MPW1153 2153 Moral Studies PDF

MPW1153/2153
MORAL STUDIES
Saharudin Suhaidi
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)
Project Directors:
Prof Dr Mansor Fadzil

Prof Dr Zakaria Ismail
Open University Malaysia
Module Writer:
Saharudin Suhaidi
Reviewed by:
Dr Wong Huey Siew

Edited by:
Ahmad Zulkarnain Ramli

Mangai Rajoo
Azeezah Jameelah Mohamed Mohideen
Developed by
Centre for Instructional Design and Technology

Translated by:
Pearson (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Printed by:
Meteor Doc. Sdn. Bhd.

Lot 47-48, Jalan SR 1/9, Seksyen 9,
Jalan Serdang Raya, Taman Serdang Raya,
43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan
First Printing, September 2007

Seventh Printing, November 2010
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM), November 2010, MPW1153/2153
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means
without the written permission of the President, Open University Malaysia (OUM).
Version November 2010
Table of Contents
Course Guide
Topic 1:
Topic 2:
xi - xv
Introduction to Moral Studies in Malaysia

1.1 Background of Moral Studies
1.2 Importance of Moral Studies
1.2.1 Practises Noble Values
1.2.2 Love and Loyalty to the Nation
1.2.3 Upholds the Constitution and the Sovereignty of Law
1.2.4 Good Behaviour and Morality
1.2.5 Meeting the Challenges of Vision 2020
1.2.6 Awareness of the Constitution and Exercise Rights
Accordingly
1.2.7 Awareness and Carrying Out Responsibilities as
Malaysians
1.2.8 Practise Good Manners
1.2.9 Become Moral Agents
Summary
Concept of Ethics and Types of Moral Values
2.1 Background of Moral Studies
2.1.1 Ethics
2.1.2 Morals
2.1.3 Akhlak (Good Behaviour)
2.1.4 Laws
2.2 Factors that Influence Ethics
2.3 The Differences between Laws and Ethics
2.4 Values in Life
2.5 Functions of Values
2.6 Types of Moral Values
2.7 Differences between Morals, Religions, Customs and Laws
2.7.1 Morals and Religions
2.7.2 Morals and Customs
2.7.3 Morals and Laws
2.8 Normative Statements and Descriptive Statements
on Morals
2.9 Importance of Moral Values
2.9.1 Fulfilling Human Nature
1
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
8
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
17
19
19
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.9.2
2.9.3
2.9.4
2.9.5
2.9.6
2.9.7
Summary
Encouraging Good Deeds to Onself and Others.

Preventing Immorality
Creating and Maintaining Peace
Continuation of Human Civilisation
A Complete Human Personality
Maintaining the Status of Mankind
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
Topic 3:
Theory of Ethics
3.1 Theory of Moral Development
3.1.1 Lawrence Kohlberg
3.1.2 Jean Piaget
3.1.3 Piagets Moral Development Theory Criticism
3.2 Social Morality Development Theory
3.2.1 Banduras Criticism Theory
3.3 Behavourial Moral Theory
3.4 Theory of Social Morality
3.5 Theory of Honourable Personality
3.6 Theory of Psychoanalysis
3.7 Theory of Teleological Ethics
3.7.1 Utilitarianism
3.7.2 Egoism
3.8 Theory of Deontology
Summary
22
22
22
25
27
27
28
28
30
30
31
32
32
35
35
36
Topic 4:
Moral Principles and Values in Religion and Beliefs

4.1 The Basis of Moral Principles
4.1.1 Principle of Duty
4.1.2 Principle of Existentialism
4.1.3 Principle of Goodness
4.1.4 Principle of Badness
4.1.5 Principle of Human Evolution
4.1.6 Principle of Ambition
4.1.7 Principle of Trust
4.1.8 Principle of Ikram Muslimin (Solidarity)
4.1.9 Principle of Leadership
4.1.10 Principle of Patience
4.2 The Importance of Moral Principles
4.2.1 Humans with Strong Principles
4.2.2 Survival in Life
4.3 Religion
38
39
39
40
40
40
41
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.3.1 Islam
4.3.2 Christianity
4.3.3 Buddhism
4.3.4 Hinduism
4.3.5 Sikhism
4.4 Beliefs
4.4.1 Confucianism
4.4.2 Taoism
4.4.3 Animism
4.5 Priority of Values
Summary
44
46
47
48
49
50
50
50
51
51
52
Topic 5
Moral Thoughts and Identity of a Human with Morals

5.1 Thought and Conduct
5.2 Trends of Thought
5.2.1 Naturalism
5.2.2 Emotivism
5.2.3 Intuitional
5.2.4 Rationalism
5.3 Attitude and Self-Awareness
5.3.1 Physical Attributes
5.3.2 Emotional Attributes
5.3.3 Intellectual Attributes
5.3.4 Social Attributes
5.4 Self-Esteem
5.4.1 Pride and Dignity
5.4.2 Differentiating Self from Actions
5.4.3 Determining Wishes
5.5 Consistency in Moral Values
5.5.1 Self-image
5.5.2 Clear on Lifes Moral Aims
5.5.3 Strive to Improve Ourselves
5.5.4 Changing and Maintaining Positive Attitudes
Summary
54
55
56
57
58
60
61
64
65
66
66
67
68
68
69
69
70
71
71
72
72
74
Topic 6:
Shaping Moral Humans

6.1 Societal Rules
6.2 Human Personality
6.2.1 Intrinsic Motivation
6.2.2 Feelings of Guilt and Disagreement
6.2.3 Trusted Interests
76
77
79
80
81
81
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.2.4 Admiration
6.2.5 Trusted Justification
6.3 Forms of Morals
6.3.1 Principlistic Ethics
6.3.2 Situational Ethics
6.4 Moral Dimensions
Summary
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Topic 7:
Freedom and Justice

7.1 Free Spirit and Independent
7.1.1 Spiritual Freedom
7.1.2 Freedom from Slavery
7.2 Freedom in an Independent Country
7.2.1 Personal Freedom
7.2.2 Freedom of Speech
7.2.3 Freedom to Own Property
7.2.4 Freedom to Make Choices
7.2.5 Freedom to Choose and Social Responsibilities
7.3 Moral Justice
7.3.1 Efforts to Preserve Justice
7.4 Conflict of Freedom and Justice
Summary
88
89
89
90
92
92
93
93
93
94
95
95
96
96
Topic 8:
Types of Moral Conflicts and Its Solutions

8.1 Types of Conflicts
8.1.1 Conflict of Racial Discrimination
8.1.2 Conflict of Discrimination of Age
8.1.3 Conflict of Socioeconomic Discrimination
8.1.4 Social Dilemma
8.1.5 Conflict between Groups
8.2 Strategies in Solving Conflicts
8.2.1 Analysis of Values
8.2.2 Cognitive Development
8.2.3 Strategy of Building Hierarchies
8.2.4 Strategy of Diluting Problems
8.2.5 Strategy of Compromise
8.3 Solving Socio-Culture Issues
8.3.1 Role of the Family
8.3.2 Approaches by Religion and Non-aligned
Organisations
8.3.3 Education
97
98
98
98
98
99
99
100
100
100
101
101
102
102
102
103
104
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.3.4
8.3.5
8.3.6
Summary
Excellence of Character
Role of the Government
Laws and Rules
vii
104
104
105
106
Topic 9:
Economic Issues
9.1 Government and Trade
9.2 Business Ethics
9.2.1 Company Policies
9.2.2 Higher Management
9.2.3 Employees
9.2.4 Ethics of Business Management
9.2.5 Business Laws
9.2.6 Dignity of Employees
9.3 Corruption
9.3.1 Reasons Why Corruption Occurs
9.3.2 Consequences of Corruption
9.3.3 Ways to Overcome Corruption
Summary
107
107
108
109
109
110
110
110
111
112
112
114
114
115
Topic 10:
Issues in Technology
10.1 Information Technology
10.2 Genetic Cloning
10.2.1 Implications of Human Cloning
10.2.2 Benefits of Human Cloning
10.2.3 Flaws of Human Cloning
10.3 Chemicals in Agriculture
10.3.1 Human Health
10.3.2 The Moral Question over Agricultural Chemicals
10.4 Nuclear Technology
10.4.1 Applications of Nuclear Technology
10.4.2 Implications of Nuclear Usage
Summary
116
116
118
118
119
120
120
121
122
122
122
124
125
Topic 11:
Environmental Issues
11.1 Global Warming
11.1.1 Factors Causing the Increase in Earths
Temperature
11.1.2 Effects of Global Warming
11.2 Water Pollution
11.2.1 Causes of Water Pollution
126
126
127
129
130
131
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic 12:
11.2.2 The Moral Question over Water Pollution

11.3 Noise Pollution
11.3.1 Classifications of Noise Pollution
11.3.2 Factors that Influence Noise Pollution
11.3.3 Effects of Noise Pollution
11.3.4 Morals and Noise Pollution
Summary
132
133
133
134
135
135
136
Moral Issues in Social Life and Voilence

12.1 Euthanasia (Assistance in Dying)
12.1.1 Forms of Euthanasia
12.1.2 The Moral Question in Euthanasia
12.2 Murder
12.2.1 Suicide
12.2.2 Abortion
12.2.3 Death Penalty
12.3 Moral Issues in Socio-Culture
12.3.1 Black Metal
12.3.2 Pornographic VCDs and Magazines
12.3.3 Pre-marital Sex
12.3.4 Incest
12.3.5 Gangsterism
12.3.6 Amok
12.3.7 Snatch theft
12.4 Concept of Violence
12.5 Sexual Violence
12.5.1 Sexual Harassment
12.5.2 Rape
12.6 Domestic Violence
12.7 Road Bullying
12.8 Violence in War
12.9 International Violence
Summary
137
138
138
139
140
140
141
141
142
142
143
143
143
144
144
144
145
146
146
147
147
148
149
150
150
Answers
152
COURSE GUIDE
COURSE GUIDE DESCRIPTION

You must read this Course Guide carefully from the beginning to the end. It tells
you briefly what the course is about and how you can work your way through
the course material. It also suggests the amount of time you are likely to spend in
order to complete the course successfully. Please keep on referring to the Course
Guide as you go through the course material as it will help you to clarify
important study components or points that you might miss or overlook.
INTRODUCTION
MPW1153/2153 Moral Studies is one of the courses offered by the Faculty of
Applied Social Sciences at Open University Malaysia (OUM). This course is
worth 3 credit hours and should be covered within 8 weeks.
COURSE AUDIENCE
This course is offered to all students taking diploma or bachelor programmes at
all institutions of higher learning as required by the Malaysian Qualifications
Agency (MQA). This module aims to impart the basic concepts of ethics and
morality that are commonly practised in the context of Malaysian plural society.
As an open and distance learner, you should be able to learn independently and
optimise the learning modes and environment available to you. Before you begin
this course, please confirm the course material, the course requirements and how
the course is conducted.
STUDY SCHEDULE
It is a standard OUM practice that learners accumulate 40 study hours for every
credit hour. As such, for a three-credit hour course, you are expected to spend
120 study hours. Table 1 gives an estimation of how the 120 study hours could be
accumulated.
xii
COURSE GUIDE
Table 1: Estimation of Time Accumulation of Study Hours
STUDY ACTIVITIES
STUDY
HOURS
Briefly go through the course content and participate in initial

discussions
Study the module
60
Attend 3 tutorial sessions
10
Online Participation
12
Revision
15
Assignment(s), Test(s) and Examination(s)
20
TOTAL STUDY HOURS ACCUMULATED
120
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this course, you should be able to:
1.
Identify basic concepts and various types of moral values;
2.
Explain a number of theories on ethics and morality including their

critiques;
3.
Appreciate moral values in different religions;
4.
Identify traditional and common values among Malaysians;
5.
Apply the right decisions involving moral issues;
6.
Explain conflicts of moral values; and
7.
Practise good moral value as members of the community.
COURSE SYNOPSIS
This course is divided into 10 topics. The synopsis for each topic is presented
below:
COURSE GUIDE
xiii
Topic 1 begins with an introduction to the background of Moral Studies,

followed by the importance of it.
Topic 2 discusses the concepts of ethics, values and morals which also relate to
rules, laws, religions and customs. It also touches on how those concepts related
to moral values.
Topic 3 introduces several theories related to moral studies that become the
foundation of good individual formation.
Topic 4 explains the basis and the importance of Moral Principles. It also
discusses religions and morality values that closely linked to each other.
Topic 5 discusses how thought and conduct can influence ones behaviour and
moral values held. It also touches how ones behaviour and actions can be
influenced by attitude and self-awareness. Besides, it also touches how
individual self- esteem can influence the moral values one has.
Topic 6 discusses the formation of society with high morals that has moral rules,
particular forms and dimensions to produce humans with good personality.
Topic 7 describes freedom and justice from the moral perspective, based on the
moral concepts of our country. It also touches on the conflicts that may arise
while practising freedom and justice at the same time.
Topic 8 discusses several types of conflicts of values that can affect the
harmonious relationship in a society. It also discusses the strategies of solving the
conflicts and specifically for solving socio-cultural issues.
Topic 9 discusses issues in economy from moral perspective, in the aspects of
profit-seeking, corruption and ethics.
Topic 10 discusses issues in technology from moral perspective, in the aspects of
information technology, genetic cloning, chemicals in agriculture and also
nuclear technology.
Topic 11 discusses environmental issues from moral perspective, in the aspects of
global warming, water pollution and also noise pollution.
Topic 12 discusses issues related to todays social life like euthanasia, murder and
other socio-cultural issues. It also touches on the violence that occurs around us
in families, societies and the country as a whole.
xiv
COURSE GUIDE
TEXT ARRANGEMENT GUIDE

Before you go through this module, it is important that you note the text
arrangement. Understanding the text arrangement should help you to organise
your study of this course to be more objective and more effective. Generally, the
text arrangement for each topic is as follows:
Learning Outcomes: This section refers to what you should achieve after you
have completely gone through a topic. As you go through each topic, you should
frequently refer to these learning outcomes. By doing this, you can continuously
gauge your progress of digesting the topic.
Self-Check: This component of the module is inserted at strategic locations
throughout the module. It is inserted after you have gone through one subsection or sometimes a few sub-sections. It usually comes in the form of a
question that may require you to stop your reading and start thinking. When you
come across this component, try to reflect on what you have already gone
through. When you attempt to answer the question prompted, you should be
able to gauge whether you have understood what you have read (clearly,
vaguely or worse you might find out that you had not comprehended or retained
the sub-section(s) that you had just gone through). Most of the time, the answers
to the questions can be found directly from the module itself.
Activity: Like Self-Check, activities are also placed at various locations or junctures
throughout the module. Compared to Self-Check, Activity can appear in various
forms such as questions, short case studies or it may even ask you to conduct an
observation or research. Activity may also ask your opinion and evaluation on a
given scenario. When you come across an Activity, you should try to widen what
you have gathered from the module and introduce it to real situations. You should
engage yourself in higher order thinking where you might be required to analyse,
synthesise and evaluate instead of just having to recall and define.
Summary: You can find this component at the end of each topic. This component
helps you to recap the whole topic. By going through the summary, you should
be able to gauge your knowledge retention level. Should you find points inside
the summary that you do not fully understand, it would be a good idea for you
to revisit the details from the module.
Key Terms: This component can be found at the end of each topic. You should go
through this component to remind yourself of important terms or jargons used
throughout the module. Should you find terms here that you are not able to
explain, you should look for the terms from the module.
COURSE GUIDE
xv
References: References is where a list of relevant and useful textbooks, journals,

articles, electronic contents or sources can be found. This list can appear in a few
locations such as in the Course Guide (at References section), at the end of every
topic or at the back of the module. You are encouraged to read and refer to the
suggested sources to elicit the additional information needed as well as to
enhance your overall understanding of the course.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Students need not have any basic knowledge in a particular area prior to taking
this subject. There are no specific pre-requisites because this is a compulsory
subject, as determined by the MQA.
ASSESSMENT METHOD
Please refer to myVLE.
REFERENCES
Raymond A. S., & John W. J. Jr, (2002). Principles of physics: A calculus-based
text, (3 rd ed.). Harcourt College Publishers.
James S. W., (2004). Physics (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
Topic
X Introduction
to Moral
Studies in
Malaysia
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
Identify the rationale behind the existence of moral studies in the

education system;
2.
Identify the importance of Moral Studies in producing a noble

individual;
3.
Discuss the appreciation and practice of the principles of the Rukun

Negara to form a society with high moral standards;
4.
Identify individual freedoms and rights based on the laws and

Constitution of the country; and
5.
Practise a lifestyle that centres on the slogan 'Budi Bahasa Amalan

Kita'.
X INTRODUCTION
This topic discusses the background of moral studies in Malaysias education
system. Moral Studies was introduced with the aim of producing Malaysians
with good behaviour according to the values of our country. These noble values
encompass values that are accepted by all communities in our country. This is to
accommodate the various races, ethnicities, customs, cultures, religions and
beliefs in Malaysia.
TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION TO MORAL STUDIES IN MALAYSIA
The importance of Moral Studies is linked to the government's aim of producing

a society with high morals that is respected by other nations. It should be a
society that practises noble values from an early age. Moral Studies at the higher
education level functions to form a knowledgeable and pious society, endowed
with noble values, which practises the principles of the Rukun Negara to achieve
Vision 2020.
1.1
BACKGROUND OF MORAL STUDIES
In this new century, science and technology is growing so rapidly that the world
has become a smaller place a borderless world. Unfortunately, along with this
progress, comes problems that, unless managed carefully, will certainly
jeopardise the good values within the family institution, community, society and
the country. Hence, it is vital for rapid growth in science and technology to
correspond with human development because knowledge without the practice of
good values is akin to a shady but fruitless tree. Thus, it is not surprising that
there are knowledgeable people who use knowledge for violence and
destruction. For example, a person who is knowledgeable and skilful in making
explosives uses his or her knowledge and skill to create bombs that destroy life.
In Malaysia, the development and progress of knowledge and skills are nurtured
well through an education system that balances development and progress of
knowledge with development and progress of noble values. This can be seen
through the National Education Philosophy that states education in Malaysia is
a continued effort to develop the potential of an individual in a holistic and
integrated manner, so as to produce a human being who is balanced and
harmonious in terms of intellect, spirituality, emotion and physically based on
the beliefs and obedience to God. In order to achieve this noble aim, the
education system was shaped to produce individuals who were knowledgeable
and practiced its own formulated set of good values.
As mentioned previously, the development of a harmonious human being can be
realised through knowledge and appreciation, as well as the practice of noble
values. Therefore, Moral Studies and Islamic Studies were introduced. Islamic
Studies is compulsory for all Muslim students, while non-Muslim students are
required to take up Moral Studies. The Institutions of Higher Learning Act 1996
states that the Moral Studies subject is to be offered as an addition to other
subjects or courses in the institutions of higher learning; all non-Muslim students
in the institutions are required to take this subject as a pre-requisite to attain
certificates, diplomas and degrees in the institutions.
TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MORAL STUDIES IN MALAYSIA W
SELF CHECK 1.1

Did the society of the past practise moral values more than the current
society?
1.2
IMPORTANCE OF MORAL STUDIES
Moral Studies was introduced in the education system to groom good and
responsible individuals through the cultivation, appreciation and practice of the
noble values of the Malaysian society. The development of the people in
Malaysia is paralled to that of those living in a pluralistic society. Today, the
people in Malaysia want to progress physically, mentally and spiritually by
maintaining Eastern values while at the same time, not lagging behind in science
and technology.
1.2.1
Practising Noble Values
The basis of Moral Studies is the practise of noble values. Through the
appreciation and practice of noble values taught in Moral Studies, a high moral
society can be created. The practise of noble values in a society begins with an
individual. The noble values of an individual exist through knowledge and
religious beliefs. As a Malaysian, belief in God is a tenet that should be practised
and appreciated, as enshrined in the first principle of the Rukunegara, Belief in
God. Malaysia comprises various races, ethnicities and religions. Islam is the
official religion as enshrined in Part I Article III (1) of the Federal Constitution of
Malaysia. However, other religions can be practised peacefully in any territory
within the federation. As all religions in the world preach noble values,
individuals who practise the teachings of a religion would also be individuals
who practise noble values.
1.2.2
Love and Loyalty to the Nation
Malaysia practises parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. Moral

Studies stresses on love and loyalty towards the country. Through the practice of
loyalty to King and country, every citizen will be loyal and willing to make
sacrifices to defend the country from its enemies. Undivided loyalty to the King
and country is one of the factors that can unite Malaysians who comprise various
races and religions.
1.2.3
TOPIC 1
Upholding the Constitution and the Sovereignty

of Law
The countrys Constitution was drafted based on agreement between all races
and parties in the country. Through Moral Studies, every individual is taught to
be a citizen who respects, appreciates and understands the national constitution
as a social contract that cannot be questioned or threatened by any individual or
party. Every individual in our nation is protected by the law. The law is drafted
to ensure justice and freedom of individuals and society. The rights and
freedoms of all citizens are guaranteed and can be freely practised as long as they
do not contravene any law in Malaysia.
1.2.4
Good Behaviour and Morality
Malaysians are well-known for possessing Eastern values such as politeness and
decency. Through Moral Studies, the good qualities of Eastern values are stressed
upon. The governments efforts to make courtesy a way of life can be realised
through the practice of the noble values taught in Moral Studies. The population,
which comprises various races, religions and beliefs, should live together in
mutual respect. We should respect other cultures. The same goes for religions
and beliefs. Moral Studies stresses on mutual respect for all religions and beliefs.
1.2.5
Meeting the Challenges of Vision 2020
The fourth challenge in Vision 2020 is to create a moral and ethical society.
Thus, Moral Studies in the national education system aims to create individuals
who not are only highly knowledgeable but have good morals and ethics as well.
We do not want knowledgeable individuals who are arrogant, proud and use
their knowledge for immoral activities like violence and destruction. Through
Moral Studies, the people in our country from various races and beliefs can live
in unity, peace and harmony. This is ideal to meet the fifth challenge of Vision
2020, which is to create a society with morals and compromise.
The Developed Nation Vision, using our own formula, is a major agenda for the
current generation and is to be carried on by future generations. We desire
development that occurs physically and spiritually. The nine challenges of being
a developed nation in Vision 2020 is to produce citizens who are balanced
intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, that is, an integrated
development of both physical and spiritual aspects for the well-being of the
people. The society does not want to create intelligent individuals who end up as
white-collar criminals. Even though we want development based on high
technology, we are not willing to use it to destroy other humans and the
environment.
1.2.6
Awareness of the Constitution and Exercising

Rights Accordingly
Individual rights in our country are enshrined in the Federal Constitution. Part II
of the Constitution states the basic rights of Malaysian citizens clearly. These
include the right to personal freedoms, the right to receive protection and rights
on property. We should be aware of our rights as Malaysian citizens so that we
can look after ourselves, our family, our society and our property. We also have
the right to live freely in peace and prosperity. Our rights and freedoms are
enshrined in the Constitution, thus assuring a peaceful and harmonious life for
all Malaysians. Therefore, if we exercise our rights and freedoms according to the
Constitution, our family, society and country can exist in peace and harmony
where we do not trouble others and vice-versa.
1.2.7
Awareness and Carrying Out Responsibilities as

Malaysians
Every Malaysian has a duty towards the country. We are responsible for
developing ourselves and the nation. Our main responsibilities are maintaining
peace and harmony as well as developing the country. To achieve this, all
Malaysians should cultivate and practise the spirit of tolerance and compromise
among one another. Mutual respect and neighbourliness can promote the spirit
of unity, which is the basis for racial harmony. Noble values and practices have
to be instilled at a very young age, and one way is by teaching Moral Studies in
primary schools right up to the tertiary level.
1.2.8
Practising Good Manners
Good manners refer to noble values such as sincerity, patience and tolerance. The
implementation of the slogan Budi Bahasa Amalan Kita shows how serious the
government is in ensuring Malaysians practise good manners in everyday life.
Moral Studies can help us to practise not only good manners but also create a
harmonious and united society.
1.2.9
Becoming Moral Agents
Moral Studies can produce moral agents who function as practitioners of noble
values. Individuals with excellent morals and ethics can set good examples for
others. Excellent individuals are not only moral agents, but also good moral
recipients. Thus, Moral Studies stresses on moral values that are acceptable to
everyone, so that Malaysians become respected and highly regarded by people
from other nations. Who are moral agents and moral recipients? In our education
system, formal moral agents are teachers while informal moral agents are the
TOPIC 1
authorities and elders. They can be parents, siblings and other members of
society. On the other hand, formal moral recipients are schoolchildren and
university students like you. Informally, however, moral recipients are every
individual in the country. In a nutshell, all human beings are moral agents and
recipients. This ultimately differentiates humans from animals, as humans are
able to deduce rationally and free of feelings and emotions that can influence
their own actions; while logic and morals are two dimensions that are not
prevalent among animals.
ACTIVITY 1.1
Based on this diagram, explain in your own word what you have learned
in this topic. Discuss with your classmate and tutor.
Moral Studies was introduced to shape a Malaysian society that practises

noble values in a country of various races, religions and beliefs.
Everybody in the society lives in an environment of peace and harmony

that consistently gives priority to the spirit of unity, mutual respect and
tolerance among one another.
Moral Studies creates a society which knows its rights and roles, as stated
in the Federal Constitution. The members of this society will serve as agents
of change in character development and subsequently, the nation.
Topic
Concept
of
Ethics and
Types of
Moral Values
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.
Define ethics, values, morals and laws accurately;
2.
Discuss the three types of morals;
3.
Differentiate among morals, religions, customs and laws;
4.
Differentiate normative and descriptive moral statements; and
5.
Discuss the importance of moral values.
INTRODUCTION
In this module, we will discuss the concept of ethics, values, morals and
behaviours. These subjects are very important in our daily lives. The practice and
understanding of ethics, morals, values and behaviours form a bridge to unity
and harmony, not just in a family but also in society and the country.
Our discussions in this topic will also relate to rules and laws, religions and
customs; and the implications of failing to follow them. Read the following topics
and make sure you are able to meet the set objectives.
TOPIC 2 CONCEPT OF ETHICS AND TYPES OF MORAL VALUES
2.1 BACKGROUND OF MORAL STUDIES

Value can refer to the estimation of price, rank, quality, status or other
outstanding characteristics. Let us look at these meanings from different angles.
Firstly, lets look at the definition of quantitative value. Quantitative value is the
value of an object in terms of price. This value is stated in numbers. The higher
the number, the better or more valuable the object is. A RM10 item is more
expensive than a RM5 item. Similarly, a student who obtains 90% marks will be
valued more than another student who only obtains 50% marks.
Next are qualitative values. These are values that determine an item based on its
characteristics that are accepted by society. For example, how does one
differentiate between the values of glass and diamonds? Everyone would state
that the value of diamonds is more than glass. How about the value of a
painting? All these are based on qualitative value.
Let us look at the meaning of values from the perspectives of several researchers
related to this word. Suffean Hussin (1993) defined values as the quality, benefit
and importance of a behaviour, principle, activity or object. Alhabshi (1995)
stated that values are respected by individuals or societies. In addition, he said
that values are related to a system of belief based on what is assumed good or
bad by an individual or a society.
In 1994 the National Institute of Public Administration (INTAN) explained
values in terms of three categories:
1.
Values as characteristics, that is, to grant certain characteristics and

positions to something.
2.
Values as the statement of price rate or marks of an object.
3.
Values as a general measure of something that is desired or appreciated.

This type of values is axiological and related to the philosophy of values.
Based on the earlier discussion, we can state that values function as a benchmark
of standards. Values serve as a guide for us in making selections and taking
action.
10
TOPIC 2
CONCEPT OF ETHICS AND TYPES OF MORAL VALUES
ACTIVITY 2.1
Fill in the blanks.
In my opinion, the meaning of values is.......................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2.1.1
Ethics
Ethics originated from the Greek word ethos meaning customs and usages.
According to Frankena (1973) and Grassian (1981), ethics is moral philosophy of
morals or philosophical thinking on morality, moral ills and moral
considerations. Ethics encompasses both theoretical and philosophical study of
morals or proper conduct. We can say ethics is a philosophical study of morality
which covers proper conduct, obligations, positive attitudes, responsibilities,
social justice and good characteristics for a good life.
2.1.2
Morals
Morals originated from the Latin word mores which is similar in meaning to
ethics (Ashmore 1987). The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (6th ed.)
states morals as awareness of proper and improper conduct as well as what
should be followed and discarded. Morals and ethics more or less carry the same
meaning. However, morals relate more to conduct while ethics refer to rules that
are set to improve circumstances. Moral considerations are based on educations
the surrounding social system and religion.
2.1.3
Good Behaviour (Akhlak)
Linguistically, good behaviour or akhlak originated from the Arabic word

khuluq which meant well-mannered. Akhlak refers to conduct, speech and selfimage based on Islamic teachings. In other words, akhlak is a form of conduct
related to noble values that must be practised by Muslims. This means that the
noble values in akhlak are based on the Al-Quran and Hadith.
2.1.4
11
Laws
Laws are rules that are drafted by the authorities to ensure that our conduct leads
to well-being. Any contravention of the law will lead to punishment, provided
the offence can be proven. A part of ethics is not stated in the legal system as
going against ethics does not lead to tangible suffering. If there is a breach of
ethics, punishment cannot be determined clearly through the judiciary.
2.2 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ETHICS

(a)
Humans: Human beings are gifted with intelligence. Therefore, we have the
ability to choose between good and bad.
(b)
Instincts: The main instincts in humans are the instincts to eat, wed, love
children, defend ones life and worship divinity. We can use these instincts
at any time for good purposes (good ethics) and bad purposes (bad ethics).
Therefore, we should control our instinctive urges with our minds, not just
with emotions.
(c)
Customs and norms: These are values accepted by the majority of society.
Therefore, they have a strong influence in shaping ethics, whether good or
bad. For example, gotong-royong activities can help us form good ethics,
while gambling is unacceptable in society and is treated with contempt.
(d)
Descendants: This is an important factor in forming noble ethics, or the lack

of it. For example, children are likely to follow their parents behaviour.
(e)
Environment: The environment that influences ethics is divided into two

physical (climate and geographical factors) and spiritual (the essence of the
individual connected to religion or belief). These two factors shape the
conduct of a person.
ACTIVITY 2.2
Explain the similarities and differences of the ethics practised by a
doctor and a judge.
12
2.3
TOPIC 2
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LAWS AND

ETHICS
Helping the less fortunate and needy are good ethics. Not helping them is a
breach of ethics, but does not contravene the laws. A person who kills someone
else breaches ethics and also the law, since murder is against the law and not
cherishing life is considered unethical.
Generally, there are four parts of the law - Statutes, Common Law, Constitutional
Law and Regulations (directives from the authorities). Laws and ethics
encourage people to not act or behave badly laws state clearly the punishment
for breaching them, while most ethics do not set clear punishments for nonconformity.
There are many differences between laws and ethics, among which are stated in
Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Differences between laws and ethics
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ethics
Do not require enforcement officers
Enforced by conscience
The punishment for breaching ethics is
self-punishment against inner feelings that
is not recorded by any party
Determines the limits of customs, idealism,
confidence and moral values in a society
Obeying values and code of ethics will
surely prevent the breaching of laws
More general and involves the conduct
and behaviour of a person in society
Expands the change in attitude towards
good and bad conduct in society
8.
Comprehensive enforcement of rules
9.
Takes into account spiritual aspects like

staying free of envy and away from crime
Laws
Require enforcement officers
Enforced by the courts
The punishment for breaching laws
is fixed and recorded by the judge/
court
Sets definite limits (dos and donts
of an individual)
Obeying the laws does not mean
obeying ethics
Controls misbehaviour/ negative
behaviour or crime
Only sufficient to determine the
limits for bad/ negative behaviour
in society
Only sufficient to determine the
limits of rules set by the law
Many things not taken into account
like envy. It only metes out
punishment for the consequences of
actions of envy.
13
EXERCISE 2.1
Explain from the point of ethics and laws, when a person is asked to
help a victim of a road accident and refuses to do so.
2.4 VALUES IN LIFE

(a)
Values in Life from the Aspect of Materialism

On the RM10 note, there is a statement that says, This currency is legal tender
for the value of Ten Ringgit (RM10) and Bank Negara Malaysia. Through this
statement, we can purchase goods worth RM10 at the maximum. Therefore,
goods worth more than RM10 cannot be purchased with the money in hand.
Currency notes contain value that is legally recognised to purchase goods or
services that are equal in value to the sum stated on the notes.
(b)
Values in Life from the Moral Aspect

Values in the life of an individual with morals are not differentiated
quantitatively. For example, stealing five Ringgit or ten Ringgit makes no
difference morally as stealing is a value of moral, not the amount stolen.
Hence, regardless of five or ten Ringgit, stealing is still wrong and is against
the law.
(c)
Value in Life Intrinsically

The value of an item is dependent on the individual, for example the value
of being rich. It is the norm in our society today to consider a person with a
lot of money as being rich, and poor if the opposite. However, if we view
wealth from the point of human personality, moral values and quality of
life, then the person who is rich does not necessarily mean he or she has
great amounts of money.
People have different opinions on values. Some see it from the aspect of
materialism while others see it from a moral point of view. Some place
importance on moral values and some choose immoral values. The implication is
that there are individuals who are willing to forgo moral values for wealth while
some continuously relinquish chances for wealth by preserving moral values.
In Islam, humans are taught to be moderate, seeking and owning material values
by taking into consideration moral values and rejecting unscrupulous material
values. As a conclusion, values arising from ethics and moral are the basis in
forming the attitudes, opinions, motivation, personality, progress and
development of a nation and organisation.
14
TOPIC 2
2.5 FUNCTIONS OF VALUES

(a)
Values as a Consistent Standard in Peoples Actions

Here, a value acts as an agent or moral critic. For example, a person who
appreciates trust and purity would not indulge in corruption.
(b)
Values as a Guide in Solving Moral Conflicts

When solving conflicts, we will analyse and assess the causes and
suggestions for a solution. Example: You are offered a lucrative salary to
undertake a dangerous job. It is beneficial to society but not to your family.
In this case, values play an important role in making the decision to accept
or reject the offer.
(c )
Values as a Limit against Actions and Conduct by Individuals or Society

Our conduct is judged by our parents, teachers, elders and friends. This
restricts our conduct in order to receive acceptance and affection from
others.
2.6
TYPES OF MORAL VALUES
The types of moral values that we should know are:

(i)
Instrumental (Extrinsic) Values

Extrinsic values are qualities that are accepted or rejected as tools to achieve
aims. In our country, caning is meted out on rapists to eradicate rape and
incest. Another example is the penalty of death for drug traffickers in order
to stop drug dealing in the country.
(ii)
Intrinsic Values
Intrinsic values are qualities which do not depend on other values. These
are the inner values of a person. For example, we feel sad when witnessing
the suffering of an individual. This feeling is a value which is not
dependent on other values; instead the value itself is the final aim.
(iii) Subjective Values

Subjective values are qualities which depend on the views of an individual.
This means that a value may seem good to one person but bad to another.
15
(iv) Objective Values

Objective values are values which are free from personal choice.
(v)
Relative Values
Relative values are based on the rules of a society. They differ from society
to society. The values are accepted generally, proven good or bad and
maintained at all times.
(vi) Absolute Values

Absolute values are values that cannot be disputed at any time. These relate
to the beliefs and religion of a person.
EXERCISE 2.2
Based on the statements below, elaborate on the type of morals related
to each situation.
1.
Indulging in illicit sex must lead to heavy punishment.
2.
Hariyah cried upon hearing the story about the unfortunate family
which was hit by flood, just before Hari Raya Puasa.
2.7
2.7.1
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MORALS AND

RELIGIONS, CUSTOMS AND LAWS
Morals and Religions
Human conduct is linked to religions and customs. Religion encompasses the

way of life, while customs only encompass a portion of society. There are
elements of morals in both. The following are the differences between morals and
religions.
16
TOPIC 2
Table 2.2: Differences between morals and religions

No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Moral
Moral rules are not recorded in
holy books that can be followed by
all religions.
Moral rules, followed or not, are
only subject to the persons level of
awareness in a situation, without
fear.
Interpretations of rules change
according to the customs of a
society.
Rules governing relationships
between human and human;
humans and the environment.
Moral rules are not in-depth.
An action is deemed correct or
wrong according to the rules of the
society.
Moral rules tend to make a person
judge of his or her own conduct,
resulting in the person acting on
only logical thinking.
2.7.2
Religion
Rules of the religions are recorded in holy
books which form the guide to all
worshippers.
Rules of the religion and its consequences
form the guide and teachings to its followers
unquestioningly. Whether followed or not,
it is held to be true.
Rules of the religion are as stated in the holy
books. They do not change according to race
or territory.
Rules govern the relationship between
humans and God.
Rules of the religions are deeper.
In Islam, for example, the rules are set in the
Al-Quran.
Rules of the religions are fixed rules set
down by God. It is logic according to
thought and has high and deep values.
Morals and Customs
Customs are practised by a portion of society. The design of the customs can be
identified by looking at the related portion of society. For example, in Malaysia,
the baju kurung is the customary attire for Malay women, the cheong sam for
Chinese women and the saree for Indian women.
However, moral values, that is politeness, is found in all three portions i.e. the
style of dressing. Hence, morals are more universal but customs are practised
only by a certain number of people. Customs are only adhered to at certain
places and time. For example, the proposal customs of the Malays only occurs
during the engagement function with the venue being the home of the bride-tobe.
Moral rules are obeyed at any place and time as they are universal in nature.
Overall, we can say that in everyday life, customs and morals are closely
interlinked in forming a system of society. However, we also find that there are
customs that go against the moral values in life.
2.7.3
17
Morals and Laws
The assurances of well-being are rules accepted and obeyed by humans. In this
context, the rules are made of moral rules and laws. Laws arise from the
adherence of individuals to a legitimate authority, while morals are determined
by intellect or views and not written, recorded and enforced by any party. It is
bound by time and place.
Laws cover rules and punishments for breaching rules, which involve actions
through conduct, speech and writing. These rules are determined by the
authorities. The society under the jurisdiction of the authorities must follow these
laws. They differ from moral rules that involve conduct towards other humans
and the environment.
Laws are enforced by the police and other enforcement officers appointed by the
authorities.
While moral enforcement is based on the feelings of the individual, laws do not
take into account affection and mercy. Each rule and punishment for the
breaching of that rule have already been determined and must be obeyed.
Therefore, it is important that moral aspects are considered when passing a law.
2.8
NORMATIVE STATEMENTS AND

DESCRIPTIVE STATEMENTS ON MORALS
Statements on morals are related to values. It was previously stated that values
are not morals. But morals are closely linked to moral values, so moral
statements are often linked to good and bad values or right and wrong values.
Grassian (1981) stated that normative ethics is an attempt to provide logical,
systematic and proper answers to moral questions. This means that moral ethics
focuses on normative statements that have implications on human conduct.
Normative statements are considerations of good or bad values, right or wrong
values, and accepted or rejected values. For example, abortion is an immoral act.
Frankena (1973) states that morals are divided into two general and specific.
Normative statements on human acts whether good or bad, right or wrong,
obligation or not, and necessary or unnecessary are termed moral obligations or
deontic consideration. For example, the public should not buy and sell shares
with the intention to gamble is a deontic consideration because the intention to
gamble is something that is unacceptable in the eyes of religion and law.
18
TOPIC 2
Normative statements on individuals, motives, purposes and personalities

whether good, bad, noble, evil, responsible, guilty, pious and despicable are
termed consideration of moral values or aretaic. For example, smart investors
have never gambled in buying shares discusses the personality of the smart
investor i.e. having never gambled in buying shares. The aretaic consideration
statement does not touch on the obligations of a person, but only assesses the
moral characteristic smart.
Normative statements are not usually linked to the consideration of moral
values, and that is what is called consideration of non-moral values. This is
normally related to cars, paintings, novels, experiences and others. We can say it
is good or bad. For example, the statements the car is bright blue in colour or it
is an interesting novel are free from moral values because they explain the
features of the car and novel. Normative statements that instruct or command are
statements that require someone or everyone to obey the rules or laws, for
example, parents must be respected.
Descriptive statements on morals are statements that mention or explain the
characteristics of a person, item, matter and such. Descriptive statement on the
good nature of a person gives an impression of the characteristic or values
possessed by the person. For example, Ali is a forgiving person explain Alis
characteristic of easily forgiving someone who has offended him. This statement
is different from normative statements that we had discussed earlier. However,
this statement can be changed to a normative statement, Ali should forgive Abu
for his actions towards him.
Observe that the statement In Malaysia, Cabinet reshuffle is under the
jurisdiction of the Prime Minister is a descriptive statement. It explains a logical
fact according to the situation in Malaysia. It is not related to the consideration of
moral values. We can safely say that fact-based descriptive statements do not
consider values or obligations. Descriptive statements can be changed to
normative statements, for example, voter registration is on the decline can be
changed to the normative statement good citizens should register as voters.
EXERCISE 2.3
1. Explain the customs that contravene morality and suggest how to
overcome the problem.
2. How can moral values restrict the conduct of a person, ensuring he
or she is always honourable?
2.9
19
IMPORTANCE OF MORAL VALUES
A society with morals will foster peace in the country. The second challenge in
Vision 2020 is to create a country that is free-willed, calm and progressive with
self-confidence; proud of what it has and what it has achieved; and possesses
strength in adversity. The Malaysian society is easily recognisable by its
enthusiasm to succeed, its awareness of its capabilities, its refusal to yield to
anyone and the respect it receives from other countries.
Why and how can this society with morals be created? Morals are important in
focusing on happiness in this world. A country will be peaceful and prosperous
if its society has high moral standards. The shaping of a society with high moral
standards starts with individuals and families.
2.9.1
Fulfilling Human Nature
Before we discuss morals in society, it is better if we look from the individual

aspect. In ones self, there are inner values that have existed since birth. An
individual will be at peace when admiring beauty. Inner peace also exists when
we do good, help others, always smiling to others and being cheerful.
Anxiety, nervousness and confusion will occur when an individual faces
something uncomfortable like the stench from a sewage treatment plant, seeing
someone with a fierce face and so on. Sympathy and pity exist when we see
something that is touching, while we feel anguish, hate and misery when seeing
cruelty and oppression.
Sympathy, hate, sadness, hurt, joy and so on are feelings that cannot be taught
but are part of human nature. Good ethics are important in fulfilling human
nature.
2.9.2
Encouraging Good Deeds to Oneself and Others
Ethics refer to the good conduct that is the principle of all human beings. Ethics
makes it important for human nature to be followed. When someone is
sympathetic, the next step is naturally to provide help or assistance to the person
who needs it. A person with ethics has a life filled with good deeds and
behaviour, not just for himself but the good deeds are felt around him. Hence, it
is clear that ethics can encourage good things and conduct the well-being of the
society and country.
20
2.9.3
TOPIC 2
Preventing Immorality
People with ethics will feel awkward if they had to do something that went
against their ethics. Hence, people with ethics would not do something that is
against their ethical beliefs. These ethics are a deterrent to any unacceptable
deed done by a person, society and country.
2.9.4
Creating and Maintaining Peace
Wars, murders and destruction of nature are unethical acts. Do you want to live
in fear in a barren, war-torn land? Definitely, no one would want to live in such
conditions. A free spirit, a happy family, a peaceful country and a clean
environment are the desires of every person in this world.
A peaceful life in this world is not possible if the people inhabiting the world do
not play their part in heading towards the direction mentioned. Without ethics,
the inhabitants will live in chaos and their souls will always be miserable. The
calmness of the soul and harmony of life will only exist if every being in this
world possesses high ethics. In other words, ethics can bring about peace,
happiness and well-being in the world.
2.9.5
Continuation of Human Civilisation
The world today is not only plagued by civil crimes, but also sophisticated
crimes, as sophisticated as the development of technology. The development of
technology is to ease and quicken our work. Actually, creating good is easy but
creating evil is a lot easier. It has become the norm that when good exists, there
will also be disobedience. This can be seen clearly in the progress of computing;
when new software is created, almost immediately a virus is created to fail the
operation of the software.
Good ethics practised by all beings can continue progress in any field. This can
be related to the theory of utilitarianism that stresses upon us to act towards
maximum good for all parties. Thus, the human civilisation will continue to grow
for the well-being of all.
2.9.6
A Complete Human Personality
The term perfect being refers to a being who is complete physically, spiritually
and intellectually. Perfect beings would not do things which are condemned by
family, society and self. Generally, there are no perfect beings. In our country,
ethical persons are awarded with the title mithali (exemplary).
2.9.7
21
Maintaining the Status of Humanity
Humans are the best of creations. They have been gifted with intelligence by
God to differentiate between good and bad actions. Hence, calling a person an
animal is unacceptable.
ACTIVITY 2.3
Based on the explanations on the importance of morals, build a mind
map to help you remember the given facts. Then, conduct your own
observation on the society. Give your comments and opinion on how
good or bad the society is today.
Value can be refer to the estimation of price, rank, quality, status or other
outstanding characteristics.
Ethics means customs and wages.
Morals refer to the awareness of proper and improper conduct as well as

what should be followed and discarded.
Laws are rules that are drafted by the authorities to ensure that our conduct
leads to well-being.
The five factors that influence ethics are: Humans, instincts, customs and
norms, descendants and environment.
Functions of values are: Consistent standards in peoples actions, guide in

solving moral conflicts and limit against actions and conduct by individuals
or society.
Normative statements on human acts whether good or bad, right or

wrong, obligation or not, and necessary or unnecessary are termed moral
obligations or deontic consideration.
Descriptive statements on morals are statements that mention or explain

the characteristics of a perosn, item, matter and such.
Topic3
Theory of
Ethics
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.
Explain the theories of Moral Development, Social and Humanistic;
2.
Differentiate each level of children moral development;
3.
Identify the elements used to measure moral behaviour; and
4.
Demonstrate different theories of moral development in your

everyday life.
INTRODUCTION
This topic introduces several theories related to moral studies, starting with the
theory of moral development followed by the theory of moral ethics. These
theories are the foundation of the formation of individual with good personality
traits. These moral theories are based on cognitive and social behaviours. You
should understand these theories and able to identify the similarities and
differences. Read further and try to relate the moral development in yourself and
individuals around you.
3.1
3.1.1
THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)
Humans go through physical and mental development from birth, along with
moral development. Physical, mental, cognitive and intellect enable children to
follow instructions, obey norms, traditions, customs and rules set by the
authorities.
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
23
It is important to understand the individual moral development as it is crucial in

the formation of individual with good moral values within the society. Many
theorists came out with different kinds of theories on children development.
Lawrence Kohlberg, one of the theorists spent 20 years studying the cognitive
and moral aspects of childrens development.
From his studies, he found out that there is a sequence in the childrens
development. It is divided into three levels and six stages. Every level has two
stages as shown below.
(a)
Level One: Pre-conventional

Stage one is also known as the obedience and punishment phase or
obedience and punishment orientation phase. This means physical effects
determine good or bad behaviour. In this phase, children behave or do
good things to avoid punishment. They also want to get reward from
people with superior physical power.
Stage Two: Individualism and Counter-balance
Stage two is also known as individualism and the counter-balance stage.
Here, behaviour and action that can fulfil needs and necessities are
considered good. In this stage, children are aware that good behaviour is a
channel to satisfy the needs of their loved ones and themselves. They also
start to notice that other people also have needs like they do. Therefore,
children will refer to their loved ones to get what they want.
(b)
Level Two: The Conventional Level

The third stage in this theory is the agreement between individual or
interpersonal observance orientations. Good behaviour is an act fulfilling
the expectations of loved ones. At this stage, children do good things or
morally correct things to obey their loved ones.
The fourth stage is social norms/orientation instructions and law. Good or
bad behaviours are determined by loyalty and social order by performing
social duties and responsibilities. At this stage, children see other people as
part of a social system which determines the roles and responsibilities of
each individual. In this case, they are able to determine behaviours and
actions based on the law they should obey.
(c)
Level Three: Post-conventional Morality

The fifth stage is related to social contract. Contract-legalistic social
orientation is certain values agreed by a community which includes social
rights and rules to achieve agreement and determine what is right. In this
stage, children will be aware that each human being has different opinions.
24
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
Nevertheless, there should be an agreement or consensus to determine

what is fair in order to close the gap.
The sixth stage is the highest stage in Kohlbergs Theory of Moral
Development. It is related to the principle of global ethics. In this stage,
good behaviours are determined based on the principle of global ethics and
its consistency. Humans do things based on the principle of justice,
community welfare, equality, honour and not using others to get what you
want.
Kohlbergs theory is a sequence of moral development that can help us to
understand the pattern of childrens moral development. This theory can be
used as a guide to produce individuals with high morality through moral
standards in a certain community. By understanding Kohlbergs theory, we
will be able to cultivate the ability to decipher good moral value and not
just accept all moral standards set by our family, friends, culture, custom
and community. We can also discuss, analyse and criticise these standards
for collective benefit.
Kohlbergs Theory Criticism
Kohlbergs theory has several weaknesses as he focuses on moral development
using hypothesis which means other types of moral development are left out.
Kohlbergs theory stressed on the development of moral reasoning related to
individual intelligence. But intelligence does not guarantee that a person will
know what to do when faced with a moral dilemma. Experience does not
increase ones insight on certain things such as moral dilemma. This element
could not be found in Kohlbergs theory as he used moral dilemma only in
theory, neither does he really explain the emotional aspects of moral
development. Theoretically, moral consistency in moral dilemma might not be
very obvious compared to experience. Making decisions in real situations might
trigger the emotion and behaviour to react. This situation could not be seen in
moral consistency based on a hypothetical situation. Kohlbergs studies will be
more meaningful if he uses real situations rather than moral dilemmas based on
theory.
ACTIVITY 3.1
In your opinion, what is the suitable age for every level of Kohlbergs
Moral Development Theory? Verify your opinion with your tutor.
TOPIC 3
3.1.2
THEORY OF ETHICS
25
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Jean Piaget did a lot of research on ethics although he is well-known for

childrens cognitive development studies. He divided childrens development
into two moral-related levels based on the principle of controlled source which
control the childrens behaviour and thinking. This principle is known as
internalisation which studies the source of childrens thinking and behaviour and
how the sources control their behaviour. For instance, children imitate the act of
greetings from their parents. Meanwhile, parents control their children by
instructing them to greet certain people (such as the elderly). Then, the children
should be able to greet other people without being asked anymore.
The first stage of Piagets ethics development is based on the principle of
internalisation which involves rules set out by superiors around them such as
parents, older family members and teachers. This stage is also known as External
Morality. Children see rules as something which is set out and controlled by their
superiors. They will experience this stage until the age of 10 by observing and
obeying rules. For example, the rules set out in school and home help children to
behave, based on guidance from parents, family members and teachers.
The second stage of is called Autonomous Morality. During this stage, children
will create rational ideas about equality as a reversible process in their life. They
try to control the behaviour of other people just as what they have been going
through. For example, they create rules in their games and want other people to
follow them. They also see justice as reversible in their life. They will expect
others especially those under their supervision (such as younger sisters or
brothers and peers) to do things just like they were instructed to do. Children
begin to develop self-concern rather than having other people to stress on certain
behaviour.
Generally, Piaget divided cognitive development related to childrens moral
development into four stages motor-sensory, pre-operation, concrete operation
and formal operation. For Piaget, childrens moral development involved the
development of their intellect through several consecutive stages. Children build
their own world actively. They interact actively with their surroundings in order
to develop their mental structure, intellect and morality. From this active
interaction process, children will experience changes in their morality by
observing changes in moral justice. For example, a child will be upset if he does
not receive a birthday present from his parents like other children do.
Let us now study the four stages of intellect development and their connection
with moral development.
26
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
(a)
Motor-sensory Stage (Birth to 2 Years)

At this stage, children manipulate physical elements in their surroundings
to gain knowledge and adapt themselves. Nevertheless, their moral
awareness is minimal, which is in the pre-moral stage. They perform
repeatable habits based on frequency. For example, whenever they want to
eat and drink, they will cry and raise their hands. Every time they feel
hungry, they will repeat the act until they get to eat and drink. The
behaviour does not contain moral elements and sometimes causes strain
among themselves. Whenever they play, they follow the rules of the game
reluctantly because the game is just a form of entertainment for them.
(b)
Pre-operational Stage (2 to 7 Years)

In this stage, children have a very high sense of curiosity. They experiment
to get answers to the questions arising from their inner self. Apart from
being egocentric, they have a very high imagination. They see things
objectively, which means what happened is not the reason why it
happened. Nevertheless, the rule of the authority, especially that of parents,
still binds them. They see rules as sacred and unchangeable. These children
are still experiencing pre-moral stages in transition to the heteronomy
moral stage. External authority rules still control them in making a moral
decision. In this stage, they will play games by following inherited rules.
Egocentrism makes it difficult for them to accept other peoples opinions
and they are uncooperative. Nevertheless, they will start showing
cooperative behaviour at the end of this stage.
(c)
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 Years)

Children will show a sign of maturity at this stage. They show the ability to
think logically, formally and in a stable matter. As their social scope
widens, they will understand the necessity of being cooperative, especially
with their peers. They still follow the rules without questioning but are able
to discuss the procedures and the principles of a game they are playing
when arguments arise. This indicates that their moral rules are rational
rules that require them to respect, understand and have good
communication with one another.
(d)
Formal Operational Stage (11 Years and Above)

This is the highest stage in cognitive development where children reach the
perfect balance in their moral consideration. Egocentrism will fade and
eventually disappear. They are experiencing the autonomous moral
development stage. They unleash themselves from the bind of the authority
in making moral decisions. Interaction and sense of cooperation with their
peers will develop. They are able to master the rule of game and fair play.
The rules could be changed based on agreement and interaction as these are
no longer sacred.
TOPIC 3
3.1.3
THEORY OF ETHICS
27
Criticism of Piagets Moral Development Theory
Piaget only focuses on moral rules in childrens games. Other rules of social
morality are not given the same priority. Maybe this is because he focused on
newborn babies up to children who are 12 years of age in his studies. At this
stage, children start to show signs of natural social morals. It could be seen in the
way they communicate, greet people, carry themselves, etc. Further studies
should be carried out to give a clearer picture and more effective explanation.
Another aspect that could be observed is motivation and sampling or external
imitation. The aspect of imitating the images of artistes is a current reality trend
that he could not explain. This indicates that popular artistes are effective moral
agents. In this stage, Piagets theory could not explain the phenomenon. Another
criticism towards the theory is individual differences. Piaget did not focus on this
although individual differences such as gender and social ranks will affect
individual moral practice and decision-making.
3.2
SOCIAL MORALITY DEVELOPMENT

THEORY
Among the theorists who came out with a Social Morality Theory are Albert
Bandura and Emile Durkheim. A popular theory by Bandura states that moral
development is based on the observation of other peoples behaviour. Bandura
says there are three methods of imitation direct imitation, inhibition and noninhibition; and elicitation.
Direct imitation: Direct imitation happens when a person imitates a behaviour
that he or she sees in the media, pictures or by listening to explanations. For
example, children imitate the behaviour of their loved ones or people they like
the way they talk, their clothes and many other things.
Inhibition and non-inhibition: This method might be suitable for one situation
but not for another. It comes together with penalty and punishment. For
example, the act of cheering in the field is clearly inappropriate for a formal event
in a hall. If cheering is done during a formal speech in the hall, punishment will
be imposed and individuals witnessing this will not imitate the act of cheering
during formal events. But if there is no punishment for the act of cheering during
formal events, it will be imitated and repeated the next time by individuals who
witness it.
Elicitation: It means imitating others because they know how to do something.
For example when a person sees other people sing, he/she also wants to sing
because he/she knows the lyrics. He or she sings the song because other people
sing the song.
28
3.2.1
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
Criticism of Banduras Theory
Not all behaviours can be imitated. Some behaviours are cultivated by moral
considerations. Children desire to do things they think about doing. They also
want to do things according to their emotions. However, not all of their
behaviours are a total imitation. Do penalty and punishment really prevent a
person from imitating certain behaviours? If yes, what will happen if there are no
penalty and punishment? Penalty and punishment-based behaviour are
inconsistent unlike instinct-based behaviour which is more resistant and
consistent where ethical aspect are clearly defined by the enforcement of the
heart. All factors related to behavourial development should be considered in
order to produce individuals with high morality.
3.3 BEHAVOURIAL MORAL THEORY

The Behavourial Moral Theory explains the importance of the involvement of
parents and caregivers in childrens moral development. Childrens behaviour is
formed through three methods reward, abuse and observation. The formation
of childrens morality depends on the lessons given. They will show good
behaviour if they receive suitable training, guidance and discipline. To make
promote good behaviour, reward and punishment should be given to children.
Wright (1978) suggested that caregivers created the foundation of their childrens
behaviour by using three methods reward, abuse and good examples in their
routine. Caregivers or adults are the strengthening source of good or bad
behaviour. They are best role models for children to adopt honourable
behaviours. Children will show good behaviour if their in caregiver trains and
disciplines them and is a good role model. Negative reinforcement will cause
wariness and prevent them from wrongdoing. Positive strengthening will create
a high possibility for children to repeat good behaviours.
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
Come! Let us all smoke

together with our teacher.
Figure 3.1: In this case, should the students imitate their teachers behaviour?
ACTIVITY 3.2
Refer to Figure 3.1. In your opinion, what kind of preventive measure
can the teacher adopt to avoid this situation? In a group of 2 or 3, discuss
how the school administration can address this issue.
EXERCISE 3.1
It is difficult for a father to fulfil all his childrens desires. Explain how
he could make an exemplary decision that could be imitated by his
children. Give an example.
29
30
3.4
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
THEORY OF SOCIAL MORALITY
The theory of social morality relates moral standards, social norms, law and the
global environment to the concept of ethics. It stresses on individual
responsibility to obey rules set by the authority. This theory prioritises on public
interest instead of individual interest. The system of social morality could be seen
through the religious aspect.
Buddhists are advised not to adopt an extreme lifestyle, self-indulge or be
overwhelmed by desire. Instead, they should adopt noble behaviours (especially
kindness and love) to reach nirvana. The daily life of a Christian centres around
the Ten Commandments. For example, a Christian is prohibited from committing
murder, adultery, theft, etc. Hindus are required to follow the moral rules stated
in the epic of Ramayana, Upanishad, etc. These rules guide them on what to do
and not. Muslims are required to follow the moral guidance stated in the Quran
and Hadith.
The theory of social morality has it weaknesses. Different communities have
different sets of rules, laws, cultures and moral values. This will lead to moral
relativism and cause misunderstanding, conflict and tension within the
community. Many incidents of riots between races, community crisis and wars
between countries are caused by misunderstanding.
The theory of social morality relates social rules and culture with the concept of
ethics. A dogmatic set of rules sometimes causes difficulties to members of a
community in adapting to a new situation. The same can be said about unjust
rules and regulation which could be contested. The members of the community
have to obey them against their own wishes. This will result in disastrous side
effects because they end up not feeling guilty although what they do is against
their personal principles (Durkheim, 1968).
3.5
THEORY OF HONOURABLE PERSONALITY
The Theory of Honourable Personality emphasises personal characteristics to

achieve a good life. For example, effort and diligence will lead to success. So, we
should know the quality and standard of living that we want to achieve. The
formation of human personality happens gradually from childhood to
adulthood. There are four characteristics of honourable personality. Some can be
obtained through education and training.
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
31
Differences between skills and honourable personality are:

(a)
Honourable personality is a noble heritage whereas skills are an individual

ability such as doing mathematical calculation;
(b)
Honourable personality is a human life quality that could be applied

widely whereas skills are specific for certain activity;
(c)
It is difficult to practise an honourable personality whereas skills could be

easily acquired through practice;
(d)
We could accept that sometimes humans may lose their skills but it is hard
to accept when humans they lose their honourable personality; and
(e)
There is no time-off in practising an honourable personality while there is

time-off in practising skills.
ACTIVITY 3.3
Discuss a situation where a charitable person is said to have honourable
personality and yet the money he donates was actually obtained
illegally.
3.6
THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
The Theory of Psychoanalysis discusses moral development by focusing on the

concept of super-ego. This concept needs to be explained together with the
concept of id and ego.
Table 3.1: Concept of Id and Ego
Id
Instinctive reaction to quickly attain satisfaction.
Ego
Related to the world outside the individual self.
Super-ego
Explains and interprets intuitions or individual social behaviour

norms. Determines behaviour when id and ego exist together.
The development of childrens instinct starts when they lack motivation to

control their behaviour. This situation usually triggers the children to be hostile
towards the authorities and adults that abuse them or let them down. Super-ego
controls anti-social impulses. If the super-ego could not fight the forbidden ideas,
the children will carry out an anti-social act and regret it when they realise it is a
mistake. But if the super-ego fights the forbidden ideas strongly, the individual
will act according to the correct behaviour allowed by the instinct.
32
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
Super-ego is developed in early childhood. Behavioural consistency develops

until a certain age and it is difficult to change after that. However, behavioural
development is not concerned with intellectual or thinking aspects in moral
development. It is obvious that the Theory of Psychoanalysis focuses on an
individuals inner self which includes feelings and emotions whereas the
intellectual aspects are given less emphasis.
EXERCISE 3.2
Explain the meaning of id, ego and super-ego and connect them to
childrens moral development.
3.7 THEORY OF TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS

Teleological is derived from the word telos which means goal. The Theory of
Teleological Ethics suggests that right or wrong values depend on the
consequences of certain behaviours. It means if the behaviour provides a lot of
benefits, then it needs to be done. This theory emphasises on the importance of
the consequences of certain behaviours (consequentialism). For theorists, moral
value is a person's behaviour depending on the non-moral value produced.
Therefore, this theory decides what is good or compulsory from a non-moral
point of view. To know whether what we do is good, correct or compulsory from
a non-moral point of view, we must know if it produces something good, correct
or compulsory from the non-moral point of view (Franken, 1973).
Teleologists have different opinions about what is good from a non-moral point
of view. Some think like a hedonist (identify the good with pleasure and the bad
with pain) and some have the opinions of a non-hedonist (identify the good with
power, knowledge, self-awareness, accuracy, etc.). Teleologists also have
different opinions about who receive the good or the bad. Therefore, a lot of
teleological theories have come into view such as Utilitarianism and Egoism.
3.7.1
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is derived from the word utility meaning useful. The term
utilitarianism means moral behaviour that produces maximum good for the
majority. According to Warnock (in Mills 1964), the pioneer of this theory was
Jeremy Bentaham (1784-1832). He introduced a scientific method to analyse the
quantity of pleasure. He allocates an analysable value to each value.
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
33
Based on the analyses, moral behaviour could be determined. Behaviour which

brings maximum happiness and pleasure is morally good. To determine whether
a behaviour is morally good, every moral element will be analysed according to a
certain quantity of pleasure and pain. It is quite difficult to determine the level of
pleasure (right value) and pain (wrong value) of a behaviour as it accepted by a
community but might be considered wrong and unacceptable in other
communities.
To determine whether a behaviour is right or wrong, the moral rule aspect
should be considered. To determine the pleasure and pain of behaviour,
appropriate steps must be taken with the rules or laws of the universal moral.
The universal rules include three essential elements:
A principle or rule must be accepted and obey at all times.
To respect humans, not use them.
A person at fault will be punished if he is present at the place where the

incident happened.
Even though it is quite difficult to measure the level of pleasure and pain,
Bentham initiated a method called hedonistic calculus. Several elements can be
used to identify the level of pleasure and pain.
There are seven elements to be considered in order to measure the level of
pleasure and pain. Every element determines the level of pleasure and pain with
a measurement scale ranges from -1 to -10 and +1 to +10. The (-) symbol
represent the level of pain whereas the (+) symbol represent the level of pleasure.
The seven elements to be considered are intensity, duration, certainty,
propinquity, fecundity, purity and extent.
To Explain Utilitarianism, Study the Following Case.
Kevin is a get-rich-quick scheme agent. He is happy that he received a profit of
the percentage by getting new investors, even though they were conned. The
investors sold their land and cars to invest in his company and hoped to get fast
and easy profit. Initially, his company paid the profit as scheduled but later, no
payment was given and even their deposits were not refunded.
(i)
Intensity: The investors experience pain because they sold their assets to
invest. Let us say -10 represents pain. When the people get profit from their
investment within a short time, they feel pleasure. The pleasure level is +7.
However, calculation shows that the investors still suffer pain because the
profit is not equal to the investment made. The level of pain for is -3
because the initial pain is -10 and the pleasure of getting profit is +7. On
Kevins part, pleasure is +10 by because he gets profits from a new investor.
34
(ii)
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
Duration: This element determines how long the pleasure or pain lasts.
Getting a dividend/profit from an investment is a pleasurable experience
(+10) especially if the entire dividend was spent. The pleasure makes the
investors greedy and invest more (investing 50% more).
This is a (-5) pain because half of the dividend that could be spent is
reinvested. After being balanced the investors only gets +5. Kevin will feel
extreme pleasure because the investors reinvested, meaning more profit for
him.
(iii) Certainty: The initial pleasure changes to pain when the investors lose their
assets and investments (-10). Kevin suffers a loss when the investors
constantly ask about the investment and dividend promised (-7).
(iv) Propinquity: The investors will suffer pain when investing their his money
(-10) whereas Kevin will get pleasure (+10) when he gains profit just by
coaxing the investors to invest.
(v)
Fecundity: The investors feel pleasure when they receive the dividend. But
that will soon change to pain when they lose all their investments (-10).
Kevin will also feel less pleasure (-8) because the investors will constantly
chase him.
(vi) Purity: The investors will suffer pain not only because they did not get the
profit but also because they lost all of their investments so the pain level is 10. Kevin will feel guilty because he would not be able to give profits to the
investors and the activity will come to a halt because the company goes
bankrupt. However, the feeling might not be as bad as that of the investors
because Kevin gains profit at the initial stage.
(vii) Extent: Both investors and Kevin will feel pain in case he gets arrested by
the police (-10) because the investors lose their investments while Kevin
will be prosecuted. Both the investors and Kevins family will suffer
indirect pain because of the loss and prosecution. The level of pain for them
is -3.
The level of pleasure and pain could be measured as shown in Table 3.2.
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
35
Table 3.2: Level of Pleasure and Pain

Case Consideration Elements
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Investor
You
Intensity
Duration
Certainty
Propinquity
Fecundity
Purity
Extent
-7
+5
-10
-10
-10
-10
10
+10
+10
-7
+10
-8
-5
3
Total
-52
+7
The level of pain is higher (-52) compared to the level of pleasure (+7). It is
obvious that the act of coaxing the investors is immoral because the level of pain
is much higher than that of pleasure.
The weaknesses of Benthams Hedonistic Calculus are as said below:
(a)
The intensity of pleasure is subjective because individual feeling is unique.
(b)
Individual quality of pleasure is different.
(c)
Measuring the quantity of pleasure and pain is very difficult at different

times with different experiences.
3.7.2
Egoism
There are two types of egoism:

(i)
Physiological egoism a descriptive theory connecting how people behave.
(ii)
Ethical egoism tells people how they should behave.

It is interpreted as a theory that regards good value as self-interest and bad
value as wasteful.
3.8
THEORY OF DEONTOLOGY
Deontology is derived from the Greek word deon, which means duty or
responsibility (Davis in Singer, 1991). There are two aspects in this theory
behaviour and rule. This theory suggests that there are other considerations that
could determine whether certain behaviours or rules are good, correct or morally
compulsory even though these do not produce much goodness compared to
badness to an individual, community or the world.
36
TOPIC 3
THEORY OF ETHICS
Act nonconsequentialist theories emphasise that all specific moral decisions

happen in a certain situation. Example: During this critical situation, I have to
pull the trigger and aim at the burglar. This action was done to suit the situation
without referring to any rules.
Rule nonconsequentialist theories assume that the standard of measurement for
right or wrong behaviour consist of more than one rule. The rule is fundamental,
and not based on a certain situation.
In short, the theory of deontology studies how we are responsible in catering to
others and our duties towards them. It is an action-oriented approach.
ACTIVITY 3.4
Academicians have been debating about theories that we have discussed
in this topic. Refer to: Eow Boon Hin (2000), Moral Education, Pearson
Education Sdn. Bhd.: Petaling Jaya. Compare and discusss your findings
from this book with your classmates and tutor.
EXERCISE 3.3
1.
One day, Mrs. Pruma was walking home from work when a man
tries to snatch her handbag. While Mrs. Pruma is trying to defend
herself she accidentally stabs the man. Explain Mrs. Prumas
action based on the Theory of Deontology
2.
Explain this statement: humans should be respected, not used.
There are more than five theories discussed in this topic so you could
compare and build your understanding about Moral Education.
The discussions are based on several aspects such as cognitive, social and
behaviour.
The exposures to these theories enable you to understand and practise them
in your daily life.
Most of the theories are universal, accepted by the public as a guide

towards cultivating ethics and good morals.
Complete the following table:

TOPIC 3
Theory
Cognitive
Behaviour
Social
Honourable
Personality
THEORY OF ETHICS
Psychoanalysis
Teleology
Important
characteristics
37
Deontology
Topic4
Moral
Principles
and Values in
Religion and
Beliefs
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the topic, you should be able to:
1.
Explain 10 moral principles;
2.
Explain the importance of two moral principles;
3.
Explain briefly the five main religions in Malaysia;
4.
Compare the three major beliefs in Malaysia; and
5.
Compare religion and beliefs in developing a person with morals.
INTRODUCTION
One principle of life that we will always encounter is: "I will not do something I
am not able to do or like." A person's action or behaviour is based on his beliefs
of his abilities.
In this topic, you will learn 10 moral principles that could guide you to be a
person with high morality. We will also discuss the importance of moral
principles in daily life.
Having discussed moral principles and moral standards, we will focus on
religious values. Religion and morality are inseparable and closely linked to each
other. Both aim to shape a noble being who lives in harmony. However, religion
TOPIC 4
MORAL PRINCIPLES AND VALUES IN RELIGION AND BELIEFS
39
has rules recorded in holy books while moral is a sense of awareness of ones self
which is not found in any holy book or record of rules to be followed.
People with morals hold fast to religious teachings as religion is the basis of
moral values. On the surface, everything contained in moral values and rules are
found in all religions, but not all moral rules and values are found in religious
teachings. It also discuss the values in religion and beliefs that form the basis of
people with morals.
4.1 THE BASIS OF MORAL PRINCIPLES

Moral principles are related to right or wrong, good or bad behaviour that one
should practise. Moral principles or beliefs involve certain aspects accepted by
the community. The 10 moral principles are as shown below.
1.
Principle of Duty
2.
Principle of Existentialism
3.
Principle of Goodness
4.
Principle of Badness
5.
Principle of Human Evolution
6.
Principle of Ambition
7.
Principle of Trust
8.
Principle of Ikram Muslim in (Solidarity)
9.
Principle of Leadership
10.
Principle of Patience
We will discuss each principle briefly.
4.1.1
Principle of Duty
This principle, suggested by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), emphasises that duties

are carried out because they are responsibilities. To take a morally right action,
we have to use the following formula.
Freedom + Justice + Wisdom + Choice (maxim reference) = Morally Right Action
40
TOPIC 4
The concept of goodwill is something good without conditions while carrying

out an action. According to Kant, we should consider a persons intention in
determining whether a certain behaviour is good or correct.
The Principle of Total Command means a command that exists with exemptions
or conditions. It consists of three primary principles it must be generally
accepted; it must respect humans; and the responsible party must be willing to be
treated in the same way as the victim if he/she happens to be in the victims
shoes.
4.1.2
Principle of Existentialism
Western philosophers accept the concept of existentialism or individual

existence. This principle stresses that good or bad values must be based on
individual choice and free will. The principle is divided into Christian
existentialism and atheistic existentialism (a belief that God does not exist).
Human beings are assumed to have been born without direction or equipment.
Whatever happens is the individuals own responsibility. He will shape his own
self. The principle maintains that the environment does not influence a persons
needs and desires. Human needs and behaviour will form individual morals,
totally and absolutely. Education and its objectives will mould an individual and
raise awareness of honourable behaviour.
4.1.3
Principle of Goodness
According to this principle, human nature is good. A newborn baby is

considered innocent. In the process of growing up, an individual will be
influenced by the community and may end up becoming a bad person.
Education could mould individuals to lead a good life. One weakness of this
principle is that humans good quality cannot be proved with reality. Social
aspects and culture are not considered.
4.1.4
Principle of Badness
This principle is the oldest assumption about the personality of humans. It arises
from the belief that a human being should be returned to the good path
alongside his God because Adam (human representative) was guilty and cast
away from heaven as a punishment. From the moral point of view, human beings
are evil and sinful.
According to this principle, children are lazy, stupid, immoral and indisciplined.
Teachers have to discipline their students so they can be good and useful. Among
the weaknesses of this principle is the assertion that humans are inferior and
TOPIC 4
41
placed at the lowest level, that of animals. Human beings have to obey the
authorities, against their feelings and thoughts. Some human beings, when
bestowed with power, social status and wealth, might use others for evil
intentions.
EXERCISE 4.1
Your business is experiencing a decline. To turn it around, you need a
large amount of capital which you do not have. If your siblings are
willing to invest in your company by selling the family land, your
business will recover and prosper.
How would the formula of Freedom + Justice + Wisdom + Choice
(maxim reference) = Morally Good Action help you to overcome your
business problems?
4.1.5
Principle of Human Evolution
This principle says that human life development occurs according to human
evolution aspects, such as age and environment factors. With guidance since
childhood, we could cultivate good moral values. This principle is seen as a
social process in which human development is an adaptation to constant cultural
changes. Human beings also experience moral changes and development in
stages.
Among the weaknesses of this principle is that it compares humans to grass
growing by the roadside. Human beings are placed on the same level as animals,
with no spiritual values. Until today, moral principle theories are related to right
or wrong, good or bad behaviour that should be practised by individuals.
Individual moral principles involve certain aspects that have been accepted by
the community, i.e. human evolution cannot be proved through experiments.
ACTIVITY 4.1
Charles Darwin is an important figure in Human Evolution Theory
studies. Surf the net for the details and discuss this theory in your tutorial.
42
4.1.6
TOPIC 4
Principle of Ambition
Human beings are ambitious. A person uses his intelligence to achieve his
ambitions. If a person uses his intelligence the right way and with wisdom, he
will form good moral values. But if he uses it unwisely, he will form less
satisfying moral values. One weakness of this principle is that it is unrealistic. It
encourages human beings to be materialistic and places a low priority on human
moral status.
4.1.7
Principle of Trust
Islam teaches its followers to be cautious and to assess every action accurately
based on the Creators standards. This is because his deeds will determine how
far he is fulfilling or deviating from the obligations entrusted to him. The
principle of pious deeds obligation is an important aspect in a human beings
actions.
For example, in organisational management, Islam emphasises obligation to
Allah and the employer in executing a job. Furthermore, if an employees
obligation is to fulfil his responsibility towards his employer, the employer
should do the same for the employee. An employer should show kindness and
compassion, and be considerate, humane and willing to compromise with the
employee.
Therefore, burdening the employee with more work than what he/she gets in
return, is opposed by Islamic principles. Prophet Muhammad said: An
employer should pay wages due to his employee before the sweat on his
forehead gets dry.
4.1.8
Principle of Ikram Muslimin (Solidarity)
This principle creates an environment of true brotherhood and is essential for

creating a spirit of solidarity especially in working organisations to increase
performance and professionalism. It is a religious bond cultivated from the unity
of beliefs and awareness of human equality before Allah. This principle will not
become a reality if egoists exist among human beings because egoism will create
arrogant and selfish people.
4.1.9
Principle of Leadership
The best example of this principle is the incident involving Prophet Yusuf. When
Egypt was suffering from drought and an economic crisis, a skilfull and
charismatic economist was badly needed. Yusuf knew he could carry out the
responsibility because he had the experience of manoeuvring a country through
TOPIC 4
43
an economic crisis, and was willing to justly manage the division of food supply.
He offered his service and the Egyptian government accepted.
4.1.10
Principle of Patience
Another essential principle for the cultivation of an environment of social

civilisation within the community is the ability to control anger. In Islam,
forgiving does not mean support or consent to wrongdoing; rather, it is an inner
strength shown through devotion by not succumbing to revenge or retaliation
when a person is wronged.
Avoiding or restraining anger, being forgiving and offering advice to others
could create a spirit of cooperation, order and harmony. A person who is
incapable of controlling his anger will easily create conflict, resulting in
disruption. Being gentle, friendly and calm is cultured and noble behaviour.
4.2
4.2.1
THE IMPORTANCE OF MORAL PRINCIPLES

Humans with Strong Principles
God bestowed humans with wisdom. Moral principles could be adopted as

individual principles because moral principles give us the chance to do the things
we choose to do based on the formula of Freedom + Justice + Wisdom + Choice
(maxim reference) = Morally Right Action. With strong moral principles, a
person will not stray from the course of his life.
If you have a life principle and practise it consistently, you will have a strong
belief. It means you will be consistent even if you face external obstacles. For
example, even though you befriend a gang of thieves, you will never steal
your moral principle will make you aware that stealing is despicable and would
not allow you to commit such an act.
4.2.2
Survival in Life
A person with principles and who holds them firmly will lead his life on the right
path. These moral values will then be passed from one generation to the next.
Human beings will live in harmony as long as they practise these values.
Therefore, good moral principles would guarantee the continuation of
honourable generations in the future.
44
TOPIC 4
EXERCISE 4.2
How will the understanding of moral principles help you to become a
leader in the community? Discuss.
4.3 RELIGION
Religion is a principle or guide related to beliefs about the existence of God and
activities that glorify God. All religions teach and require worshippers to spread
goodwill among mankind, whether to worshippers of the same faith or other
faiths.
The relationship among humans, and between humans and God, is a noble
relationship and always creates good.
No religion in the world preaches violence. Actually, evil acts are the work of
individuals. These cannot be linked to any religion. If a person practises a
religion, it will make him a noble and better person. Such, a person possesses a
noble personality and morals. On the other hand, a person who does not practise
his religion is likely to behave in a manner that is considered inappropriate by his
religion, society and nation. Therefore, in discussing moral aspects, it is beneficial
to know something about the five main religions in the country.
4.3.1
Islam
Islam started in Mecca more than 1400 years ago. Islams teachings are most
influential in explaining human development. According to Islam, humans
originated from the lineage of Adam. Human beings were formed from the
merger between spirit and being. Human were created to worship Allah. They
were also given intelligence to understand the real truth. However, human
personality has the potential to be a battlefield between two opposing tendencies
the angel element (good) and the devil element (evil) to fulfil lifes goals.
According to Islam, humans were appointed by Allah as the caliph on Earth. The
caliph is tasked with preserving the religion and practising it in administering
the world. Therefore, human beings are obligated to uphold truth and peace, and
eradicate ignorance and deviation to achieve success in the world and hereafter.
TOPIC 4
45
The Quran and Hadith are guides in organising the lives of individuals, family,
society and country. Islamic teachings encompass three main components
belief, deeds and behaviour.
Belief
This is the basis of Islams teachings related to faith and

confidence in Allah. Piety requires belief and confidence in
ones heart. A pious person will hold strong to the six articles
of faith: Belief in Allah, belief in the Angels of Allah, belief in
the messengers of Allah, belief in the Quran, belief in the Day
of Judgement and belief in qada and qadar. A faithful person
is one who has strong beliefs.
Deeds
These function as proof of faith and belief in Allah. A truly

faithful person will hold to the principle of the unity of Allah,
and practise the principles of knowledge and devotion to
Allah. This means obeying all of Allahs wishes and staying
away from anything forbidden by Allah.
Behaviour
A human being who is noble applies his faith and beliefs in his
daily life. A person with noble behaviour is one who practises
moral values and does not go against Allahs wishes. The
behaviour of Prophet Muhammad is an example of noble
behaviour that should be followed and practised by mankind.
The development and growth of humanity in the physical, intellectual, social,

affective and morals aspects are also emphasised in Islam. The main focus is on
the development of actions, personality and behaviour as well as relationship
with Allah. The objectives and direction of mankinds development according to
Islamic teachings are found in education and the nurturing of human behaviour.
All these determine a persons noble behaviour.
The final purpose of being noble in behaviour is to enable Muslims to enter
Paradise. A person is entitled to realise balanced physical and spiritual needs.
There are three factors that influence the development of humans natural
factors arranged by behaviour, environmental factors and self capabilities. The
third factor allows humans to make their own decisions.
The ethics of the Messengers of Allah were pioneered by Prophet Adam a.s.
These are the oldest ethics on Earth and were followed by other messengers. All
messengers carried the same scriptures on unity of Allah, and the scripture on
ethics, which preached worship of Allah and doing good and staying away from
evil on Earth. This matter is explained in verse 25 of Surah al-Hadid: We have
tasked Our Messengers with bringing real proof and miracles and We have sent
down with them the holy book and explanation that are the scales of justice, so
Man may carry out justice.
46
TOPIC 4
ACTIVITY 4.2
After the events of 11 September 2001 in the United States of America,
prejudice against Muslims increased as they were accused of being
terrorists. Can you prove that Islamic teachings contain elements of
violence? Discuss with your classmates and tutor.
EXERCISE 4.3
Why should the ethics of the Messengers of Allah be the reference point
for pure values at all times?
4.3.2
Christianity
This religion is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Chirst. The holy book of
the Christians is called the Bible. There are various denominations in
Christianity:
1.
Orthodox Most Orthodox churches are found in Eastern Europe and

Russia.
2.
Roman Catholicism Most widely followed denomination of Christianity.
3.
Lutheranism Followers and supporters of Martin Luther. Member of the

Protestant Church in Germany.
4.
Calvinism Followers of John Calvin from the Protestant denomination.

Followers originated from the English-speaking sphere, such as
Presbyterian, Congregationalist and Baptist.
5.
Anglicanism Church of England or allied churches like the Methodist.
The Bible contains two parts: the Old Testament which was written before the
birth of Jesus Christ, and the New Testament which was written by the followers
of Christ. Among the good values and ethics in the Bible are justice and equality.
Christians are urged to uphold justice and equality in all circumstances. Honesty
is also emphasised and is deemed capable of upholding justice, especially in
matters that can save lives. Christians are also taught to do good by helping those
in need. In the Old Testament, there are 10 Commandments which were revealed
to Prophet Moses:
1.
You shall have no other gods before me.
2.
You shall not make for yourself an idol.

TOPIC 4
3.
You shall not misuse the name of the Lord, your God.
4.
Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.
5.
Honour your father and mother.
6.
You shall not murder.
7.
You shall not commit adultery.
8.
You shall not steal.
9.
You shall not give false testimony.
10.
You shall not covet.
47
Several ethical values in Christianity are also written in the Book of Proverbs, in
line with the Ten Commandments to provide guidance on human morality.
These values are obedience towards parents, avoiding sin, loyalty and honesty,
being rational, avoiding adultery, refraining from being lazy and generosity.
4.3.3
Buddhism
Buddhism stresses upon its followers to achieve nirvana as their goal in life.
Nirvana is the concept of liberation from rebirth. Buddhist teachings that have
been compiled are called Dharma. The fundamentals of these teachings are
related to morality, that is, the middle path (moderation) or Eightfold Path and
Four Noble Truths. Each individual needs to live in moderation and not exceed
self-limits as this would lead to hardship. Moderation in life will lead a person to
the following eight paths:
1.
Right view or Samma-sitthi: Related to views or focus in life for happiness

by avoiding wrongdoing.
2.
Right speech or Samma-vaca: Related to truthful and honest speech,

refraining from telling lies and empty chatter that can lead to pride and
arrogance.
3.
Right action or Samma-kammanta: Related to good actions and behaviour

and avoiding doing negative things.
4.
Right livelihood or Samma-ajiva: Related to having a good livelihood in a

proper occupation to live happily.
5.
Right effort or Samma-vayama: Efforts to forge a noble life through hard

work and diligence without negative values.
6.
Right thought or Samma-sankappa: Good actions are based on good

intentions, thus rightful thoughts can prevent actions stemming from
negative deeds.
48
TOPIC 4
7.
Right mindfulness or Samma-sati: True awareness that comes from a calm

mind and keeps away negative attitudes like ego, anger, envy and jealousy.
8.
Right concentration or Samma-samadhi: Able to increase calmness by

meditation and freeing oneself from negative attitudes.
The truths that exist absolutely in life are suffering, origin of suffering, relief of
suffering and the path to relieve suffering. All these are achievable when humans
are able to control their desires. Through the teachings of the four noble truths,
suffering can be overcome through good and noble means for the well-being of
humanity.
4.3.4
Hinduism
Ethics in Hinduism is aimed at uniting Athman and Brahman. This is

possible by following the teachings of the religion to cleanse the soul
(Athrnansiddhi). When a person acts ethically, he will possess happiness of soul
and spirit. Ethics in Hinduism depends on the principles of Brahma (organised
and purposeful norms) justice, good, purity, truth (satyam), moderation
(shivam) and beauty (sundram). These must be followed according to the class
and status of a person. Hindu ethics are influenced by the oldest known source of
Hindu laws, the dharmasutras. There are three categories of Dharma respect for
elders; common rituals and rites; and rules that must be followed by a person.
Karma is important in Hindu ethics. It explains that a persons actions will
manifest themselves in the afterlife. Good is repaid with good while evil is repaid
with suffering. Karma also means practices that resemble religious rituals. It
teaches people to be responsible for all their actions. In Hindu ethics, there is the
principle of yamas (self-control) and niyamas (practice of self-control), which
serve as a reminder in all aspects of thought, attitude and behaviour.
Hindu ethics were taken from the Vedas (1500BC). The Vedas contain teachings
on ethics and the concept of God. Among the teachings of ethics extolled are
encouraging worshippers to be disciplined in carrying out Hindu religious duties
and performing rituals for their gods. Both these matters are considered noble
ethics. Disobeying either element is considered unethical and despicable. Among
the signs of an ethical person are liberation, health, wealth and happiness which
can be achieved if the person undertakes what is required in Hinduism. In other
words, Hinduism is considered the source of noble ethics and prioritises dharma,
ahimsa, dhruthi, kahamaa, damo, stheyam, showcha, mindriya, nigharam and
dheer.
TOPIC 4
4.3.5
49
Sikhism
Elements of morality are contained in the Sikh holy book, Guru Granth Sahib.
This book was written in prose form with three main components the need for
development of the being, relationship among people and standardising the
existence of the spirit that is deemed to be the final purpose.
Sikhism advises its followers to eliminate five aspects that are morally bad:
lustful desire (Kam), greed (Lobh), desire of material possessions (Moh), anger
(Krodh) and arrogance (Ahankar). These five things are said to disrupt the inner
calm of a person and result in immoral actions.
A Sikh is required to possess five symbols, which are uncut hair, wooden comb,
iron bangle, small sword (as shown in Figure 4.1) and clothes that protect ones
dignity. All these items have a practical purpose in a Sikhs life.
A noble personality can be achieved through numerous interactions with the
holy verses in the Guru Granth Sahib. Sikhism is a religion that places
importance on discipline in life, perfection, spirituality and inner calm, and social
obligations.
Figure 4.1: Iron bangle, wooden comb and small sword

Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism#Baptism_and_theKhalsa
50
TOPIC 4
EXERCISE 4.4
Is a religion unethical if its followers do not practise ethical traits?
4.4
BELIEFS
In this section, we will discuss three main beliefs:

1.
Confucianism
2.
Taoism
3.
Animism
4.4.1
Confucianism
Confucianism is not a religion but the teaching of moral values. It teaches about
proper conduct in relationships between people. It stresses on the importance of
living as a family and a society. The way (Tao) doctrine touches on good
conduct and manners, etiquette, politeness, moderation and nobleness. This
teaching does not reject belief in God but instead, places importance on the real
world rather than the afterlife. Cleanliness and a healthy body will show the
capability (Ti concept) of a person. The teachings of Confucius are contained in
the following four books:
1.
The Analects;
2.
The Great Learning;
3.
The Doctrine of the Mean; and
4.
The writings of the philosopher Mencius.
4.4.2
Taoism
According to Laozi, author of the Tao-te ching (Dao-de jing), dao is the first
source of all problems and matter in this environment. Dao is the path that
produces all things. It cannot be heard or seen and is not concrete. Laozis
teachings encompass four concepts: Dao gives birth to one (Dao sheng yi), one
gives birth to two (Yi sheng er), two give birth to three (Er sheng san) and three
give birth to all beings (San sheng wan wu).
TOPIC 4
51
From this concept, it is clear that Taoism gives priority to the balance between
two extremes, materialism and spirituality. Taoism also places importance on
meditation and reflection in life. It believes that the physical shape can be altered
into an immortal being through knowledge of chemistry. It creates chemical pills
that can enable humans to live forever. Dao is also a code of ethics in Taoism.
4.4.3
Animism
Animism refers to belief in supernatural beings, and is prevalent among

aborigines. In Malaysia, the aborigines are called Orang Asli. This term was
given by the British during the colonial era. The three biggest groups of Orang
Asli are Negritos, Senoi and Melayu Asli (Original Malays). Generally, they
practise animism which is the belief that every object (stone, wood, cave, mound
and such) has a spirit (Kamus Dewan, 1989).
Most Negritos believe that all objects have energy and that the world is inhabited
by many gods and powerful beings (Jasman Ahmad and Rosnah Ramli, 1997).
There are gods who give rain, ripen crops, create typhoons and more. The Senoi
have four main gods Engku, Karei, Hilok and Hiwoh. Nowadays almost 85% of
Melayu Asli are Muslims. Despite being Muslims, taboos still have a strong
influence in their lives as they live in the jungle. To a certain extent, they still
maintain various tribal customs in certain occassions like weddings and funerals.
SELF-CHECK 4.1
Compare the beliefs of Confucianism, Taoism and Animism.
4.5
PRIORITY OF VALUES
For the purpose of understanding priority of values, let us look into Islamic
values. Some of these values have also been accepted by non-Muslim
communities. In managing organisations in the country the values applied are
trust, honesty, responsibility, hard work, sincerity, orderliness, discipline,
putting interests of society above personal needs, willingness to make sacrifices,
looking ahead, and good behaviour and conduct.
Flexibility does exist in Islam. One example is in the performance of prayers.
Under certain circumstances, such as when travelling, prayers can be shortened
or accumulated, if conditions are met. Islam always gives leeway in setting
general principles in politics, administration, management and others. The
52
TOPIC 4
fundamental principles do not change; instead the general principles depend on

the location, environment and time. Why does Islam give leeway in general? It
does so because it wants to nurture excellence.
ACTIVITY 4.3
Politics is one of the branches in Islam and serves to formulate ethics for
citizens. For an explanation of Islamic politics in the administration of a
country, refer to Mustafa Hj Daud. (1994) Pengantar Politik Islam, DBP.
Explain your findings
understanding.
in
your
own
words
to
enhance
your
Islam is the official religion of Malaysia. However, other religions are freely and
peacefully practised in the country, as enshrined in the Constitution. Therefore,
in discussing noble and moral values, references are taken from Islam and other
religions practised by Malaysians to form the standard for moral values in
Malaysia.
EXERCISE 4.5
Compare religion, beliefs and morals in shaping a noble individual.
An understanding of the moral principles discussed in this topic will help

you to practise good moral values effectively.
These are principles of duty, existentialism, goodness, badness, human

evolution, ambition, trust, Ikram Muslimin, leadership and patience.
Knowledge of these principles would lead to the cultivation of humans

with strong principles and a sense of survival.
We have discussed values in religion and beliefs that are practised by the
people of Malaysia. Overall, all religions and beliefs in the world require
their followers or worshippers to do good.
Individuals who have a religion may not necessarily practise their religious
teachings well and may even go against the teachings. However, we cannot
state that a particular religion promotes violence just because of a few bad
TOPIC 4
53
hats who do not practise the religion fully. Religion is good and noble, only
the followers fall short.
Anyone who practises religion wholeheartedly would surely be a noble

individual with high ethics, and thus receive good consequences. Those
who do not practise wholeheartedly would perform evil acts in the world.
They will receive their just reward.
Topic5
Moral
Thoughts and
Identity of a
Human with
Morals
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the topic, you should be able to:
1.
Explain four trends of moral thoughts;
2.
Differentiate the characteristics of the four trends of moral thoughts;
3.
Compare the effects of the four trends of moral thoughts;
4.
Identify the importance of trends of moral thoughts in everyday life.
5.
Identify five matters that can influence the attitude of a person;
6.
Discuss three positive honourable traits in forming morals and

personality; and
7.
Discuss four behaviours to form consistency of moral values.
INTRODUCTION
Awareness of the importance of morals in life will ensure that an individual

obeys and practises moral values. The awareness and practise of moral values by
an individual can be judged through speech, good behaviour and proper action.
A moral human being should have positive perceptions and thoughts towards
ethics and morals.
TOPIC 5
MORAL THOUGHTS AND IDENTITY OF A HUMAN WITH MORALS
55
Although there are moral conflicts and contradictions, a moral individual would
be able to overcome them through the best possible means in accordance with the
moral values practised. The discussion in this topic encompasses moral thoughts
like naturalism, emotivism, intuitional and rationalism. You will also be exposed
to characteristics and the effects of each type of moral thought discussed in this
topic.
Strong virtues can make a person affirm his or her principles in life. The conduct
and personality of this person will not be easily influenced by any external
forces. Identity is important because something that is good can easily be
corrupted into something bad. In this topic, we will discuss matters that can
influence the change in traits of a person and how moral consistency can be
achieved.
5.1 THOUGHT AND CONDUCT

Is there a relationship between the type of thought and behaviour?
In daily life, we often face problems that require us to act and react in a particular
situation. Whatever your action or reaction, it is linked to your thoughts on
appropriate moral values as well as your personal moral values. The conduct and
lifestyle of an individual are greatly influenced by the development of moral
values received from a very young age and how the development is accepted and
strengthened within the individual. Environment and experiences also alter and
shape an individuals conduct. However, this situation contradicts several moral
development theories discussed in previous topics. A persons actions towards a
problem will be supported by the intellectual aspect and maturity of thought that
are largely ignored by several theories on moral development. Derek Wright
(1979) stated that inner feelings function to pressure, weaken and shift instinctive
powers that can breach the moral rules of society. Values cultivated through
intellectual aspects can control inner feelings and change views and conduct
towards certain matters.
The conclusion is that a persons conduct and actions can be influenced by how
he or she thinks and evaluates his/her actions, and the consequences of such
actions, as explained in the theories of deontology and teleology. Thomas
Lickona (1980), in his discussion in the psychoanalysis theory stated that
consideration has to be given to the development of moral thought, feelings and
moral conduct. Hence, actions and reactions towards a problem may differ
between individuals due to different trends in moral thought.
56
TOPIC 5
The differences of trends in moral thought between individuals depend on

several factors:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Parental/guardian guidance;
Influence by peers;
Experiences; and
Level of education.
EXERCISE 5.1
What is the relationship between moral thought and conduct?
5.2 TRENDS OF THOUGHT

Views or thoughts of a person may differ when facing an object or situation. We
might assume bamboo to be of no economic value, but a handicraft entrepreneur
might view the same item to be valuable from an arts or economic perspective.
ACTIVITY 5.1
Meta-ethics is the study of existing ethical problems. Gather discussions
on it and its relationship with trends in moral thoughts from this book:
Tam Yeo Kwai (1996). Pendidikan Moral 1: Konsep dan Program
Pendidikan Moral. Kump. Kuala Lumpur: Budiman Sdn. Bhd.
There are different opinions or thoughts on issues or matters related to morals.
There are four trends in moral thought, which are shown in Figure 5.1.
Rationalism
Intuitional
Trends in Thought
Naturalism
Emotivism
Figure 5.1: The four trends in moral thoughts
TOPIC 5
5.2.1
57
Naturalism
Naturalism focuses on thoughts that picture an actual situation. This trend is

straight and honest in evaluating something. A person following this trend will
view something objectively in the actual situation. In conduct, a naturalist always
believes that a custom must be preserved at all costs. This group will accept
things as they are and will not question the facts or reasons that influence the
occurrence of an issue or what is around them.
(a)
Characteristics of Naturalism
Generally, people adhering to naturalism have restrictive lives. They live
under pressing circumstances as they are stifled by strict rules. To them, the
breaching of rules will lead to uncomfortable circumstances, due to external
pressure.
A person who practises naturalism seldom offers an opinion, as he or she
cannot fathom how there can be any acceptable justification for breaking
any rule. Hence, it is more preferable for them to accept any situation as it
is.
In other words, they are able to, in reality, view a situation as right or
wrong but their thoughts are stifled by what is obvious versus the hidden
meaning. Thus, they accept the fact as it is and submit without much
questioning.
(b)
Consequences of Naturalism
Individuals in groups practising naturalism always humble themselves due
to living under pressure. They lack interaction with others, as they fear
stepping out of perceived boundaries. Therefore, they fail to form their own
personal opinions and are always dependent on others. It is difficult for
them to find a place in society and they will try to achieve fulfilment in life
as swiftly as possible and without improving their personal development.
A society that practises naturalism is weak-willed and submissive to
outside forces or general consensus. Thus, this trend retards efforts to
achieve perfection in life. People from this group are naturally loyal
followers who rarely dissent.
58
TOPIC 5
Mother, I want to
have my wedding on
top of the building.
Its not our custom to

have a wedding on top of
a building. So, dont break our
custom. It must be preserved
at all costs.
Figure 5.2: A scenario on naturalism
EXERCISE 5.2
Describe the characteristics of an individual practising naturalism.
5.2.2
Emotivism
The trend of thought that is based on feelings is appropriately called emotivism.

The word emotivism originated from the word emotion. Any object or
situation stirs up feelings in an individual. These feelings may be of joy or
sadness, hate or love, and so on. Happiness refers to matters that are pleasant,
likeable and agreeable and provide self-satisfaction. On the flipside, anger or
hatred refers to situations that are unpleasant or stir up feelings of jealousy and
envy.
The groups in this trend of thought are quite sensitive towards pleasant or
unpleasant things. Usually, a person practising this trend of thought is easily
touched as feelings always precede thought in actions or reactions towards his or
her circumstances.
TOPIC 5
59
These individuals are very sympathetic to sad situations and conditions.

Generosity and kindness are virtues exhibited by this group. Therefore, it is not
surprising that individuals in this group are always eager to help out without
viewing the reality of an incident. They feel sad when they are unable to help,
very sensitive in nature and it is not uncommon for them to cry during a movie.
On the other hand, this group can be easily angered when faced with unpleasant
situations, even if the situation occurred forcibly. Like naturalism, emotivism
often disregards hidden moral values in a moral event or situation.
(a)
Characters of Emotivism
Individuals who practise emotivism are, by nature, very sensitive to others
and their surroundings. Sympathy and pity for others who have
experienced any unpleasantness, come easily to them. However, emotivists
can also be easily offended and can be jealous or envious of others. They
easily suffer emotional stress due to events where the issues are uncertain.
These uncertainties make them aggressive, especially in the face of
unpleasant situations or problems. They tend to be introverted, unwilling
to socialise and are often seen alone. Although this is the norm for them,
they are also hardworking in improving themselves to gain the attention of
others.
(b)
Consequences of Emotivism
Emotivism prioritises feelings when making decisions. Therefore, this
group acts according to their emotions when dealing with a particular
issue. These feelings can be judged through their facial expressions,
mannerisms and speech. Their inability to control their emotions often
leads to moral problems and their immediate actions towards a situation
are based mainly on their emotions at the time.
When their emotions are stirred up, these individuals act uncertainly. Their
actions are influenced by the circumstances of the moment and are based
on their feelings or emotions at the time.
60
TOPIC 5
Hey, why are you crying?

Its only a TV show!
Figure 5.3: A scenario on emotivism
EXERCISE 5.3
Describe the dangers of emotions when dealing with a moral issue.
5.2.3
Intuitional
The third trend in moral thought is known as intuitional thoughts. The word
intuitional originated from the Latin word intueor which meant looking
exactly at something. Intuitional is a process of viewing or understanding
something intellectually.
Past experiences and focused thoughts are the shortcuts to knowledge that will
be created by reflective thoughts. Hence, individuals with many experiences will
have better intuition and will act appropriately when faced with a problem.
These individuals are also generally well-behaved and possess high morals.
Through past experiences, a person will possess knowledge that is different from
that which is obtained intellectually. In other words, experience matures the
thought functions and knowledge of a person.
Hence, when individuals with intuitional thoughts view a matter, they act more
appropriately if they have been through many experiences, coupled with
knowledge learnt.
TOPIC 5
(a)
61
Characteristics of Intuitional Thoughts

Individuals with intuitional thoughts make decisions easily. Even so, this
sometimes renders the decision and action taken as unsuitable. Though
armed with experience and knowledge, several procedures have to be
followed to make the actions and decisions more effective.
These individuals obtain knowledge through a process of understanding
and direct meaning. Thus, they act according to their intuition based on
their experiences and knowledge. Through these two things, an intuitional
thinker has the shortcut to knowledge created by reflective thoughts. In
simpler terms, the moral action taken resulting from a moral issue differs
from knowledge gained intellectually.
(b)
Consequences of Intuitional Thoughts

Intuitional individuals accept instructions easily as they believe in the
feasibility of the matter. As a result, they often change their minds to adapt
to newly received instructions. Strictly speaking, they are unstable on the
point of principles because they constantly change their mind.
5.2.4
Rationalism
Rationalists believe in the logical practicality of things. They are naturally quite
opposed to naturalists who view matters according to what they see.
Rationalism, on the other hand, questions the existence of a situation.
Rationalists believe that interpretations through the senses such as sight, touch,
sound, smell and taste are just mental knowledge or images. Real knowledge is
gained from concepts and laws.
Senses alone are not capable of identifying the various truths of an event or
nature. This group interprets an event, a situation, an issue, a truth or deceit
through the appropriateness of it occurring. Therefore, one cannot deal with the
event, situation, issue, truth or deceit by only looking at the active picture. The
reasons and logic behind these need to be considered.
(a)
Characteristics of Rationalists
In performing any action, these individuals use their thoughts and powers
of deduction. They do not rely only on sensual experiences, as they believe
that experience through the senses is not capable of, or sufficient for,
producing a valid interpretation of events. They do, however, believe that
factual experience can be a valid measure for interpreting matters.
Rationalists are always logical, sane and rational in their thinking as their
actions are based on rational reasoning and thought.
62
(b)
TOPIC 5
Consequences of Rational Thought

Rationalists usually make careful actions and decisions. This is done by
their search for solid proof. Rationalists are individuals who always strive
to improve themselves. This improvement can be achieved through effort,
hard work, diligence and steadfastness. In short, individuals with rational
thoughts will act based on proof and logic in any situation and as a result,
their actions are rational and are not influenced by emotion and intuitive
thoughts.
Dont eat at this restaurant!

People say that the tea here is
laced with drugs!
Dont make such accusations

without proof!
Figure 5.4: Scenario on rationalism
Which group do you think you belong to? In conclusion, every individual has a
way or trend of thought that differs in moral concepts. These trends will drive or
determine the way an individual acts towards a moral issue. The trend of
thought in a person can be observed through the way he or she interprets and
acts towards a certain moral issue. This means that trends of moral thought
decide the conduct of a person.
TOPIC 5
63
Table 5.1: Trend of Thought: Characteristics and Consequences

Trend of Thought
Characteristics
Consequences
Naturalism
Stressed out due to being stifled

by strict rules
Humble and
others
dependent
on
Emotivism
Sensitive due to
controlling thoughts
feelings
Act according to feeling and

emotions
Intuitional
Act
based
on
intuition
stemming from experience and
knowledge gained
Quick in making decisions yet

always changing minds
Rationalism
Act based on reasoning and

rational thought
Make decisions and act based

on evidence and solid proof
EXERCISE 5.4
1.
Explain the logic in rationalism.
2.
How does an individual with rationalist thoughts act to solve moral

issues?
ACTIVITY 5.2
Gymnasts who go out after midnight will be suspended from
participating in international events.
The statement above is a source of heated debate among gymnasts.
Discuss the possible reasons from the views of the four trends in thoughts,
based on their respective characteristics and consequences learnt.
64
TOPIC 5
ACTIVITY 5.3
How do the trends shown below are able to mould a moral human?
Discuss this in your tutorial.
5.3 ATTITUDE AND SELF-AWARENESS

Self-awareness of attitude influences the actions of an individual. Regardless of
whether the attitude is positive or negative, an awareness of it will make a
person behave according to the realisation of his attitudes. For example, a
friendly person will behave in a friendly manner. Once we realise our attitudes, it
is up to us to be consistent in those attitudes or to improve them.
Attitudes are gifts from God. Positive or negative attitudes can be felt by ones
self. We can also judge our attitude whether it is right or wrong. We are entirely
responsible for changing our negative attitudes and maintaining or strengthening
our positive ones.
Awareness of our attitudes can shape us into individuals with morals and noble
manners. If we know our positive attitudes and preserve them, we will be
respected by others. The same applies if we change our negative attitudes into
positive ones. For example, if a person who has committed a wrongdoing is
aware of it and feels regret and remorse for his deeds, he will be respected by
those around him. Such is the role of the awareness of positive and negative
attitudes in a person.
TOPIC 5
65
The attributes of an individual can be divided into physical, emotional,

intellectual and social.
Attributes of an Individual
Physical
Attributes
Emotional
Attributes
Intellectual
Attributes
Social
Attributes
Figure 5.5: Individual attributes
5.3.1
Physical Attributes
Humans live in a world entrusted to them by God to manage it as best as they

can. Awareness of physical attributes needs to be given attention. A persons
fulfilment is not just judged by self-fulfilment; there are other factors that need to
be considered. Awareness of all the attributes given to us by God should be used
to develop ones self to become a successful person with good morals.
Opinions claiming that self-fulfilment lies in the fulfilment of attributes are
inaccurate. This is because many humans have complete attributes, but poor
manners or morals. For example, a person with complete attributes who does
immoral acts when compared with a blind person will be less fulfilled.
Awareness of self-attributes can build the required moral values. A person
lacking in all five senses needs to know his or her limitations. Through selfawareness in evaluating certain concepts, a person can shape himself or herself to
be an individual with morals. Unpleasant events in the past can contribute to
improved individual awareness of self-attributes. For example, a person who lost
a limb in an illegal street race should be aware of the shortcomings of his action
and would try to improve his situation. This awareness will not only build a
positive attitude, but it will make others realise the consequences of such
immoral acts through good advice.
Those who were born deformed should be patient with their deficiency and be
grateful for other gifts from God to them. There are many examples of the less
fortunate who are successful in life. In fact, realising these shortcomings spurs
them to achieve fulfilment.
66
TOPIC 5
Individual awareness of self-attributes can also help create moral beings. An

individual who realises that he is hot-tempered will be careful of his actions
towards others. Being calm and patient will help ease his hot temper. However,
an individual who is unaware of his hot temper will not be careful enough when
he is socialising and might cause heated situations due to his ignorance.
5.3.2
Emotional Attributes
Emotions play an important role in life. Uncontrolled emotions will render a

person aimless in life. Emotions are inner feelings that are expressed through the
actions, facial expressions and characteristics of a person. Good and polite acts,
calm characteristics and clear facial expressions are results of controlled
emotions. Any individual who can control his emotions like jealousy, anger, envy
and sorrow will have a calm and patient character. This individual is said to have
strength in controlling emotions or to have positive emotions. Likewise,
individuals with a hot temper, hatred, envy and jealousy possess negative
emotions. Awareness of the concept of emotions can help an individual interact
and socialise in society.
Realising the concept of emotions makes an individual more careful in behaviour
and speech. For example, by realising negative emotions, an individual will be
cautious when interacting and socialising so as to avoid creating an undesirable
scene. If an individual realises that a conversation with a colleague is turning
ugly, he should immediately refrain from arguing before something unpleasant
happens. An individual who is unaware of his negative emotions will persist in
the discussion, which may lead to conflict or an argument. An individual who is
aware of positive emotions usually has stable feelings during a discussion
although there might be some differences in opinions. The stable feelings will
control any negative emotion that he may have.
In conclusion, concepts of self-positivity will bring out good and proper
attitudes. Morally, an individual with positive emotions is a person who
practises noble moral values.
5.3.3
Intellectual Attributes
Intellectual attributes are based on the knowledge possessed by an individual. A

knowledgeable human being acts based on his or her knowledge. If a person
realises that a certain act is against his or her knowledge, then he or she might
refrain from carrying it out. An individual with certificates, diplomas and
degrees is said to possess a positive intellect. If the individual is a source of
reference for others in solving problems, his intellectual attributes become more
positive. Morally, those who recognise that their concept of intellect are an
example to others. On the other hand, a person who has vast knowledge but is
TOPIC 5
67
unaware of the concept of positive intellect will show conduct that is morally
inappropriate.
The same applies to those with vast knowledge but who are unaware of negative
intellectual concepts; they will display morally negative behaviour. If an
individual realises that his intellectual concept is not so positive, his actions
would then have to be suited to the knowledge possessed.
5.3.4
Social Attributes
Social attributes refer to a persons habits when interacting with others in society.
Whether he or she can easily interact, is considerate, sociable, affable and friendly
with others determines the positive social attributes possessed. The behaviour of
individuals with positive social attributes is usually in accordance with the
situations or surroundings that they are in. This makes them likeable and
popular among their friends. Morally, they have high moral standards and are
aware of their positive social attributes that can help prevent them from
performing actions that contradict moral values.
Individuals who are not capable of interacting and socialising with others, and
are quiet and gloomy, display negative social attributes. There are also those who
are aware of their negative social attributes. Though unpopular, they may
actually have noble morals. Awareness of these negative social attributes will
make an individual careful when socialising so as to not violate any moral values
while interacting with others.
What do you understand about attitudes and self-awareness? Can you answer
the following questions?
EXERCISE 5.5
Describe how the following can prevent someone from breaching moral
values:
(a) Awareness of emotions
(b) Awareness of intellect
(c) Awareness of sociability
68
5.4
TOPIC 5
SELF-ESTEEM
Who do you love the most? Generally, the answer would be your parents,
children or others who are the closest to you.
When we look in the mirror and see a pimple, we try to remove it. Why do we
try to remove the pimple from our face? It is because we love our face. What
about seeing a pimple on the face of our loved ones? Would you try to remove
that pimple? Ask yourself.
The conclusion that we may draw is that we love ourselves more than anybody
else. However, there are those who feel disappointed when their looks are not as
good as that of their friends. But we should be proud of what is gifted to us.
Loving ourselves means that we know our positive characteristics and we are not
ashamed of them. When we love and respect ourselves, people will love us for it.
How do we create self-esteem? Our actions and speech are among the ways that
can show off our self-esteem. Self-confidence in what we have are expressions of
our high self-esteem. Likewise, low self-esteem will be expressed through our
acts and language.
What is the connection between self-esteem and morality? When we like
ourselves, we would display positive attributes and refrain from negative
attributes. What can you make out of this?
The following are signs of high self-esteem which can develop good morals in a
person.
5.4.1
Pride and Dignity
We are who we are. We would not harm ourselves. Therefore, our behaviour will
reflect how we appreciate and admire ourselves. Self-esteem can enable a person
to hold strong to his or her principles. How do we know how to respect
ourselves?
In this case, we must make the observations through three aspects:
1.
Physical
Our physical being is determined by God since the beginning of time. An
individual with morals will preserve himself in the best possible way.
Moral human beings appear neat and clean; and will strive to be liked by
others. Noble values to preserve ones self from deplorable acts will live on
when there exists self-esteem and pride in the positive sense. The change to
negative attitudes, as a result of external influences, such as improper attire
TOPIC 5
69
and appearance, would not occur if people with good morals have selfesteem and are proud of Gods gifts to them. Therefore, moral people
refrain from things opposed to their self-esteem and pride.
2.
Emotions
Emotions influence the character of a person. Emotions that are not at ease
will be displayed through anxiety, nervousness and such. Anger is
expressed through fierce actions, while calm emotions are expressed
through gentle, polite and noble conduct. Every person desires peace and
refrains from hurtful things. Therefore, emotions stirred from something
hurtful need to be rejected or shunned, whereas emotions that arise from
pleasant experiences should be respected. In short, emotions that give rise
to good acts should be respected and emotions that cause immoral acts
should be avoided. Calm emotions are cultivated through virtues like
patience, which creates hard work, diligence, effort and so on.
3.
Intellectual
Intellect refers to the wisdom possessed by an individual. Intellect has to be
respected and wisdom loved. How do we respect and love our wisdom?
The wisdom we possess should be used and spread as well. Wisdom
should not be abused. For example, knowledge in computing should be
used to develop technology and not used to taint technology or for personal
gain through cyber crimes. Respecting and being proud of our wisdom
within are through utilisation of such pearls of wisdom, and spreading
them for the well-being and benefit of others.
5.4.2
Differentiating Self from Actions
We are beautiful, we are wealthy and we are all that is good. We proclaim that
we are intelligent, attractive, polite and moral, but it is our actions that make us
undignified and immoral. Thus, by maintaining that we are intelligent, attractive,
polite and moral, our actions should follow as such. Realising, differentiating and
separating ourselves from actions can enable us to make considerations based on
thoughts and not feelings. Hence, negative external influences can be kept at bay
and we can be consistent moral human beings.
5.4.3
Determining Wishes
Humans have various wants and needs, as stated by Abraham Maslow. He

formulated a hierarchy which outlined five distinct levels of needs according to
their order in human necessities. The basic needs are physiological, security,
social, gratification and self-accomplishment. Human actions and behaviour are
influenced by the determination to fulfil the requirements. In other words, our
70
TOPIC 5
necessities render us easily influenced. People who can influence us are those
who can identify our needs.
According to Maslows hierarchy, basic necessities are needs that must be fulfiled
before an individual shifts to the next level. The need for self-achievement is at
the top of the hierarchy, i.e. an individual will act without influence from his
surroundings. The needs in the self-achievement level is for a more comfortable
life, broad-mindedness and creativity, mature thoughts, more open emotions and
other values.
SELF-CHECK 5.1
1.
How can we prevent our conduct from being negatively

influenced by others?
2.
Explain the meaning of, Ourselves, not our acts.
5.5
CONSISTENCY IN MORAL VALUES
Our weakness in valuing ourselves stems from a lack of self-confidence. If you

are unable to overcome your weakness, you will be like grass that moves
according to the direction of the wind. We should have a sense of honour that is
displayed in our deeds and manners. This makes our behaviour noble.
Why is it, when we are confident, we can complete a task that we once thought
was impossible? Motivation from others often helps us to maintain our
performance or develop ourselves.
In forming a consistent moral level, individuals must have determination and
confidence which can help them to continue practising noble values. We are
often advised by our elders to do great things and refrain from bad actions. In
any situation, if we are steadfast in determination and good advice, we will be
able to accomplish our goals and objectives even though the environment may
not be conducive. For example, if we are faithful to religious teachings, we would
hold true to our faith in the presence of worldly challenges.
However, we must remember that the world is ever challenging. Temptations
and obstacles around us can make us forget ourselves sometimes. Therefore, in
the context of forming a moral society, we must possess a firm defence so that
there will be more moral humans around us. This will make our society
upstanding and respected by other countries. To achieve this aim, we should
TOPIC 5
71
become moral humans who hold noble values tightly and practices them as a
way of life.
Several things can be practised to increase the consistency of noble values in a
person. These things are illustrated in Figure 5.2:
Figure 5.6: Important things that increase consistency of noble values
5.5.1
Self-image
Our self-image is often influenced by others. Our self-image is linked to our

culture and religion. This self image changes as a person matures.
Teenagers, for example, sometimes imitate the style of popular artistes. At times,
they imitate the clothes, hairstyle, speech, behaviour or actions of the artistes
without regard for appropriateness. But, it is only worth imitating a star, if the
self-image is neat, pleasant and noble. Indecent behaviour should not be
followed.
Imitation to achieve good is desirable and should be encouraged. Blind imitation
of something or someone should be avoided. Every human being has the right to
determine his or her own self-image. We have the power to determine our selfimage. We have the power to determine how we view ourselves. We have the
power to change our self-image. The changes that we choose should be positive
and consistent with our moral principles. We should never let others determine
our self-image. If we have a highly consistent of self-image, we will not be easily
influenced by others.
5.5.2
Clear on Lifes Moral Aims
Our lifes moral aims should be clear. We must work on achieving these aims.
For example, we must be good and useful to ourselves as well as our family,
society and country. These aims can be achieved when we have moral values that
72
TOPIC 5
are acceptable to society. When we strive to achieve these aims, motivation from
other people will boost us, while others will not be able to divert us from our
aims. We should also identify our aims realistically. Sometimes, our aims are too
high and idealistic, but we should be aware of our capabilities. We want to excel
every time, but we are sometimes restricted by our own capabilities.
One way of improving our capabilities is by telling ourselves positive things.
This occurs in our mind and heart and is mainly linked to self-analysis. To
strengthen efforts to achieve our lifes moral aims, we should avoid telling
ourselves negative things, unless it drives us to do something good. We must
also acknowledge our good capabilities and deeds and fortify our strengths and
specialness. Thus, our lifes moral aims would be consistent wherever we are.
5.5.3
Strive to Improve Ourselves
Most of our weaknesses are not permanent. We can change and improve our
weaknesses and turn them into strengths. We must strive to control our actions.
There are many ways to change and improve our weaknesses and one of the
ways of doing that is by increasing our knowledge. With knowledge we can
discern between what is good and bad. Another way is to foster positive
relationships with others. People with low moral aims are always prone to
belittling others. They criticise others and forget their aim to be noble beings.
We should not look for mistakes in others but instead, seek opportunities to
improve ourselves. Interacting with others in a positive manner indirectly
increases our efforts to improve ourselves. This is because interaction with others
by supporting, agreeing, cooperating and appreciating them, encourages them to
motivate, accept and like us. Acceptance and affection from others is an
important factor in increasing our morals.
5.5.4
Changing and Maintaining Positive Attitudes
According to Houland, we change our attitudes when we are motivated

sufficiently. This means that we easily change our attitudes positively or
negatively if there is strong motivation to do so. For example, a person who does
not smoke or take drugs starts to do so and becomes a smoker or drug-user, if
there is strong motivation to do so.
There are five factors that can determine the change of our attitudes.
1.
Listening to the Information Given to Us

For example, donating to the needy is good. If we just listen to the
statement as it is, then it would not be sufficient to motivate us to start
donating to the needy. However, if we listen to a more specific statement,
TOPIC 5
73
We must donate to the victims of famine in Africa as the children there are
emaciated, starving and suffering from various diseases due to lack of food.
Every day, dozens of children die due to the lack of food, then only will
we be compelled to help, because without our help, more would surely die.
Also, imagine if we were in their place. We would surely ask for help from
others. This complete information would motivate us to change our attitude
and donate sincerely.
2.
Understanding Information Relayed to Us

If the information received is not clear, we would not understand it and
would not be compelled to change our attitudes. For example, Neighbours
should work together. If the information is not understood, then we would
not be able to follow it. Therefore, we should understand that the tenets of
living as neighbours include unity, cooperation and helping one another.
This means, in order to create harmonious and peaceful living in an area, its
residents should respect their neighbours, help those in need and cooperate
to create a harmonious environment.
3.
Accepting Information and Understanding It

Though we listen to and understand relayed information, we would not be
compelled to utilise the information if we do not accept it. For example, if
we listen and understand that cars are to be parked in designated areas, we
would break the rule if we do not accept it. Thus, a change in attitude must
start with the desire to accept or reject an attitude.
4.
Recall What We Listen, Understand and Accept

Although we listen, understand and accept relayed information, the desired
change in attitude would not happen if we forget such information.
Therefore, recalling information is important in compelling us to change
our attitudes. For example, if we do not care about what we wear, but at the
same time listen, understand and accept information on the importance of
proper attire when attending a funeral, the change in attitude will not occur
when we attend the next funeral.
5.
We Will Change Our Attitude When We Realise that Our Attitude is in

Accordance with What We Understand and Accept
For example, if we understand and accept that hard work will bring
success and we practise it in accordance with our attitude, this will
strengthen our behaviour.
In conclusion, our moral values will be consistent and not change unless there is
compulsion to do so. As normal human beings, we are easily influenced by
strong motivation from our surroundings. We must have the strength to
implement only positive changes in our attitude. For this, we must have the
74
TOPIC 5
strength in identity to be individuals with morals. This can be achieved when we

possess and practise wisdom.
EXERCISE 5.6
1.
Explain how our self-image can show that we practise noble values.
2.
Elaborate on what is meant by our lifes moral aims can create a

being with morals.
We have discussed attitudes and self-awareness.
We have also learnt that self-esteem is important in shaping an individual

with morals.
The consistent moral values of a person have to be driven by positive

attitudes. Refer to Figure 5.3. You should be able to explain your overall
understanding of this topic based on this figure.
There are four trends in moral thought: Naturalism, Emotivism, Intuitional

Rationalism.
Naturalism focuses on thoughts that picture an actual situation.
Emotivism is based on feelings. People in this trend are quite sensitive

towards pleasant or unpleasant things.
Intuational thought is a process of viewing or understanding something

intellectually.
Rationalists believe in the logical practicality of things. They question the

existence of a situation.
TOPIC 5
Figure 5.7: Factors and elements involved in determining the consistency of morals
75
Shaping
Topic
Moral
Humans
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.
Identify the concept of societal rules;
2.
List down 10 societal rules that influence the shaping of morals;

humans;
3.
Discuss five examples of noble personalities;
4.
Differentiate between two forms of moral ethics; and
5.
Explain how all three moral dimensions interact with each other.
OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
MAN
Man is not valued by his property,
Celebrated for his beauty,
Respected for his courage,
His worth is not due to his status,
For Man is valued for his goodness,
Admired for his diligence and charity,
Respected for his wisdom,
Remembered for his wealth of knowledge,
He is renowned for his culture,
Only with knowledge can man be differentiated with anything at all.
(Ee Ah Meng, 1996)
TOPIC 6
SHAPING MORAL HUMANS
77
This topic will discuss the forming of a moral society, encompassing rules for
society, human personality, moral forms and moral dimensions.
6.1
SOCIETAL RULES
Humans need rules to govern their lives so that they do not run wild, threatening
the safety and rights of others. According to Emmet (1996), rules for humans do
not exist by themselves. They are a collection and a result of knowledge and
experience, new and old.
For Muslims, the rules governing their lives stem from the Quran and Hadith.
The Hadith describe the meanings in the Quran that cannot be understood by
human. Because Allah created man, it is Allah who is the most qualified to
determine the rules that govern life, for it is He who knows best the needs, wants
and habits humans. When there are rules that govern life, one is able to save time
making choices and decisions because there are already rules available as a
reference.
According to Ashmore (1987), all things in this world function according to
definite rules or laws. All living things, including the sun, moon, stars, tides,
night and day, move or change according to definite rules. Humans are is
capable of setting aims or targets based on these definites. Humans can also
break rules originally set by themselves. Praise and admonition, reward and
punishment are in place enforce the rules that control human behaviour.
From a religious point of view, all religious rules are not allowed to be broken by
their followers. A breach of religious rules is a sin against God and sinners will
receive retribution and punishment accordingly. Within the rules of society, there
are two types of moralities:
(a)
Moralities in Customs (Kemoralan Adat)
(b)
Reflective Moralities (Kemoralan Reflektif)
Moralities in customs are:

1.
Rules and instructions that are agreed upon and validated by society.
2.
Standards that are passed down from one generation to another.

E.g. Adat Perpatih and Adat Temenggung.
Reflective Morality, however, is:

1.
The need for reasoning and consideration, be it to know and obey or

disobey the teachings of a custom.
78
2.
TOPIC 6
Justification for teachings of customs is by critical examination of the

practice of those customs.
From the statement above, we can deduce that within a moral system, an
individuals actions are rule-governed, meaning that all actions of the same
nature are considered in the same way. Consistency and reciprocity point the
attitude of a moral agent towards his own actions as well as those of others, i.e.
he will use moral language like justice, honour, benevolence and temperance.
His moral system will also encompass both general and specific norms. For
example, the needs and welfare of others are things that are given attention by a
moral agent. He regards himself to be the same as others and will be sympathetic
with their plight. Individuals like these will create awareness of the need for a
community to shape the criteria for coordinating interactions between one
another. An agreement will be reached based on shared tendencies of their
needs.
Among the rules governing society that are involved in the forming of a moral
human are:
1.
Increasing the quality of life;
2.
Widening intellect so that it can function effectively;
3.
Protecting lives and allowing them to live;
4.
Preserving the welfare and rights of humans;
5.
Preventing the decline of conduct and moral system in society;
6.
Stabilising the situations and environment of society;
7.
Preserving peace within society;
8.
Creating and maintaining social order;
9.
Maintaining peace in an environment of harmony; and
10.
Saving societys time and effort when taking action or making decisions for
ones self and others.
ACTIVITY 6.1
Do you feel that the societal rules stated are complete? Form your own
reflections on the list above. Discuss this with your classmates.
TOPIC 6
79
However, it is difficult for people to follow all societal rules, and we also cannot
force a person to do so. Therefore, when there are a few who disobey or object to
a certain societal rule, we hope they would immediately seek a solution and form
new societal rules agreeable to all. If not, chaos would ensue as the functions of
the societal rules listed earlier will be challenged and the moral system will
crumble drastically.
In Malaysia, the racial riot that occured on 13 May 1969 is a clear example. When
societal rules and laws of the country are challenged, conflict between groups of
people occurs and riots that cost lives and property take place. The incident is a
black mark in our nations history. Therefore, tolerance, cooperation, unity and
other positive qualities are important values that need to be absorbed into
societal rules to guarantee the safety of Malaysias citizens.
In conclusion, the reason for having societal rules is to preserve human nobleness
and peace in society. As moral humans, people should not disregard this
statement.
EXERCISE 6.1
1.
How can rules in society be strengthened by the members of the

society?
2.
What is the importance of rules in social living?
6.2
HUMAN PERSONALITY
The second ethics content of moral humans are a good personality that can be
admired enough to be considered a moral human. This is an important statement
supported by most moral philosophers.
Wallace (1978), who widely discussed virtues and vice, provided proof that a
noble personality is an important attribute for humans and for peace to prevail in
society.
Feng (1993), in a report on the implementation of moral studies in schools in the
West, presented statements on the development of noble character in students
during moral studies. This is because educators in this country agree that noble
character is an important moral content in the shaping of an individual.
Brandt (1979), in his book, A Theory of the Good and the Right, stated that most
societies have a system of control over human conduct that differs from set laws.
Brandt called this system the moral code or code of ethics of an individual or a
certain society. The code of ethics of an individual is the individuals conscience,
80
TOPIC 6
and not everyone has a code of ethics. According to Brandt, infants and children
do not have a code of ethics as this code is not naturally possessed, but needs to
be learnt by an individual, much like a noble personality.
ACTIVITY 6.2
According to Aristotles Theory of Virtues, a noble personality is not
naturally possessed. However, this opinion received opposition from
several parties. Follow the discussion in this book: Tam Yeow Kwai
(1996). Pendidikan Moral 1: Konsep dan Program Pendidikan Moral.
Kuala Lumpur: Kump. Budiman Sdn Bhd. Share your findings with your
classmates.
A person needs to be exposed to situations in his surroundings and be taught
through several approaches like religious studies, moral studies or parental
training, before gaining a noble character. However, Brandt suggested that in
order to identify if an individual has a code of ethics or noble character, one
should see if the individual has the following five traits:
1.
Intrinsic motivation;
2.
Feelings of guilt and disagreement;
3.
Trusted interests;
4.
Admiration; and
5.
Trusted justification.
6.2.1
Intrinsic Motivation
An individual has intrinsic desires or aversions to do or not do something in a

certain way. For example, aversion to breaking ones word, hurting others and
providing help to those who need it. If queried about the reasons for such actions
that follow intrinsic motivation, the individual would say, I did so because I did
not want to break my word. If an individual has an aversion to behaving in a
certain manner, he or she would usually expect others to have a similar aversion.
Sometimes, motivated people would sacrifice their self-interest and not do
something, but they would not stop others from doing so. However, intrinsic
motivation used this way is not encouraged in society. The most obvious positive
effects displayed by people with intrinsic motivation are the aversions to hurting
or killing someone, and the desire to save someone from danger.
TOPIC 6
6.2.2
81
Feelings of Guilt and Disagreement
When an individual acts contrary to his own intrinsic motivation, he will feel
uncomfortable, guilty and remorseful. When other individuals act against the
intrinsic motivation of the earlier mentioned individual, then he will have a
negative attitude towards them. He would feel angry, disgusted and hatred
(especially when he becomes a victim of their actions).
The same applies to an individual who dislikes people who disagree with his
actions or behaviour. If he knows that others disagree with him, he would feel
uneasy and guilty. However, disagreement of others will improve his code of
ethics or increase the effectiveness of the code so that it will be a deterrent of
dislikeable actions or behaviour.
6.2.3
Trusted Interests
Conduct resulting from intrinsic motivation is considered vital to a person. Lets

say that a man intrinsically believes that it is important to help accident victims.
If one day he comes across an accident, it is very likely that he will help the
victims.
6.2.4
Admiration
Do you admire or look up to somebody? Why? May be it is because that person

does something one step higher than what is required by basic moral motivation.
For example, a person who would do something very good that was never
thought of by others, or a soldier who sacrifices himself to save his fellow
soldiers from the blast of a hand grenade. In these cases, the individuals act
beyond what is expected by basic motivation. This act or behaviour is sometimes
called act of supererogation.
It is logical that an individual has intrinsic motivation, or guilt and such but lacks
the command of linguistics to express an action. We use terms like morally ought
to, morally reprehensible, moral obligation and so on. It is difficult for the code of
ethics to control the behaviour between individuals if an individual does not
know how to communicate motivation, actions and feelings.
The code of ethics also requires a complex structure of concept. Only by knowing
special terms for motivation and moral actions can an individual understand and
appreciate this complex concept of morals.
82
TOPIC 6
6.2.5
Trusted Justification
An individual must trust the justification for his motivation, guilt, agreement,
admiration and others. An example of justification is religion. If a person is
faithful to religious teachings, he would consider his moral principles as the will
of God. Thus, he will be satisfied with his morality.
According to Brandt, if a person has all the attributes above, that person has a
code of ethics. However, this depends on the persons ability to view and judge
it. Other than Brandt, several other educators have argued on the importance of
noble virtues in increasing the quality of morality in society. Among them is
Warnock (1976), who emphasised justice, affection and aversion to hurting others
physically and mentally. Ashmore (1987) said that a doctor who disregards his
skills and talents in performing his duties or uses his knowledge for immoral acts
is not using his expertise with the proper attitude and means.
ACTIVITY 6.3
Why are virtues important in shaping a moral human? How can it help
someone lead a more meaningful and dignified life?
For example, in our society, there are people who are well-behaved in the front of
others. However, behind the backs of others, they commit negative acts.
Unhealthy business competition, white-collar crime, jealousy at the workplace
and so on exist as a result of human nature that disregards virtues.
As a conclusion, an individual who has virtues will benefit himself and those
around him. Only by obeying rules of social living can we live in a comfortable
and complete situation and environment. The well-being and welfare of
members of society depend on virtues that should be possessed by all beings in
this world.
The best of humans are those who benefit others.
ACTIVITY 6.4
1.
Provide examples of acts that could make a person feel guilty.
2.
Lets say A does something bad to B. Should B forgive A? Explain

your answer.
TOPIC 6
83
6.3 FORMS OF MORALS

Decisions should be based on moral principles, especially justice and altruism,
which are the basic values and mother of all other principled ethics. Through
advances in science and technology, especially information technology, human
connection is increasingly getting closer and the world environment more
complex. Thus, many are thinking about the forming of a world village. This
concept might be realised if the world has a code of ethics acceptable to all
humans but is this possible? There are many countries in this world, with various
races and ethnic groups living in them.
Each society has its own laws, rules, code of ethics, customs, cultures and system
of administration. The individuals in every society cannot run away from
questions of morality and moral problems. Although an individual lives in a
modern society, he is still influenced by the rules of customs and cultures of his
society. Most probably, he might not be able to solve his modern-life problems
with the outdated rules that are still influential in the society.
ACTIVITY 6.5
You have been offered a high position in a company that practises corrupt
acts. Is it right for you to accept the position and work within the corrupt
system, yet strive to do your best? Can you do it?
This situation is exempted if a courageous individual opposes this system and
makes a firm decision without regard for the views of society. If not, he or she
might have to face this moral dilemma and live in agony.
When faced with a moral dilemma, what should you do? How would you do it?
What are the consequences? What are your feelings? According to Wesserstrom
(1979), it is only through virtues that an individual can overcome moral
problems. Virtues can be a basic guide for the individual in making decisions and
taking actions.
Virtues are the moral content of an individual. Virtues are not basic tools to
determine what should or should not be done; in fact, they can create doubt and
put an individual in a more blurred and complex situation. The individual would
finally seek help by asking What and how should I do? What? How?. If such,
how can we solve moral dilemmas or conflicts?
Figure 6.1 shows the process of solving moral dilemmas or conflicts according to
Grassian (1981). He suggested two forms of ethics, principlistic and situational.
84
TOPIC 6
Figure 6.1: Process of solving conflict or moral dilemma
6.3.1
Principlistic Ethics
When making a decision on a moral dilemma, we can use the most basic moral
principles, especially justice and altruism, which are the basic values and mother
of all other noble values. Therefore, these two principles will be used as examples
in explaining the forms of ethics.
Justice originated from the Latin word justus which means law or right. Now,
justice refers to righteousness, rectitude, impartiality and fairness. According to
other sources, justice means suitable and appropriate attributes (people, acts,
actions, decisions, laws, punishment, etc); impartial to any side (when deciding
something and such).
Therefore, the concept of justice involves any fair actions and behaviour towards
ones self and others, not detrimental to self and others, as well as treats every
one equally without regard for status, race and so on.
The question of justice leads to the issue of human rights and autonomy. A
person is entitled to human rights and is free to make his own choices and
decisions. However, any action is still subject to the limits of the laws in the
country and societal rules. The important question is, are the laws and rules that
TOPIC 6
85
restrict actions fair or unjust? We can see many protests by certain parties
(factory workers, students, supporters, political leaders) in the world today.
Social justice is a tool for preserving the welfare of members of society. Therefore,
when judging the justice of a society, we compare its quality with that of other
societies, in aspects like wealth, effectiveness, military strength or educational
standards.
The principle of altruism is also an important principle of ethics that acts as a
reference when taking a moral action.
According to Nagel (1970), the book, The Possibility of Altruism, explains the
word altruism as an attitude or act that pleases others, benefits and is
considerate of others.
Therefore, an altruist is a generous person or a philanthropist. Nagel also
mentioned that in order to become altruistic, an individual must also have
empathy (the ability to place oneself in anothers position); and be open, trusting,
and tolerant and accepting of others.
Frankena (1973) reported Butlers view on altruism, that sometimes an individual
demands satisfaction not for himself but for others. It might be seen as selfsacrifice but according to psychological egoists, a person may derive satisfaction
from doing things for others. Therefore, it is in their self-interest.
In contrast, altruists believe that humans only desire to perform actions that
benefit others. Although justice and altruism are the main principles in ethics,
there are differences between them; justice is a rational thing (acts, behaviour and
actions), while altruism is an extraordinary human attribute.
However, these two principles are the basis of other moral values, like honesty,
hard work and soon. It is these values that enable a person to act more efficiently
and effectively when facing an extraordinary situation, like in a moral dilemma.
6.3.2
Situational Ethics
Sometimes, in a certain situation, an individual needs to make decisions and act

according to the situation he is in. Grassian (1981) reported views and examples
given by Fletcher, who opposed the three approaches used for some problems
and to make moral decisions. The three approaches are: legalism, antinomianism
and situationism. According to Fletcher (in Grassian, 1981), a person who uses a
situational approach:
86
TOPIC 6
enters into every decision-making situation fully armedwith ethical

maximsand he treats them with respect as illuminators of his problems
just the same he is prepared in any situation to compromise them or set
them aside in the situation if love seems better served by doing so.
Ethical maxims here mean ethical rules or principles used to overcome problems
based on certain situations. However, Fletcher did not explain further on the
rules or principles used in certain situations, like the example given in his book.
The example was about an abortion case in the early 1960s.
According to Grassian, he supported the decision of the pregnant woman, but
those opposing the actions also give the reason of loving concern for the unborn
foetus. From this example, we find that a situation taken based on a situation can
be controversial, depending on whether the principles of ethics used are suitable
or not. Therefore, this matter reverts to the same question of whether ethics of
principles or ethics of situations need to be prioritised in solving moral
dilemmas.
Most moral educators favour the use of the ethics of principles to the ethics of
situations. They claim that making decisions based on ethics of situation is too
desperate and there is a risk of making inaccurate and controversial decisions.
However, we can summarise here that a person can make decisions and take
moral actions in a moral problem by considering the situation that causes the
problems and based on basic principles and moral values within himself.
ACTIVITY 6.6
Can you list the differences between principlistic morals and situational
morals?
6.4
MORAL DIMENSIONS
Moral dimensions refer to the reasoning, behaviour and feelings of an individual.

They allow the individual to be always in a wary state so that anything done is
according to the normative wishes of where he is. For example, a person who
commits wrongdoing or immoral acts would feel fear, regret or guilt. If he feels
such emotions, he would not repeat anti-norm and anti-social behaviour.
Therefore, moral emotions in the dimension of ethics (moral philosophy) are very
important in determining what could or could not be done by an individual.
Actually, the three dimensions in ethics are equally important morally.
TOPIC 6
87
Kupperman (1983) reported that people who carry out immoral acts are not
necessarily smarter or more foolish than ordinary people. However, immoral
individuals are usually insensitive towards the misery of their victims as they
face difficulty in gaining moral values.
When an individual can reason rationally and freely, the character of the
individual in conduct and actions will be expressed. This character will be
influenced by the emotions and feelings of the individuals. At the same time, this
behaviour is moral in nature, does not only follow instructions from reasoning,
and this reasoning might be controlled by external authorities.
On the other hand, reasoning without rationale, freedom and moral emotions
and feelings will produce a character that is not autonomous and possibly
immoral.
Exercise 8.3
Therefore, the three dimensions must interact and influence one another to build
an individual with morals. Generally, a moral human is autonomous, rational
and free in the three dimensions of ethics reasoning, behaviour and feelings.
EXERCISE 6.2
How does the concept of developing moral values in the world village
work?
Virtues depend on societal rules and customs.
The relationship between reasoning, feelings and behaviour in the

dimensions of ethics is also vital in forming a human moral.
Within the rules of society, there are two types of morality: moralities in
customs and reflective moralities.
An individual who has virtues will benefit himself and those around him.
Decisions made should be based on moral principles, especially justice and

altruism, which are the basic values and mother of all other principled
ethics.
Moral dimensions refer to the reasoning, behaviour and feelings of an

individual.
Freedom
Topic7
and Justice
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.
Explain spiritual freedom and obtaining rights in life;
2.
Explain freedom from slavery among men and freedom from the
slavery of societal values and norms;
3.
Discuss the five concepts of freedom in Malaysia; and
4.
Explain the concept of justice in freedom.
INTRODUCTION
Moral conflicts sometimes arise among those who are ignorant of abuse their
rights of freedom and justice. Freedom and justice cannot be separated. What is
the use of our freedom if we commit mischief? Therefore, freedom should be
accompanied with justice. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner's
Dictionary, freedom is a situation of doing or saying something without
restriction from any party.
In this topic, we will elaborate on freedom from the moral perspective, based on
the moral concepts of our country. Freedom from a moral point of view is doing
something good and saying proper things without restrictions from any party in
society. This topic will also touch on justice so that you could link freedom and
justice in everyday life. As the citizens of an independent country, we have the
freedom to elect and be elected. We should use freedom fairly in the community
and society.
TOPIC 7
7.1
FREEDOM AND JUSTICE
89
FREE SPIRIT AND INDEPENDENT
It is the aspiration of the government of this country to create a country whose

people are free-spirited, peaceful, have self-confidence, take pride in what they
have, are proud of their achievements and have courage in facing obstacles.
Freedom in the Malaysian society makes it easily recognisable with the
determination to excel, the awareness of self capabilities, indomitable and
respected by fellow citizens.
The realisation of our freedom will be supported as long as it does not cross the
boundaries of moral values in the Malaysian society. This freedom has enabled
many Malaysians to achieve success in many aspects like sports and education.
This freedom allows us to compete based on our capabilities and indomitable
spirit.
There are two types of freedom that need to be possessed by humans spiritual
freedom and freedom from slavery (obtain various rights).
7.1.1
Spiritual Freedom
Humans need to break free from orders and commands that contravene Gods
wishes. For this, they need to free themselves from being enslaved by those other
than God. Humans need to be themselves from the fear of others; man-made
values and norms that are negative; and their own desires. Islam states that
spiritual slavery is only towards Allah.
In our society today, spiritual freedom according to moral aspects is difficult to
be interpreted. We might say spiritual freedom refers to a liberated spirit or soul.
This is an intrinsic value and is sometimes not easily expressed on the outside. It
is hidden by the individual, until it is manifested in psychological problems
(mental illness, insanity or madness). On the outside, an individual might be seen
as being free but on the inside they are not. In this case, the conflict of spiritual
freedom arises from their spiritual freedom being disturbed, restricted or eroded
knowingly or unknowingly.
For example, the freedom to gain affection is the freedom of an individual.
However, if a person in love is not given blessings or stopped by his or her
parents, then the individuals freedom has been disturbed or restricted. Morally,
the individual does not have spiritual freedom. One of the advantages of a
person who is faithful to moral and custom values is that these values guide his
or her spirit and protect him or her from desires and temptations.
90
TOPIC 7
FREEDOM AND JUSTICE
ACTIVITY 7.1
Lets say As parents forced her to end her relationship with B. A accuses
her parents of depriving her of spiritual freedom. Is this appropriate? In a
group of three or four, discuss this scenario from the freedom and justice
point of view.
7.1.2
Freedom from Slavery
Every individual in an independent country is entitled to freedom slavery. In this

case, a maid should be free of elements of slavery. One very clear feature is that
the maid is given a salary as fee for services rendered. Slavery exists among
uncivilised humans. They sell people as forced labourers, with no payment other
than food and drink and other basic necessities. These forced labourers are
unable to voice their opinions, let alone voice their dissatisfaction.
Rules and laws have been drafted to ban slavery among humans. But it still exists
in some places.
(a)
Free from Slavery among Humans

The Quran describes humans who enslave themselves to others as those
who accept man-made laws that contravene the teachings of Allah. They
enslave themselves to others although they do not consider their masters to
be gods. Civilised societies now realise the importance of individual
freedom. However, until today, various forms of slavery still exist around
the world.
For example, slavery due to debts or gratitude restricts an individuals
freedom. Lets say a fisherman owes money to a middleman. He is forced to
sell his catch to only the middleman, even though he gets paid much lower
than the market price.
In conclusion, slavery is not legal in any country. But indirect slavery still
exists in some places.
(b)
Free from the Slavery of Values and Norms of Society

In Islam, wealth and children cannot place a person in a special and high
place, unless they are faithful and religious. Faith is a value embedded in
the heart. Religious deeds are values seen in the real world. However, Islam
does not disregard completely the values of wealth and children. Wealth
and children are the ornaments of life. Many humans enslave themselves to
their desires. This statement is not an invitation to reject the luxuries of life.
TOPIC 7
FREEDOM AND JUSTICE
91
In this matter, Islam reminds humans of the nature of wealth and children.
This reminder makes faithful humans always wary about that nature.
In life, there are many instances where humans can be defeated through
wealth and children. Man always needs something in life, like food for his
family and him. The necessity might drive a man to accept insults and
humble himself as his hungry stomach does not recognise noble values.
Even his dignity is shattered. To resolve this problem, moral humans
should work hard and diligent in improving their economic status. It is
obligatory for Muslims to pay zakat (alms tax). Zakat is collected from
groups that can afford to give to the needy as a right and not a gift of
generosity. Islam expects humans to preserve their dignity. Humans are
forbidden from begging and seeking the pity of others.
Our conduct is not just restricted by societal rules and practices. Wealth,
lineage and glory cannot be used to separate moral values. People with
wealth and illustrious lineage should not be given priority in gaining moral
rights, as every individual has the same freedom.
For example, in freedom to gain education, entry to higher levels are based
on academic achievement, not on wealth and status. The same applies to
business, where business opportunities should be explored by all levels of
society. It is not exclusive to wealthy people only. As long as humans
remain a slave to societal values and norms like property, glory, ancestry
and so on, they would not be able to gain complete freedom in life.
Is it true that there is no slavery in our country? Actually without realising
it, slavery still exists as there are many reports in the media about maid or
employee abuse. Therefore, although we may say there is no slavery in this
modern world, there still exists some form of slavery, whether obvious or
not. The conflict of slavery often happens because a person does not know
his or her rights to freedom and justice. This will continue to occur if people
do not practise moral values and conduct in their life.
Do we realise that there is indirect slavery in the world today? The slavery
occurs when the freedom and justice of a country is restricted, allegedly for
security reasons. Imagine if we cannot enjoy freedom and justice in
handling our countrys own natural resources. This is happening to some
countries which are being controlled by bigger countries.
92
TOPIC 7
FREEDOM AND JUSTICE
EXERCISE 7.1
Discuss indirect slavery from the point of its causes, effects and solutions.
7.2 FREEDOM IN AN INDEPENDENT COUNTRY

In an independent country, we have freedoms as provided for in the nations
constitution and laws. These freedoms allow us to live comfortably and
peacefully.
These freedoms include personal freedom, freedom to voice opinions, freedom to
own property and freedom to choose. If these freedoms are implemented
positively, then we will be truly independent.
ACTIVITY 7.2
Malaysias formula in creating a free society is contained in Vision 2020,
explained by the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. Gather two
challenges in Vision 2020 that stress on the aspects of free spirit and
ethics in an independent Malaysia. You can get more information about
this on the Internet. Discuss whether these two challenges can be
addressed by 2020.
7.2.1
Personal Freedom
Personal freedom means the right of an individual to move freely and receive
protection from any invasion. Individuals cannot be arrested, punished or jailed
except according to law. Abuse of this right is a form of tyranny. Tyranny is
forbidden in any religion. Individual freedom is not absolute. It is restricted by
rules in line with natural features, situations and rules of humans in the world.
Humans are commanded to use their intelligence. Intelligence has to be used to
free humans from slavery because it will prevent them from following a person
or authority blindly. After a person obtains freedom of intelligence, he is given
the freedom to choose a religion or belief but he has to be aware that he is fully
responsible for his choices.
TOPIC 7
7.2.2
FREEDOM AND JUSTICE
93
Freedom of Speech
The freedom to think and speak is not given absolutely to individuals without
any restriction. This freedom is subject to the following limits:
(i)
This freedom is to be used for proper purposes and sincere intentions. This
freedom is also a tool for obtaining rights, defending the society and giving
advice.
(ii)
This freedom is not to be used for bragging, showing off, belittling others,
spreading word on disgrace of others for personal profit, wealth and rank.
(iii) This freedom is not to be used at any time to mock any religion.
(iv) This freedom should preserve the behaviour and personality of a person to
avoid slander, revealing the disgrace of others and making wild
accusations.
7.2.3
Freedom to Own Property
Humans have the right to own property. Abuse of this freedom is considered
tyranny. For example, the allotment of property to an heir from the estate of the
deceased is proof of acknowledgement of individual right to property. The
acknowledgement of right to ownership is limited by certain principles
principles of ownership, ways for ownership, ways of expansion and ways of
utilisation.
Based on the principles of ownership, individuals are only representatives of
society in owning property. The ownership of an object or property is more a
duty or responsibility rather than actual ownership. Humans cannot limit
property to certain groups. Accumulation of property to only certain groups in
society is disallowed.
As limitation to the freedom to own property, property must be obtained validly.
Refrain from taking what belongs to others and be prudent when using it.
Humans are called upon to be moderate when spending. Do not be either
wasteful or stingy.
7.2.4
Freedom to Make Choices
The freedom to act using mature thought is necessary so that our actions benefit
ourselves, family, society and country. All acts must be done with the awareness
that we want to do the best that we can.
According to Pratley (1995), humans have responsibilities because they have
freedom and awareness. Without the freedom to choose something, humans
94
TOPIC 7
FREEDOM AND JUSTICE
would definitely act without taking into account the concept of responsibility.
For example, if a man does not have freedom in life, all his actions would be
stifled and controlled to the point where he would not be able to differentiate
needs and responsibilities from his inner feelings. The awareness that we have
the freedom to choose drives us to be responsible for what we do. We do
something thinking about the objectives and purpose that we want to achieve. To
achieve an objective, we must evaluate the situation and the consequences of our
actions.
The concept of independent choice regards humans as educated and gathers
belief that life is not decided by factors outside the control of an independent
being. Humans who act unhealthily, like in anger and without consideration, act
beyond the control of mature thought. As a result, their actions create undesired
situations (immoral). We should realise that our awareness of having the
freedom prevents us from acting blindly.
7.2.5
Freedom to Choose and Social Responsibilities
Before discussing the freedom to choose, let us look at what is meant by

responsibility.
There are several definitions of responsibility. Two of the definitions are as the
following:
(a)
Individual responsibility is where one is not just responsible for intentions,

planning and actions, but also any event. On the condition that intent in
acting consciously and knowingly, as well as able to look at the possibilities
that might occur principally.
(b)
A person is responsible for a wrongdoing if he or she:

(i)
Is aware of it but does not prevent it from occurring;
(ii)
Does not want to consider something because he or she does not want
to be held responsible; and
(iii) Fails to take necessary steps to announce a danger.

Moral responsibility requires freedom. Humans cannot control the unknown but
conscious carelessness is not acceptable. The freedom to choose to do something
is our right. Therefore, there is no reason that can exempt us from responsibility
for our actions. If a person does not have the freedom to choose due to
powerlessness or pressure, only then he is exempted from expected
responsibilities.
TOPIC 7
FREEDOM AND JUSTICE
95
EXERCISE 7.2
1.
Discuss the freedom to make a living in relation to the municipal

authorities rules on roadside hawking.
2.
Elaborate on the freedom of speech from the aspects of

parliamentary debates and political rallies.
7.3
MORAL JUSTICE
Moral justice is a vital principle of humanity. It should be implemented without

considering race, climate and ideology.
Social justice covers various aspects of life such as governance, administration,
occupation, family and so on. Justice will create peace, harmony and happiness
in society. Among these moral justices are equality under the law, political, social
and economic justice. Equality under the law means that every individual is
equal and there is no provision for special status for certain individuals, groups
or families. The caste system should not exist. There are no privileges for
individuals socially and such.
Humans are commanded to act fairly in all dealings in life. For example, humans
should be fair in:
(a)
Words and dealings;
(b)
Solving misunderstanding; and
(c)
Dealing with enemies and passing down payment.
7.3.1
Efforts to Preserve Justice
Justice is determined and judged through the voice of the majority. This is
obvious in a democratic country, where laws are drafted through the voice of the
majority.
In upholding justice, a system of legislation comprising enforcers and the
judiciary (courts) were created. Actually, preserving justice is not the
responsibility of only the judicial system or law enforces. It is the responsibility
of each individual to preserve justice. If we come across injustice, we should
rectify it. There are many organisations, both governmental and nongovernmental organisations which work to uphold justice. Among them are the
Consumers Association and Commission of Human Rights.
96
TOPIC 7
FREEDOM AND JUSTICE
ACTIVITY 7.3
State the importance of obtaining justice in an independent country. Do
you feel that the freedom and justice that you have is adequate? Describe
your personal view on this.
7.4 CONFLICT OF FREEDOM AND JUSTICE

After finding out about the rights to freedom and justice that we are entitled to as
Malaysians, there should be no conflicts in our life. However, we believe that
conflicts would still occur today. Why? The answer is easy man is never
satisfied with what he has or owns. As Malaysians who love our country, there
should be no conflicts, especially on rights and freedom in an independent
country. This is because the freedoms and rights of a citizen are enshrined in the
Federal Constitution that is the main reference when there is a related conflict.
Hence, being educated, we should be moral agents capable of defending peace
and harmony in this independent country of various races and faiths. We should
be proud to be citizens of a country blessed by God to be fertile and peaceful.
Freedom encompasses spiritual freedom, freedom to obtain rights in life,

freedom from enslavement among humans and freedom from enslavement
to societal values and norms.
We also need to understand the meaning of freedom in an independent

country, such as personal freedom, freedom to voice opinions, freedom to
own property, freedom to make choices and freedom to choose and social
responsibilities.
Moral humans should use the freedom and preserve the justice in any
situation to guarantee well-being in everyday life.
Topic 8 Types of
Moral
Conflicts and
Its Solutions
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.
Describe types of conflicts;
2.
Explain strategies for solving conflicts; and
3.
Describe the role of various parties in solving conflicts.
INTRODUCTION
Conflicts of values occurs when there is a difference of needs, demands, beliefs,

values and opinions. These conflicts can affect the comfort and peace of a
person's soul. There are many types or forms of moral conflicts that can occur in
daily life. This topic will reveal several forms of conflicts that cause a person's
relationship with another to turn tense. Subsequently, you will given suggestions
for solving these conflicts.
98
8.1
8.1.1
TOPIC 8
TYPES OF MORAL CONFLICTS AND ITS SOLUTIONS
TYPES OF CONFLICTS
Conflict of Racial Discrimination
Those who defend racial supremacy claim that the different qualities between
races are natural. For example, the justification for the enslavement of Negroes
was based on the belief that Negroes inherited poor racial qualities genetically,
resulting in them being childish, irresponsible, and having the tendency to lie
and steal. This view influenced the mentality of whites until the 20th century. In
the 1950s, this view was finally defeated through scientific discoveries.
ACTIVITY 8.1
What were the scientific discoveries that influenced the views of whites
towards Negroes? Gather theories, experiments and proof to
substantiate your information. Present your findings in tutorial.
8.1.2
Conflict of Age Discrimination
Discrimination of age is also a moral issue that is always debated in our everyday
life. Discrimination of age occurs when an employee is denied the right and
opportunity to gain employment when their age reaches a certain point. In
Malaysia, all occupations are subject to the enforcement of the Employee Act
1986. Discrimination of age also occurs when heads of departments conduct
evaluation of the performances of the employees.
8.1.3
Conflict of Socioeconomic Discrimination
Socioeconomic discrimination occurs when a person of a certain economic

standing is treated differently from the general population. In Malaysia,
socioeconomic discrimination in getting an education is becoming very apparent.
Students from a poor background who do not get offers from local universities
have no chance of continuing their education in private institutions as they are
unable to pay the fees.
To bridge this divide, the government has created various methods such as the
New Economic Policy, study loans, welfare-aided institutions and others. What is
important is that these students should strive to further their education through
the proper channels.
TOPIC 8
99
ACTIVITY 8.2
In Malaysia, although Islam is the official religion of the Federation, other
worshippers are free to practise their faiths. However, there are several
teachings that are banned by the government. List down these teachings.
Discuss with your classmates.
8.1.4
Social Dilemma
An example of social dilemma is the dilemma of prisoners and general tragedy.

A dilemma arises when two people are found guilty and questioned separately
by the public prosecutor. The prosecutor has sufficient evidence to prosecute
them for minor offences, therefore, he places them in separate rooms so that they
would not meet each other.
The prosecutor then offers them an incentive to plead guilty, separately. If one
prisoner pleads guilty while the other does not, the prosecutor will release the
former and use his confession to charge the latter with a higher offence. If they
both plead guilty, then they will receive a moderate sentence. If they do not, they
will receive a heavier penalty.
Unlike conflicts between nations, social dilemma involves many parties. An
example is the greenhouse effect caused by the rampant destruction of forests,
and emission of carbon dioxide from vehicles and factories. The same applies to
individuals who pollute the environment and exploit natural resources, which
directly contributes to serious pollution in the world.
8.1.5
Conflict between Groups
Conflict between groups occurs at all levels of social organisation. Examples are
fights between gangsters, friction in an industrial organisation, and racial riots in
cities due to misunderstandings between races. The reasons for conflicts between
groups are competition, social categorisation and inter-group trespassing.
EXERCISE 8.1
Give examples of racial discrimination that can cause moral issues.
100
TOPIC 8
8.2 STRATEGIES IN SOLVING CONFLICTS

People sometimes use irrational ways in solving conflicts. They disregard the
issues involved in a conflict, commit fraudulent actions, use emotional language
and use force. Among the strategies that should be used are analysis of values,
cognitive development, strategy of building hierarchies, strategy of diluting
problems and strategy of compromise.
8.2.1
Analysis of Values
This strategy was introduced by Fraenkel (1972-1977) and Coomb (in Hersh et al
1980) to solve moral conflict dilemma. There are two approaches to this strategy
the Fraenkel approach and the Coomb approach. Both approaches have one
similarity they both overcome conflict analytically by identifying elements of
values and facts earlier in the conflict. They weigh the pros and cons (advantages
and weaknesses) of possible actions. This means that in this strategy, an
individual needs to think rationally and logically about the relevant facts in the
conflict before considering the values.
When analysing the related values, an individual is required to study the
possible consequences, look after the feelings and welfare of the parties involved
and prioritise the overall consequences when taking action. Usually, conflicts that
involve a lot of facts, individuals and complex moral values can be analysed
through this strategy. This strategy heavily emphasise on the dimension of moral
reasoning. Because of this, the dimensions of moral emotions and moral
behaviour are slightly disregarded by conflict-solvers.
8.2.2
Cognitive Development
One strategy used to solve moral conflicts is the strategy based on the
development of moral cognitive theory first put forward by the psychologist
Lawrence Kohlberg (Chazan and Soltis, 1973).
Kohlberg and his associates took 20 years to conduct a longitudinal study on 75
people comprising males between ages 10 and 16. The study was done based on
their moral cognitive development till they reached ages 20 to 28.
In this study, Kohlberg summarised the existence of three levels of moral
development. Each level has two stages. The pre-conventional stage is where
children are usually well-mannered and respond to the hopes of the society,
whether good or bad. At the post-conventional stage, wide belief of valid and
useful moral principles is accepted according to universal moral principles.
TOPIC 8
101
ACTIVITY 8.3
Build a chart that explains Kohlbergs Cognitive Theory. Revise this
section again if necessary. Present this in your tutorial.
Lets look at an example.

The citizens of Kubula are facing a conflict between social stability and justice
for their lower classes. The social structure that has benefited the Pola tribe
shows that the Xoro tribe is being oppressed by the Polo tribe through fair
means. The threat by the Xoro to continue their struggle is due to their
decision to consider social stability and societal utilities to be less important
than correcting the injustice plaguing them.
Hidden in their thoughts is an idea of a hierarchy and its use in solving or
attempting to solve a social problem. The Xoro tribe sees two values social
stability and justice like those that exist in the conflict. They are very
confident that it is not possible to achieve both until they ask, Which is more
important to achieve? They then form an arrangement of rank, from the
highest to the lowest.
8.2.3
Strategy of Building Hierarchies
The implications of the strategy of building a hierarchy is that as justice is more

important than social stability, the concept of the basic values need to be
prioritised, such as life, safety or health, like being free to consume nutritious
food.
8.2.4
Strategy of Diluting Problems
This strategy involves creating alternatives to avoid problems.

At the material level, the greater the availability of resources or technological
wealth in a society or individual, the easier it is for us to use these resources in
various alternative ways, or to create alternatives.
At the social level, there is flexibility, whether to create a new system of
transportation or new laws. This flexibility can offer additional alternatives to
solving a conflict.
102
8.2.5
TOPIC 8
Strategy of Compromise
This strategy suggests that each person should be given benefit or each value
should be stated in varying degrees. There is no rational hierarchy for conflicting
values or people of importance taking greater precedence.
The tension between values cannot be solved. If it could be solved, and all
valuable things achieved and undesirables avoided, then there would be no use
for a compromise that would usually accept what has been reduced. Therefore,
the strategy of compromise is the last strategy utilised when both the strategy of
hierarchy and strategy of diluting problems fail resolve conflict.
ACTIVITY 8.4
Many theories, hypotheses and studies conducted by Western thinkers are
used by us. But why is it that up to today, these theories have failed to be
used in conflicts like in West Asia (Israel-Palestine), international violence
and so on? State your opinions.
EXERCISE 8.2
List down steps on how the strategy of diluting problems can solve a
power struggle within an organisation.
8.3
SOLVING SOCIO-CULTURE ISSUES
Socio-cultural morals is a universal issue. Therefore, its solution cannot be the

responsibility of one party only. Solving socio-cultural moral issues is the
responsibility of every member of society. This issue is related to the behaviour
of individuals, groups and societies. The development of the behaviour of an
individual starts at home. Hence, to solve socio-cultural issues, the best way is to
start with the actions of parents and family.
8.3.1
Role of the Family
The family institution plays a vital role in stemming social problems from
spreading. Hence, parents are the backbone of the family institution and play an
important role. The education and absorption of noble values start at home. It
TOPIC 8
103
cannot be denied that the prevalence of social ills and moral decline, especially
among youths, is due in some part to problems in the family.
Parents should teach their children good morals and responsibility towards
family, race and country. The noble values of filial piety, politeness, proper
manners and speech should be cultivated in children to guarantee the well-being
of the family.
Good parents are those who successfully cultivate noble and family values in
their children.
The progress in development today has led to working parents not having
sufficient time to pay attention to their children. Good relationship, affection and
respect between family members indirectly continue the existence of a
harmonious society free of ill, regardless of race and creed.
ACTIVITY 8.5
One factor leading to moral decline is parents who are caught up in
chasing material wealth. What are your views?
8.3.2
Approaches by Religion and Non-aligned

Organisations
Religious studies followed by deep appreciation are important in ensuring

children practise a decent way of life based on the pure teachings of religion. A
suitable approach has to be included to overcome social ills. If the society is not
wary, these ills could spread and the identity of the society might vanish.
Professor Dr Suradi Salim, from the Pedagogy and Education Department of
University of Malaya, stated that the fun factor and eagerness to try new
experiences are the reasons why youths fall prey to social ills. For example, the
Black Metal movement offers a different point of principles, behaviour and
appearance as propaganda to attract youths.
The Happy Family Campaign sponsored by the Yayasan Budi Penyayang
Malaysia was held to achieve the aim of the institution of a happy family as the
basic unit in guaranteeing the well-being of the country. Such campaigns should
be given full support by all parties, especially governmental bodies, the private
sector and society, in cultivating racial harmony and instilling positive universal
family values.
104
TOPIC 8
Society must be brave and wholehearted in putting a stop to malpractices.

Practices against the moral values of the society and religion must be opposed
firmly and clearly. An integrated approach involving all parties is necessary to
stop negative acts.
8.3.3
Education
The aim of the National Education Philosophy to produce pure individuals of

quality and beneficial for the progress and development of Malaysia seems to
have fallen short. This was emphasised by Mohd Mansur Abdullah (1986), who
stated that it was the wishes of the government that the aim of education in the
country was to produce disciplined individuals, with hopes of creating a wellmannered, integrated, democratic, just, liberal and progressive society.
8.3.4
Excellence of Character
Excellence of character and superior personality are important as history has

shown that countries fall and civilisations crumble when its people are unethical,
filled with negative attitudes and immoral.
Mohd Tajuddin Abdul Rahman (1995) stated that unless malpractices are
stopped the country is bound to face high risks. A disciplined society is vital in
stimulating the development of race and nation.
Also touched upon is the teaching profession. Dr Abdul Halim El Muhammady
(1995) felt that teachers needed to carry out their responsibilities based not on
materialism or respect from society. Teachers could receive their rewards, but
that should not be the highlight of their aims. Teachers who measured their
achievements based on materialism would jeopardise their improvement and
their students achievement.
This situation will lead to the failure of teachers and schools to function
efficiently to mould good behaviour and high morals in their students. In other
words, students should be their primary focus.
8.3.5
Role of the Government
The government plays an important role in preventing social ills from spreading.
Government agencies like the Department of Welfare and Society and the police
need to cooperate in eradicating gangsterism in schools.
Society also needs to play a role in curbing negative activities, especially among
youths. The social system has to be observed to avoid disarray, so that
appropriate action can be taken when something negative occurs. Entertainment
TOPIC 8
105
outlets like nightclubs, discos, pubs and video game centres should be reduced
and monitored at all times.
8.3.6
Laws and Rules
Stricter and effective punishment should be enforced to stop the spread of social
ills. For certain people, fines do not deter them from committing offences, yet this
group is worried about being disgraced in public.
In a neighbouring country, for example, community service is imposed upon
offenders guilty of littering and this has improved civic awareness of the
importance of a clean environment. The punishment of picking up litter would
surely disgrace the guilty parties. This can only work in a caring society where
the practice of cleanliness is a daily routine.
Dewan Rakyat has passed laws to enable such punishments applicable in
Malaysia. This is the best way to make society aware of the importance of
maintaining cleanliness, regardless of status and rank.
From the explanations given, it can be said that the misconduct and crime
plaguing society recently need drastic preventive actions. Most criminal
behaviours are related to seeking fun and escaping pressure parents, peers,
school and cramped environment.
To reshape the personality of the youths which has hardened would take a lot of
effort. Therefore, parents should educate their children as best as possible from
young. Think of their benefits and do not let them live alone, for the sake of the
family and society.
ACTIVITY 8.6
Select a moral conflict and try to solve it according to the solutions of
conflicts or moral dilemma put forth by Grassian.
EXERCISE 8.3
What are the roles of family and religion in solving conflicts?
106
TOPIC 8
Moral conflicts occur due to several factors, especially human attitude.

Therefore, humans should practise a healthy lifestyle by endeavouring to
noble values.
When conflicts arise, many unwanted events occur that affect the peace in
society.
The Fraenkel and Coomb approaches recommended to obvercome conflict

analytically by identifying elements of values and facts earlier in the
conflict. For each fact, they weigh the pros and cons of possible actions.
Family plays a great role in solving socio-culture issues.
Topic9
Economic
Issues
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.
Relate the connection between the government and the traders in the
national economy;
2.
Discuss business ethics, and connection between the law, employers;

and
3.
Explain the reasons and consequences of corruption as well as ways

to overcome it.
INTRODUCTION
We start the discussion on moral issues with economic issues. A nation is

considered developed if its economy is strong. The strength of a nations
economy is closely linked with its business community. In business, the main
aim is to attain as much profits as possible. Consequently, traders often disregard
social values. In this topic, we will delve into economic issues from the aspects of
profit-seeking, corruption and ethics. This will enable us to evaluate what is good
and bad in the workings of society in order to strengthen the economy.
9.1
GOVERNMENT AND TRADE
Several main economic sectors like agriculture, industry, business and services
contribute to the nation's economic resources. A large portion of the economic
development of a country is due to contributions from the trading sector.
Business is the lifeline of a nation's economy, especially a developing country
including Malaysia. The government and traders are mutually dependent.
The government builds infrastructure, while traders conduct effective
transactions within the infrastructure provided. The traders pay taxes on their
profits. The higher the profits, the higher the income for the country through
108
TOPIC 9
ECONOMIC ISSUES
profit taxes. Traders also have the social responsibility of ensuring the well-being
of the society.
One method of ensuring the welfare of society is by following the ethics of
business management. This is the responsibility of all parties involved in
business management such as employers, customers, dealers, shareholders,
Economic theories explain the general objective of the traders as being to
maximise profits.
Hence, companies will seek profits that will provide dividends for their
shareholders. The aims of business are easily achievable theoretically, but
difficult in their implementation.
Conflict arises when some traders sacrifice the interests of society to gain as
much profit as possible. The traders engage in fraud, breach of ethics, breach of
business laws and so on. Traders, irrespective of where they trade, are subject to
business ethics. These business ethics ensure healthy profit-seeking, guarantee
the well-being of society and develop the country. Among the fraudulent
wrongdoings is evasion of taxes by companies or traders. This largely occurs
through the manipulation of financial or income statements and declaration of
company profits.
SELF-CHECK 9.1
Build a chart showing the connection between the trading community
and the economy of a country.
9.2
BUSINESS ETHICS
A business is valid when a company is registered with the Registrar of

Companies. If it is not registered, a company is deemed to be running illegally.
When registering, a company must submit certain details like type of business,
organisation of the company, capital and other. While operating, a company
must implement what was registered and comply with set regulations. An ethical
company will implement its responsibilities in the interests of the company, its
customers and the country. In other words, every member of the company, from
the highest management to the lowest ranking staff, must hold on to work and
company ethics.
TOPIC 9
9.2.1
ECONOMIC ISSUES
109
Company Policies
The operation of businesses and companies, comprises the board of directors,

managers, shareholders and staff. Generally, all those involved in the dynamics
of the company have a close working relationship. However, occurring issues
that involve disputes of contracts between employees and employers are
inevitable. In many instances, the agreed contract heavily favours the employers.
In this case, employees sometimes do not receive fair treatment. This includes
payment of salaries, bonuses, leave, overtime and dismissal.
In terms of salary, employers sometimes delay payment using various excuses.
Bonuses paid do not reflect the profits of the company. Employees work hard to
increase company profits, but these profits are not shared with them. It is even
more unfortunate when employers do not announce these profits to the
employees.
Ethical policies of companies are those that guard the welfare of, and are
responsible towards, the employees. Employee rights have to be maintained so
that workers not only carry out their tasks more diligently but also feel a sense of
belonging to the company. A companys policies should also stress on its social
responsibilities by contributing to the welfare of the society. Members of society
and traders depend on one another, where the company provides the necessary
products wanted by the customers (members of society) and the members of
society purchase these products. In other words, the company creates supply and
the members of society create demand.
9.2.2
Higher Management
Among the higher management of a business or company, there exists a question

on how we conduct ourselves in the office. The higher management often faces
various problems related to its duties and responsibilities. Its officers have a
responsibility towards superiors and its subordinates.
Higher management officers often face problems relating to work ethics where
they cannot communicate well, especially with their subordinates. For example,
they do not meet lower-ranked staff directly without an appointment, or they
give out orders as though the lower-ranked workers are robots. Although this is
a bureaucracy practised by organisations, there are sometimes moral issues
where higher management officers are not friendly towards their subordinates.
Ego and pride are usual flaws found in these officers. This opposes the moral
ethics that oblige a good working relationship between the higher management
officers and the lower ranks. Strictly speaking, higher management cannot stand
110
TOPIC 9
ECONOMIC ISSUES
on its own without the support of the rank-and-file staff. In other words, a
company or business is sustained by every employee.
9.2.3
Employees
Employees are the core of the success of a business or company. The moral issue
that always arises among employees of a business or company involves their
moral values. Among the issues are how much effort they put in to develop the
business and the sense of belonging they feel towards the company. Or are
employees motivated by salary alone?
Ethical employees will consider their employers business as their own. Thus,
they will work hard and strive to increase the companys profits. They will be
willing to work overtime, not just for rewards, but because they realise that by
doing so, they are helping to improve the capability and profits of their company.
When the company progresses, they will also reap the benefits such as high
bonuses, or at the very least, enable the company to continue operations and
maintain their jobs. Therefore, what is your role in developing the company and
how far do you feel a sense of belonging towards your workplace?
9.2.4
Ethics of Business Management
Management is the key to the success of a business or company. If there is

instability in the management, the company will also be in an unstable situation.
Thus, the management of a company should practise ethics when carrying out
duties. At the moment, there are many moral issues involving management.
Though these moral issues are more focused on individual moral issues, they will
always involve management. The management is an example for all members of
the company.
9.2.5
Business Laws
Business laws are drafted to maintain the interest of all those involved in trade,
from management to customers. Therefore, every worker is obliged to follow the
law. Breaching these laws is a moral issue that usually occurs in trade. Breach of
these laws is not only committed by management but also by employees.
In management, breached laws are linked to falsifying reports, selling goods
illegally, breach of trust in finances and confidentiality, environmental pollution
and so on. Among employees, breach of laws are linked to swindling of money
from sales, working hours, unauthorised use of company property and facilities,
among other things.
TOPIC 9
ECONOMIC ISSUES
111
SELF-CHECK 9.2
Explain how the management of a company can be involved in breach
of business laws.
ACTIVITY 9.1
Do you know your rights as an employee and employer according to the
law? Gather this information from the book by Kamal Halili Hassan.
1994. Hubungan Undang-undang, Majikan dan Pekerja. DBP. Kuala
Lumpur. Then, conduct an observation at your workplae. Discuss your
findings.
9.2.6
Dignity of Employees
Employees are the lifeline of a company; without them a company or business

will be paralysed. This can be seen when employees go on strike. This not only
paralyses the business but also the economy of a country.
Imagine when employees of an airline go on strike. The delivery of export goods
will be delayed and the income of companies involved will be jeopardised. This
will lead to drastic reduction in profits and lead to severe losses. When this
happens, the government will also suffer a drop in income, as the taxes on profits
will decrease. This subsequently will jeopardise the national economy. Hence, the
welfare of the employees must be preserved as much as possible.
Companies must create a comfortable, healthy, safe and non-discriminatory
environment. A business climate like that will be motivation to all employees,
from the higher management to the rank and file. Fair treatment must be
accorded to both management and workers. This fair treatment and respect must
be given at all times and place, without considering race, religion, creed and
such.
Rewards and recognition should be given to workers and managers who display
excellent performance. This will provide higher motivation for other employees.
However, what often happens is that rewards and recognition are given to
undeserving recipients. As a normal person, we are always influenced by what
we see. An employee might show hard work and effort in front of the employer
or manager only.
112
TOPIC 9
ECONOMIC ISSUES
EXERCISE 9.1
1.
How can business ethics and laws assure maximum profits in a

business?
2.
Why should the slogan This is our company be appreciated and

practised by every member of a business or company?
9.3
CORRUPTION
Let us touch on a heated matter related to the economy today. Corruption

involves giving bribes to someone to allow for a wrongdoing to occur or to cancel
something that is correct. Corruption is unethical and brings more bad than
good.
The consequences of corruption not only affect an individual, but also his or her
family, society and country. Bribes are not just property or money but also other
gift. Among them are services like sexual favours, membership to a club or an
organisation and so on.
9.3.1
(i)
Reasons Why Corruption Occurs
Self-interest
Self-interest is the main cause of corruption. A person who only prioritises
his self-interest will act according to it without considering the rights and
interests of others. This attitude causes a person to be willing to given
something by a person in power to gain a bigger reward than what was
given.
On the other hand, due to self-interest, a person in power will be willing to
give something under his jurisdiction to gain a reward that should not be
accepted.
(ii)
Luxurious Lifestyle
A lifestyle of luxury is the dream of every person. Whether we can afford it
or not, such a lifestyle continues to be a dream. Corruption always occurs
due to the desire for a luxurious lifestyle, even though we do not have the
capability to achieve such a lifestyle. As a result, we are easily trapped by
corruption.
A lifestyle in luxury refers to self-image and goods that we possess, as well
as spending style and such. The wants and desires of a person are limitless.
We want to own bungalows, big cars, electronic accessories, socialise with
TOPIC 9
ECONOMIC ISSUES
113
the rich and famous, dress expensively and indulge in over the top
entertainment. These things require high expenses and only wealthy people
can afford them. All these things are linked to external and internal factors,
which are determined by purchasing power.
A luxurious lifestyle prevents us from giving priority to basic necessities.
We should live in moderation and prioritise what is necessary. We can then
use the excess for less necessary things. One way of gaining wealth without
having the capability of doing so is by practising corruption. This
despicable practice ruins ones self, family, society and country.
(iii) External Pressure
The tendency to give and accept bribes often occurs due to external
pressure. A person is forced to practise corruption when there is pressure,
such as pressure to win a project tender that is very difficult. Thus, a person
tasked with doing so will have the tendency to give bribes.
The same applies to a recipient of bribes, who is under pressure to satisfy
the needs of his or her children, spouse, in-laws and so on, even though his
or her legitimate income is insufficient to meet their demands. As a result,
corruption often occurs among those who do not practise a pure lifestyle.
(iv) Secular and Cross-culture Influences
The practice of giving gifts as a norm in business is the source of
corruption. The culture of gratitude among the races in the country
indirectly becomes a source of corruption. Secularism has also led to a
similar situation where religious teachings are disregarded. We are always
influenced by secularism, even though we still believe in God. When noble
values are eroded by secular influence, corrupt practices easily take place.
ACTIVITY 9.2
By using search engines on the Internet, gather the following
information:
(i)
Types of common corrupt acts
(ii) Procedures on filing a report
(iii) Laws and penalties imposed
Try to find as many as possible previous cases involving corruption in
Malaysia. Give your opinion on why they happened.
114
9.3.2
TOPIC 9
ECONOMIC ISSUES
Consequences of Corruption
Corruption can greatly affect an individual, family, society and country.

Productivity in a society will be low where corruption is rampant as workers will
always hope for rewards or kickbacks. Sincerity and earnestness in carrying out
duties will also deteriorate.
The laws and regulations set by the authorities will not be enforced, due to
corruption. There will be no punishment handed down to offenders of these laws
and regulations as long as the offenders are able to bribe the authorities. This is a
precarious situation as murder, slander and so on can occur rampantly. Jealousy
will be widely spread in a society that practises corruption. Corrupt persons will
be free to commit crime, if not stopped by the authorities. In a nutshell, family,
society and country will plunge into chaos and unrest; and there will be no peace
of mind and body, if corruption is rampant.
9.3.3
Ways to Overcome Corruption
(i)
Certain practices in families such as rewarding members who do chores are

the norm. Therefore, avoid or reduce such elements, which could lead to
corruption in the family.
(ii)
Stricter laws should be created to combat corrupt practices.
(iii) Existing laws and regulations should be enforced.

(iv) Heavy and appropriate penalties should be imposed on givers and
recipients of bribes.
(v)
Education on preventing corruption should be provided to all citizens,

starting at a young age.
ACTIVITY 9.3
Should authorities be given high salaries to prevent corruption? Are
there other ways that you can suggest to prevent corruption?
Discuss.
EXERCISE 9.2
1.
Explain how corrupt practices can threaten national security.
2.
Elaborate on how corrupt practices can be stopped.
TOPIC 9
ECONOMIC ISSUES
115
The economy of a country is strongly linked to the business community.
All parties should follow existing ethics for common interests. In chasing
perfection, certain parties should not be indifferent when carrying out their
social responsibilities. The hesitance of some parties in carrying out their
responsibilities will create various misdemeanours, including corrupt
practices.
Ingratitude for what one possesses and prioritising self-interests make this
immoral practice detrimental to all.
Strictly speaking, corruption will only destroy the individual, family,

Topic10XIssues in
Technology
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.
Evaluate the advantages

advancement in life;
and
disadvantages
2.
Link technology management with ethics; and
of
technology
3.
List down
ECTIVES
the advantages and disadvantages of technological

applications, especially in genetic, chemical and nuclear technologies
to the world community.
INTRODUCTION
In this topic, we will touch on the relationship between technology and morals.
Technology is rapidly developing each day, and no one can deny the necessity
and importance of technological advancements in our everyday life. However, if
technology is not managed well, it would lead to the detriment of the world's
population. We will discuss several issues related to current technology. This is
so that we realise and consider the advantages and disadvantages of technology
management and its consequences on human lives.
10.1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Malaysians should be aware of the information revolution that is rapidly
advancing in order to make quick, accurate and mature comparisons. As a
country heading for developed status, Malaysians should also carry out various
product renewals to serve as an example to other countries. We should not just
function as users of this information, but as the creators of this information in all
aspects. This is the challenge of technology contained in Vision 2020.
TOPIC 10
ISSUES IN TECHNOLOGY
W 117
The usage of the Internet is the most sophisticated advancement in information

technology to date. The Internet serves as a connection tool between all levels of
society, regardless of distance, protocols and bureaucracy. The wide usage of the
Internet shows that all levels of society are entitled to obtain information freely.
It is very clear that the advancement in information technology has greatly
helped us in carrying out our daily activities. You are, at this very moment, using
information technology to study via open and distance learning. This can reduce
your costs while you obtain knowledge to improve and advance yourself. You
can communicate with your tutors and fellow students who are hundreds of
kilometres apart within a few seconds. We are able to know the latest news
around the world the very day an event takes place.
However, it has become customary that whatever brings good has its
weaknesses. As mentioned earlier, the abuse of technology can lead to detriment
or disaster. For example, enemies or irresponsible parties who hack into a system
may pose a threat to national security. A hacked finance system can lead the
country into bankruptcy. Companies may face the risk of closing down if the
confidential systems of the companies are hacked.
Figure 10.1: Some examples of instruments used in information technology
ACTIVITY 10.1
Have you ever used services such as e-Pay, Easyway or telephone
banking? How far do you benefit from these in terms of physical,
emotional, spiritual and intellectual development? Discuss with your
classmates.
118 X
TOPIC 10
10.2
GENETIC CLONING
ACTIVITY 10.2
What is cloning? Could you have a twin who is 100% similar to you?
Generally, cloning is a modern technique to produce new progeny by using

genetic codes identical to its parent. Cloning is not only done on animals and
plants, but also on humans. However, this is still at a research stage. For plants
and several species of humans, cloning technology is increasingly advancing
with many new discoveries and inventions.
10.2.1
Implications of Human Cloning
Cloning is an issue that has been greatly debated. When Dolly the sheep was
cloned in 1996, it caused great amazement among the international community.
ACTIVITY 10.3
Who or what is Dolly? Find information on Dolly in the Internet and
discuss this with your classmates.
The same technique to clones sheep could be used to clone humans. How could
cloning be done on humans? We know that every organism on Earth is made up
of units of cells and each cell contains deoxyribulose acid (DNA) molecules in the
nucleus. This DNA contains information relating to the genes, like height, colour
of hair, intelligence and such. When cloning is done, a somatic cell is removed
from the human body, for example, the skin cell. The cell nucleus, which contains
the DNA, is extracted and inserted into the females ovum, whose nucleus had
been earlier removed. With the help of special chemical liquids and electric
pulses, the nucleus of the skin cell and the ovum are fused. Then, cell growth
occurs once the fused cells are planted in the females womb. The baby product
formed will have a genetic code identical to and resembling the parent cell, i.e.
the person who provided the somatic cell.
Due to the possibilities that might occur, the British government banned any
form of embryo cloning for research purposes, as well as human reproduction
through cloning. The Human Fertility and Embryology Act 1990 was formally
TOPIC 10
W 119
gazetted as law. Thus, a conflict of morals arose between freedom and the
gazetted Act. However, human attitudes and perceptions towards cloning issues
change from day to day.
Scientists started to draw certain limits to ease research on producing human
embryos. They were hoping to produce a cloned tissue or organ that would be
vitally needed, especially in the medical field. In the end, a panel of experts was
formed to study the possibility of allowing human cloning in the name of science,
technology and medicine. The scientists hoped that amendments or the existing
law would allow and legitimise their efforts to create human tissue to treat
patients, especially those involved in serious burn cases.
ACTIVITY 10.4
In your opinion, should research in human cloning continue? Why? What
if the research were continued on plants and animals only?
10.2.2
Benefits of Human Cloning
Among the benefits of human cloning are:

(i)
Human cloning can be used to create babies that would fulfil the wishes of
the parents. Humans could also clone themselves or deceased loved ones.
(ii)
Through genetic engineering, cloning can be used to treat cancer patients.

Current treatments like radiation and chemical methods can destroy tissues
unaffected by the cancer cells. On the other hand, through genetic
engineering, only the affected cells will be destroyed.
(iii) Human cloning can be used to increase mental and physical capabilities in
a person by inserting artificial genes and hormones into the embryo. This
genetic alteration can then be passed down from generation to generation.
(iv) Human cloning can also be extended to military purposes, solving
shortages in manpower, experimental reasons and so on. Can you imagine
Arnold Schwarzenegger or Sylvester Stallone being cloned for military
purposes or as labourers due to their large physical size.
120 X
TOPIC 10
10.2.3
Flaws of Human Cloning
Among the flaws of human cloning are:

(i)
Cloning is only to satisfy desires, arrogance, pride and self-interests.

Humans should be thankful for all of Gods gifts. The created baby would
just be a tool or experimental specimen to satisfy the desires of the
scientists. It is possible that in the future, when the baby is an adult, he or
she will blame or sue the parents for failing to select the genes he or she
desired.
(ii)
The methods in human cloning are dangerous, as the tiniest of mistakes can
affect future generations. Physical and mental capabilities are closely linked
with factors like education, training, food intake, experience and many
others. Therefore, there is simple link between the genes and physical and
mental capabilities of a person.
(iii) Human cloning is against ethics and open to misuse. Try to imagine what
will happen if a terrorist could clone himself.
EXERCISE 10.1
1.
List down ways to control the advances in information technology in

order to prevent it being abused by the spread of negative
information among the people in our country.
2.
Explain from the moral aspect, the issues that arise when a baby is
cloned using someones genetic material and is conceived by a
woman who is not its biological mother.
10.3 CHEMICALS IN AGRICULTURE

In this modern age, the agricultural sector depends heavily on chemical
materials. In fact, there has been a revolution in the agricultural sector known as
the Green Revolution where there exists a dominant model agriculture based on
chemistry. Among the reasons for the use of chemicals in the agricultural
industry are to increase yield and quality of agricultural produce, and to protect
crops from attacks by pests, insects and weeds. The use of chemicals in the
agriculture industry is practised in almost all agriculture-based countries.
What differs among these countries is the quantity of chemicals used. For
developed nations that are agriculture-based, the use of chemicals is more
intensive, starting from land treatment to the preservation of export-bound
TOPIC 10
W 121
agricultural product. In developing nations, the use of chemicals is more

apparent in protecting crops from being attacked by pests, insects and weeds.
The use of chemicals in the agricultural industry has two main effects positive
and negative. The positive effects are the increase in agricultural output and
lengthening the shelf life of agricultural products, especially those which are to
be exported. There are four negative effects on human health, insect or pest
reaction, effects on the environment and analysis of the cost benefits the use of
chemicals.
For discussion purposes, focus will be given to the negative effects of the use of
chemicals as effects seen as positive are only visible in the early stage. In the long
term, the use of chemicals will have negative effects, especially on the
surrounding ecosystem.
10.3.1
Human Health
The health of consumers is exposed to the negative effects of chemicals through

the food consumed like vegetables and fruits. Farmers use weedkillers or
insecticides to preserve their crops. Among the types of weedkillers used are:
(i)
Synthetic Pyrethroids like Pernethrin Deltametrin; and
(ii)
Organophosphorous Compounds like Malathion, Diazinon
The insecticides commonly used are Theflunbenzuron and Chlorfluazuron.

The uncontrolled use of chemicals as poisons can cause food poisoning. For
example, in 1988, there were 100 people in a neighbouring country who suffered
from food poisoning after consuming kailan and mustard which contained
residues of Methamidophos. The Agriculture Department of Malaysia discovered
that the kailan and mustard green exported to the particular country contained
the insecticide Methamidophos. Seven of the ten kailan tested contained more
than 1 mg/kg Organophosphorous and some even contained more than 30
mg/kg. The mustard green was found to have contained the highest content, at
100 mg/kg (Cheah et al. 1993). This discovery jeopardised the export of
Malaysian vegetables to the country.
Certain poisons are not as dangerous as Organophosphorous, such as the
fungicide Ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) which can be removed through
cleaning. Consumers need only clean the vegetables using plenty of water to
remove the fungicide. However, this cleaning process can only remove 90% of
the poison on the vegetables. What is worrying is the effect of 10% remainder of
the poison on the vegetables consumed by people.
122 X
TOPIC 10
Chemicals also have a negative effect when the user of the chemicals or poisons
does not use sufficient protective gear, when using dangerous compounds like
Organophosphorous and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Without the use of gloves,
breathing equipment and other apparatus, users of these chemicals will be
exposed to health problems like skin diseases and problems related to internal
organs like cancer.
This phenomenon can be clearly seen in the agricultural sector in Malaysia.
Farmers are used to spraying weedkillers or insecticide using spraying devices
with tanks. They do not take the initiative to use proper protective gear or
instruments that could help filter the air they breathe while spraying is done.
10.3.2
The Moral Question over Agricultural

Chemicals
In seeking profits in the agricultural sector, several things relating to the

consideration of moral values have to be thought of by every producer and
consumer. It cannot be denied that we do not want to be left behind in
sophisticated technology in agriculture. However, the effects of advances in
agricultural technology on health and the environment cannot be taken lightly. In
this case, the government, non-governmental organisations, society and
individuals/consumers must play their respective roles in controlling the use of
chemicals in the agriculture sector. We want progress in agriculture, but at the
same time, we also want the guarantee of good health. We want to live happily
and we also want the economy to boom due to the agriculture sector. This sector
remains the largest contributor to the development of our countrys economy.
Therefore, solving this question is a delicate and complex matter.
10.4
NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY
Nuclear energy has become the last choice as an energy source, other than hydro
energy, gas, oil and coal. From an economic point, it is clear that nuclear energy
is a cheap and economical energy alternative. However, nowadays, nuclear
technology is the biggest threat to humans and has terrible implications on world
peace. The use of nuclear technology as weapons can be seen as a calamity that
could lead to destruction and suffering.
10.4.1
Applications of Nuclear Technology
Nuclear technology can be applied safely through careful and effective usage. It
can also benefit our lives through various uses in:
TOPIC 10
(i)
W 123
Medical Field
In medicine, nuclear technology can be used as one of the scanning and
imagery methods. Through this method, determining the level of exposure
of a patient to radiation can be easily done.
Figure 10.2: The use of nuclear technology in medicine.

Source: http://www.samc.com/pat_vis/images/Nuclear.jpg
(ii)
Agricultural Field
Nuclear technology also contributes to a method of selective breeding in
plants. Genetic mutation in plants will stimulate their reproduction and
subsequently stimulate growth and reproduction of plants of higher quality
that mature faster.
(iii) Alternative Energy Source

As mentioned earlier, the world is currently experiencing a shortage in
energy sources like coal and oil. In this situation, nuclear energy is seen as
capable of producing electricity after the depletion of coal and oil. Nuclear
generator stations also require less fuel compared to fossil fuels.
(iv) Defence/Arms Industries
Nuclear energy is also used to make weapons, especially atom and
hydrogen bombs. The materials found in nuclear weapons include
plutonium and uranium, which can be easily found in India and Pakistan.
124 X
TOPIC 10
10.4.2
Implications of Nuclear Usage
(i)
Health
Exposure to radiation and nuclear contamination can cause leukaemia or
blood cancer among the population of the affected area. It can also lead to
thyroid cancer in children. Girls aged below 5 years are most susceptible to
this dangerous radiation. Genetic mutation also occurs when a couple is
exposed to radioactive rays, resulting in the birth of children with defects.
This is what happened in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
(ii)
Environmental Pollution
The explosion of a nuclear bomb will cause the spread of thick dust and
smog that are detrimental to human health. The leak in the nuclear plant in
Chernobyl, Russia, affected not only the local population, but the entire
world due to the possibility of radioactive residues on imported foodstuff
from the region.
(iii) Danger to Agriculture

The spread of radioactive materials and radiation will pose a great danger
to agricultural lands. Agricultural produce contaminated by radioactive
materials is not safe for consumption and will endanger life forms and
negatively affect the fertility of the soil.
(iv) Difficulty in Disposing of Nuclear Wastes
Nuclear waste is difficult to be disposed of. It is not as simple as discarding
unwanted material. It requires certain planned procedures. Unplanned
disposal will impact the balance in nature negatively, and if not done
carefully, will cause uncontrollable spread of radiation.
(v)
Effect on Political Stability

The unplanned use of nuclear weapons will give rise to conflicts between
disputing nations. The involved countries will continue to be suspicious
and will ready themselves by preparing their war machinery to ensure
security. For this purpose, there are several countries which conducted
nuclear tests to ascertain the effectiveness of the weapons produced.
TOPIC 10
W 125
EXERCISE 10.2
1.
2.
The use of chemicals in agriculture can reap high profits. State the
profits and side effects on the values of life in society.
What are the roles of the non-governmental organisations in
controlling the advances in nuclear energy that can bring harm to
society? Give one example of such an NGO and its roles.
Issues in information technology relate to the openness of information to

customers.
Information technology also sometimes provides a platform for the spread

of misguided ideologies. This needs to be stopped to avoid it being
widespread, especially among individuals who should not receive the
information yet.
Knowledge and education related to noble values should be instilled in

children so that they can glean information with mature thoughts and be
able to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the information.
In cloning, technology is rapidly developing, with the creation of new

products, especially in agriculture. However, cloning does not consider
religious elements and disregards societal values, and thus should be
rejected even if it is at the testing stage. This does not mean that we should
completely reject the cloning technology. We should support those that are
beneficial, but at the same time, reject technology that does not consider
societal values.
Nuclear technology is also more sophisticated today. It is now valued as an

alternative energy source. However, the use of nuclear technology has its
good and bad points. Nuclear technology has greatly contributed to fields
such as agriculture, medicine and defence.
It is humans greed that makes it difficult for nuclear technology to be used

as an important source for the benefit of human beings.
The nuclear technology race has disregarded individual noble values in the
world. Nuclear weapon testing has destroyed the environment and cruelly
killed thousands of lives. Such technology should be overwhelmingly
rejected. The side effects of the benefits of nuclear technology, especially in
agriculture, should be taken into serious consideration.
Topic11 Environmental
Issues
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.
Explain global warming and its solutions;
2.
Discuss issues of water pollution and the sources of pollution; and
3.
Define noise pollution and related issues.
INTRODUCTION
The environment does not belong to us, it is we who belong to the environment.
The environment is a dynamic system and humans are one of its components.
The changes done towards the environment should be limited and controlled to
guarantee the wellbeing of humanity. Generally, humans depend on the
environment to obtain raw materials like metals, shared common elements like
gases, and many more. The environment is also the outlet to air, water and earth.
In this topic, you will be exposed to environmental issues that directly or
indirectly affect the shaping of a moral human.
11.1 GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming has become a source of utmost concern to the world population.
Statistically, 1995 and 1996 were the warmest years to date. In addition to
suffering the brunt of La Nina that wreaked havoc and caused floods in almost
all districts in the Peninsula, we also felt the scorching heat of the sun as a result
of global warming. Overall, experts concur that greenhouse gases or glasshouse
gases, especially carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, are the cause of
global warming.
TOPIC 11
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
127
ACTIVITY 11.1
Find out what is meant by greenhouse effect. Then, discuss and try to
relate greenhouse effect with moral values and ethics.
Studies show that 1200km2 or 0.8% of the coastal land along the coasts of
Peninsular Malaysia are expected to be submerged if sea levels keep rising at a
rate of 0.9cm per year due to global warming. In fact, thousands of hectares of
agricultural land and mangroves will be destroyed and thousands of people
displaced. Global warming will also jeopardise crops and lead to the breeding of
several disease-causing insects. Knowing the terrible consequences of global
warming, we should delve into the origin of this destructive phenomenon.
11.1.1
Factors Causing the Increase in Earths

Temperature
Figure 11.1: Among the factors causing global warming are industries,
transportation and logging
(i)
Industries
Industries are the main cause of the rise in temperature. This is due to
factories emitting smoke, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and poisonous
gases that cause the greenhouse effect. The use of CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons) in aerosols and air-conditioners causes thinning of
the ozone layer and the rise of the earths temperature. The moral conflict
here is, should factories be shut down?
If they were to be shut down, then surely thousands would be unemployed
and this will cause different social and moral problems. This conflict is not
easily resolved, though awareness on industrial values and ethics should be
cultivated and practised wholeheartedly. A comprehensive solution to this
128
TOPIC 11
issue can only be reached if the world community unites to adhere to

existing international industrial ethics, thus preserving the well-being of
humanity.
(ii)
Transportation
Transportation can increase the world temperature as the burning of fossil
fuels, like petrol from vehicles that can contribute to the greenhouse effect,
which, in turn, raises the global temperature. The increase in the number of
vehicles on land, water and air will lead to increased emissions of carbon
dioxide, methane and other gases.
Will the same moral issue rise? Should we destroy all forms of vehicles and
walk to our destinations instead? In this case, methods to reduce the
number of vehicles must be thought of. Examples include restricting
vehicles with individual occupants and inventing eco-friendly vehicles.
ACTIVITY 11.2
Solar energy is an alternative to fossil fuels in vehicles. In your opinion, can
solar energy completely replace fossil fuels in vehicles? Discuss other
measures that we can take to minimise greenhouse effects caused by
industries and transporation.
(iii) Logging
The timber industry has also contributed to the increase in global
temperature. Unplanned logging exposes the land to the suns rays.
Logging also reduces the rate of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis balances
the gas content in the air as oxygen is released during the process.
The moral issue over logging is due to human greed in raking in excessive
profits, to the point of disregarding noble values needed to preserve the
environment. Logging should be carried out in a planned manner, by only
cutting down permitted trees of certain sizes. If this ethic is followed, it
would, at the very least, reduce the effects of global warming.
TOPIC 11
11.1.2
129
Effects of Global Warming
Figure 11.2: One of the effects of extremely high temperature

Source: www.earthday.net/goals/energy.stm
(i)
Thinning of the Ozone Layer

The ozone layer is vital to the world population as it limits the amount of
radioactive solar rays entering the Earths atmosphere. Global warming can
cause the thinning of this layer, as can human activities that introduce
chemicals like chlorine and bromine which stay in the atmosphere and
destroy thousands of ozone molecules. The use of aerosols containing CFC,
air-conditioners and computer microchips allows more radioactive rays
into the atmosphere. Infra radioactive gas is released from the greenhouse
effect and heats up the Earth by 15 to 20 percent.
(ii)
Acid Rain
Acid rain is caused by acidic gases in the atmosphere that dissolve in rain
water. Examples of these acidic gases are sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide. These gases are produced by industrial activities. When rain falls,
the water dissolves these gases. As a result, the rain water has a pH of less
than 7 and it is called acid rain.
Acid rain causes:
(a)
Various ailments like cough, chest pains, aching joints and kidney
problems;
(b)
Acidity of rivers and lakes, thus killing aquatic lifeforms like fish,
crabs and etc;
(c)
Destruction of many plants as the acid reacts with nutrients in the soil,
which reduces the fertility of agricultural land; and
(d)
Faster erosion and rusting of buildings.

130
TOPIC 11
These are among the indirect consequences of Mans actions towards Nature.
Therefore, every individual in the world community is involved, to a certain
degree, in creating these unpleasant situations on Earth.
EXERCISE 11.1
1. How does global warming affect the difference in water quality on Earth?
2. Explain three steps to overcome global warming.
11.2 WATER POLLUTION

Water encompasses 71% of Earths surface. Out of this, 97% is sea water, 2% is
water in snow form, and 1% is water found on land. It is this 1% that we use for
our daily activities, and in industries and agriculture. We should preserve this
small amount of drinkable water from pollution. Water is a resource that is
renewed through the water or hydrology cycle. Thus, proper water management
will ensure continued access to clean water sources.
In the face of development and innovation, various new technologies have been
introduced to make life more comfortable and pleasant. However, humans are
often caught between progress and preserving water resources. Positive steps are
not taken to ensure the continual cleanliness of water supplies and canals. Water
pollution encompasses pollution in rivers, lakes and seas. At the moment, water
pollution is a serious issue that must be overcome effectively to ensure current
and future generations continue to enjoy clean and fresh water. There have been
many issues in water pollution that have been highlighted by the media but what
are the solutions? Who should be held responsible? Can this issue be put to rest?
ACTIVITY 11.3
Do you know how some countries develop eco-friendly towns? Follow the
planning of these projects on www.midrand-ecocity.co.za/pp-5.htm.
Then, use the search engine and find other websites which can give you
more information about this. Discuss whether Malaysia can one day have
eco-friendly towns.
TOPIC 11
11.2.1
131
Causes of Water Pollution
Causes of water pollution are divided into two categories natural causes and
extreme human activities. In this case, natural causes of water pollution cannot
be helped but pollution occurs faster and more seriously due to human activities.
Among the causes of water pollution are:
(a)
Soil Erosion and Floods

Soil erosion can be divided into two types. Firstly, normal geological
erosion, which exists on the Earths surface wherever there is a flow of
energy, whether water, ice or wind. The second is rapid erosion which is
linked to human activities that disrupt the balance between soil, plant
coverage and the eroding energy of geological agents. The rapidity of soil
erosion by water will pollute the water which would be carrying material
like mud and rubbish. Indirectly, polluted water will bring about diseasecarrying agents that will harm human health and other organisms.
Floods arise from several basic factors like the climate. However, there are
several other factors that can alleviate the intensity of floods like sedimentation
at the bottom of rivers and such. Floods pose a serious problem as they cause
loss of lives and property. Flash floods that often occur in urban areas are due
to human activities that favour development while disregarding the
cleanliness of the environment. Floods occur naturally or due to unplanned
development and human activities that disrupt water channels. At the same
time, the flood waters carry along dissolved substances and suspended
particles that are not usually found in clean water supplies.
(b)
Logging
The activity of cutting down forest trees for development purposes causes
water pollution. Logging accelerates erosion. Trees are generally a medium
of water filtration. Unplanned and uncontrolled logging causes disruptions
to water containment sources. Water will flow and erosion will occur. Soil
erosion, resulting from logging activities, pollutes the water with
suspended and dissolved substances that contaminate the water content.
Widespread logging in several areas in Peninsular and East Malaysia has
worsened the problem of sedimentation in rivers.
(c)
Development and Industrial Activities

The development of new townships directly destroys forests that serve as
water containment centres. As in the case of logging, development causes
water pollution. Water passageways built by developers often clog up and
this leads to flash floods. Industrial activities also contribute to water
132
TOPIC 11
pollution. Many studies have shown that natural resource-based industries

bring about many water pollution problems.
(d)
Oil Spills
Oil spills from vessels pollute the sea water. One litre of spilled oil will
cover 4000 square metres of the seas surface. Within a few days, around
25% of the oil will evaporate and leave brown residue floating on the
surface. After three months, black, tarred residues can be seen and sticky
patches will be formed.
Oil spills cause:
(i)
Organisms living in the sea to face problems in obtaining oxygen;
(ii)
The disruption in the growth and fertility of plankton;
(iii) The death of organisms living in the sea; and

(iv) Difficulty in mobility due to stickiness (physical characteristic of oil).
11.2.2
The Moral Question over Water Pollution
Figure 11.3: Man and water
Water is very precious to living things. However, the human attitude of placing
importance on profits and disregarding water conservation can lead to loss of
drinkable water and life forms in water. Development activities like widespread,
uncontrolled logging will hasten the destruction of water sources.
Therefore, in chasing development, noble values and love for Nature should not
be pushed aside. Every stage in the development process should have an
appropriate role. In other words, all involved parties, from the planning officers
to the labourers, should cooperate in guarding, preserving and conserving our
water sources and practise noble moral values.
TOPIC 11
133
EXERCISE 11.2
Explain how the moral values of visitors can help preserve the beauty of
waterfalls.
11.3 NOISE POLLUTION

Problems related to noise pollution are often forgotten during discussions on
environmental pollution. Actually, noise pollution greatly influences our
surroundings. As its effects are not visibly apparent, we often disregard its
significance. However, it should be taken into account because it involves all
parties, as sound is all around us whether we like it or not.
Noise is defined as excessive sound that can deafen the ear. It occurs when
sound is produced in inappropriate areas or locations and disturbs the comfort
and hearing health. (Jasman Ahmad et al 1996).
Scientifically, noise is defined as any sound that exceeds 80 decibels (dB). (Noor
Hassan Ismail, 1993). This scientific definition changes from time to time as
humans are always trying to obtain lower volumes of sounds for common good.
This common good encompasses aspects of comfort and health as noise pollution
involves more of mental than physical health.
11.3.1
Classifications of Noise Pollution
(i)
Continuous Noise
Has a constant intensity. The change in intensity between wave peaks is
less than 3dB. This happens when the sound produced vibrates more
slowly. Examples include noise that is produced when someone whispers
or the sound of a textile weaving machine.
(ii)
Fluctuating Noise
Noise caused by sound that fluctuates between high and low waves. At this
stage, the sound waves vibrate faster than continuous noise. The waves
vibrate around 3dB, like the sound of vehicles, people talking and such.
(iii) Impulse Piercing

Sound with high intensity and occurs in a short moment, like a shot, knock
or collision between hard objects. Usually at this stage, wave vibrations
134
TOPIC 11
peak and drop rapidly. The sound intensity exceeds 80dB. The wave
vibrations drop but the intensity is still high as the loud sound gives a
longer effect on the vibrations.
(iv) Alternating Noise
Alternating noises are loud sounds that occur in a specific period of time.
For example, sound produced when sawing wood. Vibrations only occur
when the saw moves. While the saw is being pulled, the intensity increases
at a certain rate and decreases when the saw is slanted.
11.3.2
Factors that Influence Noise Pollution
Studies conducted by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 1994 identified noise as

the main source of environmental pollution, followed by air pollution and
rubbish. Several factors that influence these situations are outlined below.
(i)
Development of Industrial Areas

Rapid development in the country has brought enormous profits to the
government, based on returns from foreign investors who set up factories
to produce their goods. These industrial areas produce noise exceeding
80dB when in operation. Other than disrupting the calm surrounding in the
nearby areas, the noise pollution also affects the health of the factory
workers. The effects on their health are not always visible to the naked eye,
but can cause long-term dangerous effects.
(ii)
Settlements
The higher the population in an area, the higher the rate of noise pollution.
A highly dense population needs a large number of residential areas.
Therefore, many settlements like condominiums, private houses and flats
are set up to accommodate the increasing demand for housing. These
numerous settlements are a source of noise pollution. Daily activities like
listening to loud music and talking loudly further increase the noise
pollution in a settlement with a large population.
(iii) Vehicles
Sounds from private and public vehicles are one of the sources of noise
pollution. The increasing number of vehicles contributes to congestion,
which, in turn, causes noise pollution. This adds to the attitude of drivers
who honk excessively and the use of loud exhaust pipes.
Dr Ali Abd Rahman (1995) estimated that in a day, 50000 vehicles are
involved in traffic jams in Kuala Lumpur. This causes noise pollution.
Jasman Ahmad et al. (1996) found that noise pollution from vehicles in the
TOPIC 11
135
Klang Valley, Johor Bahru and Penang exceeded the limits set by the World
Health Organisation (WHO).
(iv) Quarries
Blasting rocks with explosives or drilling produces very loud noise. The
continued tremors from rock blasting can cause serious noise pollution.
Sound waves will vibrate loudly and continuously. As a result, the noise
produced also takes a long time to subside.
11.3.3
Effects of Noise Pollution
Among the effects of noise pollution is tension felt by residents exposed to loud
noise. Dasman (1994) outlined that high frequency noise like vehicle sounds can
have negative effects, physiologically and psychologically.
Noise pollution speeds up the process of suffering from some medical problems,
like insomnia or lack of sleep, disturbance in communicating, disturbance of rest
and mental tension. Cook (1989) identified three diseases affecting industrial
workers. The first is loss of hearing, either temporary or permanent. The second
is psychological effects like emotional stress and the third is extreme tiredness
and anger. Noor Hassan Ismail (1993) discovered that the physiological changes
caused by exposure to noise pollution are an increase in blood pressure, muscle
contraction, deterioration of eyesight and increased perspiration.
SELF-CHECK 11.1
Try to gather information on acoustic trauma. Make short notes on it
and relate it to noise pollution. How is this related to moral values and
ethics?
11.3.4
Morals and Noise Pollution
Noise arises from human activities. We need sound, but only at certain levels.
Inconsiderate behaviour leads to noise pollution. The level of polluted sound is
quite difficult to determine specifically. This is due to the differing
interpretations by various parties. For example, loud music may not pose a
problem to music lovers, but IS considered pollution by those uninterested in
music. Hence, the loudness of the music has to be evaluated based on the comfort
of the local community.
136
TOPIC 11
EXERCISE 11.3
Sound can occur anywhere. How do you classify a sound as being
polluted or not? Observe your workplace, home and surroundings. Are
you exposed to sound pollution?
UMMARY
Generally, moral issues related to the environment arise from pollution that
occurs naturally or through human actions.
Unplanned management of the environment will make Earth inhospitable

in the future.
Where will our future generations live then? Remember that management
of the environment starts with you.
Having good moral values and ethics should enable us to control

environmental issues.
Topic12Moral Issues
in Social Life
and Violence
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.
Discuss the concept of euthanasia and its practice;
2.
Classify forms of murder that could occur;
3.
Explain socio-cultural issues in our society today;
4.
Discuss the concept of violence;
5.
Classify three types of violence that occur;
6.
Describe examples of violence in our society today; and
7.
Identify our role in preventing and combating violence if it occurs

around us.
INTRODUCTION
This topic will discuss moral issues related to today's social life. Among the
issues that will be discussed are euthanasia, murder and socio-cultural issues.
Moral issues in social life are becoming more prominent these days. We have to
be sensitive to these issues as they could occur in our lives. It is hoped that the
information conveyed can build our character to make us moral humans who
help one another. This can contribute to the shaping of a moral and dignified
individual, family and society that live united in this multi-racial country.
The discussion in this topic will concentrate on the violence that occurs around
us. We will start by discussing violence in families and society, and subsequently,
international violence. In discussing these issues, you should examine the
138
TOPIC 12
MORAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL LIFE AND VIOLENCE
violence that occurs all around. Sensitivity towards issues in violence will help us
overcome this problem or at least, increase our knowledge. This is important as
by being aware of these issues, we can be wary and well-informed so that they
do not occur to us, our family, society and our country.
12.1
EUTHANASIA (ASSISTANCE IN DYING)
Death is inevitable. It surely embraces every living human regardless of age,

rank, status or position. Euthanasia is closely related to death. Euthanasia is also
known as mercy killing, which means helping to hasten death for the good of the
patient. Certain parties think euthanasia is appropriate when done to patients
who are dying due to terminal diseases like cancer. This is done by giving lethal
drugs or injection to end the agony suffered by the patient.
Euthanasia originates from the Greek word 'eu' which means good and 'thanos'
which means death. Hence, euthanasia means "good death" or "better dying".
Generally, euthanasia can be divided into several types.
1.
Voluntary euthanasia: When the victim's life is taken upon his or her
request.
2.
Non-voluntary euthanasia: When the victims life is taken without his or

her permission or willingness but with permission from the next of kin.
3.
Involuntary euthanasia: When the victims life is taken against his or her
wishes.
4.
Assisted euthanasia: When a victims life is taken upon the advice and
views of an authoritative figure, due to certain reasons for the good of the
patient. For example, the views and advice of a doctor.
Islam and Christianity state that suicide and euthanasia are against the wishes of
human life. It is a prejudice that should be avoided as life is a gift from God.
Therefore, only God has the right to retract that gift.
12.1.1
Forms of Euthanasia
There are two forms of euthanasia euthanasia by omission and euthanasia by

action.
Euthanasia by omission is a method of giving assistance to hasten death by not
providing or removing life-support equipment (like respiratory equipment); or
by ceasing treatment or medication, food and drink until death occurs. All those
things mentioned are given to terminally ill patients who have no hope of
surviving.
TOPIC 12
139
Euthanasia by action is assistance in hastening death according to the wishes of

the patient, using methods like equipment which have been inserted with gases,
chemicals or poisonous drugs.
The question is: Should euthanasia be provided as an option to parties involved
or who are in need? However, there is some leeway given on euthanasia. For
example, in Japan, euthanasia is permissible if four conditions are met:
(i)
The patient is terminally ill;
(ii)
The patient is in critical condition, where death cannot be avoided;
(iii) The necessary steps have been completed, for example, a doctor has already
tried various ways to cure the patient in order to avoid euthanasia but to no
avail.
(iv) Permission has been obtained from the next of kin.
In Cambodia, euthanasia is allowed for those suffering from critical and terminal
illnesses and permission has been obtained from the next of kin. However, now
legislation has made euthanasia illegal in many countries such as Japan,
Cambodia, the Netherlands, Australia and the United States.
A study was conducted by D. Gada, P. Madhani and P. Gawde titled:

Euthanasia: The Onus is on Us; surf the Internet to find more information
on this. Discuss it in your tutorial.
12.1.2
The Moral Question in Euthanasia
On the surface, we would view the act of assisting a person to end his or her own
agony as noble. However, when we delve deeper, we find there are conflicts in
this issue.
The question is whether the government of a country can reject the wishes of a
terminally ill patient to end his or her life. Can a terminally ill patient gain
something equal to a healthy person?
Religions vehemently believe that God gives life and only He can end it.
However, can this be a belief shared by all parties? Most religions believe that
sickness absolves past sins. Can this belief be the basis to reject euthanasia by
those opposing this act? Some patients are overcome with grief when they find
out that they do not have long to live. Can this situation be the basis to carry out
euthanasia?
140
TOPIC 12
ACTIVITY 12.1
Say an elderly member of your family is kept alive on a life-support
system in the hospital. It is the only machine left and it is also needed by
an infant. According to the doctor, the chances of the infant surviving are
higher compared with your family member, if given the machine. Would
you be willing to give up use of the machine for the infant? Give your
comments.
EXERCISE 12.1
Should euthanasia by omission and euthanasia by action be legalised in
this country?
12.2
MURDER
Murder occurs in almost all societies. Generally, there are three forms of murder:
(i)
Legalised;
(ii)
Illicit; and
(iii) Necessary.
Legalised murder refers to the taking away of life as a result of capital
punishment. For example, a person convicted of trafficking drugs is punished to
death by hanging. Other examples include slaughtering livestock for food. Illicit
murder is forbidden by both law and religion. For example, a person who
murders someone else out of jealousy or for his or her property. Necessary
murder is like killing insects that attack us, such as mosquitoes.
12.2.1
Suicide
The liberal outlook on euthanasia is opposed and rejected by Judaism, Islam and
Christianity, which also consider suicide as a dreadful sin. However, there are
some religions and societies that consider suicide as brave and honourable.
Ancient Romans and Greeks agreed on this matter, as did several religions in the
East. One example is the old Hindu practice of suttee whereby the wife of a
deceased husband would throw herself into his funeral pyre. Another is the
Japanese practice of hara-kiri whereby defeated soldiers would commit suicide
by their swords.
TOPIC 12
12.2.2
141
Abortion
Historical background and laws on abortion show that there were many societies
that considered abortion and the killing of babies as morally appropriate. For
example, the ancient Greeks and Romans left deformed or female babies to die.
Today, there are many abortion cases. Modern living has led to many individuals
getting pregnant before or out of marriage. When pregnancy occurs out of
wedlock, a sense of shame and regret overcomes them. Hence, the shortcut is to
abort the unborn child. At this stage, the individual has committed two immoral
acts that contravene the law. The first is adultery and the second is aborting the
innocent unborn baby.
Some favour abortion, as they feel the welfare of the mother is more important
than the foetus. In other words, if there are complications during pregnancy or at
birth where there exists a choice of saving either the mother or baby, selecting the
former is permissible.
In Malaysia, laws forbidding abortion are contained in the Penal Code under
sections 312, 313 and 312. Any person convicted under these sections will be
jailed not more than 20 years. However, leeway is given on certain cases like
abortion for the reason of saving the mothers life, based on advice from a
gynaecologist.
12.2.3
Death Penalty
The death penalty is the most controversial capital punishment meted out by the
courts of law. It is the heaviest possible punishment that can be handed to an
offender of the law. Supporters of the death penalty praise it as a necessary
instrument in upholding justice and deterring crime. The discussions put
forward is that justice needs the death penalty to be imposed on criminals who
have committed certain crimes. The death penalty is necessary as a deterrent to
criminals who are too dangerous to be left alive. Apart from that, the costs of
sustaining prisoners for a long time are too high.
Opponents of the death penalty claim that it is inhumane, not fairly used,
susceptible to killing innocent lives, incapable of preventing crime and has a
disturbing effect on the administration of justice.
142
TOPIC 12
ACTIVITY 12.2
Should the death penalty be imposed on criminals who rape children?
Discuss.
12.3
MORAL ISSUES IN SOCIO-CULTURE
Pollution of the environment is a negative effect from human actions. Socioculture refers to relationship between society and culture, such as way of life,
customs, values and norms of living in a society. The corruption of socio-culture
is a negative effect resulting from the actions of individuals who breach the way
of life of a society. Discussions on socio-cultural issues focus on societies in the
East, especially in Malaysia, as Eastern countries still strongly practise polite
mannerisms. The people in these countries have always been noted for their
good manners, decency and polite speech. However, these days, things have
changed and the government has had to launch national campaigns on politeness
and good manners. This is mainly due to fear that the practice of politeness
would steadily decline if no action has been taken.
12.3.1
Black Metal
Lately, a group or following known as Black Metal has been gaining prominence
due to its negative influence. Black Metal is one of the forms of corruption in
socioculture that is spreading among the youths in this country. The younger
generation are easily influenced by Black Metal to the point of disregarding their
studies to carry out unproductive activities.
The Black Metal issue first drew attention due to the actions of certain followers
who stepped on and burned the Quran. This behaviour is linked to anti-God and
anti-social sentiments and devil worship. They are immersed in Black Metal
music which is synonymous with the use of drugs, the Woodstock Festival,
alcohol consumption, wild sexual activities and devil worship. Those involved in
this genre often dress fully in black, display the five-pointed star symbol and
wear inverted Christian crosses (as a sign of opposition to religion). During the
shows, they tear up Bibles, behave violently with sharp weapons and skulls and
display frightening Satanic images. It is these kinds of negative elements that are
easily followed by the younger generation today, due to their weak faith.
TOPIC 12
12.3.2
143
Pornographic VCDs and Magazines
The boom in information technology and the era of globalisation have brought in
negative influences that threaten social stability among the various societies in
Malaysia, especially the youths. This progress has brought in the latest
technology, which includes indecent entertainment, pornographic VCDs and
magazines that are easily available at low prices.
These forms of pornographic media greatly influence the minds of the younger
generation. This influence, in turn, has led to crimes such as rape, incest,
abandoning babies and so on.
12.3.3
Pre-marital Sex
Almost all religions forbid pre-marital sex in order to preserve a long-lasting

family unit. Conservative moralists believe that sexual desires have to be linked
with deep love and affection. Thus, a person should only have sex with one
person at a time.
Liberal moralists, however, believe a person should be free to have more than
one sexual partner. Extreme liberal moralists go further in not only advocating
premarital sex but that sex should not be linked with love. For them, sex is a
physical enjoyment, similar to how a person should be able to enjoy delicious
food without the moral guilt. They suggest that sex can be done with anyone, as
long as there is no force or coercion involved.
12.3.4
Incest
Sexual morality is always under scrutiny to differentiate appropriate and correct

sexual behaviour from inappropriate and wrong behaviour. Generally, sexual
acts other than those between husband and wife are inappropriate and against
the rules of society. However, there are many who believe that sexual behaviour
which does not produce offspring and has consent to have sex discrectly should
be beyond moral criticism or laws. This view greatly differs from the view of
those who see sexual morality through the eyes of religion. According to Section
376A, incest means a man or woman having intercourse with a partner who is
related by family ties and this act is forbidden by law, religion and customs.
Anyone found committing this offence can be punished by a jail term between 6
and 20 years, and caning.
144
TOPIC 12
12.3.5
Gangsterism
Gangsterism is becoming widespread these days. Gangsterism involves crimes

like fighting, extortion and assault. This issue should be given close attention,
especially by the government, politicians, police, school authorities and local
society in order to prevent it from spreading further. Gangsterism usually
involves school students.
The Education Ministry reported that there were gangsters actively recruiting
schoolchildren. It is vital that parents, the authorities and society play their part
in stopping this menace. Parents and society cannot place the responsibility to
overcome this problem solely on the school authorities.
12.3.6
Amok
Stress, unstable emotion and mental illness are among conditions linked to a
person going amok. Such a person is usually beyond control. He will kill anyone,
destroy property and act violently. At the moment, incidences of amok
frequently happen due to unstable judgement of the individuals as well as the
lack of moral values due to ignorance or not having a definite goal in life.
Incidences of amok among family members will usually end with the tragic
deaths of the parents and children. Pressures of life such as poverty, jealousy and
external pressures like threats from Ah Longs are also factors causing people to
run amok. Amok is also due to deviant practices.
12.3.7
Snatch Theft
Snatch theft has become a daily occurrence in Malaysia. Snatch theft means
illegally or forcibly taking the possessions of the rightful owner. Most snatch
theft victims in this country are women. The most common possession snatched
is handbags. There have been numerous cases of snatch thefts that have led to the
victims suffering severe injuries or death.
Snatch theft cases occur due to the carelessness of the victims and their tendency
to keep money or wallets/ purses pockets, exposed. Secondly, some wear
jewellery in an obvious manner, clearly visible. Thirdly, there are those who
jostle to board public transportation or in crowded places, carrying handbags
and purses in ways that make it easy for a thief to snatch them. These snatch
thefts often occur on lonely sidewalks and lanes, and in crowded places. The
thieves often walk or ride motorcycles in deserted and lonely locations. Snatch
thieves and pickpockets also operate in busy areas and they often target areas
near a bank or car parks. The snatch thieves often observe and strike when the
victims exit the bank or alight from the car.
TOPIC 12
145
Therefore, we should be wary and be on our guard to avoid being a victim. We

should bring money that is sufficient for shopping and not overly in excess.
Handbags should be held firmly to make it harder for thieves to snatch them.
Wallets should be kept in buttoned pockets. One should also be wary of leaving
handbags in areas that can be easily reached like the backseat of an unlocked car
or motorcycle basket. We are encouraged to walk in groups along the road, in the
direction of oncoming traffic. Do not wear excessive jewellery in public and
avoid walking in crowded places where people are jostling. Do not be fooled by
commotions involving strangers and people who offer to help clean your attire.
Also avoid falling asleep on public vehicles and leaving your belongings
unguarded. Do not be taken in by strangers trying to be friendly to you without
any plausible reason, such as asking your name, where you stay and so on.
Finally, immediately check your handbag or wallet should someone knock or
bump into you.
ACTIVITY 12.3
The government has spent thousands of ringgit and drafted various laws to
combat social ills. However, these ills show no signs of abating. What other
steps can be taken to overcome them.
EXERCISE 12.2
Why should we prevent pre-marital sex and incest?
12.4 CONCEPT OF VIOLENCE

Violence, according to most dictionaries, means "wild behaviour, tendency to
assault and run amok, kill and vandalise own property or of others". The
discussion on violence is based on this definition of violence and focuses on its
effects on other people, such as terrorism. Violence, in its wider meaning, is
forceful action on non-military targets for political reasons. In other words,
violence targets civilians who have committed wrongdoings in the eyes of the
perpetrators for being on the other side. This means targeting innocent civilians.
These are acts that are morally unacceptable and forbidden. There are many
forms of violence around us whether we realise it or not, as violence sometimes
occurs quietly, hidden from scrutiny.
146
TOPIC 12
12.5
SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Sexual violence is a sexual out that does not have the consensus of one party,
usually the woman. This violence is more apparent when the sexual act occurs on
a young victim who cannot comprehend it. Sexual violence happens everywhere
these days. It also occurs in marriages where the wife is more often the victim,
compared with the husband. This violence is hidden and discrect, due to the
shame felt by the victim. Such violence is only exposed when the victim suffers
terrible effects like injuries and so on.
12.5.1
Sexual Harassment
Sexual violence usually starts with sexual harassment. Sexual harassment,

according to the laws in our country like those contained in Section 509 of the
Penal Code, means behaviour that is meant to belittle the dignity of a man or
woman. These acts include uttering any word, conversation, sound or sign, and
displaying any object so that these acts or objects are seen by or disturb the
decency of the victim.
If any of the acts mentioned above occurs to us or our family members, the
appropriate actions that should be taken are:
(i)
Make a police report as soon as possible;
(ii)
Do not wash or bathe after the act has occurred;
(iii) Try to identify the assailant;

(iv) Identify the details of the vehicle (if possible); and
(v)
Get any statement that can aid the investigation.
We have the right to defend ourselves against the assailant. This right is
contained in Section 100 of the Penal Code: the right to self-defence, meaning we
are entitled to defend ourselves in the following situations:
(i)
The assault is deemed capable of causing death;
(ii)
The assault is deemed capable of causing grievous injuries;
(iii) Assault with the intention to commit rape;

(iv) Assault with the intention to satisfy unnatural desires;
(v)
Assault with the intention to kidnap; and
(vi) Assault with the intention to wrongful confinement.
TOPIC 12
147
The police will investigate sexual harassment/violence if a report is filed. If an

offender is convicted, the guilty person can be sentenced to a jail term not
exceeding five years or a fine or both.
12.5.2
Rape
Rape is the act of forcing a woman to submit to sexual intercourse, and outraging
her modesty. According to Section 375 of the Penal Code, rape is the act of
having intercourse with a woman against her will; without her consent; with her
consent but under duress (fear of death/harm to child, relatives etc); wrong
assumption of facts (e.g. a shaman says that intercourse can cure a disease);
giving consent in the belief that the perpetrator is her husband (and the man
knows otherwise); with consent without knowledge/understanding of the type
and consequences of the consent given (ignorance, insane, unconscious, mentally
ill, etc); or with or without the consent of a woman below 16 years of age; by the
penetration of the mans penis into the womans vagina.
Rape cases are more often than not unreported, due to the shame felt by the
victim, more so if the victim knows the perpetrator. Threats made by the
petrators also prevent the victim from filing a report. There are also rape cases
that carry on for years and are only detected when the victim gives birth. Sexual
violence involving excessive rape often leads to the murder of the victim. If the
perpetrator is convicted and found guilty by the court, the sentence applicable
under Section 376 is a jail term of not less than five years and not exceeding 20
years, with the possibility of caning.
ACTIVITY 12.4
Is it appropriate for a rape case to be reported to the police by a woman
abandoned by her lover, considering that she voluntarily and
consensually had sex with her lover? Discuss
12.6
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Domestic violence is becoming rampant these days. Domestic violence occurs

when one or more family members commit acts which are against the law,
towards any other family member. These acts include the following:
(i)
Causing physical injury to the victim;
(ii)
Intentionally or knowingly placing or trying to place the victim in a

situation where the victim fears physical injury;
148
TOPIC 12
(iii) Forcing or threatening the victim to engage in any sexual act, which the
victim has the right to abstain from;
(iv) Holding a victim in captivity against his or her will; and
(v)
Committing sabotage or destruction or damage to property with the

intention of causing, or knowing that it would make the victim sad or
distraught.
In Malaysia, the law related to domestic violence is Domestic Violence Act 1994.
The purpose of the Act is to provide protection to victims of domestic violence.
The victims, according to this Act, include the wife. This Act classifies domestic
violence as:
(i)
The wife or her husband, de facto wife or husband (persons who have
undergone some form of ceremony recognised as a marriage ritual
according to religion or related parties even though the marriage is not
registered or cannot be registered under any written law on marriage
ceremony and registration) or ex-husband or ex-wife;
(ii)
Children (aged below 18 years who reside as family members);
(iii) Handicapped adults (who reside as family members); or

(iv) Adult son or daughter, mother, father, brother, sister or any relative who, in
the view of the court, have to be included in this Act for their protection.
Victims of domestic violence can file a police report and obtain protection, help
and guidance from the police. They can also seek help or guidance from welfare
officers, and from lawyers or officers in the Legal Aid Bureau. Finally, the victims
can file a complaint with the court and obtain certain rulings, such as a ruling for
protection, compensation, psychotherapy rehabilitation, counselling, settlement
and so on.
12.7
ROAD BULLYING
The rate of accidents in our country is among the highest in the world. Every
day, accidents occur on federal roads, state roads and highways. These accidents
often involve fatalities and critical injuries. Why do they happen? Most accidents
occur due to the negligent, careless and inconsiderate attitude of drivers. This
inconsiderate attitude often leads to road bullying. Road bullying is the act of
injuring others or intentionally killing a person on the road because of
misunderstanding between road users.
Road bullying is a serious crime that can lead to a jail term, caning or even the
death penalty. Examples of road bullying cases in Malaysia are the case of person
who was murdered by a road bully in January 2005 and the MAS engineer who
TOPIC 12
149
was slashed with a parang by a road bully in February 2005. Among the factors
that lead to road bullying is traffic congestion. Due to traffic jams, drivers become
impatient, short-tempered, aggressive and unable to control their feelings when
an accident occurs, even minor ones.
Traffic accidents cannot be avoided as they are not just due to driver attitudes.
Accidents also occur due to technical problems like faulty brakes, punctured
tyres and others. However, the proper attitude of road users, especially drivers,
can contribute to the eradication of road bullying. Among the viable solutions are
education and legislation. The cultivation of proper driving manners can be
implemented through moral studies in schools and driving schools for those
who want to take their drivers licence, and education through the mass media
like campaigns on television, radio and so on. Legislation-wise, road bullying can
be reduced by drafting laws on misconduct on the roads. These laws should be
accompanied by strict enforcement and stiff penalties. These will educate road
users to be always cautious and to control their emotions when involved in road
accidents.
Road bullying is linked to the attitudes of road users. In terms of ethics, road
bullying results from road users who have poor character and do not practise
noble values when on the road. To overcome this problem, road users, especially
drivers, should be more considerate and courteous when on the road.
12.8
VIOLENCE IN WAR
War means armed conflict between opposing sides. It is violent in nature, but is
morally acceptable if meant to defend ones land from foreign invasion. Logically
the use of weapons will lead to loss of lives and bloodshed. For example, the
Second World War resulted in the death of over 60 million people (soldiers and
civilians)
in
just
six
years
(http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/World_war_II). World War II involved the Allies British Commonwealth,
France, the United States, Soviet Union and China and the Axis Powers
comprising Germany, Italy and Japan. Most battles took place in Europe, the
Atlantic, the Pacific and East Asia.
In war, there are limits, as stated above. But these limits are still being broken in
todays modern and sophisticated civilisation. For example, the violence
committed by the United States of America and her allies during the invasion of
Iraq, and the Israel army which attacked Palestine and Lebanon. If invading Iraq
was not enough, they proclaim to be the worlds police and yet commit violence
by killing civilians, the elderly, women and children. They commit degrading
acts like torture, abuse and rape of women and teenaged girls. The bottom line is
violence committed by these immoral parties should be condemned and stopped
immediately.
150
TOPIC 12
ACTIVITY 12.5
In war, violence is necessary for victory. Discuss.
12.9 INTERNATIONAL VIOLENCE

International violence is a threat that is not easily anticipated. One example is the
terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 September 2001.
Hardly had the events in the United States settled, when the Bali bombing
occurred on 13 October 2002. This tragedy struck fear in all countries, including
Malaysia. These unexpected violent attacks caused enormous loss of lives and
extensive damages to the infrastructure of the affected countries. The affected
countrys economy was also jeopardised, increasing investment risks and greatly
impacting on the security rating of a country.
Malaysia is not exempted in this matter. We have had previous experience in
putting a stop to violence, successfully making the Communist Party of Malaya
lay down its arms. We successfully stopped the Japanese Red Army (JRA) attack
on the American Embassy in the AIA Building in 1975. Our police force has also
successfully foiled plans by extremists to carry out attacks, with the capture of
members of the Malaysian Militant Group (KMM) and individuals linked to AlQaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah.
EXERCISE 12.3
International violence is becoming increasingly worrying. Describe the
three steps that should be taken to overcome it and the effects these steps
will have on international violence.
Moral issues cannot be avoided as long as humans behave as they do and

greed is not abated.
As individuals, we have a big responsibility in overcoming social ills.
Though social ills are difficult to eradicate, we have a role in reducing them.
TOPIC 12
151
What is important is that we do not become part of social problems and

strive to help those caught in these problems.
Violence is an immoral act. Among the forms of violence that occur today is
sexual violence that involves rape and sexual harassment.
Another form of violence is domestic violence that involves members of a

family.
On the international stage, there is violence committed in war and by

parties with certain motives.
As a moral human, we should refrain from committing any form of

violence.
Refer to Figure 12.1 you should be able to explain the figure demonstrate
your understanding of issues in violence.
Figure 12.1: Violence
Answers
TOPIC 2:
CONCEPT OF ETHICS AND TYPES OF MORAL

VALUES
Exercise 2.1
Helping a road accident victim is an example of a good ethical behaviour.
However, in terms of law, it is not an offence to refuse to help an accident victim.
A person helps a road accident victim out of his or her own conscience and not to
comply with any laws or regulations. From the viewpoint of ethics, our hearts
will tell us that it is wrong to leave an accident victim especially if the person is
severely injured. At the very least, the ethical thing to do is to call an ambulance.
Hence, if we refuse to help the victim we will always feel guilty because we know
that the victim may die as result of our refusal to assist him or her. In terms of
ethics, we must help the person even if there is no legal punishment for not doing
so.
Exercise 2.2
1.
2.
3.
This is an example of objective values or valuable qualities, free from

personal choices.
Heavy punishment for illicit sex is an example of absolute values or values
related to belief and religion of a person.
Hariyah cried due to her own intrinsic values or inner values when
witnessing the suffering of Mans family.
Exercise 2.3
1.
Customs are practised by a portion of society. The design of customs can be

identified by looking at the related portion of the society. Moral values on
the other hand are more universal. Usually customs and moral rules are
interlinked but there are customs that go against moral values. For
example, in the West it is common to wear shoes in the house. Whereas in
the Asian community, this custom is often considered rude or immoral. On
the other hand, in the West especially in the American society, burping at
the dinner table is considered rude. However, in the Asian community this
behaviour is acceptable.
ANSWERS W 153
In order to overcome this problem, the people from various customs should
discuss the differences of their customs and moral values. Since moral
values are universal in nature they are easily understood and obeyed.
2.
Moral values can restrict a persons conduct because the value functions as:
(a) A consistent standard of human behaviour. This function enables a
person to become a moral guardian.
(b) Limits the action of a person because he or she knows that the action
would be judged by others (parents, teachers, friends and so on).
Hence, the person is cautious of his or her behaviour so that he or she
will be accepted by the society.
TOPIC 3:
THEORY OF ETHICS
Exercise 3.1
The wants and needs of children could vary and be unreasonable while the
ability and resources available to a father is often limited. Therefore, a father
must be fair and be able to prioritise when meeting the demands of his children.
He could set a good example by providing them with their demand and at the
same time giving them education. Among others, he could teach them the
importance of prioritising that is to put things at the rightful places. For instance,
the needs of secondary school children are different than primary school children
and a fatter child would require a larger-sized uniform as compared to a thinner
child. Thus, the children will learn that differences in treatment can sometimes be
viewed as fair.
Exercise 3.2
Id means an instinctive reaction to fulfil satisfaction. While ego is related to the
reality world outside the individual himself. While Super-ego explains and
interpret intuition or individual social behaviour norms.
These concepts can be seen in childrens moral development. Id for instance is
very obvious in a newborn child. The child instinctively wants to be satisfied
such as be fed, regardless of the time of day. As the child grows up, he or she
develops an ego. Here, the child realises the reality that not all satisfaction can be
fulfilled. However, the child will still try to get what he or she wants through
various means such as crying, fighting and so on. At this stage, the child will be
selective of morality choosing moral values which suit his or her needs. Hence,
the child will rebel against authorities and adults who have hurt them. Super ego
is the opposite of id and ego and this is often seen when the child reaches
maturity. At this stage the child would appreciate the importance of following
154
X ANSWERS
moral rules and controlling desires. Super ego usually develops when a child has
younger siblings and the parents have given him or her responsibility to take care
of them.
Exercise 3.3
1.
Under the law, Mrs. Pruma has a valid defence known as self-defence. She
stabbed the person because based on Theory of Deontology she had the
duty to protect her property.
2.
Man has been created by God as the best of creations. In order to preserve
dignity and self-respect, they should respect themselves as well respect
others. Without respect, some people will unconsciously be victims of other
ruthless people and be used or manipulated for their self-gain. Slavery is an
example of using people. Slaves often have to work for their masters and
yet receive no compensation and have to live in harsh conditions. Humans
are not objects. They have a mind and needs of their own. We should
respect other peoples rights and do unto others as we want others to do
unto us.
TOPIC 4:
MORAL PRINCIPLES AND VALUES IN

RELIGION AND BELIEFS
Exercise 4.1
In order to obtain the large amount of capital from your siblings, we have to
convince them to accept the possible risk of selling their land. We should do this
with wisdom so that they have the freedom to consider all the implications and
consequences. Apart from this, the division of shares and profits should be
properly stated and divided equally. Thus, a combination of freedom, justice,
wisdom and choice would help us convince our siblings to help us overcome our
business problem.
Exercise 4.2
A good understanding of moral principles can help a person to become a leader
in the community. An effective leader must be able to control his behaviour and
strive for the improvement of the community. The principle of trust ensures that
the leader is always honest and reliable when dealing with people. As a result,
the people would want to be led by a trustworthy leader. In addition to this the
principle of duty with the combination of freedom, justice, wisdom and choice
would be a useful knowledge to a leader because people in general are
ANSWERS W 155
universally attracted to these principles. In short, understanding moral principles

can help a person become a successful leader.
Exercise 4.3
The ethics of the messengers of Allah began since Adam was created. These
ethical behaviours have been bestowed by God for all mankind. All messengers
have good ethics so that they can become good role models for all the followers.
This can be seen in Al Hadid verse 25:
We sent before this our messengers with Clear Signs and sent down with them
the Book and the Balance (of Right and Wrong), that men may stand forth in
justice.
Therefore the ethics of the messengers are indeed excellent and should be
followed by mankind and be the reference point for pure values at all times. For
instance, the trustworthiness of Prophet Muhammad. If everybody is as
trustworthy and honest like him then there will be goodness and peace in this
world.
Exercise 4.4
Religion and followers are two different aspects altogether. The behaviours of the
followers of a particular religion will either reflect positively or negatively on the
religion itself. All religions ask the followers to abide by good ethical behaviour.
A good religious follower will always follow his religious teachings, while there
will be another follower who will constantly go against his religious teachings. If
a follower is unethical, then it is wrong to blame the religion and regard the
religion as being unethical as well.
Exercise 4.5
Religions, beliefs and moral values are all aimed towards promoting a righteous
way of life. All religions ask their followers to do good deeds and avoid evil
deeds. Religious teachings can bring peace and tranquillity to the followers and
the environment. A good belief will ensure that people be good to himself and
others. Good morals if practiced will benefit the entire society. On the other hand,
a negative belief, a deviant religion and negative morals will bring harm to the
society. Thus a noble individual can be shaped if he or she practises all the
excellent values laid down by religions, beliefs and moral values.
156
X ANSWERS
TOPIC 5:
MORAL THOUGHTS AND IDENTITY OF A

HUMAN WITH MORALS
Exercise 5.1
Everything that we do is closely related to our perception of what moral values
should be and the moral values within ourselves. Most of our values are
embedded in us at a very young age. However, as we grow older other factors
such as environmental factors and experiences can change our conduct and
perception towards morality. Our conduct can also be explained by several
theories such as theory of theology and theory of deontology. In addition to this,
the theory of psychoanalysis indicates that moral thoughts develop from id, ego
to super ego and this will be reflected in our conduct. So as our moral thoughts
develop, we will become more matured and responsible. The difference between
one individual and another depends on several other factors like
parents/guardians, peer pressure, experience and level of qualification.
Exercise 5.2
An individual who practises naturalism is one who leads a very restricted life
and is subject to tight rules and regulations. This individual believes that a
custom must be preserved at all costs. Therefore he or she will not question these
rules and regulations because the person knows that there is no excuse for
breaking a rule or regulation.
Exercise 5.3
There are many reasons why emotion is dangerous when dealing with moral
issues. Emotivism prioritises feelings when making decisions. This can be seen
through ones facial expression, mannerism and speech. Inability to control
emotions can lead to moral problems. The person can be suspicious, paranoid,
angry, depressed, and frustrated. Subsequently the person will make an irrational
decision which may worsen the situation. Therefore the proper way to deal with
moral issues is through wisdom and rational opinions.
Exercise 5.4
1.
A rationalist always finds the rationale behind anything or any behaviour.

This group tends to be very creative and is also creative in dealing with any
issues. Sometimes however their actions are deemed to go against social
norms but to them the reality is their action is the most rational thing to do.
A rationalist will always find the reasons why an event occurs, its impact
and the best way to deal with it. Therefore rationality is given priority in
dealing with an action or reacting to a particular situation.
ANSWERS W 157
2.
An individual with a rational thought will deal with moral issues in a

rational manner. A rationalist will always ask himself or herself: Why did
this happen? How did this happen? What are its impacts? From this string
of questions, the rational individual will find ways or steps to solve the
moral issues. Once the steps have been identified the next step is to look
into the rationale behind the execution of carrying out the solutions. Finally,
the most rational solution will be applied to solve the moral issues.
Exercise 5.5
(a)
Awareness of emotions: If a person is aware of his or her own emotions

then he or she can do a self-evaluation. As a result, the person can always
keep the emotions in check and practise good behaviour as well as avoid
negative behaviour. A person who is aware of his or her own negative
emotions such as arrogant, envious, hot-tempered and so on will take
proactive actions to control these emotions. On the other hand, if they are
unaware of their negative emotions then they will always be subject to their
emotions and be inclined to commit immoral acts.
(b)
Awareness of intellect: A person who is aware of his or her intellectual

capabilities will always be confident and exudes a positive appearance.
However, a person who is unaware of his or her intelligence will feel
inferior, even if he or she has a high intellect. Apart from this, a person who
has a low intellect and is unaware of this, may brag and act as if he or she
knows a lot of facts. Therefore, awareness of intellect is important so that a
person can excel according to their level of intellect.
(c)
Awareness of sociability: Awareness of sociability is closely related to

emotional and intellectual awareness. The way a person interacts will
reflect the persons emotions and intellect. This awareness will prevent a
person from going against the moral values of society. There will always be
cautious of what they say in public and remain polite when interacting with
other people.
Exercise 5.6
1.
Displaying self-image means being you without imitating others. As a

person, one is taught at a very young age about the importance of noble
values especially Asian values. However, during adolescence the person
may be influenced by many foreign cultures which may go against Asian
values. Western and Asian values differ in many ways such as the way
children greet their parents, style of clothing and lifestyle in general.
Teenagers usually mimic what they see on television or movies and imitate
158
X ANSWERS
other people, while those who have their own self-image and practise Asian
values are considered as backwards or not modern. However, every
individual should be proud of his or her self-image and continue to practise
noble values.
2.
Everyone is driven by goals and objectives. So, just as important as having

an aim in life we should strive to a have a moral aim in life as well. If we are
determined to a moral aim in life then we will seek to understand the
meaning of morality and its importance in our life. This is necessary so that
we can be clear on our lifes moral aim. Once we have set the target, then it
will be easier to become beings with good morals. On the other hand, those
without proper goals will not try to improve themselves in terms of
morality.
TOPIC 6:
Exercise 6.1
1.
The strength of a straw broom depends on the number of straws tied

together. A single straw will not be enough to make a good broom. The
same goes for rules in a society. If only one person follows the rules, then
these rules cannot be enforced in the society. Hence, each member of the
society has a part to play in strengthening the rules and regulations of
society. Among others, each member can advise one another to abide by
these rules. In addition to this, there should be a fixed punishment or
penalty for those who flout the rules or regulations and each member must
be aware of the punishment and penalty.
2.
Among the importance of societal rules is to maintain harmony within a

society and establish a moral and noble society. Apart from this, these rules
can guarantee the peacefulness of a multi-racial society and uphold their
individual rights and liberties. The societal rules are necessary to create a
common goal for people from different races and backgrounds, so that they
can be united and live in harmony as well as preserve the stability of the
society.
Exercise 6.2
1.
Oftentimes we are in a dilemma when we do things yet realise that it is

wrong or sinful. For instance when we hide the truth to protect our friends
by signing on his behalf on the attendance sheet when he is absent from
classes. Here, we sincerely want to help or friend but at the same time feel
guilty for being dishonest and aiding him to commit to commit a wrongful
ANSWERS W 159
act as well as encouraging him to miss classes. Even if our friend may have
a valid reason for being absent, we should always be honest in our daily
life.
2.
Everybody could make mistakes. Therefore we should sympathise and be

patient to those who have wronged us. Indeed, it is natural to react angrily
to those people. However, we should understand the underlying
circumstances and source of mistake. Therefore, it is best for us to apologise
them for making mistakes and by doing so we have successfully controlled
our negative behaviour of being angry or taking revenge. Indirectly, people
will respect us for being forgiving in nature. We will not become less noble
if we forgive those who have wronged us. When we apologise, we hope
that the person will be aware of the wrongfulness of his mistake and will
not repeat it in the future.
Exercise 6.3
Basically, the formation of moral values begins from a family for instance the
parents have inculcated moral values to their children and eventually the values
have been practised in the entire society. However, these values may differ from
one society to another. For example in a Japanese society, they greet their guest
by bowing to them while in other societies a simple handshake will be enough.
However, we must realise that despite the different ways, we must respect our
guests.
Therefore to develop moral values in the world village it is imperative to
establish a single moral ethical code agreed and acceptable by the world
community. In order to make this code workable, it must be disseminated to all
societies through various means especially information technology. If this
common code exists and is practised by everyone, then this world will be a better
place to live in and people can live in harmony.
TOPIC 7:
FREEDOM AND JUSTICE
Exercise 7.1
Even though absolute slavery no longer exists in our society, indirect slavery is
still prevalent in this world. The main reason for this type of slavery is the
attitude of individuals and the society itself. For instance, an individual who are
not aware of his financial limitations may become a slave of debt. This people will
become easy targets of unscrupulous groups who will charge unreasonably
excessive interest rates such as illegal money lenders or Ah Longs.
160
X ANSWERS
Due to this indirect slavery, the individual will not become free physically,
mentally and emotionally. Physically the person may be physically punished for
being a slave to debt, if he or she fails to pay the debt on time. In terms of
mentally, a person may be weak and lazy, leaving it all to fate. While in terms of
emotion, the person may be constantly harassed both physically and mentally,
until it affects his emotional stability and he finally resorts to unreasonable acts
such as committing suicide.
Among the ways to overcome it are by equipping oneself with proper knowledge
and practising noble values. When a person has enough knowledge, he knows
how to differentiate right and wrong. In addition to this, knowledge will also
help him manage his finance better. While, noble values will teach him not to
always ask people to lend money and be a slave of debt.
Exercise 7.2
1.
Everyone is free to do business in this world but must be subject to certain

laws and regulations. By-laws by municipal authorities are necessary to
ensure that roadside hawkers follow certain business guidelines such as
operate in prescribed zones and business hours, maintain cleanliness and
hygiene and so on. By-laws are also necessary to ensure that people do not
sell illegal goods such as pirated VCDs or DVDs, smuggled goods or even
stolen goods. Traders must understand that they are other people in this
world as well. For instance if they were to operate illegally in a residential
area, it will disturb those living in the neighbourhood. Therefore the rules
of a municipal authority are meant to maintain peace and harmony within
the community. So even if a trader should be free to make a living, it should
be limited to the rules and regulations. If there were to abide by the rules
and regulations such as having a valid trading license, then they can carry
out their business with peace of mind.
2.
Freedom of speech in Parliament allows the Members of Parliament or MPs

to voice out his or her views and opinions in an orderly manner and
moderated by the Speaker. This freedom is above freedom granted to the
public, in that MPs can talk on any issues in Parliament without legal
sanctions. However, this freedom is not without restrictions. Among
others, the members must always be courteous, talk based on the topic of
discussion, refrain from giving false answers and so on. The Speaker is
responsible to moderate the debate to ensure that it complies with the
established parliamentary conventions.
ANSWERS W 161
Unlike freedom of speech in Parliament, freedom of speech is more

restricted during political rallies. Firstly, all political rallies need to have a
police permit. The contents of the rally will be vetted and must not contain
elements deemed to be inflammatory or can affect social stability. Such
limitations are necessary to ensure the harmony of a multi-racial society.
TOPIC 8:
TYPES OF MORAL CONFLICTS AND THEIR

SOLUTIONS
Exercise 8.1
In a multi-racial society like Malaysia, racial discrimination could lead to moral
issues, affect national integration and eventually destabilise the nation. Among
the major contention relating to racial discrimination is economic segregation.
For instance, the Chinese dominate the business sector, the Malays are farmers
and the Indians work as estate labourers. Today, this belief may no longer be
suitable for an independent nation such as Malaysia.
Another issue is education. The democratisation of education for all races has
benefited all Malaysians. Now almost everyone from different races and religions
has access to education and good educational facilities.
Exercise 8.2
Power struggle within an organisation often occurs between two or more
individuals. Here, the strategy of diluting problems can help solve a problem by
breaking up the problem into a few compartments and subsequently discovering
alternatives that can benefit all the conflicting parties.
Among the steps that can be taken are:
1.
Identify the level of authority
2.
Create an equal level of authority
3.
Establish conditions to hold power
4.
Provide choice to hold power
5.
Vote the person into power if necessary
By increasing the alternatives, we can reduce and eventually resolve the conflict.
162
X ANSWERS
Exercise 8.3
A family usually plays a leading role in resolving conflict, especially in the East
where they are respected and appreciated. Conflict is amicably settled because
the family member does not want to smear the familys name by going against
the norms of the society. This is the importance of having a close-knit family.
In addition to family, religion is useful to resolve conflict. All religions promote
peace and unity. Therefore, in times of conflict the conflicting parties are
encouraged to forgive one another. Therefore by returning to religion all conflicts
or discords can be settled in a rational way.
TOPIC 9:
ECONOMIC ISSUES
Exercise 9.1
1.
There are many ways business ethics and law can help assure maximum
profit in business. Firstly, it must be understood that business ethics and
law are meant to protect both businessmen and customers. An ethical
businessman or trader will be popular with his customers because he
projects positive ethical values such as honesty, courtesy, fairness and so
on. As a result, the business will have many loyal customers and it will
flourish and profits will increase.
If a businessperson abides by business law, then the public will respect the
company for its integrity. Even if in the short-run following the law may
affect the business profits for example trade within prescribed hours,
refrain from cheating customers and so on ultimately people will have
more confidence in a law-abiding business. The business proprietor can
also have peace of mind and not be constantly harassed by law enforcers.
In addition to this, violating business law can be very costly and this will
erode profits.
2.
It is important for every member of the society to appreciate and practice

the slogan This is my company. One of the reasons for this is that we
must work for the interest of the company and not our own self-interest.
Whenever the company makes profits, we too will receive some benefits in
terms of higher bonus and better incentives. We must also bear in mind, if
the company falls due to our incompetence or laziness, we will
consequently lose our job and source of income. Therefore, we should work
in the company as if it is ours and ensure the progress of the company.
ANSWERS W 163
Exercise 9.2
1.
People who participate in bribery will only benefit in the short-run.

However, in the long-run widespread bribery and corruption will only
bring misery to the person committing it as well as his family, society and
nation. The practise of giving and receiving bribery will bring many
problems. Among others, it reduces productivity, increases crime and
immoral acts and so on. In fact, it can even weaken a nation because a
corrupted person is willing to sell his country to another foreign country
including an enemy state. Here a corrupted person may sell vital
information such as defence strategies or official secrets to other countries.
Worse than that, a corrupted person may spark a rebellion to overthrow the
government and this may lead to internal strife and bloodshed. Therefore
bribery and corruption must be stopped.
2.
We can fight corruption through early education. It can start from the
family, and the parents should teach their children about the dangers of
bribing people. For instance in a family, the elder brother should not ask
money or gifts from his siblings whenever they commit a wrongful act such
as breaking a plate or so on. Instead, children should learn to tell the truth,
however difficult it may be. Even the society must play its role to eradicate
corruption and not give bribes. Law enforcers must carry out their duties
and enforce the law without any self-interest.
TOPIC 10: ISSUES IN TECHNOLOGY

Exercise 10.1
1.
There are many ways to control the advances in IT to prevent its abuse in
the spread of negative information in our country. One of the ways is by
drafting laws forbidding the use IT in spreading rumours which incite
hatred and sow disunity that may threaten national security. Furthermore,
parents have an important role to play and should constantly monitor the
websites that their children visit. This can prevent children especially
teenagers from surfing immoral sites such as pornographic sites and so on.
Teachers too can play their part by incorporating teachings on noble values
into IT studies or noble values taught across the curriculum as required by
the National Education Philosophy. Consequently everyone in the society is
involved in eradicating immoral materials in the IT market.
2.
In this case it is submitted that the cloned baby was conceived by a woman
who is not his or her biological mother. Generally, almost all parties are
against the cloning of babies because it is unethical and may bring discord
164
X ANSWERS
in the world. Among others the real mother may claim rights of custody,
the cloned child may later claim rights to property and so on. Cloning can
also cause confusion in terms of inheritance and lineage.
Exercise 10.2
1.
Indeed, it is undeniable that the use of chemicals has increased the world's
agricultural output and brought many other benefits as well. Pesticides for
instance can make plants more resistant to diseases. Therefore, farmers can
harvest more crops and make profits. In addition to this, some chemicals
can increase the size of the produce and this too can increase the farmers
profits. Chemicals can also lengthen the shelf life of some produce, and thus
prevent wastage and increase their profits.
Yet, the excessive use of chemicals beyond the permitted level, can affect
the quality of our lives. There should be a harmonious balance between
agricultural production and quality of life. The excessive use of pesticides
may bring many harmful side-effects to the consumers. Sometimes there
seem to be no side effects but in the long-run it will manifest in the form of
cancer and other critical illnesses. Chemicals not only affect the food that
we eat; indirectly they cause other forms of population such as air pollution
and also water pollution.
Excessive use of chemicals may also affect the farmers profit. For example,
a few years ago, a neigbouring country refused the entry of a shipload of
cabbages from Malaysia because it contains chemicals beyond the
permitted level.
2.
There are many roles that a non-governmental organisation (NGO) can play
in controlling the advances of nuclear energy that can bring harm in the
society. One NGO that is dedicated to saving the environment is
Greenpeace International. Among the goals of this NGO is the elimination
of nuclear weapons. The members consist of people who love the
environment and their role is to prevent the widespread use of nuclear
energy. They will usually petition the government against the use of
nuclear and nuclear testing. If this fails, they will demonstrate against the
users of nuclear energy and sometimes even form human shields to get the
message across. The members also disseminate information to the public on
the dangers of nuclear energy to the world population.
ANSWERS W 165
TOPIC 11: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Exercise 11.1
1.
Global warming can cause an ice meltdown at both the North and South
Poles and ultimately raise the world's water levels to dangerous levels. As a
result, many coastal areas will be submerged and some small low-lying
islands may disappear altogether. Higher water level may lead to less
arable lands or lands suitable for growing crops. In addition to this, global
warming is also responsible for causing acid rains.
2.
The three ways to overcome global warming are as follows:

(a) Avoid or reduce the use of chemical agents that can lead to the
thinning of the ozone layer such as CFC
(b) Avoid or reduce open burning
(c) Avoid or reduce deforestation
Exercise 11.2
Recreational areas such as waterfalls can bring peace and tranquillity to
everyone. Therefore, whenever we visit these places we should behave and
maintain good morality in order to preserve the environment. Among the good
conduct are: avoid throwing rubbish indiscriminately around the surrounding
area, cutting down trees, damaging public facilities and so on. In addition to this
unmarried couples should avoid immoral behaviours that may be offensive to
other people visiting the waterfall. These moral values can help preserve the
beauty of waterfalls and their natural surroundings.
Exercise 11.3
Noise pollution is the presence of unwanted noise that can bring negative
consequences to the listener. Hence, soothing sound meant to calm the soul is not
considered as noise pollution. The source of noise can be divided into two:
natural and artificial. Natural sounds include the chirping of crickets and
unavoidable noises like the sound of thunder. Natural sounds are usually
acceptable and not considered as noise pollutions. However, most noise
pollutions come from artificial or man-made objects such as vehicles, blasting of
rocks, heavy industry and so on. These continuous, fluctuating and alternating
noises are all noise pollutants because they are disruptive and affect quality of life
such as sleep patterns and so on. Since these noises are man-made the level of
noise can be reduced to an acceptable level. For instance, now there are trains that
move almost silently.
166
X ANSWERS
TOPIC 12: MORAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL LIFE AND

VIOLENCE
Exercise 12.1
1.
The practise of euthanasia whether active or passive should not be

allowed in this country. Our country comprise of many races and religions.
Yet, the Rukunegara clearly states the element of believe in God. Therefore
only God has the right to take away life. Every religion forbids the killing of
people especially committing suicide. Most religion however permits the
killing of livestock because the animal is meant for human consumption.
Therefore the practise of euthanasia both active and passive should not be
legalised in Malaysia.
2.
Prof Dr Omar Hassan Kasule Sr in his writing states that euthanasia as an

easy way of dying or a painless death. While, Aris Wabudi concurs with
him saying euthanasia as a good way to die. According to Prof Omar
there are three religions that accepts the practise of euthanasia: Buddhism,
Shinto and Confucianism; while the three main religions: Islam,
Christianity and Judaism, are against this practise. Prof Omar categorises
death as a situation whereby respiration ceases completely or all or a major
part of the brain processes stop to function. Meanwhile, Aris divides death
into somatic and biological arguments similar to the death of brain
activities as mentioned by Prof Omar. Therefore, euthanasia is done to
those who are suffering in pain when life-support equipment is no longer
effective. Morally, they agree that euthanasia is at the request of the patient
or the patients family in order to end the patient's pain and suffering. This
is done by discontinuing medical aid.
Exercise 12.2
Pre-marital sex is an immoral behaviour that can damage the family institution. If
a child is born out of wedlock, this will create many social problems such as the
killing or abandonment of babies and so on. Some women are unprepared to be
mothers and resort to abortion.
Incest is another immoral behaviour that should be avoided. In addition to
sharing the same problems of pre-marital sex, incest can cause problems on
inheritance and so on. Incest reduces a human being to an animal in that a son
can become a husband, grandfather can become a husband and so on. We can
become a more civilised society if pre-marital sex and incest do not occur in the
society.
ANSWERS W 167
Exercise 12.3
Basically, international violence involves terrorist attacks committed by an
international organisation that aim to destabilise a nation.
There are a few steps to overcome international violence and among them are:
1.
Controlling All the Entry Points of a Country

Every immigration officer is responsible to ensure that foreigners and our
citizens come in and out of the country according to the proper
immigration procedure. Among others, it is important that people coming
in and out of Malaysia have valid travel documents. Vetting of foreigners
should be conducted on potential terrorists for the sake of national security.
2.
Controlling National Boundaries

Our national boundaries should be monitored at all times to prevent the
illegal entry of foreigners or attacks from subversive forces. Those involved
as border patrols both land and sea must do their job for the love of the
nation, not merely for financial compensation. Their dedication to their job
will prevent unwanted groups or individuals from crossing our boundaries
and entering our country. ]
3.
The Role of Our Society

Each and every citizen has to be constantly wary of suspicious foreigners
and report them to the police. Our courage will help the authorities to stem
international violence involving Malaysians or foreigners as well as save
lives. We must love our nation and not aid international terrorists to spark
violence in our country.
MODULE FEEDBACK
MAKLUM BALAS MODUL
Should you have any comment or feedback, you are welcomed to:
1.
E-mail your comment or feedback to modulefeedback@oum.edu.my
OR
2.
Download and fill up the feedback questionnaire from

URL: http://lms.oum.edu.my/ via myVLE
and
e-mail to modulefeedback@oum.edu.my
Thank you.
Centre for Instructional Design and Technology
(Pusat Reka Bentuk Pengajaran dan Teknologi)
Tel No.:
03-27732273
Fax No.:
03-26978702

MPW1153 2153 Moral Studies PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MPW1153 2153 Moral Studies PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MPW1153/2153

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

Prof Dr Mansor Fadzil

Dr Wong Huey Siew

Ahmad Zulkarnain Ramli

Centre for Instructional Design and Technology

Pearson (M) Sdn. Bhd.

Meteor Doc. Sdn. Bhd.

First Printing, September 2007

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

Introduction to Moral Studies in Malaysia

Encouraging Good Deeds to Onself and Others.

Moral Principles and Values in Religion and Beliefs

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

Moral Thoughts and Identity of a Human with Morals

Shaping Moral Humans

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

Freedom and Justice

Types of Moral Conflicts and Its Solutions

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

11.2.2 The Moral Question over Water Pollution

Moral Issues in Social Life and Voilence

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

COURSE GUIDE DESCRIPTION

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

Table 1: Estimation of Time Accumulation of Study Hours

Briefly go through the course content and participate in initial

Study the module

Attend 3 tutorial sessions

Assignment(s), Test(s) and Examination(s)

TOTAL STUDY HOURS ACCUMULATED

Identify basic concepts and various types of moral values;

Explain a number of theories on ethics and morality including their

Appreciate moral values in different religions;

Identify traditional and common values among Malaysians;

Apply the right decisions involving moral issues;

Explain conflicts of moral values; and

Practise good moral value as members of the community.

Topic 1 begins with an introduction to the background of Moral Studies,

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

TEXT ARRANGEMENT GUIDE

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

References: References is where a list of relevant and useful textbooks, journals,

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

Identify the rationale behind the existence of moral studies in the

Identify the importance of Moral Studies in producing a noble

Discuss the appreciation and practice of the principles of the Rukun

Identify individual freedoms and rights based on the laws and

Practise a lifestyle that centres on the slogan 'Budi Bahasa Amalan

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

INTRODUCTION TO MORAL STUDIES IN MALAYSIA

The importance of Moral Studies is linked to the government's aim of producing

BACKGROUND OF MORAL STUDIES

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MORAL STUDIES IN MALAYSIA W

SELF CHECK 1.1

IMPORTANCE OF MORAL STUDIES

Practising Noble Values

Love and Loyalty to the Nation