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This paper presents four (4) practical rules for the prelim-
Abstract: The paper presents several practical criteria for select- inary determination of the type and the number as well as the
ing the types, number, and optimal location of measuring location of the measuring units; new algorithms are then
equipment for collecting real time data with required accuracy
for the state estimation as demanded by the SCADA systems
presented, which enable optimization of the data to obtain
used in the automation of distribution systems. It also suggests a results within acceptable limits.
method for detection and elimination of possible errors in the
telemetric data. The algorithms presented are easy to imple- At this stage it is well to recall that for this type of studies,
ment computationally and guarantee the correct operation of there are no known and recognized standards available re-
state estimators within acceptable economic constraints. The commending the applicable level of accuracies. For this
application of the proposed algorithms is also illustrated by an reason, the recommendations of [2] for the different automa-
example chosen from a real network. tion functions implemented in the distribution systems (in %
of respective magnitudes of interest) are applied.
Index Terms: Algorithms, Automation, Indexes, Measurement
units, Measurement errors, Optimization methods, Power Dis-
tribution Control, State Estimation • 5-8 % deviations for the reconfiguration of the network,
and for service restoration.
I. INTRODUCTION • 10-12 % deviations for Voltage and Var control, Power
factor control
The real time data sent by the measuring equipment at • 11-18 % for load balance, load management, etc.
remote locations, as coordinated by the SCADA systems
constitute the starting point for any of the functions of distri- The results obtained are similar to those obtained by [3] in
bution systems and in particular, for the state estimator. Al- an analysis of a similar network and allows the following
though technically an ideal solution, it is not economically conclusions:
justified to equip every distribution transformer with measur-
ing instruments; however, greater the number of measure- • Generally, greater the number of measurements in real
ments available more accurate will be the results as calcu- time, more precise is the result, as evidenced by a re-
lated by the state estimator. duction in the deviations; this is as to be expected.
• The results for the voltages are a little better than in the
Specifically, the problem to be solved is: Given a net- case of load flow.
work, the type and the minimum number as well as the op- • The substitution of the load flows (active power) by the
timal location of the measuring units are to be determined so voltages at the nodes leads only to small variations of
as to guarantee the accuracy of the state estimators. The the results (degraded); this suggests that whenever poss-
complexity of the problem is the result of the enormous ible, voltage measurements can be used instead of load
number of possible combinations of the location of the mea- flow calculations to obtain more economical results.
suring equipment as well as the contradictory requirements
between the possible accuracy and the total cost of the mea- II. METHODS FOR PRELIMINARY DE-
suring system. For this reason, majority of the investigations
TERMINATION OF TYPE, NUMBER AND
presented until now have been based on empirical rules
based on observations or experimental studies [1,2]. LOCATION OF MEASURING EQUIPMENT
At locations where main circuit breakers and / or fuses are Locate Meas. at
installed voltages are measured. At the head substation the node i i =1
measurement should be power flows, in other cases mea-
Yes
surement of currents will be sufficient. This will enhance the
accuracy of reconfiguration and restoration of power supply k≤M
Yes
σi > CTol
functions.
No
B. Rule 2: No
CTol=CTol+
i = i+1
Along the power supply sections defined by the measur- ΔCTol
ing equipment into zones of similar total loads and of similar No
magnitude: These measurements could be of the type “cur- i=N
rent”; they will enhance the accuracy of the load model.
yes
C. Rule 3: yea
k<M CTol=CTol-
ΔCTol
At the locations with normally open circuit breakers the
measurement can be voltages. It is recommended to take No
these measurements at both sides of the circuit breakers (op- End
posite line ends) since this will enhance the precision of
monitoring and voltage / var control functions from the subs- FIG.1. Algorithm for the location of a fixed number of mea-
tation or from the load dispatch center. In addition, this will suring equipment.
improve the accuracy of the state estimator, once the circuit
breakers or reclosers are closed following a reconfiguration
or restoration.
III. SORTING OF MEASUREMENTS AND
DERIVATION OF MINIMUM NUMBER
V. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
FIG. 4 Influence of measurands on Precision index
Taking the network shown in Fig. 3, the number, type and
location of measurements are determined and then the graph As can be seen from Fig. 4 the measurands m7 m1 and m5
of precision index vs. number of measurement equipment is are practically unnecessary since their contribution to the
plotted. overall precision index is negligible. We can continue to
eliminate m3, m6, etc. in the same order as in the above Fig. 4
sacrificing the precision until permissible cost level is
reached.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Baran, M.E., and Kelley, A.W., “State Estimation Method For
Distribution Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.9,
Fig.#6. Estimated node voltages with all the measuring No. 3, Aug. 1994,pp.1601-1609.
equipment present [2] Brian Mc.D., “General Method for Optimal Measuring System for
Distribution Automation”, Procedings PSCC Conference, Paper No:
03-11, Oct. 1999
[3] Li, K., “State Estimation For Power Distribution System and
Measurement Impacts”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.
11, No. 2, May. 1996, pp. 911-916
[4] Baran E.M., Zhu, H, y ICE. Garren, A “Meter Placement Method for
State Estimation” paper presented at the” IEEE PES Winter Meeting,
Feb. 1995, paper no 218-8 PWRS.
[5] Merrit, H.M. and Schweppe, F.C., “Bad data suppression in power
system static state estimation”, IEEE Transactions on Power Appara-
tus and Systems, Vol. 90, No. 2, 1981, pp. 2718-2725
[6] Larson, R.E., W.F., and Peschon, J., “State Estimation in Power
Systems Part I: Theory and Feasibility,” IEEE Transactions on
Power apparatus and Systems, Vol. 89, N0. 3, Mar. 1970, pp. 345-352.
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES