APUSHistoryReview

AgeofExploration

Late1400s1500s
Columbusdidnt
discover
newworldalreadymillionsofnatives
(RenaissancePeriod)
Motives
Increasedinterestinnavigationalscienceandexploration
Astrolabeandcompass
$$$
EconomicsreachIndiaandincreasetrade
EconomicslimitedinEurope
ReligionspreadChristianity(CatholicsandProtestants)
GloryheroicsinNewWorld
WantedtofindashorterroutetoAsia
TheColumbianExchange
MainIdea:howproductswereshippedfromtheNewWorldtotheOldWorldandvice
versa
Animals,plants,food,ideologies,gold,anddiseases
land=power
3GsGod,Gold,andGlory
ImportedslavesfromAfricatoworkonsugarcaneplantations

EuropeanNationsintheNewWorld:
SpainLeadingthecharge
PortugalSouthAmerica
EnglandEastCoast
FranceCanadaandtheIslands
NetherlandsandSwedentoalesserdegree

ConquestofMexico
HernandoCortesconqueredMayasinCubaonhorseback
MontezumaandtheAztecsofMexicofirstapproachedwithgifts,butwerelatercaptured
anddestroyed

FallofSpain:
1588:Spaincamecrashingdown
SpanishArmada
WarwithEngland,attackedEnglandandlost
Becamebankruptandcantsupporttheircolonies

FrenchinCanada
:
1608ChamplainfoundedQuebec
Notverypopular,mostreturnedtoFrance
Farmed,trapped,andtradedfur
TradingwarsbetweenNAsandFrench
DutchinAmerica:
1609HenryHudsonfindsHudsonRiver
SettledinNJ,NY,Connarea
ColonialVirginia
:
foundedbyVirginiaChartercompany
namedafterQueenElizabeth(VirginQueen)
Peoplecamefor$$$GOLD
mainleaderwasJohnRolfe,marriedPocahontas
Jamestown1607mindsetthattheywouldarrive,makemoney,thenleave
ProblemswiththePowhatansanddisease
16091610Starvingtime,nobodywasusedtohavingtoworktomakealiving
1610sJohnRolfe(marriedPowhatanPocahontas)introducedTobaccotothecolony,CASH
CROP
1620sHouseofBurgessesFirstformofrepresentativegovernmentassembly
1624Royalcolony,KingJames
WhatwasthelaborsysteminearlycolonialVirginia?
2,000blackslavesusedforcrops
6,000Christianservants
Aristocratsholdallthepoliticalpower(RulingClass)
INDENTUREDSERVANTS
PoorEnglishmen
freetriptothenewworld(food,clothing,etc.)
Theysigneduptoworkforthearistocrats
Mostcontractswere57years
NorthernColonies(MassachusettsBayColony):
1620PilgrimssmallgroupseparatistsarrivedatPlymouth
Motive:religiousfreedom
AnglicanfromChurchofEngland
GrewunhappyofCofEbecomingtoocatholic
Wantedtoformtheirownreligioussociety
MayflowerCompact(1620)
Selfgovernment
Majorityrule
Plurality(whathasthemost)
Plymouth
ThanksgivinggoodrelationsatthebeginningwithNativeAmericans
1630THECONGREGATIONPuritansOnlymuchlargergroup"purify"
QualificationsofaPuritan

Calvinism(predestination)pathisalreadypavedforyou
TheElectGodhaschosenyoutofollowhiswordandpreachit
musthavehadaConversionExperience(personalexperiencewith
God)mustlivelifestraightoutofthebible
DissatisfiedbutnotgivinguponCofEWanttopurifyit
Motivestillreligious
Bringfamilieswiththemcommunitymindset
Noslavelabor
BirthofdemocracyBostoniscentralarea
Only"TheElect"canbeleaders
Economics:
Shipbuilding
Fishing
Furtrading
SubsistenceFarmingsmallgroupfarming
FirstgovernorofNewEnglandJohnWinthrop
WinthropbelievedinaCityonaHillModelsociety
DiSSENTERS:
Quakers
AnneHutchinsonWhydoesbehaviormatter?
RogerWilliamsShouldbeseparationofChurchandgovernment

BaconsRebellion:
1676indenturedservants
reasonsforrebellion:
contractsexpiredbythispoint
somanyofthem,powerinnumbers
goodleader
richandpowerisoncoast
poormoveinwest
didntrebelcompletelyandwasnotsuccessfulinoverthrowingaristocracy
BUTaristocracychanges
decideindenturedservantsisnotfairlabor
theyalwayscomplainoncefree(cantvote,andaren'tequal)
decideonslavery:permanent

OtherColonies
SoutherncoloniesarelikeVirgina
NortherncoloniesarelikeMassachusetts
3typesofcolonies:
Royal
underdirectruleandauthorityoftheKing/Government
Mostprofitable+rulebreakers:ex.Virginia
Proprietary
owned/runbyaproprietorchosenbytheking

Indirectinfluence:ex.Maryland(LordBaltimore)
Selfgoverning
foundedandrunbyindividualswithlittleroyalinterference
OnlyEnglishbecauseofthepeople:ex.RhodeIsland

SouthernColonies
ModeledafterVirginia
AgriculturalFocus:cashcrops
Maryland=ahavenforallChristians
HavetobeaChristiantho
NorthCarolina

SimilartoVirginiaandfocusesontobacco
Bothwereproprietary
SouthCarolina
Rice=cashcropandalarge#ofslaves

Georgia
ActedasabufferdefendedthenationfromSpaininFlorida
foundedbyOGELTHORPE(APHeadquartersclaimsheisimportantsohesaG!!!!!)

NorthernColonies:
NewHampshire
similartoMASS.
R
hodeIsland
(ToleranttoNATIVES)
religiousdescendants
selfgoverning
Connecticut
DIssatisfiedwithPuritanauthorities
selfgoverning

MiddleColonies:
blendofnorthandsouth
NewYork
originallyDutch
includesNewAmsterdam(NYC)
EnglishpressureonDutch1660sDutchsurrendercouldntcontendwith
english
royalbylate1600s
NewJersey
originallypartofNewYork
giventoproprietorsBerkeleyandCarteret
Pennsylvania
experimentalcolony(outcasts)
largenumberofnonconformistsanduniquepeople
WilliamPennproprietor(Quaker)

Quakers:
nonviolent
dontlikewarwithNatives
pacifists
betterrelationswithNatives
personalreligion
radicalism
religiousdiversity/proimmigration
dontbelieveEnglisharesuperior
Delaware
partofPennbreaksaway
WilliamPennalsoproprietor

SlaveryWhyAfricans?
Growing#ofplantationsintheSouth
Cottonhardtopick,tooktime
Noindenturedservantsandwantedtoraiselevelinsocietyforoldones
NativeAmericanspushedoutandunwilling
EnglishwenttoAfricaAfricansdidn'thavepropertechnologytoprotectthemselves
Available,usedtoclimate,agriculture,anddiseases,organizedrevoltunlikelydueto
tribaldifferences,andracism
TheMiddlePassage
6090daytrip
Slaveskeptunderthedeck"tight"(200)or"loose"(170)pack
Slavestreatedascargo,pronetodisease,unhealthy
Manydie20%wouldnotmakeit
SlaveAuctions
Slavessoldthroughbidding
Treatedasobjects
"Broken=givenintotheslavesystem
"Overseer"=poorwhitemanhiredtooverseeanddisciplineslaves
"Manumission"=processoffreeingaslave
Familiesbrokenup,educationnotpromoted
Africanslavecultureswereslowlydeveloped,religioustraditionscombinedwith
Christianity,allexpressedhatredforslaveryindifferentways
StonoRebellionCharleston,SC1739,100slavestookuparmsandkilledplantation
ownersslavestreatedmoreharshly

ENGLISHTRADINGSYSTEMMERCANTILISMTriangleTrade:

Governmentregulatesstateseconomy,exportmorethanimported
Tariffsandmonopolies
LifeintheColonies(Themes):
EraofSalutaryNeglect
late1600stomid1700s
EnglishGovtbegantoneglectitscolonies
intensepoliticalproblemsrequiredattentioninEngland
coloniesareofminorconcern
morefreedomforcolonists
organizationbeginstofalter,lesscontrol(BritishMercantilism)
NavigationActs
late1600s
seriesoflawsdesignedtoenforceMercantilism
forcemerchantstoonlysellgoodstoEnglish
anygoodsmustfirstbeofferedtoBritishbeforebeingsoldin
ResistancebyMassBayleadtoDominionofNewEnglandplacing
coloniesfromNJtoMaineunderimmensecontrol
EthnicityandImmigrantGroups:
HeavyEnglishpopulation(Anglo)
Scots
German(Saxon)
MixbetweenEnglishandGermansisAnglosaxon
66%English
5.6%Scots

 4.5%German
2%Dutch
16%Irish
19%African
MOSTdiversecolonyPennsylvania
LEASTdiversecolonyNewEngland
LARGEAfricanpopulationSouth
SocialStructure:
Hierarchy
Aristocracy>lesserprofessionalmen>yeomanfarmers>lessertradesmen,
manualworkers>indenturedservantsandjailbirds>slaves
WEST=OPPORTUNITY
EAST=SETTLED
ProblemsifMovingWest:
Nativespopulatethewest(HATEEUROPEANS)
Notalllandisfertiletogrow
lessaccesstogoods
movebyfoot
Religion:
OriginalColonies(early/mid1600s)werePuritan,Anglican
Midlate1600s"HalfWayCovenant"peoplewerenotfollowingBiblesoonecould
beapartialmemberoftheElectiftheydid
SalemWitchTrials1692womenaccusedofwitchcraftover100jailed,19executed
Earlymid1700s
TheGreatAwakening
religiousrevivalheldinthe1730/40'stomotivate
colonialAmerica.Motivationalspeakers(Edwards/Whitefield)helpedbring
Americanstogether.Startedmanynewdenominationsandgreatlyincreasedthe
numbersandcompetitivenessofAmericanChurches
TheFrenchandIndianWar
(SevenYearsWar):
Causes:
HistoryofBritainandFranceassupremepowers
FrenchbegantomoveinfromtheWestinOhioRiverValley
BritishencouragingsettlementinOhioRiverValley
GWsenttowarnFrench,leadstoBattleofFortNecessity,Britishdefeated
Frenchsuccessfulatbeginning,Britishunprepared,SpanishandNAhelp,coloniesnot
united
AlbanyPlan
coloniesmustjoinordie,presentedbyBenjaminFranklin,rejected
Late1750s:Britishrecover,bestNavy,20:1manpower,Iroquoissidewiththem
TreatyofParis(1763)
FrenchoutofNewWorldexceptHaiti,Britishateastcoast,
Canada,andmidwest,SpainhasMexico,midwest,andFL
GrowingunrestbetweencoloniesandGB
Colonists:GBpatronizingattitude,quarteringsoldiersw/outcompensation
GB:colonistsdidnotgivefairshareinwar

BritishCrackdown:
(17631775)
wantedtoseparate,loyaltoBritain,indifferent
BritishhasdebtfromFandIWar
ProclamationLineof1763
linecolonistscouldnotgopast
BritishwanttopreventanotherIndianwar
Colonistswantthefreedomtomovearound
CurrencyActof1764
illegaltoprintpapermoneyincolonies
NavigationActs
canonlytradewithBritishbeginstobeenforced,writsofassistance
allpurposesearchwarrant
StampAct
stamponpapergoods,basicallyataxtaxationwithoutrepresentation
norepinParliament,obeylawswithnosayinthem
Repeal:Uproarfromprotesters,Britishmerchantsfeelitwasdestroyingprofitsof
trading
Promotedmoreboycottsbecausecolonistsweresuccessful
DeclaratoryAct
Parliamenthastherighttotax,makelawsincoloniesin
allcaseswhatsoever
Quarteringact
quarteringsoldiers,mustprovideplacetolive
SonsofLiberty
mostradicalcolonists,wantedliberty,destructionofproperty,tarring
andfeathering,boycotting,SamAdams
TownshendActs
lawtotaxgoodsdeemedimportant,(easytoboycottsomethingyou
dontreallyneed,hardtowithimportantthings),glass,paper,tea,Britishimportedgoods
Immediateboycottsstill,allactsbuttearepealed
BostonMassacre:
1770groupofpeoplegatheredaroundasoldierpost,hasslingthem,throwing
snowballsmaybewithrocksinthem,GeneralPrestonandtherestofthesoldierstroops
cametohelphim
Followingeventsunknown:someoneyelledfire,soldiersfiredintocrowd,fivedead
eightinjured
Soldiersputontrial,acquitted
Coloniesgrewcloser
BeforetheWar:
CommitteeofCorrespondence
establishedbySamAdams,groupsofpatriotsamong
coloniesinteracting,workingtogether,passingletters,uniting
TeaAct(1773)
monopolyonteaBritishEastIndiaCo.,againstthelawtobuyother
tea,thisteaistaxed,hardtoboycott,drinkofchoice,thisteawasalsocheaper
BostonTeaParty
65mendressedasMohawkIndiansboardedteashipsand
dumped350chestsintotheharbor,beyondsimpleboycott,destruction
IntolerableActs(1774)
BostonHarborcloseduntilteapayedoff,Britishofficials
chargedwmisconducttriedinBritain,upperhouseofMass.Assemblyelectedbyking,
needpermissionfortownmeetings,expandedQuarteringActintoprivatehomes
QuebecAct:expandedQuebectoMissRiv,Catholiccolony,French

FirstContinentalCongress
56delegatesfromeverycolonybutGeorgiainPhilly,Sept
5th,1774
Variousopinions,radicalboycottsvsmoderatenegotiationswGB
DeclarationofRightsandGrievancesnoobjectiononcommerceregulationsbut
objectiontotaxesw/outconsent
SuffolkResolvescontinuetoboycottuntilIntolerableActsrepealed
TheBeginning:
LexingtonandConcord1775royalgovernorofMassThomasGagestatesMassas
officiallyarebelliouscolony,orderstroopstomarchtoConcordtoseizelocalmilitia
armory
RevereandothersrodefromBostontocountrysidetoalarmrebelsMidnight
Ride
MilitiasmeetBritishatLexingtonshotheardaroundtheworldBritishmarch
ontoConcord,meetmore,forcedtoretreat
GreenMountainBoyscaptureFt.Ticonderoga
SecondContinentalCongress
1775samedelegatesasfirst,thingsmuchmoretense,
moreradicalsmoreevendebate,JohnAdams(radical)vs.Dickinson(moderate)
OliveBranchPetitionfinalattempt,makesconsiderationofindependenceclear,
askskingforreconciliation,rejected
MilitaryprocessesspedupGeorgeWashingtonchosentoleadContinental
Army
Secondmeeting:1776afterfightingestablishedinBunkerHill,resultsin
DeclarationofIndependence
CommonSense
ThomasPaineprintedpamphletreadaroundallcoloniesstating
reasonsforindependenceagainstmonarchy
DeclarationofIndependence
June7thJuly4th,1776writtenbyThomasJeffersonto
statethecoloniesasindependent
MenhavecertainunalienablerightsincludingLife,Liberty,andthepursuitof
Happiness
Whenatyrannicalgovernmentpreventstheserights,peoplehavetherightto
revoltlistsgrievances,blamesKingGeorgeIII
Theytriedtoreconcile,toolatenow
AmericanRevolution:
BritishAdvantages:navy,militaryorganization,betterresources,supportofloyalists
PatriotAdvantages:Determination,homefieldadvantage,Washington,French
assistance
Stillloyalistsincolonies
PhaseI:TheNorthernCampaign(17751776)
BunkerHill1775Britishwin,but1000GBcasualties,Americansranoutof
ammo,forcedtoretreat,stillgavethemconfidence
PatriotsneedanearlyvictorytogainFrenchassistance
1776NYCinflames

December25th,1776WashingtoncrossestheDelawareandattacksHessians
inBattleofTrenton,raisingmorale
PhaseII:NYandPA(17771778)
Saratoga1777turningpoint,GBbadstrategy,forcedtosurrender,decisive
victoryconvincingFrenchtoaidpatriots
PhaseIII:TheSouthernStrategy(17801781)
MostlyVirginia,GBdecidedtotrytofindloyalistsinthesouth
SetupinYorktownleadbyGeneralCornwallisBattleofYorktown,surrounded
byFrenchandcolonialtroopsandasiegebyFrenchnavyunabletobebroken
TreatyofParis1783GBformallyrecognizedcoloniesasUSA,GBkeptCanada,US
AtlantictoMississippi,SpainFL
ArticlesofConfederation:
Earlyattemptatunificationofcolonies/states,began1777unitedinwar,separatein
peace??sovereignty,fearofoutside/tyrannicalforce
Born1781LeagueofFriendship,unicamerallegislation,unanimousconsentrequired
foramendments,allstatesgetonevote(sizes??),9/13forlaws
Maingoal:dealwothercountries,westernlands,NAs,
Problems:couldnotlevytaxes,controlcommerce,raiseanarmy,nochief
LandOrdinanceof1785NWbrokenupintosquares,twps,waytobreakupland
NWOrdinanceof1787NWintofivesections,WI,IL,IN,MI,OH60,000people=
statehood,slaverybannedhere
ShaysRebellion:
FarmersinwesternMassindebtafterwar,stormedgovbuildings,tookuparms,freed
thoseindebtorsprisonaftertaxeswereraised
SpreadoutthroughoutNEuntilhiredarmyputitdownandtaxeswerelowered
Felttheydeservedcompensationforwarefforts
ExploitedproblemswithAoC
Constitution:
Philly1787IndependenceHall
ConstitutionalConventionHad55distinguisheddelegatesfromall13states,beganto
trytochangetheAoCandmakeitbetter,laterdecidedtostartoverJ.Adamsand
Jeffersonnotthere,ambassadorstoGBandFranceheldinsecret
BasicPrinciples:
Federalismstateandfedgov
Republicanismweelectrepstomakedecisions
SepofPowers3branches
AmendmentsCongressstates
TheGreatCompromise(ConnComp)
VirginiaPlanRandolphandMadison
2BranchesUpperandLowervotersselectlower,lowerselectsupper
#ofreps=population,singleexecselectedbylegislativebranch
NJPlanPaterson
1houseofCongressequalrepbtwneachstate

 Pluralexecutive(13),nationalcourtsystem,favoredsmallstates
2Houses
Senateequalrep(2per),6yrterm,chosesbystatelegislature,now
votedin,moreimportant/moreexperience
HoRproportionalrep,2yrtern

Compslavescountas
aperson
GeorgeWashington:
BorninVA1732,surveyor,highlyskilled,gainedhardworkingrepinFandIWar
InvolvedinpoliticswhenangeredduringRevolution,leadContinentalArmy,heroofthe
war
Questionsslavery,chairmanofConvention,unanimousdecisiontobecomepresident
VP:J.Adams(Capital:NYC)
Makefedgovasuccess,keeuppeacewithinnation,keepUSoutofwar,set
precedence
Twoterms1788,1792
SofStateJeffersonvsSofTreasuryHamilton
HamiltonloosefollowingofConstitution,nationalbank,manufacturingfuture
economy,trustsupperclass,mercantilistFederalists
Jeffersonstrictfollowing,banknevermentionedinConstitution,farmingfuture
economy,trustinpeople,capitalistDemocraticRepublicans
HamiltonsReportonManufacturers:
Assumptionfedgovwillassumealldebtsofstatesandpreviousfedgov
NationalBankBankofUSfeddeposits,canprint$,investors,ElasticClause
anythingnecessaryandproper(solvesConstitutionissue)
Tariffs,excisetaxes(WhiskyTax)
WhiskyRebellion(1794)
InspiredbyFrenchRevolution
Angeredatwhiskytax,SWPenn,firstmajortestonfedgov,couldntgive
inandseemweak,decidedtoshutdownrebellion
Washingtonsetsanotherprecedentfedlawmustbefollowed,
assemblesstatemilitiasandpersonallyleadsthemtoPA
ForeignAffairs
FrenchRevolutionrevolutionofthecommonman,yeomanfarmers,ideafrom
Americans,Jacobinswanttooverthrowmonarchy,killingofficialsUSdoesnt
wantassociation
Allianceof1778wFrench
BritishNavybecomingaggressivewAmericantradeships
FarewellAddress1796beliefs,advice,principles,thankyous
Neutrality,dontgetinvolvedinentanglingalliances,nopoliticalparties
1799death
JohnAdams:

Eof1796:AdamsvJeffersononcefriendly,notanymore,harshelection,
Adams:71Jefferson:68(repscommonman,votingrestrictionsonlyalloweliteto
vote)VP:Jefferson
XYZAffairFranceangeredfeltdoublecrossed(JaysTreatywBritain),starts
harassingships
AdamssendsMarshalltoFrance,meetswithpeopleidentifiedasX,Yand
Zdemanding$250,000,USrefuses,talkofwar
QuasiWarfoughtamongnavies
AlienandSeditionActs
AlienAct1798immigrantsdeemeddangerouscanbesentoutofthe
countryor3yrjailsentence,neverused
AlienEnemiesActifUSdeclaredwar,citizensofthosecountriescanbe
deported,neverused
SeditionActthosewhoconspireagainstorthreatengovcanbethrown
injailand/orfined,samewthosewhospeakoutagainstUStill1801
VirginiaandKYResolutionsWrittenanonymouslybyJefferson(KY)and
Madison(VA)inresponsetotheAlienandSeditionActs,theydeclared
thatstatescouldnullifyfederallawsthatthestatesconsidered
unconstitutional
ThomasJefferson:
Eof1800JeffersonvAdams,Jeffersonwins,endofFederalists
InformalapproachtopresidencyopposedbyFeds
SallyHemingsJeffersonslaveallegedlyhavingillegitimatekids
Cutspending,decreasednavy(morestatespower)didnotdeconstruct
Hamiltonideas,justaddedtoit
MarburyvMadison(1803)statedJudiciaryActunconstitutional,first,SCcan
declarelawsunconstitutional,JudicialReviewprecedent
BarbaryPiratesfromNAfricakidnappingtradeships,stolecargo,Jefferson
buildsupnavy,paysoffpirates
LAPurchasegetslandfromFrance1805wantedNewOrleansforexport
Napoleondeemeditnotimportant$15mill,USmoveswest
Thoughtofitasunconstitutionalbuysitanyway
LewisandClarksenttoexploreit
EmbargoActof1807shutoffofallexportsfollowingcontinualharassmentof
shipsleadstoproblemswitheconomy
Warof1812:
1808Madisonbecomespresident
ThesecondwarforindependencefirstdeclaredwarinUShistory(1stof5)
Currently18states,7millpeople(1millslaves),NationalBankCharterovernot
rechartered,EmbargoActrepealed
Reasons:

MaconsBill:openedtradewallcountries,GBandFrancegivenachance,
Francebackedoff,GBdidntandcontinuedtoimpresssailors,billsaidwhoever
didntrespectUSwouldbecutofffromtrade
BritisharmingTecumsehandNAstryingtostanduptoUS(1811Battleof
Tippecanoe
Warhawksyoungpoliticianswhowantedtoseewar(HenryClay)prizeofwar
maybeCanada
1813BritishatwarwFrancetoomostoffightingdoneinCanadaUSdoeswellatfirst
capturesGBCanadacapitalYork
1814badyearforUS,BattleofWDCGBcapturesDC,burnsdownWhiteHouse
BattleofBaltimore,innerharborfallstoGB
BothsidesbegintobecometiredofwarTreatyofGhentfixrelationshipbtwnboth
sides
Gaininnationalism,respectfromothercountries,jumpinmanufacturing
AndrewJacksonbecomesfamousfromBattleofNO(aftertreatyissigned,bloodiest
battle)
HartfordConvention
aftermathofBaltimoreandWashington,18141815,groupof
statescomposedofFedsthreatenedtosecedebcofwar,blamedMadison,wantedto
amendtheConstitutionnoconsecutivepresidentsfromonestate,1term,no

Compromise,voteinCongresstodeclarewarandembargoinsteadofmajority.
LookedtreasonousaftertreatydeclineoftheFeds
EraofGoodFeelings:
postwar,onepartyera,18161828
AmericanSystemHenryClayandnationalistssupportedbyMadisonandimplemented
byPresidentMonroemakeAmericalesseconomicallydependentonEuropeby
encouragingUSgoods
SecondNationalBank
creditavailablecharteredin1816,
Tariffof1816
raisedtariffrates22%topromoteUSgoodsimprovingeconomy
MissouriCompromise
(1820):
Slaveryflourishing,11slavestatesvs11freestatesMOappliedforstatehood
asaslavestateproblembccurrentbalanceinCongress
HenryClaycreatesthis
MOslavestateandlinedrawnbelowitallstatesbelow=slaveabove=freew
exceptionsofpreviousstatesalreadyslave/free
MassachusettssplittocreateMainetokeepbalance
Showsseparationbtwncountry
MonroeDoctrine
(1823):
Europeanpowerscometogethertoprotectmonarchyplanonattackofwestern
democraciesexceptionofGBwhowantsUSasanally
Ifyoustayoutofourbusiness,wellstayoutofyoursEuropemustconsider
WesternHemisphereofflimit
Promotesnationalismandisolationism
Increaseinmanufacturing,factories
AndrewJackson:

OldHickory
Poorbackground,foughtinRevolutionaryWarasakidinCarolinas,movedto
Tennesseefrontier,shorteducation,differentfrompastpresidents
CountrylawyerUSHoRrepownsstoreaccumulatedwealthTennesseeSC
farmwslaves
HatesNA,heroinWarof1812BattleofNO,SeminoleWarSeminolesandGeorgians
haveproblems,MonroeasksJacksontofixitbutnotcrossFLborder,doescrossborder
chasesSeminolesawayandstaysandUSpurchasesFLin1819
Eof1824wClay,QAdamsJacksonwinselectoralvotebutnoonehasmajority
HoRvotesandJacksonisin1stby4,Claydroppedoutw4andaskspeopletovotefor
Adams+NYundecidedendsupgoingforAdams=AdamswinClaybecomesSof
StateCorruptBargain?
JacksonformsDemocraticPartyfor1828partyforthecommonpeople
Jacksonwins1828
SpoilsSystem
:
gives5politicalpositionstocommonpeoplemixedfeelings
SenatemustapprovecabinetbutnotlowerpositionsSenatedidnotallow
commonpeopleforcabinetjobs
KitchenCabinetappointedveteranpoliticiansasofficialcabinet,createsareal
groupofadvisorsasunofficial,informaladvisorsmostlyfromTennwouldsneak
inthroughWhiteHousekitchen
NullificationCrisis
(18321833):
TariffofAbominationsof1828makespricesgoupsignedbyQAdamsatend
ofpresidency
Jacksonagainstitwhencreated
1829Calhoun(SC)TheoryofNullificationwantstonullifythetariffno
manufacturinginthesouthmustbuyoutofcountrygoods
1832SCnullifiesit,Jacksondecidestoenforcethelawbcitispresidents#1
dutythoughheisagainstitthreatensSC(precedenceofGW)opposing
commonpeople
PreparesmilitarytogodowntoSC,ifthereisfightingCivilWar
ClaysCompromisefedgovlowerstariffbutkeepsit,doesn'tsendtroops.SC
mustfollowlaw
BankCrisis/War:
BankoftheUS(BUS)duetoexpire1836runbyBiddle
Reputationofgivingloanstowealthy,Jacksonarguesitisatoolfortherich
1832:CongressdebatesandplanstorecharterleadbyClaypassed
Jacksonwantstodestroyitvetoesbill
Claydecidestorunforpresident,hopingrichwouldbackhim$100,000from
BUS
Jacksonwinsreelection
JacksonremovedmoneyfromBUSandplacesitinlocal/statebanks

BiddleincreasesinterestratesatBUStokeepitrunningBankWarand
depression
Jacksoncensured
WhigPartyantiJackson,reincarnationoftheFeds
TrailofTears
Populationgrowing,countryrunningoutofroom
JacksongivesNAschoicetoassimilateorleave
IndianRemovalActof1830
createsterritorywestofMissRiv(Oklahoma)for
NAsnotwantingtoassimilate,permanentIndianterritory
Mosttribesaccepted,othersrefusedatfirstuntilgivenmoney,supplies,etc
SaukandFoxtribesofnorthernILtriedtostayandfightUSarmy,didntworkout
well
Worcester/CherokeeNationvGeorgiaCherokeesassimilate,Georgiansstill
wantthemremovedDotheyhavetherighttostay?SCsaidyesJohnMarshall
ChiefJustice,Jacksonignoresthisandsendsmilitarydowntopushthemout
LeadsCherokeestomarch,die,TrailofTears
ManifestDestinyandthemid1800s:
ManifestDestinyexpansionacrosscontinenttospreadfreedomanddemocracy,
religiousmission(AmericansareGodschosenpeople),AmericanExceptionalism
Texas
:
TexasownedbyMexicoin1820sand1830s,givesUSpermissiontohelpsettle
it,turnitintofarmland,promisetobecomecitizens
SantaAnnaseesulteriormotiveforAmericans,tightenscontrolspeakspanish,
Catholicism,noslavery,nomoresettlement
BattleforTexas1835:AmericansleadbyHouston
RemembertheAlamo5000Mexicansdestroy200Americans
SantaAnnacaptured,makedealtotradeforTexasindependence
DebatebyUStoannexTexas
Eof1844:PolkpromisedTexasClaydidnotPolkwins,Texasannexed1845
Polksfocus:Manifestdestiny
OregonclaimedbyUSandGB
Decidetosplittheterritoryin1846
Expansionists:Fiftyfourfortyorfight(allofOregon)doesnthappen
MexicanWar
1846orderdisputesbtwnUSandMexico,isittheRioGrandeorthe
NuecesRiver?sparkswar
MexicansattempttocrossRioGrandeUSCongressdeclareswarPolk
actuallymovedtroopsfirst,justnevercrossed
TreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo1848USwinswar
MexicogivesupallclaimstoTexasRioGrandesouthernborder
MexicanCessionUSgetsterritorybtwnTexasandPacificfor$15mill
Questionofslavery^
LifeintheSouth:
midSouthistobacco,deepSouthisTheCottonKingdom

1793EliWhitneyinventscottongin
Growthofcottonplantationsw100sperplanationraiseslavepopulationand
dependence8millwhites:4millslavesinSouth,butonly12%ofwhite
southernersownedslaves,25%weredependentonthem(overseers,traders,
etc)
Slavestreatedbarbarically,verylittlecasesofrevolt
1808slaveimportationbanned,stillhappened
NatTurnerRebellion1831VAslaveorganizedrebellionkilling60whites,
capturedandexecuted
Manumissionfreeingofslaves,incentivetoworkharder
StatusQuo,Jeffersonianphilosophydonttrustfedpower
Abolitionmovementgrowsinnorth,southsaysitisanecessaryevilorpositive
good
LifeintheNorth:
Industrializationcreationoffactories,needformoreworkers
Mostfactoriesincitiesworkingconditionspoor(lowwages,nobenefitsfor
injuries,hot,cramped,dangerous)
Immigrationpeoplelookingfornewopportunity,lookingforjobsinnorth
Introductionofrailroad,useofcanals(ErieCanal)
SocialReformMovements:
SecondGreatAwakeningpeopleturningbacktoreligionafterstraying
awayduringJacksonerawithimmoralvalues,publicspeakingtobring
moralityback
TemperanceMovementattempttolimit/banalcohol
Publiceducationattempttoteachpoor,obligationtoteachchildren
(excludingwomenandslaves
WomensrightspushtomakewomenequalSenecaFallsConvention
fightingforvotingrights...thatallmenANDWOMENarecreatedequal
Abolitionmovement:
AmericanColonizationSocietysendslavesbacktoAfrica
Antislaverygrowsinnorthduring40sGradualistsvs
Immediatists
WilliamLloydGarrisoncalledforimmediateemancipationwno
compensationmoralnoteconomicTheLiberatorLibertyParty
DavidWalkerradical,FrederickDouglass
TheNarrativeand
LifeofFrederickDouglass
escapedslavebecamespeakerand
writer,SojournerTruth,HarrietTubmanUndergroundRailroad,
UnionspyinCivilWar
WilmotProviso
slaveryshouldbebannedintheMexicanCession,affectseconomy,
slavestakejobsofpoorwhitesplanningtomoveoutthereFreeSoilPartyparty
wantingabolitionforeconomicreason,rejectedbyCongressnotwantingtodealwa
controversialidea

1849CaliforniaGoldRushthousandsofAmericansinCaliforniaqualifiedfor
statehoodproblem:MOComplinegoesrightthroughit
RootsoftheCivilWar:
North:Hamiltonian,manufacturing,business,reformmindedvsSouth:Jeffersonian,
agriculture,statusquoGREATESTDIFFERENCEISSLAVERY
Compromiseof1850
Clay
Californiawillbeafreestate
SlavetradeendsinDC
RestofMexicanCessiondecidedonpopularsovereignty
FugitiveSlaveLawifslaveescapesfromsouthtonorth,northernersdutyto
returnthem
UncleTomsCabin
(1852)HarrietBeecherStowe
HousewifeinMainespendtimeonUndergroundRailroad
Antislaverybooktoshowbadsofslavery
KansasNebraskaAct
(1854)StephenDouglas
Wantstoconstructrailroadinthenorthfundedbyfedgov
StatusofslaveryinKansasandNebraskaterritorieswillbedeterminedby
popularsovereigntybothaboveMOComplinewantsthemtoworkonrailroad
CompletelyabolishesMOComp
BleedingKansas
PeoplefrombothsidesrushedtoKansastodetermineitsstatustwogovsmade
=controversy
Extremistswillingtofight700peopleendupdead1856fedtroopsaresentto
calmthings
Sen.CharlesSumnerspeaksoutagainstproslaveryinKansasbeatennearly
todeathbyacane
ScottvSandfordakaDredScottCase
(1857)
MarshallisdeadJacksonappointedTaneytoSC
ScottwasaslaveinMO,masterbringshimtoILtohelphimworkScottsuesfor
freedomsinceheisworkinginafreestate
Ruling:
Slavesarenotcitizens,cannotsue
Slavesarepropertynomatterwherepropertyiscoveredunder5th
Amendment
Descendantsofslavescannotbecitizens
Congresscannotlegislatebanonslaveryinanyterritory
LincolnDouglasDebates
AbrahamLincoln
LawyerfromKYIndianaIL,grewuponborderstate
MarriesMaryTodd,daughterofwealthyslaveowners
FormerWhig,HoRrep1846sponsoredbilltobanslaveryinDC
JoinsRepublicans
SeekselectiontoUSSenate

Lincolnvs.Douglas
Seriesof7debatesinILmainfocusexpansionofslavery
Lincoln:againstslaveryexpansion,moralissue,NOTanabolitionist,
followsallmencreatedequal,disagreeswDredScottdecision
Douglas:indifferentonmoralquestion,popularsovereignty,supported
DredScottdecision
Douglaswins
JohnBrownsRaidonHarpersFerry
(1859)
Brownnorthernabolitionistextremist
WantstobreakintoHarpersFerryarsenalandfreeslaveswweapons
Didnotgetveryfarwantedtostartanuprisingdidnthappen
Surrenderedandcapturedchargedfortreasonandhanged
Southernersnoticenewabolitionisttrendpreparemilitias
Northernershavemixedviewsradicalsseehimasamartyr,moderatesseehim
asacriminal
Eof1860
LincolnvsDouglas
NorthernDemocrats(Douglas)popularsovereignty,SouthernDemocrats
(Breckenridge)protectslavery,ConstitutionalUnionantiimmigrant,
Republicansopposeexpansionofslavery
Lincolnwins
CivilWar:
Turmoilofthe1850sNov.1860Lincolnelected(only40%votedforLincoln,all
northernstates=dividedcountry)Dec1860SouthCarolinasecedesfromUnion
Jan18616moredeepsouthstatessecededFeb1861theyformConfederateStates
ofAmericawPresidentJeffersonDavisConfederatetroopsbegintosecurearsenals
LincolnstartswartopreserveUnion,notforslavery
Unionadvantages:
Population22millinNorthvs9millintheSouth(4millofwhichareslaves)
Industry/Weapons
Railroads,Navy,Gov,Military,Food,Banking
ConfederateAdvantages:
Defendingtheirland,militaryleadership,motive
Mississippi
PossibleEuropeanaid
Union:Anacondasurround,squeeze/crush
Pt1:Navalblockadearoundsouthnotrading,badeconomy
Pt2:movedownandseizeMississippi,dividingConfederacy
Pt3:movetroopsdownintosouth,captureRichmond,VA(capital)endwar
Confederacy:defensive
Pt1:formdefensivewallatnorthernborder
Pt2:ifitworks,goontheoffensive,captureDC
Pt3:trytodividenorthinhalf

April12th,1861attackonFortSumnerstartswar
BullRun1861
UnionsfirstattemptatRichmondveryconfident,spectatorscometowatch
ViciousbattleConfederacywins,UnionretreatsLincolnfiresUniongeneral
Shiloh(Tenn1862)
Oneoftheworstbattlesofthewarindeathanddestruction
UnionfirstattempttocaptureMissRiv
FirstUnionwinUlyssesSGrantcontributes
NewOrleans
Army/NavybattleUnionwins
MissRivstillnotcontrolled
SevenDays
UnionattemptatRichmondConfederacywins
Unionbeginsdraftbecomingwearyofwar,lackingsupport
Antietam
MarylandUnionterritoryattemptforConfederacytoprovethemselvesand
receiveEuropeanaid
Oneofthemostdestructivebattlesintheworld
Stalemateheavylossesonbothsidestheyreceivenosupport
Lincolndrawsupthe
EmancipationProclamation
freedallslavesonlyin
rebellingstatesstrategystoprebelling=keepslavesmakeswarabout
slaveryfavorsslavestateswhostayedinUnion,keepsthemhappy
BritainagainstslaveryaidsandhelpsUnion
Vicksburg
Lastshalfayear,fallstoUnion
Grantputincharge
Gettysburg
NorthernmostattackbyConfederacysouthernPA
PossibilitytodividenorthbloodiestbattleinUShistoryonlythreedays
Unionwinsturningpointinwar
GettysburgAddress
summarizeswar,whatitwasabout,theimportanceof
Gettysburgandwar
Atlanta
UnionvictoryleadbyGeneralSherman
BurnsdownAtlantamarchestoSavannahinShermansMarchtotheSea
destroyingeverythinginhisway
GrantmovingcloserandclosertoRichmond,Shermanmovestoitfromthe
souththroughSC
ConfederacysurrendersatAppomattoxApril,1865Leesurrenders
Lincolnwinsreelection
Lincolnassassination
KilledbyJohnWIlkesBoothatFord'sTheaterinDC
Motive:sidedwConfederacy,angrywloss,wantstoexpressanger

Lincolnshotinhead,livesuntilnextmorning
APAndrewJohnsonsworninJohnsonwasnotVPforthefirsttermchosenbc
onlysouthernsenatorwhostayedwUnionwantedtoshowunity
Reconstruction:
SouthisbadlydamagedSouthernersareresentfulNorthernersupsetwiththeSouth
Reconstructionplans
Lincolnsplan:eachstatemustacceptabolition,10%ofvotersmusttakeloyalty
oath,pardonforthosewhodont
WadeDavisplan:eachstatemustacceptabolitionandmakefreedmencitizens,
50%ofvotersmusttakeloyaltyoath,nopardons(permanentlossofrighttovote)
13thAmendmentabolishesslaveryinUSforever
FreedmansBureau(1866)createdbyLincolnin1865beforedeath
Assistsfreedmeninobtainingfood,shelter,education,land,employment,
medicalcare
Successful,butnolandavailable
CivilRightsActof1866
OutlawsBlackCodesrestrictingrightsoffreedmen
VetoedbutoverriddenbyCongress
Willonlybeasstrongasitsenforcement,UnionarmyremainsinSouthduring
earlyyearsofReconstruction
ReconstructionActof1867
officialplanforreadmission
5zonesofUnionmilitaryoccupation
acceptablestategovtselectednoformerConfederatesinpower
statesagreetoblackcitizenship(countryandstate)
statesagreetoblackvotingrights
JohnsonvetoedoverruledbyCongress
Allstatesreadmittedby1870
14thAmendment=citizenshiptoanyoneborninthecountry,EqualProtectionClause
everyonetreatedequallybylaw
15thAmendmentgivesvotingrightstoblacks
PresidentJohnsonimpeachedforremovingSofWaronevoteawayfrombeing
convicted
BlackLifeintheSouth
Legalrights,influenceingov,harassment
Occupations:sharecropping
SecretSocietiesconfederategroupswhorefusetoacceptsoutherndefeat
physicalattacksonfreedmen
WhiteLeague,RedShirts,KuKluxKlan
TheGildedAgeandtheProgressiveEra:
MarkTwainagecoveredinathinlayerofgoldseemsgreat,butactuallybigproblems
NewagemovingwestafterReconstructionsendsmilitarywest
HomesteadAct
(1862)massmigrationinthelate1800sencouragedbyfedgov
Wantedtopopulatepeoplefromnorth

21yrsorolder,nevertakeuparmsagainstUS,mustbecitizen,mustworkto
improvelandforfiveyears
NativeAmericansstandintheway
AttempttopushNAstoreservations
LittleBighorn(1876)SiouxvsCusterNAswin
NezPerceWar(1877)Armytakestheirland
DawesAct(1877)givesNAsbetterlandandallowthemtobecomecitizens,in
exchangegiveupland
TheSouth
Troopsmovedfromsouthtowest,newfedlawsnotbeingmonitored
Compromiseof1877
Eof1876Hayes(RNorth)vsTilden(DSouth)very
close
Northgetspresidency,ReconstructionendsintheSouth
90%rural,cashcrops
JimCrowSegregationlawsmadeinsouthtodividepeoplebasedonrace
schools,transportation,juryallwhite
ValidatedbyPlessyvFerguson(1896)SCcaseaboutsegregated
railroadcars14thAmendmentmakeslawsnonpermissibleSCsaysit
isokayeveryoneisseparatebutequalcausesmoresegregation
Southerninjusticeslynchings,vigilantes,trackingdownblacks
Votersuppression
Polltaxmustpaysmallfeeonelectiondaytovote
Literacytestmustpassthistestofreadingandwritingtovote
GrandfatherClauseprovideevidencethatgrandfathervoted
Allofthismadeithardforblackstovote
BookerTWashington
Fromsouth,bornintoslavery,educated,pushesblackstolearnmanual
skillsearnaplaceinsociety
WEBDuBois
Freeblackfromnorth,firstblacktoearnadegreefromHarvard
Pushesforblackstopushintohighersociety,gettoptenpercentinto
college
Imperialism
Hawaii
InterestedinsugarplantationsexportedtoUScostfreein1800s
tremendouseconomicgain
1893Americanworkersoverthrewthequeen,declaredHawaiia
republic,anddemandedannexation
Clevelandopposedannexationduetosupportforthequeenbycitizens,
McKinleysupportsannexationannexed1896
SofStateJohnHayagreeswEuropeanleadersforanOpenDOorpolicy
wChinain1899,allowedtoestablishtradingrelations
NavalActof1900authorizedconstructionofbattleships

SocialDarwinismsupportedracialsuperiorityofAngloSaxonracedrove
reasonsforimperialism
WhiteMansBurdencivilizeinferiorraces
SpanishAmericanWar
CubancolonistsrevoltingSpanish
Americanshadinvestmentsinsugarandtobaccoplantations
RebelsbeganattackingthemtoforceUSintervention
YellowjournalismsupportedinterventioninCubaexaggeratedstoriesof
issueswSpanish
ConcentrationcampsinCuba
USSMaineinHavanaharborjustincase,blownupexternally,blamed
spanish
USaskedSpanishtoendfightingandcampsaswellasnegotiatew
rebels
Didn'tdothethird=declaredwar
FightinginPhilippinesandCuba
RoughRidersleadbyT.Roosevelttookpartinmostfamousbattle
BattleofKettleHill
TreatyofParisendswarwSpanishsurrenderatSantiago
IntervenesinthePhilippines
1914PanamaCanalcompleted
TheIndustrialRevolution
Problems
BusinessesVerticalIntegration,buyallindustriesneededtomake
productcheaperHorizontalIntegration,monopoliesandtrustscontrol
entireindustryCorruption,bribesanddiscountsforbetterrates
Ruthlessness
Monopolies=nocompetition,pricessoar
Noregardforwildlifeandlandpreservation,notsanitary
Workerslivinginpoverty,gendergap,unsafefactories,terriblehours,
childlabor,novoiceinworkplace
InterstateCommerceActregulatesrailroads,notenforced
LaborUnions:KnightsofLabor,AmericanFederationofLabor
Weaknesses:onlyrepresentedsmallpartofworkforce,madenogains,
noorganization
Capitalism:aneconomicsystemwfreedomforprivateindividualtopursueprofit,
governmentisLaissezFaire(handsoff,noregulation
Socialism:systemofsocialorganizationinwhichproperty/incomearesubjectto
socialcontrol
Believedthatcapitalismleadstoclassdivisions
Everythingisproduced,everyonemustshare
Societyasawhole,nottheprivateindividual

TheJungle
UptonSinclairwrittentoshowthehorribleworkingconditionsin
thecity,promotingProgressivismandSocialism
SocialGospelmovementProtestanteffortstoaidtheurbanpoor,thestruggleforsocial
justiceisimportant
Taylorismpromotedefficiency,appliedtoindustryandgovernment
17thAmendmentpeoplevoteforSenators
Initiativeandreferendumprocesscitizenscanproposeorvoteforlawsdirectly
TeddyRoosevelt
Favoredbigbusiness,buttoomuchabusespower
DepartmentofCommerceandLaborinvestigatestrusts
Brokeuplargetrusts,butnotatruetrustbuster
CoalStrikeof1902
Createscompromisebtwnworkersandbusinesssobotharehappy
(Lowerworkhours,raisewages,raisenationalpriceofcoal)
Conservation,ControlofCorporations,Consumerprotection
TheSquareDeal
InterstateCommerceActof1887
HepburnRailroadActregulaterailroadrates
PureFoodandDrugAct
MeatInspectionAct
RooseveltCorollary1905
Americawillintervenetostabilizedebtornationseconomiestoprevent
Europeanintervention
BigStickPolicyaggressiveforeignpolicy
WilliamTaft
Progressivereformer
PayneAldrichBilllowerstariff
PinchotBallingerControversyfiresPinchot,whocriticizedBallingerfor
developingpubliclandsRooseveltandconservationiststurnonTaft
USSteelSuitof1911organizesmonopolywUSsteeltohelprecoverfromPanic
of1907chargedwlawsuitforcreatingamonopoly
DollarDiplomacy
Investinforeigneconomicsbybuyingdebtsandmakingloansgoodfor
businessesandinterestforgoodsoverseas
Createstabilityabroad

RoosevelttakescontrolofProgressiveorBullMooseParty
Eof1912:Taft(R)vWilson(D)vRoosevelt(BM)
WoodrowWilsonwinsonplatformofNewFreedom
WoodrowWilson
Concentratespowersofexecutivebranchfirmcontrolofcabinet
UnderwoodTariffActreducedimportfees,createdincometax
FederalReserveActof1913establishedFederalReserve,unifyingbanks

FederalTradeCommisionActcreatesagencytohelpbusinessesdetermine
whetheractionswouldbeacceptableingov
ClaytonAntitrustActincreasedpowerofShermanAct
Didnotsupportwomen'ssuffrage
MoralDiplomacy
USshouldbeconscienceoftheworld
Peaceinforeignnations
Condemnimperialism
Tooknoactionagainstlynchings,otheractsagainstblacks
WomensSuffrage
1848SenecaFalls
1889HullHouseJaneAddams
1911TriangleShirtwaistFactoryfire
WorldWarI:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y59wErqg4Xg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XPZQ0LAlR4
BolshevikRevolution
SpanishFlu
TreatyofVersailles
Wilsons14Points
LeagueofNations
FirstRedScare
RevivaloftheKKK
EmergencyQuotaActandImmigrationQuotaAct
TheRoaring20s:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfOR1XCMf7A
TheGreatDepression:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCQfMWAikyU
FDRandtheNewDeal:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bMq9Ek6jnA
WorldWarII:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Objoad6rG6U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HofnGQwPgqs

DBQThemes
AmericanIdentitiesnationalism,emergenceofnewgroupsthroughouthistory
Americaneconomiesandtechnologyeconomicstructureovertimeandeffectof
technology
AmericanpopulationsmovementsinUSbyvariouspeople
PoliticalpowerintheUSroleofgovthroughouthistory,understandingsofthecitizens,
andhowpoliticalpartieshaveshapedthemselves
TheUSinworldaffairsinteractingwithotherplaces
Influenceofgeographyandenvironment

Americancultureandconvictioneffectsofideas,religiousbeliefsandculturalvalues