Anthropology The study of human kind, in particular the comparative study of human

societies and cultures and their development. E.g. dress codes,swearing,prayer, joy,
frustration and anxiety.
Ethnography - the scientific description of peoples and cultures with their customs,
habits, and mutual differences. E.g the study of the different experiences from different
modes of travel.
Staged Authenticity Products that are especially made for tourists with the aim of
creating authentic experiences for them often make use of what we call staged
authenticity, meaning that a tourist attraction has been staged just for the tourist
experience. Eg. Simulation of a volcano eruption or a waterfall.
Push Factors - defined as internal motives or forces that cause tourists to seek activities
to reduce their needs.
Pull Factors - are destination generated forces and the knowledge that tourists hold about
a destination (Gnoth, 1997)
Participant Observation - a technique of field research, used in anthropology and
sociology, by which an investigator (participant observer) studies the life of a group by
sharing in its activities. E.g experience the different modes of travel (air plane, train,
cruise ship).
McDonaldisation - is a term used by sociologist George Ritzer in his book The
McDonaldization of Society (1993). He explains that it becomes manifested when a
culture adopts the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant.
McDisneyisation - this term refers to the search for the authentic, the perfect simulation.
Their argument is that tourists are drawn to places where life within the destination
resembles play. E.g las vegas
The Grand Tour - a cultural tour of Europe formerly undertaken, especially in the 18th
century, by a young man of the upper classes as a part of his education.
Pseudo-events - An event that has been caused to occur or staged to engender press
coverage and public interest e.g F1 Night race in Singapore.
Triple Bottom Line - The TBL is an accounting framework that incorporates three
dimensions of performance: social, environmental and financial. This differs from
traditional reporting frameworks as it includes ecological (or environmental) and social
measures that can be difficult to assign appropriate means of measurement. The TBL
dimensions are also commonly called the three Ps: people, planet and profits. We will
refer to these as the 3Ps.
Dark Tourism - Tourists who would like to visit places associated with death or
catastrophe Lennon and Foley (2000). E.g President Kennedy was assasinated in Dallas,
Texas
Sociology the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society;
the study of social problems.
Dom Joly The Dark Tourist
Cohen (1979) Existantial mode (fully committed to seek different experience)(Pg3-5)
inspired by minister of Guyana decided to commit a year to visit six dark tourism
destinations.
Pearce (1988) Travel Career Ladder (pg. 3-5) psychological needs-externally oriented
behavior motivated by need for external excitement. Behavior is stimulus hungry. Safety
& security (pg8) self-directed-behavior influenced by ones own safety. Self Esteem

(Pg183)-other directed behavior influence by external rewards, prestige and glamour of

travelling.
Urry (1990) 1. Tourism is a leisure activity (regulated over a period of time and in certain
places) Pg 3-5. 2. Tourist relationship involves a movement and journey. 3. The journey
and stay are out of the ordinary. 4. Places gazed upon are not connected to work, they
offer contrasts. Pg 14 rundown US embassy. Pg 17 central bazaar. 5. Many do it in
modern society. 6. We anticipate pleasure. Pg4.aniticipated fun from visiting destinations
that were supposedly off limits or dangerous. Pg8 intrigued by the fact that there is skiing
in iran. Pg.14 anticipated to see how Tehran looks like. 7. We gaze at features separated
from our everyday (Landscape/townscape). Pg14 outskirts as ugly as city centre. Pg18.
His gaze was caught by the big apartment block with us flag with anti US messages
painted on it. Pg182. opened his hotel window for a cityscape of Pyongyang.8. The gaze
is constructed through signs. Pg 15. Take photos of the old us embassy. Pg18. Took a
photo of the big apartment block with the US flag on it. Pg186. wanted a photo of the
great leaders pic most important figure that represent North Korea. Pg216. bought the
holiday video. 9. Array of tourists professionals.
Dom Joly as modern macdonaldised tourist. Predictable holidays. Pg20. Choose to stay
at a big international hotel in iran. Pg38. Stay at Fairmont in USA. Amenities offered by
international hotel chains are predictable and standardize (no surprises). Controlled
holidays. Pg45 tired searching online for a tour of dealey plaza. Pg58- Join a tour group
in Memphis. Pg87. Had a tour guide in Cambodia. Pg 13 had a guide for his skiing trip in
Iran (Humphrey).
Graburn (1989). Travelling/work matrix. Voluntary (Stay) doing nothing at home.
Voluntary (Travel) Tourism and/or recreation. Compulsory (Stay) work (schoolwork &
housework). Compulsory (travel) occupations requiring travel.
Refereces
Cohen, E. 1979. A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences. Sociology. 13 (2) pp, 179203.
Graburn, N.N.H. 1989. Tourism: The Sacred Journey. In Smith, V.L. (Ed.). Hosts and
Guests. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia. p. 21-36.
Pearce, PL. 1988. The Ulysses Factor. Evaluating Visitors in tourist Settings. New York:
Springer-Verlag. P31
Ritzer, C. and Liska, A. (1 997) 'McDisneyization' and 'Post-Tourism': Complementary
Perspectives on Contemporary Tourism. In C. Rojek & J.Urry (Eds.) Touring Cultures:
Transformations of Travel and Theory. London: Routledge. (pp. 96-109).
Urry, John. 1990. Ch.1: The Tourist Gaze. In The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in
Contemporary Societies. Sage Publications. London. UK.
Positive impacts of film tourism: -Benefits to local economy. - Broadens the base of the
visitor market. -Medium to long term boost to visitor numbers.-Long term promotion
value to destination.-Increases knowledge of destination (recognition factor)
Negative impact of film tourism: - Prices rise for production crews locals suffer.- Price
rises (again) in anticipation of increased visitor numbers.- Budget holiday makers
disenfranchised by new & intrusive forms of tourism. - Carrying capacity exceeded
through increased visitor numbers (increased traffic) (Pedestrian congestion) (Loss of
privacy and local facilities). - Destruction or degradation of local environment. -Loss of
visitor satisfaction if reality does not match anticipation. -The location becomes better
known than the attraction

The Impact (Economic and Otherwise) of Lord of the Rings/The Hobbit on New
Zealand
Ever since 2001, many of us have come to recognize New Zealand as the place where
Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, was filmed. Now even more people know it as the
place where I took my vacation.
According to the general manager of Western long haul markets for Tourism New
Zealand, Gregg Anderson, Weve seen a 50% increase in arrivals to New Zealand since
Lord of the Rings. The first film in the trilogy, Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the
Ring, was released in 2001.
Lord of the Rings may have contributed to the economy of New Zealandbut then again,
as Anderson said, Im sure Lord of the Rings played a huge part in that, but it wasnt the
only factor.
About 1% of visitors said that Lord of the Rings was the reason they came. Its only one
1%, but thats worth NZD$33 million [currently US$27 million] a year. Six percent cited
Lord of the Rings as one of [emphasis mine] the major reasons they came. But the really

important thing is that upwards of 80% of our target audience understands that Lord of
the Rings and The Hobbit has been filmed and is being filmed in New Zealand.
Anderson said that traveling to New Zealand to take in the sites of Hobbiton (a.k.a.
Matamata) appeals to the biggest trend in the tourism market today: intergenerational
tourism, that is, grandparents, children, and grandchildren traveling together. For
example, someone may want to visit the gardens of Fernside Lodge, while another
person will want to see Lothlorienand theyre both visiting the same location.
Youll be able to walk through the natural countryside and take in those scenic
panoramas, thats really well kept as in the movie. In New Zealand, a percentage of
what you see on screen you can see in real life. Were not trying to sell the movie. Were
trying to say the sense of awe and grandeur that you get with the movie is very much
what youll get with the experience.
Currently, tourism is New Zealands second largest industry, behind dairy.
In fact, tourism is not the only industry that has had a boost from Jacksons movies. Other
jobs have been created as a result of the studios co-created or co-owned by Jackson,
which include Weta Workshop, Stone Street Studios, Park Road Post Production, and
others.
Does this mean director Peter Jackson has personally increased the GDP of New Zealand?
Although its difficult to put into numbers, its clear that the little-film-industry-that-could
has positively affected the economy of New Zealand.
Anderson said, The screen industry itself is an estimated NZD$3 billion, so were not the
hugest player on a world scale, but it supports 2700 businesses, and New Zealand is a
country of small businesses. And of that, 95% are involved in production and post
production work. And out of all of that, 80-90% percent of that screen revenue is
contributed by North American productions.
The government of New Zealand recognized the importance of the industry, specifically
the contribution of Jacksons upcoming The Hobbit when the New Zealand postal service
issued stamps with the faces of characters from the movie, as well as uncirculated
commemorative coins. Entertainingly, the New Zealand Custom Service currently stamps
visitors passports with a Welcome to Middle Earth stamp.
The New Zealand governments recognition also extends to tax incentives offered to
large scale productions. (Anderson noted that two of the top six highest grossing movies
of all time, Avatar and Lord of the Rings: Return of the King, were filmed in New
Zealand.)
Its not just the government basking in the glow of movie magic. Air New Zealand has not
one but two 777 airplanes decorated in a Tolkienesque themeand lets not forget their
clever Middle Earth-themed safety video. And to celebrate the release of The Hobbit in
New Zealand, a Kiwi weather reporter gave his forecast in Elvish.
Citizens of New Zealandall 4.4 million of themare also enjoying their one-degree-ofseparation fame, a consequence of New Zealands unexpected journey. During a fight
scene in Return of the King, Anderson said, I can see my nieces horse.
Reference

Carol, P. (2012). The Impact (Economic and Otherwise) of Lord of the Rings/the Hobbit
on New Zealand. Forbes. Retrieved from
http://www.forbes.com/sites/carolpinchefsky/2012/12/14/the-impact-economic-andotherwise-of-lord-of-the-ringsthe-hobbit-on-new-zealand/#32648886163e.