate Law firm

Md.
of
Aminur
Local
Rahman,
Ministry
Government,
Shafique Shafiquzzaman, Maxwell

Stamp Ltd
Nibol Ltd.
Sreekanta Sheel
Sociedad
Kuri Siddique, Kamal Hossain &

Servicio
Associates
Government,
Rural
Nacional
Agropecuaria
Md. Mizanur Rahman, Ministry

Local
Comercial
Industrial (SACI)
Rural
Development and Cooperatives
of
Annima
de
Sanidad
Inocuidad
Alimentaria (SENASAG)
S. K. Sinha, ASA
Development and Cooperatives

Mashrufa
Md. Moshiar Rahman, Bangladesh
Tanzin,
Rural
Viceministerio de Desarrollo Rural y
Development Academy (RDA)
Agropecuario
Ashraf Uddin, Pedrollo nk Ltd.
Yara
Md. Amir Uddin, Bangladesh Bank
Mauricio Becerra de la Roca
Road Transport Authority

Pulak Rangan Shaha, Ministry of
Agriculture
Donoso, Becerra de la Roca Donoso

Bazlur
Rashid,
Department
of
Nashir Uddin, Biswas Agrovet Ltd.
& Asociados SRL
Read Uddin, Jus Counsel
Jos Campero, Instituto Nacional de
Agricultural Extension (DAE)

Innovacin Agropecuaria y Forestal
Md. Abdur Razzaque, Ministry of

Agriculture
Md.
Wahiduzzaman,
Jagorani
(INIAF)
Chakra Foundation (JCF)

Magaly
Naandanjain
Castillo
Tamayo,
192
Ichn Ma, Indacochea & Asociados
Remi Castro vila, SENASAG
Gabriela Santucho, SUR CARGO

S.R.L.
Maritza Cspedes, Biognesis-Bag
Sergio Diego Martnez Calbimonte,

Larry Serrate, AgroNyade
Marcal Consultores
Gonzalo Colque, Taller de Iniciativas
en Estudios Rurales y Reforma
Marco
Antonio
Torrico
Agraria (TIERRA)
Navia,
Viceministerio
Pablo Stejskal, Stejskal & Asociados
de
Alvaro Tufio
Telecomunicaciones
Sergio Jos Dvila Zeballos, C.R.&F.
lvaro
Rojas Abogados
Otondo
Maldonado,
Instituto Nacional de Innovacin

Diego Fernando Rojas Moreno,
David Wilson, Instituto Nacional de

Jaime Alfredo Palenque Quintanilla,
Font,
Indacochea
Nacional de Reforma Agraria
Agropecuaria y Forestal (INIAF)
C.R.&F. Rojas Abogados

rsula
Marcos Vargas Caravallo, Instituto
&
Association of Agricultural Input

Suppliers (APIA)
Asociados
Reforma Agraria
Jos Noel Zamora, Banco Prodem
S.A.
Humberto Gandarillas, Deutsche
Mara Laura Paz G., Indacochea &
Gesellschaft
Asociados
Rodrigo Pea
Banking Agency of the Republic of
fr
Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Srpska
Carlos L. Gerke, Estudio Jurdico

Gerke, Soc. Civ.
Gustavo Pozo Vargas, Viceministerio

de Telecomunicaciones
Banking Agency of the Federation of

Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBA)
Alberto Guzmn, AGC Consultora

Silvia Quevedo, AG Logistics
MCO EKI
Jorge Guzmn, Banco Prodem S.A.

Pablo Quispe, Trucks Logistics
AgroDar s.p.z.
Alonso Indacochea, Indacochea &

Asociados
Carlos Quitn
State Veterinary Office of Bosnia-
Cesar Iriarte, Sociedad Industrial
Blanca Roca, CTG Andrea (Gentica
y Comercial de Riego y Agricultura
Lquida) PIC
Sneana Akulovi, Direction for the
Sicra Ltda.
Carlos Saavedra, HELVETAS Swiss
Jose Nelson Joaquin, Universidad
Intercooperation
Autnoma Gabriel Ren Moreno

Carlos Sanabria, ATT Bolivia
Fabrizio Leigue Rioja, AG Logistics
Herzegovina
Plant Protection
193
of
Smiljana Kneevi, Plant Health
Enida
Agriculture, Water Management and
Protection Administration of Bosnia
Forestry of the Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina
Eldin
Alikadi,
Ministry
Pecikoza,
Ministry
of
and Herzegovina
and Herzegovina
Danijela Kondi, University of Banja
Marina Anti, University of Banja
Amer Rami, Advokatska kancelarija
Luka
Rami Amer
Luka
Meliha Kovaevi, Communications
Adela Rizvi, Advokatska kancelarija
Regulatory Agency
Sadina Bina, MCO EKI
Tkali-uli,
Stevan Dimitrijevi, Karanovi &
Smiljana
Kraljevi,
Nikoli
Ministry
of

Amina Djugum, Mari & Co. Law
Prebani,
Rizvi,
Jusufbai-Goloman
Philippe Sabot, Merial
and Herzegovina
Aleksandar Saji, Saji Advokatska
Firm
Tarik Kupusovi, Hydro-Engineering
Draen Mari, Euro Part HB d.o.o
Firma
Institute Sarajevo
Zlatan Salihovi, Communications
Dajana
Nusmir Huski, Huski Law Office
Legin-Dedi,
Microcredit
Regulatory Agency
Foundation Sunrise
Jesenka
Jahi,
Ministry
Emina Saraevi, Saraevi and
of
Branko Mari, Mari & Co. Law Firm
Gazibegovi Lawyers (SGL)
Vladimir
Nadida

and Herzegovina
Marku,
Karanovi
&
Sari,
Communications
Regulatory Agency
Nikoli
Ljubia Kaavenda, InfoMap Novi
Grad
Dragan
Mataruga,
Republic
of
Tanja Savii, Karanovi & Nikoli
Srpska Inspectorate
Selim kalji, University of Sarajevo
Kenan Karahasanovi, Ministry of

Dragana
Mehmedovi,
Association
Mehmed Spaho, Spaho Law Office
Ena Mesihovi, Huski Law Office
Dragan Stijak, Saji Law Office
Ensar Osmi, Ziraat Bank
Vladimir unjar, EKO-BeL Laktai
AMFI
and Herzegovina
Almin Karamehi, EKO-BeL Laktai
Ivana Karanovi, Karanovi & Nikoli
Bojana Tkali uli, Advokatska
kancelarija Tkali-uli, Prebani,
Rizvi, Jusufbai-Goloman
Vojislav Trkulja, University of Banja
Didier
Balma,
Luka
lEnvironnement
194
Institut
et
de
Recherches
Halidou
Compaor,
Institut
de
lEnvironnement et des Recherches
Agricoles (INERA)
Agricoles (INERA)
Theodore Bele, Direction Gnrale
Arnaud Chabanne, CB nergie
Ismet Veli, Ismet Veli Law Firm

Larisa Veli, High Judicial and
des
Amnagements
et
du
Prosecutorial Council of Bosnia and
Dveloppement de lIrrigation (MAH)
Laurent Compaor
Frdric Belem, United Bank for
Konkourou Coulibaly, AGRIMOTOR
Herzegovina (HJPC)
eljko epi, Transkop Tuzla
Africa Burkina (UBA Burkina)

Gertrude Marie Mathilda Coulibaly/
BURKINA FASO
Patinde Marie Louise Elonore
Zombr,
Blemlilga, The Volta Basin Authority
Account
Boukar
Yempabou Coulidiati, Association
Millnium
Challenge
ACFIME-CREDO
Bikienga,
Comit
Centre International de Recherche-
Interprofessionnel du Riz du Burkina
Dveloppement sur lElevage en
(CIRB)
TIN BA
Amadou Dao
Zone Subhumide
Mamoudou Birba, Le Cadre dAction
Chambre dAgriculture du Burkina
des Juristes de lEnvironnement
Philippe dArondel de Hayes, Houet

Select
Faso
Adama
Ministre de lAgriculture
Bitie, Fisconsult-Biti &

Jean de Foucauld, Ceva Sant
Associs
Animale
Valentin Akue, United Bank for
Boukary Boly, Socit dExportation
du Faso (SEFA)
Mamadou Cellou Diallo, Bagrple
Sienou Al Hassan, Tropic Agro
Issaka Bougoum, SN Ranch du
Amidou
Chem
Koba BF
Ouagadougou
Mamadou Boukouma, Ministre des
Henri Girard, Terre Verte
Laeticia
Aoue/Some, Juris-Gouv
International Consulting SARL
Garane,
Universit
de
Infrastructures, du Dsenclavement
Philippe Goabga, Telecel Faso
et des Transports
Diallo Ali Badara, Union Nationale
des Producteurs de Coton du Burkina
Yves
Bertrand
Capo-Chichi,
Michel Havard, CIRAD
Agriculture et Artisanat, Agence pour

Lon Badiara, Genetic Center
Boureima Bado, GRAINE sarl
la promotion de la Petite et Moyenne
Dioyel Laeticia Hetie, Juris-Gouv
Entreprise
International Consulting SARL
195
Innocent Hien, United Bank for
Mahamane Miampo, Agence pour
Modibo Ouedraogo, Agriculture et
la promotion des exportations du
Artisanat, Agence pour la promotion
Burkina (APEX)
de la Petite et Moyenne Entreprise
Issoufou Maga, Organisation des
Mohamed Ouedraogo, Sudconseil
Etienne Kabore, Bagrple

Flicit
Kabor,
Maison
de
Transporteurs Routiers du Faso

T. Jeremy Ouedraogo, Ministre
(OTRAF)
lEntreprise du Burkina Faso
de la Recherche scientifique et de
Lassin
Kabor,
Ministre
des
Dibi Millogo, Partnenariat National
lInnovation
de lEau
Yassia Ouedraogo, UCOBAM
et des Transports
Charles Adolphe Nanema, Ministre
Saidou Kabr, AGRODIA
de lAgriculture de lHydraulique et
Emma
des Recherches Halieutiques
lAgriculture de lHydraulique et des
Nadine
Bonaventure
Kr,
Syndicat
Ministre
de
Recherches Halieutiques
Issaka Kanazoe, Airtel Burkina Faso

S.A.
Palm,
Nar,
Ministre
de
Souleymane Pind, Ministre des
Ressources Animales (MRA)
Aristide Ongone Obame
Brahima Rabo, Union des Chauffeurs
National des Transporteurs Routiers

de Voyageurs du Burkina (SNTRV-B)
Routiers du Burkina (UCRB)

Georges Kinou, Union Nationale
Ochuko
des Producteurs de Riz du Burkina
Industries
Patrick
Otoba,
Saso
Bationo
Rakissiwinde,
Conseil
Burkinab des Chargeurs (CBC)
Faso (UNPR-B)
Abou Simbel Ouattara, Moablaou
Lancina Ki, West African Economic
S.A.
Laurent Ouedraogo, Direction de la
Adaman Sanfo, MCA
and Monetary Union (UEMOA)

Diara Kocty/Thiombiano, Centre
modernisation et de la mcanisation
National
agricole (DMMA)
de
Multiplication
des
Pierre Sanon, Socit Nationale

damnagement du Territoire et de
Animaux Performants (CMAP)

Mahamadi Ouedraogo, Ministre
Amoulyakar Arnaud Kon, United
de la Recherche scientifique et de
Bank
lInnovation
for
Africa
Burkina
(UBA
Daouda Sanou, Airtel Burkina Faso

S.A.
Burkina)
Mamouna
Joachim Kon, Cyfu Agro
lEquipement Rurale
Ouedraogo,
Union
Nationale des Producteurs de Riz du
Issouf Sanou, Fdration Nationale
Burkina Faso (UNPR-B)
des
Organisations
(FENOP)
Paysannes
Jacob
Sanou,
Institut
de
Ansenekoun
196
Dsir
Some,
Ibrahima
Traor, Ministre des
lEnvironnement et de Recherches
Ministre des Ressources Animales
Agricoles (INERA)
(MRA)
et des Transports
Irene
de
Franois
Communications
Logistics
Sare/Kanzie,
Rgulation
des
Autorit
Some,
Bollor
Africa
Hamma
Electroniques et des Postes (ARCEP)

Albert
Moumini
Savadogo,
Union
Karim Traor, Monsanto
Soudre,
Ministre
des
Yacouba,
Institut
International dIngnierie de lEau et
Ressources Animales (MRA)
de lEnvironnement
Roland A. Sow, Bollor Africa
Jean Pierre Yamogo, ETY-GTZ
Internationale pour la Conservation

de la Nature (UICN)
Logistics
Aoua
Sawadogo,
Rseau
Blaise
des
caisses populaires du Burkina Faso
Yoda,
Ministre
de
Laurent Stravato, iDE
(RCPB)
Kalga Tanga, Saso Industries
Jonas Yogo, Agro Productions
Daouda Sawadogo, Rseau des

caisses populaires du Burkina Faso
Yamine Tangongosse, AGRODIA

Roger Zangr, Ministre de la
(RCPB)
Evariste Tapsoba, Ministre de
Recherche
Maliki Sawadogo, Ministre des
lInnovation
scientifique
de
Rufive Zougrana, Conseil Burkinab
et des Transports
Issaka Tapsoba, GGTI Motors
des Chargeurs (CBC)
Agence pour la Promotion de la Petite
Assiongbon
BURUNDI
et Moyenne Entreprise Agriculture et
Commission de lUnion Economique
Artisanat (APME2A)
et
Neerbewendin
et
G.
Sawadogo,
Montaire
Tko-Agbo,
Ouest
Africaine
Banque de la Rpublique du Burundi
(UEMOA)
NAHA S.U.
Sadou Sawadogo
Salif
Tentica,
Ministre
de
Abdoulaye R Semd, Ministre
des Ressources Animales (MRA)
Rubeya & Co Advocates
Ministre des Ressources Animales

Ali Traor, Conseil Burkinab des
(MRA)
Chargeurs (CBC)
El Hadj Kassoum K. Simpore,
Organisation
PPFO Fertilizer
des
Daudi Amani, African Promotion

Company (APROCO)
Transporteurs
Routiers du Faso (OTRAF)
Albert Arakaza
197
Donatien
Bahimenda,
Collectif
des Producteurs des Semences du
Boris Ininahazwe, Banque de Crdit
Damien
Macumi,
de Bujumbura
National Foncier
Desire Irakoze, Leo (U-Com)
Ren Madebari, ENSafrica
Flora Irakoze, Banque Nationale de
Batrice Maregeya, Ministre de
Dveloppement conomique
lAgriculture et de llevage
Patrick Itangishaka, SDV Transami -
Renilde
Bollor Africa Logistics
Promotion Company (APROCO)
Richard Kaderi, African Promotion
Deusdedit Mchomba, CRDB Bank
Programme
Burundi(COPROSEBU)
Jean-Claude
Barakamfitiye,
Muyango Law Firm

Leger Bruggeman
Marius
Bucumi,
Autorit
de
Masunku,
African
Rgulation de la Filire Caf (ARFIC)

Mnard Bucumi, CRDB Bank
Company (APROCO)
Jean Marie Vianney Musangwa,
Franois Butoke
Louise Kamikazi, WISE
Turame Community Finance S.A.
Leone Comin, International Fertilizer
Ferdinand Kantungeko
Astre Muyango, Muyango Law

Firm

Batrice
Kanyange,
Ministre
Christophe Gahungu, Water, Climate
de lEau, de lEnvironnement, de
and Development Programme for
lAmnagement du Territoire et de
Africa
lUrbanisme
Bruce Mwile, CRDB Bank

Leopold Nahawenimana, Direction
des Titres fonciers et du Cadastre
Fidle Gahungu, Office national
Emmanuel Karikurubu, Ministre du
de contrle et de certification des
Transport
national
Dieudonne Nahimana, Institut des
semences (ONCCS)
Arnaud
Kimana,
Ministre
de
Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi
Paul Gatin, SHER Ingnieurs-conseil
(ISABU)
Hakizimana Anselme, ATRIDA
Bernard Kinyata, Receka Inking
Jonathan Nahimana, Econet
Richard Havyarimana, Forum des
Festus Ciza alias Kigazi, Association
Joseph
Organisations
pour la promotion des Palmiculteurs
Organisations
Agricoles du Burundi (FOPABU)
du Burundi (APROPABU)
Agricoles du Burundi (FOPABU)
Clodette Inarukundo, Inarukundo
Ida Marie Mabushi, Diamond Trust
Grard Ndabemeye, Ministre de
Claudette
Bank Burundi (DTB)
des
Producteurs
Nahayo,
de
Forum
des
Producteurs
Cyprien
Ndayishimiye,
Rseau
Rgine
Mireille
198
Niyongabo,
Emmanuel
Nshimirimana,
Muyango Law Firm
BIRATURABA
Clestin Niyongere, Institut des
Eric
Prosper Ndihokubwayo, Deutsche
Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi
transporteurs
Gesellschaft
(ISABU)
Burundi (ATIB)
Fortunate Niyonkuru, Muyango Law
Daniel Ntawurishira, SODETRA Ltd.
des institutions de microfinance au

Burundi-RIM
fr
Internationale
Ntangaro, Association des

internationaux
du

Emmanuel Ndorimana, Ministre
Firm
Philomne
de lEau, de lEnvironnement, de
lAmnagement du Territoire et de
Ntiharirizwa,
Twitezimbere
Emmanuel Niyonzima
lUrbanisme
Melchiade
Christian Nduwayo, Cabinet de
Niyonzima,
General
Trading and Transport (GTT)
Fdrale de Commerce et dIndustrie

du Burundi
Matre Placide Gatoto

Grgoire
Gilbert Nibigirwe, Gilbert & Partners
Cyriaque
Adelin Ntungumburanye, Chambre
Nibitegeka,
Nkeshimana,
Direction
Jean Claude Ntwari, Office national
national
de contrle et de certification des

semences (ONCCS)
Nibitegeka
Albert
Advocates
Nkunumana,
Direction

Claver Nigarura, Rubeya & Co
Emery Nukuri, Universit du Burundi
national
Boland Rasquinha, Pharma Bolena
Advocates
Pierre Claver Nkunzabagenzi, Hope
Fund
Ena Rasquinha, Pharma Bolena
Laurent Nkurikiye, BUCOFCO
Roland Brian Rasquinha, Alchem
Agricoles et des Services Divers
Eric Nkurunziza, Universit Lumire
Alice Remezo, Milk Chel
(SOCEASED)
de Bujumbura
Alice Nijimbere, Mkono & Co

Fiston
Nikiza,
Commercialisation
Socit
des
de
Intrants
Thodomir
Emery Ninganza, Christian Aid
Franois
Nkurunziza,
Armajaro
Rishirumuhirwa,
Agrobiotec
Burundi S.U.R.L.
Dogratias
Pascal Niyingabo, Direction des
Rurimunzu,
Agence
Titres fonciers et du Cadastre
M. Louise Nsabiyumva, Caisse
de Rgulation et de Contrle des
national
Cooprative dEpargne et de Crdit
Tlcommunications (ARCT)
Mutuelle (CECM)
Alfred Niyokwishimira, Ministre de
Lauren
Coffee
Rosenberg, Long Miles
199
Joseph Lovell, BNG Legal
Salvator Ruzima
Sithisak Law office
Prosper Ruberintwari, Food and
Telecommunication
Agriculture
Cambodia (TRC)
Agriculture
Lotfi Allal, Food and Agriculture
Sokla San, P&A Asia Law Firm
Organization
of
the
Regulator
of
Menghak Phem, Royal University of
United Nations (FAO)

Organization of the United Nations
Buon
(FAO)
Maros Apostol, Thaneakea Phum
Eliakim Sakayoya, Ministre de
Cambodia
Limited (TKL)
Vong
Sarinda,
Co-operative
Association of Cambodia (CAC)
Ravindranath Balakrishnan
Sezibera,
SETHAVITOU
Notary Public of The Kingdom of
Steve Sahabo, CofiCo s.a.
Annick
Sarakmony,
Confdration
des associations des producteurs
Sopheak
Chan,
agricoles pour le dveloppement
Investment and Development Co.,
(CAPAD)
Ltd
Angkor
Green
Saruth Chan, Ministry of Agriculture,

Forestry and Fisheries
Chanvireak Seng, DFDL
Alexis
Sinarinzi,
Agence
de
Sam Ol Chhim, Central Law Firm

Leanhour Seng, Kong Hour Rice Mill
Rgulation et de Contrle des

Tlcommunications (ARCT)
Martin Desautels, DFDL
Import Export Co., Ltd
Alexandre Sindayigaya, Diamond
H. Naryth Hem, BNG Legal
Thyse Seng, Kong Hour Rice Mill

Import Export Co., Ltd
Trust Bank Burundi (DTB)

Kimsreng
CAMBODIA
Kong,
Ministry
of
Environment
Say Sony, PRASAC Microfinance

Institution Ltd
Boost Riche (Cambodia) Co., Ltd
Kundi Lay, Co-operative Association

of Cambodia (CAC)
Sovan Meas, BNG Legal
Hun Lak, Mekong Oryza Trading Co.,
Yon Sovann, Bayon Cereal Co., Ltd
Chuan Wei (Cambodia) Co. Ltd.

DFDL
Ltd
Tayseng Ly, HBS Law Firm &
Heifer International
Andy Lay, City Rice Import Export
Consultants
Co., Ltd
Yap Thoeurn, Cambodian Farmer
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries
P&A Asia
Robert Lay, City Rice Import Export
Association
Federation
Co., Ltd
Agricultural Producers
of
Hartono
Tiodora,
Multico
MS
200
Marlene Brokering, Brokering &
Pamela Grandon
Luarte Abogados
(Cambodia) Co Ltd
Hermes Guerrero, Ministerio de

Carlos Browne, Brokering & Luarte
CHILE
Bienes Nacionales
Abogados
Nelson
Centro Latinoamericano para el

Desarrollo Rural (RIMISP)
Gutierrez
Gonzalez,
Conservador de Bienes Races de
Carlos Bustos, Quinzio Abogados
Coronel
Miguel
Fondo Esperanza
Canala-Echeverria,
Asociacin
de
Exportadores
de
Marcelo
Huenchuir
Gmez,
National Customs Service
Frutas de Chile A.G. (ASOEX)
Fundacin Banigualdad
Oficina de Estudios y Polticas
Maricela
Camila Lavin, Carey Lawyers
Agrarias (ODEPA)
Association of Seed Producers of
Canto,
National
Chile (ANPROS)
Alejandro Len, Universidad de Chile
Alberto Cardemil, Carey Lawyers
Francisco
Salinas y Fabres S.A

Lobos,
Asociacin
Gremial Chilena de Empresarios del
Servicio Agrcola y Ganadero (SAG)

Claudia Castillo, Quinzio Abogados
Transporte Internacional de Cargas

por Carretera
Soquimich Comercial S.A. SQM

Magaly
Castillo
Tamayo,
Naandanjain
Ivan Marambio
Lohengrin Corts Cea
Eduardo Martin, Carey Lawyers
Exportadores de Frutas de Chile A.G.
Ins De Ros Casacuberta, Araya &
Raul Mazzarella, Carey Lawyers
(ASOEX)
Ca Abogados
Maria
Fernanda
Almendras
Arriagada, Elecnor Chile S.A

Edmundo Araya, Asociacin de
Felipe Meneses, Carey Lawyers

Matas Araya, Araya & Ca Abogados
Tamara Del Ro
Sebastin Norris, Araya & Ca
Rodrigo Astete Rocha, Servicio
Sebastin R. Donoso, Sebastin
Agrcola y Ganadero (SAG)
Donoso y Asociados Abogados
Abogados
Mario Olivares, Cooprinsem
Pedro Pablo Ballivian, Barros &
Patricio
Gajardo,
Errzuriz Abogados
Rodrguez Law Firm
Gajardo
&
Carolina
Olivares
Transportes Olivares
Andres Bittner, Chilolac
Enrique Garcs B., R&Q Ingeniera

S.A.
Matias Orfali
Agurto,
201
Rodrigo
Orlandi
Arrate,
Boreal
Gestin Inmobiliaria Limitada
Centro Nacional de Investigaciones
Miguel
Corts
de Caf - Cenicaf
Asociacin Nacional De Empresas

Transportadoras
Ren Pinochet Chateau, Novafeed
Federacin Nacional de Cafeteros de
Mendieta,
De
Carga
Por
Carretera (ASECARGA)
Colombia
Julin Camilo Cruz Gonzlez, Cruz
Loreto Poblete F., Quinzio Abogados

Sebastian
Querol
Financiera Amrica
& Asociados
Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio
Freddy Diez, Procam SA
Rodriguez,
Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales
(ICA)
Diego Escobar, Abonamos
Maria Teresa Quirke Arrau, Quirke

& Cia
Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo

Pedro
Rural (INCODER)
Fuentes,
Ministerio
de
Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural
Julio Recordon, Carey Lawyers

Yara
P. German Dario Arias
Roberto Saelzer, Universidad de

Concepcin
Andrew Abela, Abela Maldonado &

Alberto Gomez Mejia, Red Nacional
Asociados Abodagos
de Jardines Botnicos de Colombia
Miguel Saldivia, Carey Lawyers

Miguel Achury Jimenez, Bancama
Alfonso Silva, Carey Lawyers
Ana
S.A., Banco de las Microfinanzas
Patricia
Heredia
Vargas,
Ministerio de Salud y Proteccin

Jos Miguel Stegmeier Schmidlin,
Massiel Alvarez Alarcn, Bancama
Sociedad Agrcola de Bio Bio AG.
S.A., Banco de las Microfinanzas
Social
Jairo Herrera Murillo, Asociacin
Rodrigo Benitez Ureta, Baker &
Felipe Ardila, Comercial de Riegos
De
Transportadoras
McKenzie
Luis Fernando Catao Crdoba,
lvaro Varas, Araya & Ca Abogados
Nacional
Federacin
Transportadoras
de
de
Empresas
De
Carga
Por
Operadores
del
Carretera (ASECARGA)
Empresas
Carga
de
Martha
Jama,
Rafael Vergara, Carey Lawyers
Colombia (FEDETRANSCOL)
Campo, S.A
Jaime Zaldumbide, Carey Lawyers
Juan
Juan Nicolas Laverde, Brigard &
Fernando
Cifuentes,
Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo

COLOMBIA
Urrutia
Rural
Luis Fernando Macas Gmez,
Asociacin Nacional de Mdicos

Veterinarios de Colombia (AMEVEC)
Macas Gmez Asociados Abogados
202
Guerra,
Oscar Romero Guevara, Unidad
Superintendencia de Notariado y
de Planificacin de Tierras Rurales
Registro
(UPRA)
MTN
Juana Micn, Brigard & Urrutia
Esteban Rubio, Brigard & Urrutia
Office National de Dveloppement de
Jairo
Alonso
Mesa
la Riziculture (ONDR)
Sergio Michelsen Jaramillo, Brigard
Ricardo
Sabogal,
& Urrutia
Restitucin de Tierras
Unidad
de
Syndicat National des Transporteurs
de Cte dIvoire
Julieth
Andrea
Navarrete
Amparo Scorcia
Audrey
Fernndez, Corpoica
Abouo,
SCPA
Bil-Aka,
Guillermo Tejeiro, Brigard & Urrutia
Brizoua-Bi & Associs
Carlos Umaa Trujillo, Brigard &
Allouko Aka Alexandre, PolyPompes
Urrutia
Ivoire
Camilo Valencia, Camilo Valencia
Fataye
Abogados
lAgriculture
Jorge Vargas, Invasa Maquinaria
Louise Akanvou, Centre National de
S.A.S.
Recherche Agronomique
Banco de las Microfinanzas
Irene Velandia, Brigard & Urrutia
Eric Bably, BK & Associs
Andrs Ramn Rodrguez, Gmez-
Juan Hernando Velasco Lozano,
Binde Binde, Africa Trans-Logistics
Pinzn Zuleta
Unidad de Planificacin de Tierras
International
Camilo Pardo, Unidad de Restitucin

de Tierras
Jorge Alejandro Pinzon
Dora Ins Rey Martnez, Unidad
Akamou,
Ministre
de
de Planificacin de Tierras Rurales

(UPRA)
Jackeline Rincn C., Bancama S.A.,
Rurales (UPRA)
Bob Clark, Socit TECHNOSERVE
Bernardo Rodriguez Ossa, Parra

Jorge
Rodrguez Sann SAS

Juan Pablo Rodrguez Surez,
Bancama
S.A.,
Banco
de
Enrique
Vlez
Garca,
Superintendencia de Notariado y
Tata
Dagnono,
Registro
Brizoua-Bi & Associs
CTE DIVOIRE
Henri Danon, Ministre de la Poste
SCPA
Bil-Aka,
las
Microfinanzas
et des Technologies de lInformation

Carlos
Ignacio
Rojas
Gaitn,
Callivoire
et de la Communication
Chambre de Commerce & dIndustrie
de Cte dIvoire
Animale
Asociacin Nacional de Exportadores

de Caf de Colombia (ASOEXPORT)
203
Sylvain
lAgriculture
lAgriculture
Aka, Brizoua-Bi & Associs
Bamba Moussa Mahan, Mahan
Stanislas
Group Industries
Investment Corporation
NGuessan MBahia, Africa Pure
Emmanuella
Technology
Partners
Soumaiga
Farrouna,
Syndicat
National des Transporteurs de Cte
Kouakou,
Jessica Nanou Waota, SCPA Bil-
Kouadio Jean Esse, Ministre de
Ministre
de
Zz,
Bloomfield
dIvoire
NDatien
Sverin
Guibessongui,
Zoro,
AnyRay
&
Cabinet ICT Consulting

Jean
Patrick
Ndoume,
Office
DENMARK
Ivoirien des Chargeurs (OIC)
Peter Harlech Jones, GALVmed
Danish Agency for Digitisation

Bachir Herv Dissou, Agro Afrique
Boni NZue, Centre National de

Danish AgriFish Agency
Jean Thierry Oura, CTE DIVOIRE
Danish Agro
Simplice Houphout, BK & Associs

Kindni
Kon,
Koukouni
SCPA
Kignelman
AGRI
Danish Business Authority
KONE-NGUESSAN-
KIGNELMAN
Socit
Civile

Danish
Professionnelle dAvocats
Idrissa
Edmond Koffi, Centre National de
Seynou,
Ministre
de
Veterinary
and
Food
Administration
lAgriculture
Finanstilsynet (The Danish FSA)
Didier
Medard
Sossah, Bureau
national dtudes techniques et de
Nestor Kouakou Koffi
Nykredit Bank A/S
dveloppement (BNETD)
Kan
Marcel
Konan,
Yara
Socit
Lacina Soumahoro
Cooprative Anouanz-Douekoue
Hans
Sekou
Konat,
Foncier
Rural,
Assiongbon
et
Kone,
Ministre
de
Montaire
Ouest
Africaine
(UEMOA)
et
du
Dveloppement
Neumann
Andersen,
Department of Agroecology, Climate
Lidde Bagge Jensen, The Danish

Kalifa Tour, Office Ivoirien des
Michel Kouakou, Centre National de
Mathias
Jean Philippe Tour, Versus Bank
Durable
Advokatpartnerselskab
and Water, Aarhus University
lEnvironnement, de la Salubrit
Urbaine
Horten
Augustin
Tko-Agbo,
Abildstrm,
Chargeurs (OIC)
Nature Agency
204
Marie Blanner, The Danish Nature
Peter Odifier, G.O. Transport &
Lise Viftrup, Danish Environmental
Agency
Spedition A/S
Protection Agency, Ministry of the

Environment
Niels Borum, Lexsos Advokater
Per Olsen, Danish Agriculture and

Food Council
ETHIOPIA
Henning Otte Hansen, The Royal
Ethiopian
Danish Agricultural Society
Transformation Agency (ATA)
Peter
Tigray

Animale
Agricultural
Hkun Djurhuus, Bech-Bruun

Peter Fenger, Bryggeriforeningen
Pedersen,
Fasterholt
Agricultural
Research
Maskinfabrik
Institute
Jan
Teshome Gabre-Mariam Bokan Law
(Danish Brewers Association)

Persson, Danish Transport
Sreen Kolind Hvid, Seges P/S
Authority
Office
Eva Juul Jensen, The Danish Nature
Robin Philip, Bruun & Hjejle Law
Muradu Abdo Srur, Addis Ababa
Agency
Firm
University
Julie
Bak,
Ministry
of
Food,
Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark
Kenny
Rasmussen, Ministry of
Tigistu Abza, Ministry of Agriculture
Justice
Achamyeleh Gashu Adam, Institute
Jakob Kamby, Kammeradvokaten
Anders Refsgaard, COWI A/S
of Land Administration
Ulf Kjellerup, COWI A/S
Alexandre
Melaku Admassu, Pioneer Hi-bred
Louise
Lundsby
Lund,
Schleimann-
Jensen, Bech-Bruun
Seeds Ethiopia P.L.C
Anders Ankr Srensen, Danish
Alishume
AgriFish Agency
Biodiversity Institute
Jakob Srensen, Holst
Bassam Alayyat, Alayyat Group
Wessel, Bech-
Bruun
Birgitte
Latif
Danish
Ahimed,
Ethiopian
AgriFish
Agency
Ethiopia
Michael Svane, DI Transport
Sren Stenderup Jensen, Plesner

Amsalu Alemayehu, Wasasa
Jakob Mgelvang, Danish AgriFish
Andreas Tamasauskas, Ronne &
Agency
Lundgren
Belachew Yirsaw Alemu, Institute

of Land Administration
Mark Villingshj Nielsen, Bech-
Mette Thomsen, Danish AgriFish
Bruun
Agency
Abenezer
Asfaw,
Consulting & Training
Boot
Coffee
205
Fikadu Asfaw, Fikadu Asfaw and
Ephrem Demeke, Ethio Telecom

Asaminew
Ashenafi,
Getachew,
Agricultural
Deribew, Commercial
(ATA)
Bank of Ethiopia
Input Supply Enterprise

Motuma
Girmaye Ayalew, Global Africa
Didita,
Ethiopian
Ltd
Fikremariam
Workneh
Ayalew,
Ethiopian
Agricultural Transformation Agency
Yibeltal Dubale, Ethiopian Road
Fikadu Dupasa, Limu Inara Farmers
Gurji, Fikadu Asfaw and
Associates Law Office
Multi-purpose Cooperative Union

Kedir Bushira Hassan, Addis-Vet-
Sector Development
Tesfa-alem
Ayenew,
Ethiopian
Yodit
Aga Amsalu Ayana, Integrated Seed
Ghion,
Transport Authority
(ATA)
Ashinafi
Ethiopian
Associates Law Office

Getenesh
Seyoum
Ethiopian
Embaye,
Mekelle
Pty Ltd/PLC
University
Abdulmen Ibrahim
Dilnesa Fentahun
Haftom Kesete, Haftom Kesete
Million Bekere, Cooperative Bank of

Oromia
Adugna Fite, Oromia Agriculture
Kahsay Law Office
Bureau, Participatory Small scale

Diliba Beyene, Oromia International
Irrigation
Bank
(PASIDP)
Development
Program
Kibret Alemayehu, Dejen Cross

Border Level 1-A Freight Transport
Owners Association
Zewdie Bishaw, International Center
Teshome
Gabre-Mariam
for Agricultural Research in the Dry
Teshome Gabre-Mariam Bokan Law
Teshome
Areas (ICARDA)
Office
Agriculture
Andrea Bues, Leibniz Institute for
Teklay
Regional Development and Structural
Mochaland PLC
Glibanos
Bokan,
Gebrehiwot,
Lakew,
Ministry
of
Gezahegne Lemma, Alpha Truckers

Association
Planning (IRS)
Zelalem
Gebretsadik,
Veterinary
Hailu Leta, Aggar Micro Finance S.C.
Moti Cheru, Veterinary Drugs and
Drugs and Feed Administration and
Feed Administration and Control
Control Authority (VDFACA)
Patrick Maluku, Monsanto
Alehegn
Getnet Yawkal Mebratu, Mebratu
Authority (VDFACA)
Aberra Debelo, Sasakawa Global
2000
Gebru, Moenco Kalitiy
Machinery Branch
Henoki
Melaku,
Ethiopian
Netsanet
206
Woldekidan,
Awash
David Egiashvili, National Agency of

Public Registry
International Bank
(ATA)
Dagninet
Yimenu,
Damtit
Zelalem Mesele, ZK flowers P.L.C
Pharma Trading Co.
Kedir Musema, Ries Engineering
Teshome
Yohannes,
Gonofaa
Microfinance
Robson Mutandi, The International
Vet
Levan
Gachechiladze,
Isragreen
LLC
Buusaa
Nata Ghudushauri, LLC MFO Credo
Share
Company
Archil Giorgadze, Dechert LLP
Emiru Zewdie, ALPPIS
Lasha Gogiberidze, BGI Legal
Fund for Agricultural Development

(IFAD)
Mearaf Nur, Mearaf
Bedru Law
Tewodros
Zewdie,
Horticultures
Office
Ethiopian
Producers
Levan Gotua, Begiashvili & Co
and
Exporters Association
Irakli Gvilia, BLC Law Office
GEORGIA
Nana

Janashia,
Caucasus
Environment NGO Network
Manaye Abera Shagrdi

Colibri Law Firm
Eleni
Shiferaw,
Vakhtang Janezashvili, BGI Legal
Ethiopian
Tea Abramidze, Notary Chamber of
Georgia
Getachew
Shimels,
LLC
GAWT
Tina Adamia, Caucastrans Express
International Business PLC
Ltd
Ermias
Teshome,
Nino
Kharitonashvili,
Notary
Chamber of Georgia
Ethiopian
Giorgi Begiashvili, Begiashvili & Co

Nino Khopheria, Notary Chamber of
(ATA)
Alexander Bolkvadze, BLC Law
Misikire
Rusudan Kacharava, Terra DeNovo
Tessema,
Ethiopian
Georgia
Office
David Khrikadze, BDO Legal
Archil Chachkhiani, VTB Bank
Fekadu
Tilahun,
Avtandil
Ethiopian
Korakhashvili, National
Zurab Chkheidze, Begiashvili & Co
Academy of Sciences of Georgia
Ana Kostava, Dechert LLP
(ATA)
Daniel
Weldegebriel
Ambaye,
Animale
Tamar Mamporia, DLA Piper
Institute of Land Administration

Malkhaz Dzadzua, MFO Crystal
207
Tamar Tevdoradze, BGI Legal
Nicola Mariani, Dechert LLP
Martin Ali, Ministry of Food and

Agriculture (MoFA)
Ekaterina
Meskhidze,
National
Nino
Tevzadze,
Caucasus
Emmanuel
Agency of Public Registry
K.M.
Alognikou,
International Fertilizer Development

Irakli Mgaloblishvili, Mgaloblishvili,
Tamara Toria, Georgian Farmers
Kipiani, Dzidziguri (MKD)
Association
Center (IFDC)
William Amanfu
Tamar
Mtvarelidze,
Caucasus
Bela Tskhvediani, VTB Bank

Daniel S. Amlalo, Environmental

Nino
Kakha Nadiradze, Association for
Zambakhidze,
Georgian
Protection Agency
Farmers Association
David Andah
Farmers Rights Defense

GHANA
Eka
Naobishvili,
Ministry
Patrice
of
Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Agriculture
Annequin,
International
Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC)
(MoFA)
Kwasi Anokurang-Budu, EB-ACCION
Sophio Natroshvili, BGI Legal

Nana
Association
Shawbell Consulting
SLC
OLAM
Asamoah Owusu-Akyaw, Private
Phirosmanashvili,
for
Farmers
Rights
Transport Association of Ghana
Defense
Samuel Achaw Ofosu, Veterinary
Issac Asare, AGRA
Irakli Pipia, DLA Piper
Council
Rusudan Gergauli, LPA Law Firm
Adingtingah
Apullah
Patrick,
Savanna Seed Services Company
Emelia
Desiree
Atta-Fynn,
EB-
ACCION SLC
Limited
William
Awuku
Ahiadormey,
Nino Sesitashvili, BLC Law Office
Prince Afful, EB-ACCION SLC
Agricare Limited
Ilya Shapira, Isragreen LLC
Maxwell Agbenorhevi, USAID Feed
Johnson Kwadzo Badzi, EB-ACCION
the Future
SLC
Irakli Sokolovski, Dechert LLP

Anthony
Akunzule,
Veterinary
Services Directorate, Ministry of
Nino Suknidze, DLA Piper
Kwaku
D.
Berchie,
Pan-African
Savings & Loans
Food and Agriculture (MoFA)

Rusudan
Office
Tchkuaseli,
BLC
Law
Charles A. Biney, The Volta Basin

Authority
208
Isabel Boaten, AB & David
Isaac Karikari, Karicel Foundation
Goh Charles, Vodafone Ghana
Japhet
Elizabeth
Lartey,
International
Rosebud
Afua
Alifo
Tetteh, Erat Services
Francis Mensah, African Fertilizer
George Agyemang Sarpong, G.A.
and Agribusiness Partnership (AFAP)
Sarpong & Co.
Andrew Mercer, Mercer & Company
Emmanuel Kaaviele Tinsari, Lands
CK Djan-Suleiman, Zaklan Consult

Raymond Codjoe, R.A.Codjoe Law
Offices
Wilson
Darkwah,
Commission
Irrigation
Development Authority, Ministry of
Kwabena
Food and Agriculture
Company
Nimakoh,
Mercer
&
Isaac Yaw Azadagli, Agricultural
Development
Siegfried Kofi Debrah, International
&
Mechanization
Anita Nsiah, Mercer & Company
Limited (ADEMEC)
Samuel
Albert Yeboah Obeng, Foresight

Bazaanah
Cooperative
Fidelis,
Ghana
Credit
Unions
Association (CUA)
Nuamah
Dankwah,
Generation Club
Nwabiagya Rural Bank

Ben
Nyamadi,
Irrigation
GREECE
Development Authority, Ministry of

Peace Gbeckor-Kove, Environmental
Food and Agriculture
Ministry of Rural Development and

Food
Protection Agency
Kwame Oppong-Anane, Opporhu
Sergio Godoy, Yara
Agricultural and Rural Development
Mediterranean Plant Conservation
Consultancy Ltd.
Unit,
Mediterranean
Agronomic
Institute of Chania (MAICh)
Michael Gyan Nyarko, AB & David

Isaac Kofi Osei, Mechanical Lloyd
Co. Ltd.
Tampakis Fresh Co
Abdul Razak Haruna, Alfayi Co. Ltd
Richard Osei-Amponsah, University
Yara
of Ghana
Manolis Agrimanakis, TROXOI & TIR
Thomas Havor, Seed Producers

Association of Ghana (SEEDPAG)
Francis Owiredu, Advans Ghana

Savings and Loans
Nikolaos
Athanassiadis,
GENERALIS Law Firm
George K.A. Brantuo

Gyasi Poku, Indchem Royal Ltd.
Kwabena
Evangelia Balla
Kankam-Yeboa, Water
Research Institute
George Prah, Ministry of Food and

Agriculture (MoFA)
AP
&
209
Savvas
Balouktsis,
Importers
Machinery
Representatives
Theodora
Kouloura,
Hellenic
Maria
Oikonomou,
Ministry
Fertilizers and Chemicals ELFE s.a.
Reconstruction of Production
Georgia Kourakli
Ioannis
of
Association (MIRA)
Evangelos
Baltas,
Panagopoulos, National
Technical University of Athens
National
Marinos Kritsotakis
Technical University of Athens
Stefanos Panayiotopoulos, Zepos &

Sofia Chatzigiannidou, Zepos &
Irene
C.
Kyriakides,
Yannopoulos Law Firm
Georgopoulos Law Firm
Kyriakides
Yannopoulos Law Firm

George
Persa
Lampropoulou,
Animale
Anagnostopoulos Law firm
Sotirios Douklias, KG Law Firm
Evagelia
Liakopoulou,
Telecommunications
Elisabeth Eleftheriades, KG Law
Ilias
and
G.
Parissopoulos,
Agricultural
Research
National
Center
&
Institute of Agricultural Machinery

Hellenic
Post
Kalliroi Passiou, G. Karavokyris &

Partners Consulting Engineers s.a.
Commission (EETT)
Michael Paterakis, Dr. Paterakis and
Firm
Spiros
Livieratos,
Maria Giannakaki, Karageorgiou &
Telecommunications
Associates
Commission (EETT)
Hellenic
and
Partners
Post
Alexandros
Protofanousis,
Protofanousi Fruits SA
Anthony B. Hadjioannou, Kyriakides
Christina Manossis, ZEUS KIWI SA

Nikos Protofanousis, Protofanousi
Georgopoulos Law Firm

Evangelia Mantzou
Fruits SA
Marinos Kandylis, Olympias SA
Evangelia Rammou, Public Notary
International Transport
Greece
Ioanna
Kyriaki-Korina
Stavros Karageorgiou, Karageorgiou

& Associates
Ioannis Karavokyris, G. Karavokyris
& Partners Consulting Engineers s.a.
Michalopoulou,
Raptopoulou,
Michalopoulou & Associates
Kyriakides Georgopoulos Law Firm
Maria Mimikou, National Technical
Antonios Sifakis, Haidarlis - Sifakis
University of Athens
Law Offices
Anthony Narlis, Geodis Calberson
Panagiotis
GE
Agroconsults
Nikolaos Kondylis, N. Kondylis &

Partners Law Office
Ioanna
Kontopoulou,
Telecommunications
and
Commission (EETT)
Ilias Kotsopoulos, OTE S.A
Hellenic
Post
Stamatopoulos,
Neoklis Stamkos, KEPA
Katerina
Tassi, Karageorgiou &
210
Gilvert Garcia, Aimar Group
Vernica Orantes, QIL+4 ABOGADOS
Len Garca, Yara
Victor Orantes, SERCA, S.A.
Harald Himsel
Guillermo
Associates
Kimon Tsakiris, KG Law Firm
Ortiz
Aldana, Ganaderia y Alimentacion
Eleftherios Vagenas, V. ATTIS LTD

Julio
Artemio
Asociacin
Antonios Voulgarakis, Nature sa
Austreberto
Jurez
de
Morn,
Transportistas
Unidad de Normas y Regulaciones

Coordinacion,
Ministerio
de
Internactionales (ATI)
Agricultura
Miguel Juarez Pelaez, Direccin
Mlida Pineda, Carrillo y Asociados
GUATEMALA
General de Transportes
All Logistics S.A.
Ana Gabriela Platero Midence,

Anavi Guatemala
Karen Larson, Friendship Bridge
Arias & Muoz Guatemala
Superintendencia de Bancos de
Herver Lpez, Tecnica Universal,
Paris Rivera, INSIVUMEH
Guatemala
S.A. (Tecun Guatemala)

Bernhard Roehrs, AgroAmrica
Maria Luca Soto Santos, Consejo
Pedro Arias, Duwest
de
Usuarios
del
Transporte
Maricarmen
Rosal
de
Donis,
Internacional de Guatemala
Integrum
Maria Mercedes Marroqun de
Jorge Eduardo Salazar, Ministerio
Abraham Buezo, Asociacin de
Pemueller,
de
Semilleristas de Jocotn (ASEJO)
Asociados, S.C.
Ana Beatriz Clavera, Duwest
Pedro
Adolfo Brito Gmez, Marroqun

Prez & Asociados, S.C.
Marroqun
Pablo
Prez
&
Agricultura,
Ganadera
Alimentacin
Marroqun
Prez,
Ligia
Salazar,
Arias
&
Muoz
Marroqun, Prez & Asociados, S.C.
Guatemala
Vivian Luca Morales Herrera, Arias
Juan Salvador Sandoval, Ministerio
& Muoz
de
Alejandro Cofio, QIL+4 ABOGADOS

Carlos Roberto Cordn Krumme,
Agricultura,
Ganadera
Alimentacin
Cordn Ovalle & Asociados

Pedro Aragn Munoz, Aragn &
Aragn
Edwin Snchez, FUNDEA
Oswaldo Oliva, National Federation
Ricardo Santa Cruz Rubi, Agexport
Animale
Hctor
Fajardo,
Transportistas
(CATRANSCA)
Camara
de
Centroamericanos
of Financial Cooperatives
Yashira Shutuc, Aimar Group
211
Jamal Abu Umaro, Nagel Company
Aura Cristina Son Ic, Duwest
Rakan Baybars, Rakan Baybars Law

Office
Daniel Humberto Sosa Casasola,
Zeinab Ahmad Al Momany, Specific
Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadera
Union for Farmers Productive
Ahmad Ekor
Sultan Al Fayez, Ali Sharif Zubi
Ahmad Faidi, Faidi Law Firm
y Alimentacin
Advocates and Legal Consultants
Armando Soto, Duwest
Ziad A. Ghanma, Central Bank of

Arturo Soto, Sosa & Soto Abogados
Jawad Al-Bakri, University of Jordan
Jordan
Jos Daniel Tistoj Chan, Ministerio
Abdullmalik
Baha Halasah, Information and
de
Telecommunications
Agricultura,
Ganadera
Toledo-Cotera,
Regulatory
ARTLEX-
Ahmed
Al-Fayad,
Attorneys at Law
Agriculture
Jos Urrutia, BK Consulting
Nada
Communications
Technology
Association of Jordan
Commission
Alimentacin
Enrique
Al-Eassawi,
Ministry
of
Zuhair
Hattar,
Land
Transport
Regulatory Commission LTRC
Al-Frihat,
Ministry
of
Lubna Hawamdeh, Ali Sharif Zubi

Agriculture
Neftali Villanueva
Al-Ansari
JORDAN
Almashakbeh,
Telecommunications
Regulatory
Khaled Hudhud, Information and

Communications
Technology
Commission
Central Bank of Jordan
Monther
Department of Lands and Survey
Al-Reefai,
Ministry
of
Agriculture
Afram
Jordan
Monsanto
Zeyad Jadan
Jamil,
Information
Jamal Alrusheidat, The National
Communications
Center for Agricultural Research and
and
Technology
Extension (NCARE)
Mazen Kalbouneh, Green Produce
Zahra Wa Shajara For Agricultural

Services
Hazim
Al-Smadi,
Ministry
of
Fodder Hydroponics System
Agriculture
Sameh Mahariq, Alwatani (National
Alaa Abbassi, Abbassi Law Office

Ibrahim
Raed Abd el Qader, The National
Amosh,
Amosh
Legal
Services & Arbitration

Mohammad Majdalawi, University

Extension (NCARE)
Microfinance Bank)
Emad Awad, Ministry of Agriculture
of Jordan
212
Luma Mdanat, Ali Sharif Zubi
Pamella Ager, Halmiton, Harrison &
Mathew
Sameer Jaywant, SunCulture

Duncan Ndiguran
Ghassan Obeidat, Jordan Valley
David
Joseph
Angwenyi,
Authority
Mohammed Muigai Advocates
Sammy
Kamanth,
Equity
Bank
Limited
Fida
Rawabdeh,
Ministry
of
Francis Chabari
Sarah Kiarie-Muia, Kaplan & Stratton
Agriculture
Grace
Yahya Shakhatreh, The National
Chilande,
International

Brenda

Extension (NCARE)
Bassam
Snobar,
University
of
Advocates
Kihara,
Kenya
Revenue
Gilly Cowan, GALVmed
Authority
Harm Duiker, SNV
John Kinaga, KickStart International
Martin Fisher, KickStart International
Evelyn Kyania, B.M Musau & Co.
Jordan
Advocates
Ali Subah, Ministry of Water and

Paul
Irrigation
Sami
Telfah,
Telfah
Gacheru,
Igeria
&
Ngugi
Advocates
Mary Njuguna, SNV
Paul Makepeace
Trading
Company
Ltd
Nathaniel Makoni, ABS TCM Ltd
John Yancura, FINCA

Hugo De Groote, CIMMYT
Michael Mbiti, Anjarwalla & Khanna
KENYA
Anthony Frederick Gross, A. F Gross
Advocates
Advocate
Monsanto
Laura Mburu, Orange

Antony Guto Mogere, Mohammed
One Acre Fund
Muigai Advocates
Saidi Mkomwa, African Conservation

Tillage Network (ACT)
Syngenta Foundation
Mona Doshi, Anjarwalla & Khanna
Yara
Richard Harney, Coulson Harney
Aisha
Abdallah,
Anjarwalla
&
Advocates
Gillian Kadenyi Muriithi, Deepa
Khanna (A&K)
Samir Ibrahim, SunCulture
Carilus Ademba, Sacco Societies
Regulatory Authority
Advocates
Paul Isako, SNV
Industries Ltd.
213
Benjamin Musau, B.M Musau & Co.
Ruslan
Dirk Schaefer
F.
Beishenkulov,
Inspectorate
Advocates
for
State
veterinary
Sonal Sejpal, Anjarwalla & Khanna
phytosanitary
Advocates
Government of the Kyrgyz Republic
Denis Tiren, International Fertilizer
Abdelhak
Timothy Mwangi, DAMCO
Logistics Group LLC
Eunice Mwongera, Hillside Green
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
Turkmen Bootaev, Association of
John
Mutunga, Kenya National
safety
under
and
the
Farmers Federation
Benyagoub,
IGCC
the International Road Transport
Growers and Exporters
Operators
CJSC Agrimatco Ltd

Charles Nichols, SunCulture
Ministry
Peter Njuguna, Sacco Societies
of
Agriculture
and
Daria Bulatova, Lorenz International
Melioration
Lawyers
Public Association AgroLead
Ruslan Derbishev, OJSC Commercial
Regulatory Authority
Bank KYRGYZSTAN
Martin Nyamweya, SNV

Vega Plus
Samara
Gilbert Obati, Egerton University
Dumanaeva,
Lorenz
Azizbek Abdiev, ARIS
International Lawyers
Maksat Abdykaparov, AVEP Public
Natalya Galivets, IGCC Logistics
Fund
Group LLC
Fred Ojiambo, Kaplan & Stratton

Bridget
Okumu,
International

Myrzagul
Aidaralieva,
Lorenz
Kymbat
Ibakova,
Lorenz
Phillip Onyango, Kaplan & Stratton
Edwin Oseko, Ministry of Agriculture,
Niyaz Aldashev, Lorenz International
Abduhakim
Livestock and Fisheries
Lawyers
Association of Kyrgyzstan
Abdybek Asanaliev, Kyrgyz National
Daniar Jasoolov, Association of
Agrarian University
Farms (KARAGAT)
Kerim Begaliev, Colibri Law Firm
Gulchehra
Anne
Marie
Gesellschaft
Ran,
fr
Deutsche
Internationale
Islamov,
Seed
Kydykbek
Beishekeev,
Irrigation Project
On-Farm
Evgeny Kim, Lorenz International
Lawyers
Aiyl
Bank
Ben Roberts, Liquid Telecom Kenya

Nat Robinson, Juhudi Kilimo LLC
Kamchibekova,
214
Nurlan Mamatov, Kyrgyz-Turkish
Anastasiia Tsoi, Lorenz International
Vincent
Manas University
Lawyers
Development Co., Ltd
Baktybek Tumonbaev, CJSC Atrium
Phachone Bounma, Department of
Holding
Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of
Umtul
Muratkyzy,
Lorenz
Bounleua,
Sengarthit
Agriculture and Forestry

Niazbek
Aldashev,
Lorenz
Kunduz Turgumbaeva, Frontiers

Chay
Bounphanousay,
National
Agriculture and Forestry Research
Uran Tursunaliev
Institute (NAFRI)
Rafael Nurahunov, CronaTrans

Gulnara Uskenbaeva, Association of
Ulan
Orozbekov,
Ministry
of
Supplier (Producers and Distributors)
Lao Co., Ltd.
Transport and Communications

Aleksei
Olesya
Paukova,
Companion
Jakkrit Bunmee, Tilleke & Gibbins
Vandaev,
Kalikova
&
Associates
Somsadasak
Canlayany,
Lao
Freight Forwarder Co., Ltd
Financial Group CJSC MFC

Dmitriy Vetlugin, Sky Mobile LLC
Tulegen
Sarsembekov, Eurasian
Beeline
Chanthone Chanthavong, Ministry

of Posts and Telecommunications
Development Bank
Zhigitaly Zhumaliev, Department of
Temirbek
M.
Shabdanaliev,
Crop Production Development
Nawika
Charoenkitchatorn,
Lao
Premier International Law Office
Association of Carriers of Kyrgyzstan

LAO PDR
Syyang Chertoi, Ministry of Posts
Baktybek Shamkeyev, Central Asia

International Consulting
Nurlan
Smanov,
State
EXIM Company Limited
and Telecommunications
Microfinance Association
Phoukong Chidhouplok, Ministry of

Post and Telecommunications
Communications Agency under the

Government of Kyrgyz Republic
PK Interfreight Co., Ltd

Malavan
Chittavcong,
National
Talant Soltobekov, LBD Consulting
Agroforex Company
University of Lao
Chynara
United
Department of Agriculture Extension
Aristotle David, VNA Legal Sole Co.
Program
and Cooperatives (DAEC), Ministry of
Ltd.
Nations
Suiumbaeva,
Development
(UNDP)

Michael
Dwyer,
Center
Nurlan Tokonov, AVEP Public Fund
Agns Couriol, DFDL
International Forestry Research
Mirlanbek Torobekov, Frontiers
Vinay Ahuja, DFDL
Rupert Haw, DFDL
for
215
Konrad Hul, VNA Legal Sole Co. Ltd.
Sengchanh
Phetkhounluang,
Andy Schroeter, Sunlabob Rural

Energy Systems Co., Ltd
Xayluxa Insyxiengmai, Ministry of
Senesakoune Sihanougong, DFDL
Alexia Jolliot, VimpelCom Lao co.,
Khamphaeng Phochanthilath, VNA
Sinouk Sisombat, Sinouk Coffee
Ltd
Legal Sole Co. Ltd.

Viengkham Sodahak, Department
Nonxay Keosysom, M-FLAC Trading
Vanthieng Phommasoulin, Ministry
of
Agriculture
Extension
and
Sole Co., Ltd
of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)
Cooperatives (DAEC), Ministry of

Khamouane
Khamphoukeo,
Oudom Phonekhampheng, National

Saiya
University of Laos
Kham Phoui, Ministry of Agriculture
Sikhoun Tiamtisack, Lao Freight
and Forestry (MAF)

Leedae,
Lao
SCU
Huasae Chaleun
Natchar
Thammavongseng,
Forwarder Co., Ltd
Premier
Phoumy
International Law Office

Khamkong Liemprachanh
Phoumanivong,
Arpon
Tunjumras, Lao Premier
International Law Office

Sounthone Vong, Department of
Thavisak Manodham, Ministry of

Yatkeo Phoumidalyvanh, Ministry
Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of
of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)
Vichit Sadettan, Lao International
Settha Vongpuckdy, ACLEDA Bank
Freight
Lao Ltd
Keochai Mayyavongsink, ACLEDA

Bank Lao Ltd
Forwarders
Association
(LIFFA)
Sonevilay Nampanya
Manivone Vongxay, Ministry of

Somlack
Nhoybouakong,
Lao
Vanpheng Sayakone, Ministry of
Industry and Commerce
Posts and Telecommunications
Freight Forwarder Co., Ltd
Soulivanh Voravong, Ministry of

Somphone Phasavath, Lao Freight
Bouaphet Sayasane, Ministry of
Forwarder Co., Ltd
Public Works and Transport
Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)

Huang Wei Jie, M-FLAC Trading Sole
Kingkeo
Phengmixay,
Trading Sole Co., Ltd
M-FLAC
Visone Saysongkham, Bank of the

Lao PDR
Co., Ltd
Sisomphone
Yangnouvong,
216
Cyril Achcar, Groupe Achcar Mali

Transit
Amadou Ongoiba, ARC EN CIEL

Souleymane Niar
SARL
Animale
MALI
Elie Dembele
Nafo Samak, Groupe Achcar Mali
Autorit Malienne de Rgulation

des Tlcommunications/TIC et des
Fanta Dembele, MicroCred
Transit
Fanta Diallo, Office de Protection
Idrissa Nonmon Sanogo, Direction
des Vgtaux
Rgionale des Services Vtrinaires
Postes (AMRTP)
Conseil Malien des Transporteurs
de Kayes
Routiers (CMTR)
Samba Diallo
Amadou Sidib, Institut dEconomie
Eurolait Mali
Boubacar Diawara, DYNAPHARM
de lElevage et de la Pche

Messotigui
Center (IFDC)
Rurale (IER), Ministre de lAgriculture
Diomande,
Mali
Protection des Cultures (M.P.C)
Frdric Sidib
Oumar Ampoural Dolo, Cabinet
Assiongbon
dExpertise
Kafo Jiginew
Syngenta Foundation
en
Dveloppement
et
Agricole et Rural
Montaire
Tko-Agbo,
Ouest
Africaine
(UEMOA)
Rhaly Ag Mossa
Bakary Doumbia, Socimex SARL
Abdoulaye Traor, Etude, Formation,
Daouda Ba, Vaughan Avocats

Seydou Doumbia, La Ficelle - SCPA
Evaluation et Conseils (EFEC - sarl)
Association
Michel Havard, CIRAD
Amadou Traor, Vesta Industries
Cheickna Bounajim Ciss
Abdoulaye
Abou
Berthe,
Sasakawa
Africa
Permanente
Abdoulaye Ciss, Africa Trade &
Keita,
Assemble
des
Chambres
dAgriculture du Mali (APCAM)
industry system
Mama Kon, Institut dEconomie
Aminata Coulibaly, MALIMARK A2F
Rurale (IER), Ministre de lAgriculture

de lElevage et de la Pche
Oumar Kalifa Coulibaly, Direction

Gnrale des Douanes
Hady Ly, Carrires et Chaux
Bakary Yaffa, Etablissements Yaffa

et Frres
217
Zouhir Imad, Socopim Premium
MOROCCO
Khalid Tadlaoui, MCI Sant Animale
Group
Rachid Tahri
Socit Nationale des Transports et

Amine Kandil, Charaf Corporation
de la Logistique (SNTL)
Abdelaziz Zerouali
Samira
Yara
Khallouk,
Agence
Nationale de Rglementation des

Soufiane Alami, Agridata Consulting
MOZAMBIQUE
Tlcommunications (ANRT)
Ajuda de Desenvolvimento de Povo
Saleh M. Amine, Cour Internationale
Abdelatif
Laamrani,
de Mdiation et dArbitrage (CIMEDA)
Laamrani Law
Cabinet
para Povo
Citrum de Maputo
Chakib Ben El Khadir, Association
Mehdi Megzari, Sayarh & Menjra
Marocaine des Importateurs du
Law Firm
Couto,
Graa
Associados,
Sociedade de Advogados
Matriel Agricole (AMIMA)

Ahlam
Youssef Bencheqroun, Al Amana
Mekkaoui,
Boulalf
&
Eduardo Mondlane University
Mekkaoui
Microfinance
Lamghari
Hanane Boumehdi, Maroc Agroveto
Omar,
Africa
Matanuska Moambique Limitada
Transcontinental Shipping Sarl

Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG)
Holding
Rachid Oumlil, ANUMA
MozFoods - Vanduzi
El Hassane Bourarach, Institut

Agronomique et Vtrinaire Hassan
Farrouk Rajaa, TransfaroS.A.R.L

Otilio Assamundine
II
Abdelali Regag, Tamwil El Fellah
Francisco Avillez, Sociedade de
Baptiste Dungu, MCI Sant Animale

Nesrine Roudane, Nero Boutique
Mustapha El Khayat, Association
Law Firm
John
Marocaine de la Logistque
Talhi
Faouzi,
Maroc
Advogados (SCAN)
Greenbelt
Fertilizantes de Moambique, Lda

(GBF)
Agroveto
Holding
Christie-Smith,
Mohamed Sabik
Joo Chunga, FRUTISUL
Ali Hajji, SEWT
Omar Sayarh, Sayarh & Menjra Law

Firm
Alcinda Cumba, FL&A
Mohamed Sinan, Ecole Hassania
Mario Jorge de Almeida Matos,
des Travaux Publics
Biochem
Fion De Vletter
218
Bernardo Mahoro, Sal & Caldeira,
MYANMAR
Advogados, LDA.
East-West Seed International Ltd.
Teresa Falco, Vieira de Almeida &

Associados (Atlas Lda)
Paulino
Munisse,
Instituto
de
Investigao Agrria de Moambique

Tito Fernandez, Lurio University
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
(IIAM)
Ministry of Communications and
Alexander Fernando, International
Pedro Murreriua, Ministrio dos
Transportes e Comunicaes (MTC)
Information Technology
Ministry of Co-operatives
Aase Ditlefsen Ferro, First Natural
Simon Norfolk, Terra Firma Lda

Ministry of Transport
Choice (Mocambique), Lda

Munyaradzi Amos Nyambiya
Myanmar Microfinance Bank
Ana Isabel Fotine Mponda, Ministry

of Public Works and Housing
Afonso Osorio
Myanmar Livestock Federation
Italino Francisco, Caixa Comunitria
Marino Pascoal, Caixa Comunitria
de Microfinanas
de Microfinanas
Tom Holloway
Enoque
Raimundo
SGS (Myanmar) Limited

Changamo,
Than Aung, E.F.R Express Services
Caixa Comunitria de Microfinanas
Limited
U Myint Aung, International Fertilizer
Luis Junaide Lalgy

Donovan Liedeman
Fernando Sequeira, AgriFocus
U Soe Htun Aung, Ministry of
Anselmina L. Liphola, Ministry of

Land, Environment and Development
Elsa Adlia Timana, Ministry of
Agriculture and Irrigation
Agriculture (MINAG)
Myint Aye, UN Habitat
Fernanda Lopes, FL&A

Adriaan van den Dries
Darrel Chon, OV Logistics
Bernardo Lus Tembe, Hluvuku

Loureno Venia, Fundo Nacional
Neves Macuacua
de Estradas
Elcidio Madeira, Astros
Carlos
Zandamela,
Patricia Curran, Telenor

Ministry
of
Bridget Di Certo, DFDL
Agriculture (MINAG)
Katherine East, DFDL
Natalino Magaia, Medimoc SA

Llionel Zisengwe, iDE
219
Ei Ei Mon, Ministry of Construction
U Win Myaing, Ministry of Agriculture
U Tint Aung, Myanmar Rice Millers
and Irrigation
Association
James Finch, DFDL

Aung
Khin
International
Ltd
Association
Myint,
Myanmar
Freight
Benjamin K. Wagner, BNG Legal
Forwarders
U Min Wai, Ministry of Agriculture
and Irrigation
William D. Greenlee, Jr, DFDL
Daw Yi Yi Myint, Ministry of

U Aung Win, Ministry of Agriculture
and Irrigation
Alvi Hakim, DFDL

Wazo
Min Aung Hein, Harmony Myanmar
Win
Myint,
Aquamarine
Shipping
Kyaw Win Htun, Telenor
Nay Lin Zin, Myanmar Rice Millers
Ko Ko Yelwin, DFDL
Agro Group Co, Ltd.

Robert
Htun
Nwe,
Harmony
Association
U
Myanmar Agro Group Co, Ltd.
Zaw
Win
Naing,
Myanmar
Nichole Cross, DFDL
Microfinance Bank Limited
Mechanization Department, Ministry
San Oo, Ministry of Environmental
NEPAL
of Agriculture and Irrigation
Conservation and Forestry
Hla
Htun,
Agricultural
Nepal Telecommunications Authority

Grahame
Hunter,
International
Michael
Rodenmark,
YOMA
Strategic Holdings Ltd.
Bipin
Adhikari,
Kathmandu
University
Thin
Khaing,
United
Nations
Daniel Susnjar, Telenor

Chandramani Adhikari, Allied Law
Development Program (UNDP)

Thin
Khaing,
United
U Htun Thein, Customs Department
Services
Yi Mon Thu, E.F.R Express Services
Durga
Limited
Entrepreneurs Association of Nepal
Nations
Development Program (UNDP)
Prasad
Adhikari,
Seed
(SEAN)
U Ko Ko, Agricultural Mechanization

Department, Ministry of Agriculture
U Aung Kyaw Sow, Myanmar Rice
and Irrigation
Millers Association
Madan Bhatta, Nepal Agricultural

Research Council (NARC)
Dolly Kyaw, International Fertilizer
U Aung Thein, Myanmar Rice Millers
Association
Jibaraj Bhattaraii, Federation of

Truck Transport Entrepreneurs
U Han Thein Maung, Ministry of
U Thaung Win, Myanmar Rice
Millers Association
Shashi
Bisht,
Department
of
Irrigation (DoI)
Devendra
Gauchan,
Bioversity
220
Rabindra Pradhan, Himalayan Bank
Manoj Nidhi Wagle, Department of
Ltd.
Customs
Netra Prasad Osti, National Animal
NICARAGUA
Science Research Institute
International
Agro xito S.A

Pankaj
Joshi,
Salt
Trading
Padam Bahadur Rana

Agroalfa
Corporation Limited
Damodar
Khoj
Raj
Katwal,
Nepal
Drip
Regmi, Jeevan Bikas

Asociacin
Samaj
Productores
Exportadores de Nicaragua (APEN)
Irrigation Pvt. Ltd

Pramod
Bishal
de
Khanal,
Kathmandu
Kumar
Shah,
Shivam
Organisation
ChamAgro
Bhola Shankar Shrestha, Nepal
CISA AGRO
University
Bharat Kharel, Bhrikuti Development
Agricultural
Bank
(NARC)
Research
Council
Instituto de Proteccin y Sanidad
Agropecuaria (IPSA MAGFOR)
K.B. Lama Syangtan, Bindhavasini

Savings
Co-operative
Kumar
Maquipos, S.A.
Society
Ltd.(BISCOL)
Sanjay
Dipesh Shrestha, Suva Transport
Mandal, Jeevan
Shreemat
Shrestha,
Nepal
Agricultural
Research
Council
Nicaragua Machinery Company
(NARC)
Ramac S.A.
Bikas Samaj
Bhuwon Ratna Sthapit, Bioversity
Yogendra Mandal, Jeevan Bikas
International
Marvin Altamirano, ATN Asociacin

de Transportistas de Nicaragua
Samaj
Prabin Subedi, Paramount Legal
Atul Nagar
Advisory Services Pvt. Ltd.
Eddy
Francisco
Instituto
Nicaragense
Mahendra P Khanal, Seed Quality
Mahesh Kumar Thapa, Sinha-Verma
Telecomunicaciones
Control Center
Law Concern (SVLC)
(TELCOR)
Pratima Pandey, Nepal Agricultural
Pradip Thapa, Bindhavasini Savings
Daniel
Research Council (NARC)
Co-operative Society Ltd.(BISCOL)
Nicaragua
Tung Raj Pathak, Mahakali Irrigation
Satya Narayan Verma
Hilda
Project
de
Ampi,
Araya,
Arias
Argello,
ganaderos
(ASOGACHO)
de
Correos
&
Muoz
Asociacin
de
Chontales
221
Silvio Arguello, Consortium Taboada
Celina
y Asociados
Instituto
Delgado
Castelln,
Nicaragense
Telecomunicaciones
Jos Blandn, Comisin Nacional
Orlando Lpez, Aquatec S.A.
de
Correos
Eduardo Martinez Silva, Agricons

S.A.
(TELCOR)
Ganadera de Nicaragua (CONAGAN)

Lacayo,
Fernando Medina Montiel, Oficina
Annely Bravo, Instituto Nicaragense
Federation of Agricultural Producers
de Leyes Dr. Fernando Medina
de Telecomunicaciones y Correos
of Nicaragua (UPANIC)
Montiel
Michael
Edwin
Healy
(TELCOR)
Maricarmen
Espinosa
Segura,
Lea
Montes
Lagos,
Abogado
Maria Auxiliadora Briones
Central Law Molina & Asociados
Nicaragua
Bismarck
Pablo Flores, GANASOL
Lesbia Moreno, Abogado Nicaragua
Armando Gmez, Federation of
Julio
Agricultural Producers of Nicaragua
Americano de Cooperacin para la
(UPANIC)
Agricultura (IICA)
Cardoza
Delgadillo,
GANASOL
Milton Castillo, Heifer International
Salvador
de
Castillo,
Asociaciones
Mungua,
Instituto
Inter-
Federacin
Ganaderas
de
Nicaragua (FAGANIC)
Soln
de
Guerrero,
Asociaciones
Federacin
Ganaderas
de
Claraliz
Nicaragua (FAGANIC)
Oviedo,
Alvarado
Asociados
Ana Cecilia Chamorro, Arias &

Muoz Nicaragua
Manuel Narvaez
Luca Guevara, Central Law Molina &

Roger Prez Grillo, Arias & Muoz
Asociados
Nicaragua
Luis Chamorro, MERCONCOFFEE

Myriam Jarquin, Corte Suprema de
Sergio Antonio Chamorro Urcuyo
Justicia, Instituto Altos Estudios
Mirian Reyes, Ministry of Transport
Judiciales
and Infrastructure
Mario Davila, Finca Vida Joven

Edmundo
Lacayo,
Gloria Maria De Alvarado, Alvarado
Instituto
Nicaragense
y Asociados
Telecomunicaciones
de
Ana Teresa Rizo, Arias & Muoz

Nicaragua
Correos
(TELCOR)
Denis Salgado
Rodolfo Lacayo Ubau, Autoridad
Alfonso Jos Sandino Granera,
Nacional Del Agua
Consortium

Animale
Abogados
Marln Lpez, GANASOL
Centro
Amrica
222
Jos Evenor Taboada, Consortium
Rseau National des Chambres
Taboada y Asociados
dAgriculture du Niger (RECA)
Animale
Mahatan Sani Abdou, Ministre de
Abdoulaye Djadah, Banque Agricole
lAgriculture
du Niger
Salou Abdou Doro, LAutorit de
Boube Issouf, Negoce International
Rgulation des Tlcommunications
Niger
Carlos
Csar
Consortium
beda
Centro
Torres,
Amrica
Abogados
Alejandro Vargas, MERCONCOFFEE
et de la Poste (ARTP)
Alvaro
Vargas,
Asociaciones
Federacin
Ganaderas
Salifou Karimou, Airtel Niger
de
de
Adamou Kodo Abdourahamane,

Aboubacar
PADMIF
Nicaragua (FAGANIC)
Malam
Massou,
Institut National de la Recherche

Roberto Villegas, PROCOCER R.L.
Buckner Akouete Koffi, International
Agronomique du Niger (INRAN)
Crops Research Institute for the

Moudy Mamane Sani, Direction
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Eduardo Zamora
Gnrale
Abey
Frederik Zeuthen, Caf Nor
Bazou
Alhou, Secrtariat
de
la
Protection
des
Vgtaux
permanent du Code Rural

Illya Miko, Food and Agriculture
NIGER
Idrissa
Abattoir Frigorifique Rgional de
Ambalam,
Groupe
Organization of the United Nations

(FAO)
SANECOM/GPSA
Maradi
Maliki
de
AFCOM
Barhouni,
Commerce,
Chambre
dIndustrie
et
Maman-Lawal Mossi Bagoudou,

Banque Agricole du Niger
dArtisannat du Niger
Achatou
Agrimex
Moussa
Centrale
dApprovisionnement
en
Intrants et Materiels Agricoles
Bola,
Projet
de
Nasser,
Ferme
Semencire Ainoma
dveloppement des exportations et

des marchs agro-sylvo-pastoraux
Mahamane
(PRODEX)
Institut National de la Recherche
Nasser
Laouali,
Agronomique du Niger (INRAN)
Chambre de Commerce, dIndustrie

et dArtisanat du Niger (CCIAN)
A.
Adamou
Danguioua,
Haut
Commissariat lInitiative 3N
Zalika Maiga, Ets Kazali & Fils
Fadjimata
Amadou
Direction Gnrale du Gnie Rural

Haut Commissariat lInitiative 3N
Gali
Adam
Dantia,
Ouattara,
Ministre de la Communication et
Agriculture
des Relations avec les Institutions
United Nations (FAO)
Food
Organization
of
and
the
223
Mamoudou Oumarou, Chambre de
Rose Marie M. King-Dominguez,
Oldreach Trucking Services
Sycip
Commerce dIndustrie et dArtisanat
Salazar
Hernandez
&
du Niger
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
Gatmaitan
Zakary Rhissa, Fondation Taboghor
Universal Harvester, Inc.
Franco Aristotle G Larcina, Sycip

Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan
Ruben P Acebedo II, Sycip Salazar
Victor P. Lazatin, Angara Abello
Hernandez & Gatmaitan
Concepcion Regala & Cruz Law Firm
El-Hadj Saminou, Office National

des Amnagements Hydro Agricoles
Jescel
Alday-Salvaleon,
(ONAHA)
Animal Health
Bayer
Paul Limson, Bureau of Animal
Industry, Department of Agriculture
Ousmane
Mamane
Sani,
ONG
Ferdinand Castillo, AKC Trucking

Romualdo C. Martinez, Philippine
Karkara
Ferdinand Correa, Correa Trucking
and Mechanization (PHILMECH)
Idrissa Tchernaka, Etude dAvocats

Marc Le Bihan & Collaborateurs
Rubina Cresencio, Bureau of Animal

Assiongbon
Center for Postharvest Development
Edgardo V. Olego, Confederation

of Truckers Association of the
Tko-Agbo,
JJ Disini, Disini & Disini
Philippines
Pablo M. Gancayco, Gancaycos,
Joel R. Panagsagan, Super Trade
Balasbas & Associates
Enterprises
des Amnagements Hydro Agricoles
Felix C. Paraguya, Jr., FPJMLP
(ONAHA)
Ltd
Customs Brokerage
Wouro Yahia, Etude dAvocats Marc
Nicolette Gica, 1st Valley Bank
Roel R. Ravanera, Xavier Science

et
Montaire
Ouest
Africaine
(UEMOA)
Labaran Yahaya, Office National
Foundation
Le Bihan & Collaborateurs

Norlito
Attaoulahi Zakaouanou, Ministre
Gicana,
Fertilizer
and
Lailani Rose Rico, Bureau of Animal
Pesticide Authority
du Transport
Reynaldo
PHILIPPINES
Gregorio,
Philippine
Center for Postharvest Development
and Mechanization (PHILMECH)

Joaquin V. Sayoc, Romulo, Mabanta,
Allied Botanical Corporation

Tanya Hotchkiss, Cantilan Bank, Inc.
Fortuna Ranch
Buenaventura, Sayoc & De Los

Angeles
Delfin C. Suministrado, Agricultural
224
Ulenberg Sp. z o.o.
Animale
Machinery Testing and Evaluation

WBW Weremczuk Bobel & Partners,
Center
Micha Fereniec, Greenberg Traurig
Attorneys at Law
LLP
Rodolfo H. Tamayo, Agri Component

Monika Adamin, Clifford Chance
Corporation
Maciej Gorgol, Warsaw Bar of
LLP
Advocates
Raul Urbiztondo, Cantilan Bank, Inc.

Wojciech Andrzejewski, Kancelaria
Rolando Victoria, ASKI (Alalay Sa
Prawna Piszcz, Norek i Wsplnicy
Kaunlaran, Inc.)
Spka komandytowa
Olaf Gnther-Borstel, Yara

Kamil Jankielewicz, Allen & Overy
Rey Yparraguirre, Cantilan Bank, Inc.
Aleksandra Auleytner, Domaski

Zakrzewski Palinka (DZP)
Wiesawa
Kasperska-Woowicz,
Institute of Technology and Life
POLAND
Igor Bkowski, Bkowski Kancelaria
Sciences
Radcowska
Clifford Chance LLP
Anna Klimach, University of Warmia

General Veterinary Inspectorate
Agnieszka
Bieda,
Department
and Mazury in Olsztyn
of Geomatics, AGH University of

International
Cooperation
Anna
Science and Technology
Kluczek-Kollar,
Misiewicz,
Mosek & Partners Counsellors - at -
Department, Agricultural and Food

Quality Inspection (IJHARS)
Marta Bryjak, White & Case LLP
Law
Kancelaria Adwokatw i Radcw
Zofia Buliska-Radomska, Plant
Anita Kwartnik-Pruc, Department
Prawnych Lipiski & Walczak
Breeding
and
Acclimatization
Institute (IHAR)
National
Water
Management
Jarosaw
Authority
Bydosz,
Department

Office of Electronic Communications
(UKE
Urzd
Institute
of
Technology and Life Sciences

Mirosaw Leszczyski, John Deere
Dariusz Godzisz, Ipsen Polska Sp

zoo
Financial
abdzki,
Komunikacji
Elektronicznej)
Polish
Leszek
Musio,
Kancelaria
Supervision
Authority (KNF)
Przemysaw
Agnieszka Dawidowicz, University
Spka komandytowa
of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Polish Seed Trade Association (PIN)
Marcin Olszak, Polish Financial

Supervision Authority
225
Joanna Organiciak-Pachta, Salt
Witold
City Pharma Center
Studziski,
Partnerzy
Studziski
Adwokacka
Spka
Konstantin Chaykin, Altayskiy Fond

Mikrozaymov
Partnerska
Ekaterina Dudina, Beiten Burkhardt
Magorzata Paysa, Polish Agency

Jolanta Wyszatkiewicz, Ministry of
for Enterprise Development
Agriculture and Rural Development

Piotr
Parzych,
Geomatics,
Department
of
University
of
AGH
Irina Glazkova, Avakov Tarasov &

Partners
Marcin Zaczyski, Plant Breeding
and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR)
Alexey Konevsky, Pepeliaev Group
Agata Pawlak-Jaszczak, Kancelaria
Izabela
Evgeniya Konovalova Dudinova,
Wardyski & Partners
Cargill
Leszek Zielonka, Zielonka-Steckert-
Polina Krymskaya, Federal Service
Wsplnicy
for State Registration Cadastre and
Zieliska-Baroek,
Spka komandytowa
Pawe Piotrowski, Clifford Chance
Cartography in Moscow
LLP
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Alexey Kuzmishin, Beiten Burkhardt
Marcin Piszcz, Kancelaria Prawna

Piszcz, Norek i Wsplnicy Spka
Avakov Tarasov & Partners

Vladislav I. Kvashnin, Digesta ILC
komandytowa
Central
Piotr Smolarczyk, Greenberg Traurig
Bank
of
the
Russian
Federation
Anton Lachinov, VimpelCom
John Deere
Maxim Levinson, Baker Botts LLP
Monsanto
Anastasia
LLP
Mikoaj Steppa, Rural Development
Foundation (RDF)
Likhacheva,
National
research university
Katarzyna Szczepaniak, National
Marc Bartholomy, Clifford Chance
council of agricultural chambers
LLP
Alexander
Nadmitov,
Nadmitov,
Ivanov & Partners

Chamber
Aleksey Belugin, Eurasian Center
of Merchants, Grain Processors
for Food Security, Moscow State
Ella Omelchenko, Clifford Chance
and
University
LLP
Valentin Borodin, VB & P
Maksim Prigon
Maciej
Tomaszewicz,
Foodstuff
Producers
(Izba
Gospodarcza Handlowcw)
Dominik Wakowski, Wardyski &
Partners
Olga
Brovkina,
Association
of
Dmitry Raev, Morgan Lewis
International Road Carriers (ASMAP)

Artem Rodin, CMS Legal
Hibamana,
226
Kannan
Anastasia Serebrennikova, Clifford
Pie
Chance LLP
Chambers
University
Elena V. Syrykh
Gafigi Jean Paul, Pannar
Jules
Amicus
Law
Narayanan,
Theoneste
Hawassa
Ndahayo,
Umutanguha Finance Company Ltd.

Robert Woolley
Potel Jossam, Kayonza District
(UFC)
Sergei Yudaev, ZAO Ambar
Channy Kalisa, Kigali Golden Farm
Emmanuel Ngomiraronka, Ministry

of Agriculture and Animal Resources
Jonas Kamili, Banque Populaire du
RWANDA
Peter Ngugi, Yara
Rwanda
Nyiombo Investments
Regina
Kayitesi, Private Sector
Theogene
Niyibigira,
Rwanda
One Acre Fund
Federation
National Genebank
Rwanda Natural Resources Authority
Brian Kirungi, Airtel Rwanda Limited
Beatrice Niyokwizigirwa, Rwanda

Agriculture Board (RAB)
(RNRA)
Kizito
Alexis Bizimana, KCB Bank Rwanda
Safari,
Bona
Fide
Law
Felicien
Chambers
Niyoniringiye,
Rulindo
District
Vianney
Bizimana,
Banque
Elonie Mukandoli, National Bank of

Rwanda
Alfred Nkubili, ENAS
Nyaruyonga,
Jean Baptiste Mutabazi, Rwanda
Bernard
Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA)
Bank of Rwanda
Sylvain
Livingstone Nshemereirwe, Access
Populaire du Rwanda
Jeanne
dArc
Nsengiyumva,
National
Center (IFDC)
Moses Kiiza Gatama, Equity Juris
Muyombano,
Rwanda
Natural Resources Authority (RNRA)
to Finance Rwanda
Dominique
Jean Bosco Rusagara, Intraspeed
Chambers
Mvunabandi,
Bob Gatera, Balton Rwanda Ltd
Smartfarming Rwanda Ltd
Ltd
Jonathan Gatera, National Bank of
Mwitende Ladislas, Top Services
Rwanda
Enterprises Ltd
Didier Sagashya, Rwanda Natural
Henry Gitau, Balton Rwanda Ltd
Susan
Nambi,
Equity
Juris
Resources Authority (RNRA)
Chambers
Gerard Mutimura Sakufi, Banque

Populaire du Rwanda
227
Mohammed
Salim,
Green
Age
International Ltd.
Jean
Damascene
Ministerio
de
Agricultura,
Rosa
Huertas
Alimentacin y Medio Ambiente
Confederacin
(MAGRAMA)
Duero
Yara
Vicente
Gonzlez,
Hidrogrfica
del
Serugero,
National Bank of Rwanda
Izquierdo
Garcia,
Departamento de Aduanas de la
Josephine Umurewa, Development
Margarita Arboix Arzo, Autonomous
Bank of Rwanda
University of Barcelona
Agencia Tributaria de Espaa

Jaime Jaume, Semilla
Grace
Umutoni,
Private
Sector
Ignacio Cantonnet, TERGUM

Carlos Jimenez
Federation
Alberto
Cortegoso
Vaamonde,
Esperance Uwimana
Cuatrecasas Gonalves Pereira
lvaro Lpez-Jorrn, Garrigues
Kabalisa Vincent de Paul, Rwanda
David Cota Mascuana
Jos Luis Mauri Alarcn, Irritec

Iberia SA
Natural Resources Authority (RNRA)

Rafael de Sdaba
Juan Muguerza Odriozola, J&A
SPAIN
Alfonso de San Simn, San Simn
Asociacin Nacional de Obtentores
& Duch
Luis Murillo Jasol, Cuatrecasas
Vegetales (ANOVE)
Diego de San Simn, San Simn &
Bioibrica S.A.
Garrigues, S.L.P.
Gonalves Pereira
Duch
Adrin Nogales, Colegio Oficial de
Catalan Water Agency
Ingenieros
Paulo Felix, CEPEX Spain
de
Telecomunicacin
(COIT)
Compagnie Fruitire Espaa
Alfredo Fernndez Rancao, J&A

Jos
Garrigues, S.L.P.
Juan Jos Gil Panizo, Federacin
Grupo Fertiberia
Palma
Fernndez,
Gmez-Acebo & Pombo Abogados
Compaa Maquinaria 93
Grupo AN
Luis
Nacional
de
Asociaciones
S.L.P.
de
Empresarios
de
Transporte
Juan Pardo, Asociacin Comercial
Discrecionales
de
Mercancas
Espaola de Fertilizantes (ACEFER)
(FENADISMER)
Nicols Nogueroles Peir, Colegio
John Deere
Juan Gonzlez, Garrigues
de Registradores de la Propiedad y
Mercantiles de Espaa
MIGASA
Matas Gonzlez, Vodafone Espaa,
S.A.U.
228
Luis Prez de Ayala, Cuatrecasas
Asanka Abeysekera, Tiruchelvam
Rohan Fernando, Tea Exporters
Gonalves Pereira
Associates
Association (TEA)
Pedro Portellano, Garrigues
Asoka Ajantha, Janathakshan
Bhavani Fonseka, Center for Policy

Alternatives (CPA)
Millan Requena Casanova
Asela
Angammana,
AgStar
Fertilizers PLC
Tilani Ford, F.J. & G. De Saram
A.R Ariyaratne, Sri Lanka Council for
Tharindu Gallage, Empire Teas Pvt
Agricultural Research Policy (CARP)
Ltd
M. Ziard Caffoor, Ceylon Grain
Helani Galpaya, LIRNEasia
Lourdes Rodriguez Lopez, Plaza

Forwarding SL
Elicia Rodrguez Pual, Cuatrecasas
Gonalves Pereira
Industries
Dilum Gamage, Julius & Creasy
Alicia Snchez Muoz, Ministerio

de Economa y Competitividad

Animale
Ltd
Emilio Sidera Leal, Ministry of

Public Works
Savantha De Saram, D.L. & F. De

Saram
Dilini Gunaratne, Julius & Creasy
Anil de Silva, Dave Tractors &
Thilanka Haputhanthrie, Julius &
Combines (Pvt) Ltd
Creasy
Sashanee de Silva, Gowers Law
Hettiarachchi
SRI LANKA
Firm
Colombo Tea Traders Association
CIC Agribusinesses (Pvt) Limited
Sameera S Dissanayake, Sri Lanka
Anura Herath, The International
Council for Agricultural Research
Fund for Agricultural Development
Dilmah Tea Ltd
Policy
(IFAD)
Empire Teas Pvt Ltd
Manjula Ellepola, F.J. & G. De Saram
Ranila Hurulle, Julius & Creasy
Sri Lanka Council for Agricultural
Anjali Fernando, F.J. & G. De Saram
Shanika
Ignacio Sols Martel, AgroVegetal

Gonzalo Ulloa Suelves, Gmez
Acebo & Pombo, Abogados, SLP
The
Jayasekera, Sri Lanka
Council for Agricultural Research
Research Policy (CARP)

Lakshman
Ranjith Abeykoon, Tea Exporters
Hemaratne,
Fernando,
CIC
Policy (CARP)
Agribusinesses (Pvt) Limited

Nilusha Kapugama, LIRNEasia
Association (TEA)
Mayuri Fernando, D.L. & F. De Saram
Uma Kitulgoda, F.J. & G. De Saram
229
Navindra Liyanaarachchi, SANASA
J.M. Swaminathan, Julius & Creasy
Wala Hassan Aboalela, El Karib and

Medani Advocates (EKM)
Federation Ltd.
Nuwanthi Upeksha, CL Synergy Pvt
Ltd
Ahmed Adam
Roshana Waduge, Ceylon Fertilizer
Faisal Ahmed, Transnile for Trade &
Ameer Mahuroof, Gowers Law Firm
Co. Ltd.
Agriculture
Ashwini Natesan, Julius & Creasy
Aruna Weerakoon, Agro Culture
Mohamed
Trends Pvt Ltd.
National Seed Council
Waruna Madawanarachchi, C.I.C.

Seed & Foliage
Chaminda
Nissanka,
Brown
Alhassan
Ahmed,
&
Anil
Company PLC
Wickremasinghe,
Jinasena
Alawia
Alhamadabi,
National
(PVT) Ltd.
Information Center
for Agricultural Research Policy
Udara Widanagamage, CL Synergy
Inaam Attiq, Aztan Law Firm
(CARP)
Pvt Ltd
Simon Padmini, Sri Lanka Council
Sarah
Sameera Wijerathna, Dialog Axiata
Ranga Pallawala, Janathakshan
Badreldin,
Raiba
Land
Transport, Elnefeidi Group
PLC
Sami Balla Ibrahim, Widam Food
Laknadhi Perera, Julius & Creasy

SUDAN
Nihara
Perera,
Sudath
Omer El Dirani
Perera
Alpha Group
Associates
Mustafa
Oswin
Perera,
University
of
Elbashier,
Mustafa
Family Bank
Elbashier Law Office
Kenana Sugar Company
Salah Eldin Elaghbash, Brilliance
Peradeniya
Sudath
Perera,
Sudath
for Development and Services
Perera
Ministry
Associates
of
Water
Resources,
Afaf
Irrigation and Electricity
Ministry
Muhammed Kamal Abass, CTC
Ltd.
Shaimaa Elhassan, Raiba Land
Group
Rajapaksha,
AgStar
Fertilizers PLC
Hassabo
Abbas,
Ministre
de
lAgriculture et de lIrrigation
Yahia Awad Elkareem
Ula
Sami Freigoun, CTC Group
Shobitha Ranasinghe, Empire Teas

Pvt Ltd
of
Ranjith Rajapakse, Jinasena (PVT)
Saman
Elguzouli,
Makkawi
Abdelrahman,
Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation
230
Abdul Hamid Rhametalla, Landell
Bahtier
Ltd
Mills Ltd
Mushovir
Dzhamshed
Amr
Hamad,
Haggar
Holding
Bahriddinov,
Neksigol
Buzurukov,
Ltd.
ISFARAFUD
Company
Salman Salman
Nargis
Salih Hamid, Savings & Social

Mahmoud Seddon, Harvest Hybrid
Development Bank
Hamidova,
International
Road Transport Association (AIATT)
Seed Co
Zafar Hudoikulov, Yovar

Hassan Shakir
Davron
Isaev,
Vickram Swaminath, Raiba Land
Advisory
Services
(FAST)
Mohamed Tangasawi
Davlatyor
Tayeb Hassabo, Aztan Law Firm

Hawaii
Abdulwhab
Almahdi,
USAID
in
Farmer
Tajikistan
Ministry of Transport, Roads and

Bridges
Jumakhonov,
First
MicroFinance Bank
Mohamed Alhadi Ibrahim, Elnilein
Azhari Traifi, Aztan Law Firm

Matraim Jusupov, Kyrgyz Republic
Engineering & Spare Parts Co.ltd

TAJIKISTAN
Research Institute of Irrigation
Mechanization Administration
AccessBank Tajikistan
Alisher Khoshimov, Colibri Law Firm
Idris Idris
BDO Academy Tajikistan
Matazim
Nawal
Ibrahim,
Agricultural
Kosimov,
Livestock
Institute TAAS
Mubarak
Mahgoub,
AL
Nelein
Legal Consulting Group

Nurlan Kyshtobaev, Grata Law Firm
Engineering & Spare Parts

OJSC Agroinvestbank
El
Tahir
Ibrahim
Shirinbek Milikbekov, Colibri Law
Mohamed,
Agricultural Research Corporation
Zhanyl
Abdrakhmanova,
Colibri
Firm
Law Firm
Insaf
Mohammed
Firdavs Mirzoev, Nazrisho & Mirzoev
Musa,
Agricultural Research Corporation
Firdavs
Abdufatoev, Ltd. ORO
Law Firm
Isfara
Azam
Mahmoud Numan
Aiembek
Osman Elmakki Osman Elmakki
Akramov,
National
Association of Derkhan farms
Mushovir
Murtazaev,
Neksigol
231
ByTrade Tanzania
Julie Adkins, SNV
the Republic of Tajikistan
Davis & Shirtliff
Joy Alliy, VELMA Law
Amindjon Parpiev, Bard & Co
Engiteng Dairy
Mahmoud
Zulfiya H. Odinaeva, Ministry of

Transport and Communications of
Ahmed
Ally,
Allied
Transport
Kurbonali Partoev, Cooperation for
ETC Agro Tractors and Implements
Development
Ltd
Stephen Axwesso, Brevis attorneys
Tulegen
Forbix Attorneys
Hamisi
Sarsembekov, Eurasian
Chimwaga,
Mwanga
Community Bank
Development Bank
Marina Shamilova, Legal Consulting
Center (IFDC)
Raphael
L.
Agriculture,
Group
Azizbek
Sharipov,
Daluti, Ministry of
Food
Security
and
LonAgro Tanzania Ltd
Cooperatives
Metl Agro Tractors & Implements Ltd
George Fernandes, East African
National
Law Chambers
Sherzod Sodatkadamov, Nazrisho
Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security
& Mirzoev Law Firm
and Cooperatives

Ltd
Mahinakhon
Suleymanova,
Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries

Development
Edward Greenwood, FINCA
Ministry of Water and Irrigation
Sharif A. Hamad, Breeders Tanzania
Business of the Republic of Tajikistan
Tanzania Bureau of Standards
Niko Janssen, SNV
Nargis
Tanzania Farmer Services Center Ltd
Neksigol Mushovir
Matluba
Uljabaeva,
National
Association of Small and Medium
Usmanova,
National
(TFSC)
Theresia Hubert, Tanzania Bureau

Alimardon
zimov,
Center
for
Tanzania Fertilizer Company Ltd.
of Standards
Tanzania Meat Board
Aron Johson Kitaka, Ministry of
implementation of land cadastre

system
Transport
TANZANIA
Tanzania Official Seed Certification

Institute (TOSCI)
Vian Karamaga, Allied Transport
Yara
Buberwa Kafanabo, BEST-Dialogue
Advans Bank Tanzania Ltd.
Peter Kasanda, Clyde & Co

Neema
Lwise
Kileo,
232
Deonice Mshida, Agricultural Seed
Ravi Periyasamy, Balton Tanzania
Agency
Ltd
Astute
Benjamin
Attorneys
Mtaki,
Tea
Research
Edimitha Protace, Tanzania Bureau
Institute of Tanzania
of Standards
Arnold Munisi, Brevis attorneys
Hassan Tino Rajab, CBS Law Offices
R.J. Mwageni, Posta na Simu
Juma Reli, Bank of Tanzania
Agapiti E. Kobello, Bank of Tanzania

Canuth
Komba,
Agriculture,
Food
Ministry
Security
of
and
SACCOS Ltd.
Cooperatives
Kelvin
Remen,
Tanzania
Gunga Kumar Gunga, DAMCO
Paul Myovela, OLAM
Horticultural Association (TAHA)
Barney I. S. Laseko, Prime Ministers
Joseph Mwaipaja, Tanzania Bureau
Hem Chandro Roy, BRAC Tanzania
Office
of Standards
Martin Ruheta, Veterinary Services,
Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries
Yaya Ndjore, TIGO
Amalia Lui, Clyde & Co
Development
Peter
A.
Lupatu,
Ministry
of
Adolf Ndunguru, Tanzania Revenue
Transport
Authority
Elvin Lwakabare, DAMCO
Martha Ngalowera, Vice Presidents
Charity Safford, Vodacom
Office
Ial Samakande, Irrigrow
Justo N. Lyamuya, Ministry of Lands,

Housing and Human Settlement
Leo Ngowi, Surface and Marine
Development
Transport
Regulatory
Authority
Sebastian Sambuo, Rural Urban

Development Initiatives (RUDI)
(SUMATRA)
Mashiku Majo, National Irrigation
Commission
Patrick
Ngwediagi,
Agriculture,
Eli-Tunu Mallamia, Tanzania Truck
Food
Ministry
Security
of
Ulhas Sardesai, OLAM
and
Ujwalkanta Senapati, OLAM
Cooperatives
Owners Association (TATOA)

John
Patrick Maluku, Monsanto
Nkoma,
Communications
Tanzania
Regulatory
Cecilia Boniface Shiyo, CBS Law
Authority
Offices
Victor B. Mrema, Brevis attorneys

David
Hassan Mruttu, Ministry of Livestock
and Fisheries Development
Amish Shah, ATZ Law Chambers
Nyanye,
University
Michigan
State
Baldwin Shuma, Tanzania Seed
Trade Association (TASTA)
233
Nahson Sigalla, Surface and Marine
Barlas Balcioglu, Balcolu Seluk
Orhan
Transport
Akman Keki
Mavioglu & Alkan Law Office
Nevzat Birisik, Ministry of Food,
Yaar Orhan, Ministry of Food,
Agriculture and Livestock
Hamdi iftiler, May-Agro Seed Co.
Senem Kathrin Gler, Law Office
Regulatory
Authority
Yavuz
Maviolu,
ADMD
(SUMATRA)
Emmanuel Simbua, Tea Research
Institute of Tanzania
Kunt & Partners
Lait Simukanga, National Irrigation

Commission
Fatih
Animale
Tariro
Sithole,
Quton
Association
of
International Freight Forwarders
Tanzania
Limited
ener,
Glperi Eldeniz, GPE Law Firm

Vakur Smer, Selcuk University
Elia Timotheo, East Africa Fruits
Hakk Emrah Erdogan, Ministry of
Farm and Company Ltd.
Food, Agriculture and Livestock
Seyma Gozde Tokyay, Bicak Hukuk

Law Firm
Sixtus Toke, Ministry of Agriculture,
Bilal Erkek, General Directorate of
Food Security and Cooperatives
Land Registry and Cadastre
Sevilay Topcu, ukurova University
Raymond Wigenge, Directorate of
zgr Eryz, John Deere
mit Yldz, Ministry of Environment

and Urbanization
Food Safety, Tanzania Food and Drug

Authority (TFDA)
Ismail G. Esin, Baker & McKenzie

Yusuf Yormazolu, May-Agro Seed
Nicholas Zervos, VELMA Law
Ali Can Gren, Balcolu Seluk
Co.
Akman Keki
UGANDA
TURKEY
Ceylan Kara
Abdunassar
Turkish Cooperative Association

Ali
Kasaci,
Ministry
of
Food,
of
Lands,
Olekwa,
Housing
and
Ministry
Urban
Trkiye Yem Sanayicileri Birlii
Development
Can Adamoglu
Yaln Kaya, Trakya University
Charles Abuka, Bank of Uganda
Fulya Koc Arslan, Monsanto
Aysegl Kibaroglu, MEF University
John Anglin, Paramount Dairies Ltd
Sedat Bakici, General Directorate of
Ayhan Kullep
John
Atalyeba,
Services Ltd.
Land Registry and Cadastre

Ahmet Kumru, Kumrular Livestock
ATACO
Freight
234
Robert Ayume, Brazafric Enterprises
Harriette Kasirye, Orange Uganda
Jim
Ltd
Limited
Solutions (U) Ltd
Justine Bagyenda, Bank of Uganda
Nicholas
Kauta,
Ministry
of
Agriculture, Animal Industry and

Sudhir Balsure, DSV Swift Freight
Mugenyi,
Engineering
Mugenyi
&
Co
Advocates
Fisheries (MAAIF)
John Mulumba Wasswa, National
International (Uganda) Ltd.
Agricultural Research Organisation
Robert Kintu, FIT Uganda LT

Jonathan
Asa
Middleton,
(NARO)
Bukenya, Bora AgroHalid Kirunda, National Livestock
Technologies Ltd
Augustine
Resources Research Institute
Mwendya,
Uganda
National Farmers Federation
Arthur Byara, Onyango Advocates

Allan Kobel, Magezi, Ibale & Co.
Irene
Advocates
Nabwire
Jingo, Bank of
Uganda
Ltd
Timothy Kyepa, Development Law
Andrew Gita, USAID Feed the Future
Brenda
Associates
Namulondo,
National
Agricultural Research Organisation

Sylver Kyeyune, Pride Microfinance
(NARO)
Ltd.
Viola Namuyaba, Pride Microfinance
Moira Imong
Bob
Brian
Kaggwa,
Impala
Legal
Paul
Lusembo,
Pride
Ltd.
Microfinance Ltd.
Nicholas Ndawula
Advocates and Consultants

Alex
Lwakuba,
Ministry
of
Agriculture, Animal Industry and
Donald
Environment Management Authority
Fisheries (MAAIF)
Advocates
William Kambugu, Ministry of Lands,
John Magezi, Magezi, Ibale & Co.
Bosco
Housing and Urban Development
Advocates
Trade International Co. Ltd
William Martovu, Heifer International
Patrice
Ronald
Andrew
Kaggwa,
Kamugisha,
National
Bank
of
Nyakairu,
Ochira
ENSafrica
Lawino, Tropical
Ocungirwoth,
Housing
Finance Bank
Uganda
Richard Masagazi, Pearl Seeds Ltd
Eldad
Karamura,
James Olobo, Uganda Chamber of
Bioversity
International
Astrid Mastenbroek, Wageningen

UR
Emmanuel Kasimbazi, Makerere

University
Centre
Innovation
for
Commerce
Development
Robert Opio, Ministry of Lands,
235
Richard Oput, Ministry of Lands,
UKRAINE
Alexey Khomyakov, Asters
National Bank of Ukraine
Peter

Commission
Peter Otimodoch, Otis Garden Seeds

State Veterinary and Phytosanitary
Samuel Powell, Northern Uganda
Kovalenko,
on
Irrigation
and
Drainage (ICID)
Service of Ukraine
Alexander
Agricultural Centre
Anton
B.W. Rwabwogo, Mukwano Group
International
Babak,
Lavrynovych
&
Kravchenko,
Bayer
Animal Health
Partners
Lesya Kravchuk, CLAAS Ukraine
Richard
A.
Engineering
Technology
Saasa,
Agricultural
Eugene Blinov, Astapov Lawyers
and
Appropriate
International Law Group
Igor Kutovoy, John Deere
Alexander Borodkin, Vasil Kisil &
Olga Kutsevych, Taras Shevchenko
Partners
Kyiv National University
Myroslav Denis
Tatyana Kuzmenko, AiG Law Firm
Research
Institute
(AEATRI)
Abraham
Salomon,
Agriworks
Bohdan
Uganda Ltd.
Dmukhovskyy,
Astapov
Anton
Lukovkin,
Misechko
&
Lawyers International Law Group
Partners Law Firm
Dmytro Donenko, Engarde Attorneys
Iryna Marushko, Lavrynovych &
at Law
Partners
Vitaliy Fedchuk, Monsanto
Sergiy
Illa Sanjeevi, Grow More Seeds and

Chemicals Limited
Seruwo Solomon, Bukoola Chemical
Industries Ltd
Oberkovych,
Gvozdiy
&
Oberkovych Law Firm

Irene Ssekyana, Greenwatch
Oleksandr Fedorov, KWS

Pavlo Odnokoz, Asters
Phinehas Tukamuhabwa, Makerere
Viacheslav
University
Syngenta
Gavrylianchyk,
Roman
Ognevyuk,
Engarde
Attorneys at Law
Stephen
Tumwesigye,
Onyango
Volodymyr Gopchak, KWS

Maxim Oleksiyuk, WTS Tax Legal
Advocates
Andrii Grebonkin, Clifford Chance
Eva Zaake, National Agricultural
Consulting, LLC
LLP
Pavlo Oliinyk, Engarde Attorneys at
Research Organisation (NARO)

Artem Khaliavka, Creative Group
(PJSC )
Law
Mark Opanasiuk, Inyurpolis Law
236
Pham
VIETNAM
Hung
Cuong,
Vietnam
Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Firm
C.P. Vietnam Corporation
Vitali
Polishchuk,
Institute
Duc Dang, Indochine Counsel
of
Hydraulic Engineering and Land
Institute of Policy and Strategy for
Reclamation
Thuan Dinh Quang, Phuoc and
(IPSARD)
Partners
Roman Puchko
Petrovietnam
Mykola
Pugachev,
Institute
of
Fertilizer
and
Doan Doan Tuan, Institute for Water
Chemicals Corporation
and Environment (IWE)
State Bank of Vietnam
Pham Van Dong, Department of
Agrarian Economics
Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture
Alexey Pukha, Aleksey Pukha &

Partners
Tilleke & Gibbins Consultants Limited
and Rural Development (MARD)
Victor Ryabchun, Plant Production
Le Duy AnW, Yara
Do Huu Dung, Department of Animal

Health, Ministry of Agriculture and
Institute nd. V. Ya. Yuryev of NAAS

Tran Tu Anh, SNV
Rural Development (MARD)
Pham Quoc Bao, SANCO Freight Ltd
Nguyen Quy Duong, Plant Protection

Irina Selivanova, Inyurpolis Law

Firm
Quoc Doan Bao, Syngenta
Viktoriya Taran, KWS
Rajarshi Chakravorty
Viet Thanh Duong
Viktor Teres, Heifer International
Nguyen Ba Chat, Vietnam Institute
Nguyen Duy Dang
of Agricultural Engineering and PostRoman Volkov, ICT-Zahid
Harvest Technology (VIAEP)
Andrew Fitanides, Baker & McKenzie
Yulia Yashenkova, AiG Law Firm
Nguyen Thi Quynh Chi, General
Department of Vietnam Customs
Ltd
Hydraulic Engineering and Land
Va Linh Chi, Vietnam Academy of
Huong Thanh Ha, Plant Protection
Reclamation
Agricultural Sciences
Olga
Zhovtonog,
Institute
of

Anton Zinchuk, Inyurpolis Law Firm
Olena Zubchenko, Lavrynovych &
Partners
Kim Van Chinh, Institute of Policy

and Strategy for Agriculture and
Le
Son
Ha,
Rural Development (IPSARD)
Plant
Protection
237
Oanh H. K. Nguyen, Baker &
Nguyen Ha, DFDL
Hiep Pham, Hiep PK Cafe
McKenzie
Thu Thien Pham, YKVN
Tran Thu Hang, Vietnam Cooperative

Thanh Lam Nguyen, Vietnam Seed
Alliance
Tuan Pham Quoc, Phuoc and
Trade Association
Partners
Nguyen Hiep, Transworld Cargo

Thi Hong Duong Nguyen, Indochine
Logistics
Counsel
Vu Phan, Indochine Counsel
Thi Nguyet Nga Nguyen, Ministry of
Nguyen Anh Phong, Institute of
Transport
Policy and Strategy for Agriculture
Nguyen Hoa, DFDL

Nguyen Hong Hai, Duane Morris
and Rural Development (IPSARD)

Thi Phuong Loan Nguyen
Vu Thi Huong, SNV
Pham Ngoc Phuoc, SANCO Freight

Trung Anh Nguyen, Vietnam Made
Nguyen Huy, Rigonfruit
Ltd
Co., Ltd
Marieke van der Pijl, Gide Loyrette
Tran Huy, Rigonfruit

Tuan Nguyen, ANT Lawyers
Nouel Law Firm
Nam Nguyen Hoai, Ministry of
Franck Renaudin, Entrepreneurs du
Tran Mai Kien, Vietnam Institute
Monde
of
(MARD)
Thang Huynh, DFDL
Meteorology,
Hydrology
and
Mehdi Saint-Andre, Yara
Environment (IMHEN)
Khanh Nguyen Hong, Directorate of
Cuong Le, DFDL
Water Resources
Yee Chung Seck, Baker & McKenzie
Nguyen Thi Kim Loan, HSBC Bank
Chung Nguyen Thi Phuong, Phuoc
Vivek Sharma
and Partners
Gal Stephen, ACE (Anh Chi Em)
Bui Van Minh SNV

Nguyen Nang Nhuong, Vietnam
Nguyen Dong Nghia, Rigonfruit
Huyen Tram Nguyen, Gide Loyrette
Institute of Agricultural Engineering
Nguyen Thac Tam, Co-operative
and
Bank of Vietnam (CPCF)
Post-Harvest
Technology
(VIAEP)
Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh, SANCO
Nouel Law Firm
Freight Ltd
Ha Phuong Nguyen, SNV

Lam Nguyen, PEJA (S.E.A.)
Hac
Mau
Dung
Nguyen,
Vietnam
National University of Agriculture
Thuy
Nguyen,
Fertilizer
Association of Vietnam (FAV)
Duyen
Nguyen
Thi,
Vietnam
Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Nguyen
Thi
Thuy, Ministry of
238
Torsten Velden, Bayer Crop Science
Chris Bishop, AgDevCo
Nguyen Quoc Viet, Vietnam Institute
Habasonda Calvin, Bank of Zambia

Tran Thanh Thuy, Vietnam Institute
of Agricultural Engineering and Post-
of
Harvest Technology (VIAEP)
Meteorology,
Hydrology
and
Simon Cammelbeeck, World Food

Programme
Environment (IMHEN)
Dzung Vu, YKVN
Phillip K. Chibundi, Chibundi & Co.
Ha Thuy Hanh, National Agriculture

Vu Ngoc Quynh, Vietnam Codex
Extension Centre
Law Practice
Office
Nguyen
Tram
Anh,
Chris
Transworld
Hoa Xuan Vuong, Vietnam Institute
Cargo Logistics
of
Thuy Thanh Thi Tran, Tien Giang
Capital
Aid
Fund
for
Meteorology,
Hydrology
Chiinda, Hitech Logistics
Limited
and
Environment (IMHEN)
Prisca Chileshe, IITA
Terence Wilson
Abigail
Womens
Economic Development
Chimuka,
Africa
Legal
Network (ALN)
Trung Kien Tran, S&B Law
ZAMBIA
Sydney Chisenga, Corpus Legal
Kien Tran Trung, Multico (Vietnam)
Airtel
Practioners
Bank of Zambia
Arshad Dudhia, Musa Dudhia & Co
Co Ltd
Tran Quang Truong, SNV
Community
Tran Van Trang, General Department
Markets
For
Robin Durairajah, Chibesakunda &
Conservation (COMACO)
Co
Copperbelt Universty
Emmanuel Manda, Musa Dudhia &
of Vietnam Customs
Co
Vi Sieu Trinh, Bayer Crop Science

Kasensa Collaboration
Hoang
Trung,
Plant
Reagan
Protection
Engineering
and
Blankfein
Gates,
The
Judiciary of Zambia, High Court
Terrafirma
Surveying Consult (TESCO)
Ndola
Nguyen Diep Tuan, DKSH Vietnam
Zenith Business Solutions

Ltd
Co., Ltd.
Alan McNab, Backloads Zambia
Tran Duc Tuan, Vietnam Institute of
Limited
Agricultural Engineering and PostHarvest Technology (VIAEP)
Milind Amin, Saro Agro Ltd
Shuller Habeenzu, ITM Consult
239
Nsondo Hamulondo, NWK Agri-
Christian Morris, NWK Agri-Services
Musenge
Sakala,
Africa
Legal
Network (ALN)
Services
Kenneth Msiska, Zambia Agricultural
Coillard
Hamusimbi,
Zambia
Jessica Schicks, AB Bank Zambia
Research Institute (ZARI)
National Farmers Union (ZNFU)

Robert
Wilhelm Hesse, Agland ltd
Chance
Kabaghe,
Indaba
Mtonga,
Truckers
Dick Siame, The International Fund
Association of Zambia (TAZ)
for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Parick Muchimba, Amiran Ltd.
Peter Sievers, COWI
Victor
Mike Sikazwe
Agricultural Research Policy Institute

Michael
Kalimamukwento,
Musabula, Ventus Legal
Practitioners
Armando M Sirolla, AB Bank Zambia
Bridgepac Investments Ltd

Mioamba Musambo, Stanbic Bank
Zambia
Judith Tembo
Chanda Musonda, Africa Legal
Wesley Litaba Wakunuma, Hivos
Chapwa Kasoma
Network (ALN)
Foundation
Linda Kasonde, Mulenga Mundashi
Godfrey Mwila, Zambia Agricultural
Kasonde Legal Practioners
Lazarous Kalumba, Nishati Clearing

and Forwarding
Humphrey
Katotoka,
Zambia
Patricia Nachilima, Ventus Legal
National Farmers Union (ZNFU)
Practitioners
Jones Kayawe, Zambeef Products
Perry Ngoma, CropLife Zambia
plc
Dickson Nguni, Zambia Agricultural
George
Liacopoulos,
Zdenakie
Commodities Ltd
Ashok Oza, Saro Agro Ltd
Caesar Lubaba, National Livestock
Epidemiology and Information Centre
Sharad Oza, Saro Agro Ltd
Banji Milambo, Bank of Zambia
Nathan Phiri, Official Seed Testing

Station Mount Makulu, Seed Control
Gerald Monga, Central Veterinary

Research Institute
and Certification Institute

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ENABLING THE

BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016

ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 CONTENTS

ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 CONTENTS

ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 CONTENTS

Figure 6.3 Obtaining a phytosanitary certificate is less expensive in high-income

ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 CONTENTS

ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 CONTENTS

ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 FOREWORD

The challenge of feeding a world population of nine billion people by 2050

Director, Global Indicators Group

can be met only through vibrant, productive, profitable and sustainable

World Bank Group

food and agriculture sectors, particularly in developing countries, where

agricultural markets and agribusinesses that are inclusive and efficient

Senior Director, Agriculture

and that optimize the sustainable production and distribution of food

are essential for a food-secure future for all.

World Bank Group

ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 FOREWORD

machinery, finance, transport, and markets. Four additional topicsland;

ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Korooluev, Alva Kretschmer, Valerie

Bajeddi (Morocco), Dalfino Hoster

2016 was prepared jointly by the

Marechal, Thibault Meilland, Arturo

World Banks Agriculture Global

Francisco Bonilla Merino, Charlotte

Osman Hussein (Sudan), Sidiki

Merten, Nina Paustian, Aditi Poddar,

Soubeiga (Burkina Faso), Olayvanh

direction of Juergen Voegele, Ethel

Anis Ragland, Kateryna Schroeder,

Singvilay (Lao PDR) and Khin Sw

Sennhauser, Preeti Ahuja, and

Justin Lee Schwegel, Samjhana

Swe Aye (Myanmar).

Mark Cackler and the Development

Thapa, Yasmine Umutoni, Lechi

Andrew Goodland, Chris Jackson,

Global Indicators Group, under

Assisting with data collection were:

Aart Kraay and Patrick Verissimo

the general direction of Augusto

Ayuen Ajok, Ibrahim Alturki, Yulia

reviewed the full draft report and

Amanbaeva, Sasha Boshart, Luiza

and Farbod Youssefi managed

Casemiro, Esperanza Pastor Nez

the project, with the support from

de Castro, Salma Ehsan Cheema,

comments and reviews provided

Timila Dhakhwa, Xiaquan Fang,

by external experts as well as

Yedro, and Raian Divanbeigi. The

Albina Gasanbekova, David William

colleagues across the World Bank

team would like to acknowledge

Green, Megan Hyndman, Tatiana

Group, in particular those in the 40

the support of Indermit Gill and

Ivanicichina, Parviz Jabarov, Gulnur

World Bank Group country offices

Melissa Johns. Current and former