Experiment No:Aim:-Assignment to understand windows 2003 server and configure DHCP.

Requirements:Hardware: - Computer, LAN cable, Switch.

Software:- Windowss 2003 Server Operating System

System.
Procedure to Setup DHCP
The DHCP server assigns a client an IP address taken from a predefined scope for a given
amount of time. If an IP address is required for longer than the lease has been set for, the client
must request an extension before the lease expires. If the client has not requested an extension on
the lease time, the IP address will be considered free and can be assigned to another client. If the
user wishes to change IP address then they can do so by typing "ipconfig /release", followed by
"ipconfig /renew" in the command prompt. This will remove the current IP address and request a
new one. Reservations can be defined on the DHCP server to allow certain clients to have their
own IP address (this will be discussed a little later on). Addresses can be reserved for a MAC
address or a host name so these cclients
lients will have a fixed IP address that is configured
automatically. Most Internet Service Providers use DHCP to assign new IP addresses to client
computers when a customer connects to the internet - this simplifies things at user level.

The above diagram displays

plays a simple structure consisting of a DHCP server and a number
of client computers on a network.
The DHCP Server itself contains an IP Address Database which holds all the IP addresses
available for distribution. If the client (a member of the ne
network
twork with a Windows 2000
Professional/XP operating system, for example) has "obtain an IP address automatically" enabled
in TCP/IP settings, then it is able to receive an IP address from the DHCP server.
Setting up a DHCP Server:This will serve as a step-by
by-step guide on how to setup a DHCP server.
Installing the DHCP server is made quite easy in Windows 2003. By using the "Manage your
server" wizard, you are able to enter the details you require and have the wizard set the basics for
you. Open to "Manage
nage your server" wizard, select the DHCP server option for the list of server
roles and press Next. You will be asked to enter the name and description of your scope.
Scope: A scope is a collection of IP addresses for computers on a subnet that use DHCP.

The next window will ask you to define the range of addresses that the scope will
distribute across the network and the subnet mask for the IP address. Enter the appropriate details
and click next.

You are shown a window in which you must add any exclu
exclusion
sion to the range of IP
addresses you specified in the previous window. If for example, the IP address 10.0.0.150 is that
of the company router then you won't want the DHCP server to be able to distribute that address
as well. In this example I have exclud
excluded
ed a range of IP addresses, 10.0.0.100 to 10.0.0.110, and a
single address, 10.0.0.150. In this case, eleven IP's will be reserved and not distributed amongst
the network clients.

It is now time to set the lease duration for how long a client can use an IP address
assigned to it from this scope. It is recommended to add longer leases for a fixed network (in the
office for example) and shorter leases for remote connections or laptop computers. In this
example I have set lease duration of twelve hours since the network clients would be a fixed
desktop computer in a local office and the usual working time is eight hours.

You are given a choice of whether or not you wish to configure the DHCP options for the
scope now or later. If you choose Yes then the upcoming screenshots will be of use to you.
Choosing No will allow you to configure these options at a later stage.
The router, or gateway, IP address may be entered in next. The clie
client
nt computers will then
know which router to use.

In the following window, the DNS and domain name settings can be entered. The DNS server IP
address will be distributed by the DHCP server and given to the client.

If you have WINS setup then here is wh

where
ere to enter the IP Address of the WINS server.
You can just input the server name into the appropriate box and press "Resolve" to allow it to
find the IP address itself.

The last step is to activate the scope - just press next when you see the window below.
b
The
DHCP server will not work unless you do this.

The DHCP server has now been installed with the basic settings in place. The next stage
is to configure it to the needs of your network structure.

Configuring a DHCP server

Hereunder is a simple explanation of how to configure a DHCP server. The address pool
displays a list of IP ranges assigned for distribution and IP address exclusions. You are able to
add exclusion by right clicking the address pool text on the left hand side of the mmc window
and selecting "new exclusion range". This will bring up a window (as seen below) which will
allow you to enter an address range to be added. Entering only the start IP will add a single IP
address.

DHCP servers permit you to reserve an IP addres

addresss for a client. This means that the
specific network client will have the same IP for as long as you wanted it to. To do this you will
have to know the physical address (MAC) of each network card. Enter the reservation name,
desired IP address, MAC address and description - choose whether you want to support DHCP or
BOOTP and press add. The new reservation will be added to the list. As an example, I have
reserved an IP address (10.0.0.115) for a client computer called Andrew.

If you right click scope options and press "configure options" you will be taken to a
window in which you can configure more servers and their parameters. These settings will be
distributed by the DHCP server along with the IP address. Server options act as a default for all
the scopes
copes in the DHCP server. However, scope options take preference over server options.
In my opinion, the DHCP server in Windows 2003 is excellent! It has been improved
from the Windows 2000 version and is classified as essential for large networks. Imagine
Imagin having
to configure each and every client manually - it would take up a lot of time and require far more
troubleshooting if a problem was to arise. Before touching any settings related to DHCP, it is
best to make a plan of your network and think about th
thee range of IPs to use for the computers.

Classful Addressing
IPv4 addressing, at its inception, used the concept of classes. This architecture is called
classful addressing. Although this scheme is becoming obsolete, we briefly discuss it here to
show thee rationale behind classless addressing.
In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E. Each
class occupies some part of the address space. We can find the class of an address when given

the address in binary notation or dotted-decimal notation. If the address is given in binary
flotation, the first few bits can immediately tell us the class of the address. If the address is given
in decimal-dotted notation, the first byte defines the class. Both methods are shown in figure:

Classes and Blocks

One problem with classful addressing is that each class is divided into a fixed number of
blocks with each block having a fixed size as shown below

Previously, when an organization requested a block of addresses, it was granted one in

class A, B, or C. Class A addresses were designed for large organizations with a large number of
attached hosts or routers. Class B addresses was designed for midsize organizations with tens of
thousands of attached hosts or routers. Class C addresses were designed for small organizations
with a small number of attached hosts or routers.
A block in class an address is too large for almost any organization. This means most of
the addresses in class A were wasted and were not used. A block in class B is also very large,
probably too large for many of the organizations that received a class B block. A block in class C
is probably too small for many organizations. Class D addresses were designed for multicasting.

Each address in this class is used to define one group of hosts on the Internet. The Internet
authorities wrongly predicted a need for 268,435,456 groups.
This never happened and many addresses were wasted here too. And lastly, the class E
addresses were reserved for future use; only a few were used, resulting in another waste of
addresses.
Netid and Hostid
In classful addressing , an IP address in classes A,B, and C is divided into netid and
hostid. These parts are of varying lengths, depending on the class of the address. Figure shows
the netid and hostid bytes. Note that classes D and E are not divided into netid and hosted.
In class A, 1 byte defines the netid and 3 bytes define the hostid. In class B,2 bytes define
the netid and 2 bytes define the hostid. In class C, 3 bytes define the netid and 1 byte defines the
hostid.

Byte 1

Byte 2

Netid

Byte 3

Byte 4

Byte 3

Byte 4

Byte 3

Byte 4

Hostid
Class A

Byte 1

Byte 2

Netid

Hostid

Class B

Byte 1

Byte 2

Netid

Hostid

Class C
Multicast address
Class D

Reserved for future use

Class E
Classless Addressing
To overcome address depletion and give more organizations access to the Internet,
classless addressing was designed and implemented. In this scheme, there are no classes, but the
addresses are still granted in blocks.
CIDR Notation
Although in classful addressing each address has a default mask, it is sometimes
convenient to explicitly indicate the default mask. The CIDR or classless interdomain routing,
notation is used for this purpose. In this notation, the number of 1s in the mask is added after a
slash at the end of the purpose. For example, the address 18.46.74.10, which is a class A address
with the mask 255.0.0.0 is written as 18.46.74.10 to show that there are eight 1s in the mask.
Similarly the address 141.24.74.69 is written as 141.24.74.69/16 to show that it is class B
address and the mask has 16 1s .In the same way address 200.14.70.22 is written as
200.14.70.22/24.
Address Depletion
Due to the classful addressing scheme and due to the fast growth of internet, available
addresses are almost depleted. Despite these the number of devices on the internet is much less
than 2^32 address space. We have run out of class A and class B addresses and a class C block is
too small for the most middle size organizations.
Address Blocks:
In classless addressing, when an entity, small or large, needs to be connected to the
Internet, it is granted a block (range) of addresses. The size of the block (the number of
addresses) varies based on the nature and size of the entity. For example, a household may be
given only two addresses; a large organization may be given thousands of addresses. An ISP, as
the Internet service provider, may be given thousands or hundreds of thousands based on the
number of customers it may serve.
Restriction:
To simplify the handling of addresses, the Internet authorities impose three
restrictions on classless address blocks:
1. The addresses in a block must be contiguous, one after another.
2. The number of addresses in a block must be a power of 2.
3. The first address must be evenly divisible by the number of addresses.
Variable-Length Blocks
In classless addressing variable length blocks are assigned that belong to no class. We
can have a block of 2 addresses, 4 addresses,128 addresses, and so on.

In this architecture, the entire address space (2^32 addresses) is divided into blocks of
different sizes. An organization is granted a block suitable for its purposes. Fig shows the
architecture of classless addressing.

Address Space

Blocks of different sizes

Example: Format of classless addressing address

x.y.z.t/n
The n after the slash defines the number of bits that are the same in every address in the block.
So if n is 20 , it means the 20 leftmost bits are identical in each address with 12 bits not the same.
We can easily find the number of address in the block and last address from these information.
Prefix and Prefix length: Two terms that are often used in classless addressing are
prefix and prefix length. The prefix is another name for the common part of the address range
(similar to the netid). The prefix length is the length of the prefix(n in the CIDR notation). There
are one-to-one relationship between a mask and a prefix length.

FAQs:
1. What do you mean by DHCP
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2. What is static and dynamic IP address?
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3. What is subnet mask?
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Conclusion:
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