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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

R Ramasubramani et al., 2016

ISSN 2455-7714, www.trpubonline.com
Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2016
2016, www.trpubonline.com. All Rights Reserved

Replacement of Sand by Sheet Glass Powder

in Concrete
R Ramasubramani1*, S Divya1 and Vijay1

*Corresponding Author: R Ramasubramani, ramasubramani.r@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in

Scarcity of sand and environmental hazards caused due to the depletion of sand has led to the discovery
of new materials for its replacement. Many materials have been discovered to replace sand and have
yielded positive results. Glass is one such material that can be used to replace sand. Glass used in
concrete making leads to greener environment. Recently many sheet glass cuttings go to waste,
which are not recycled at present and usually delivered to landfills for disposal. Also natural resources
are being depleted for collecting sand. Using glass powder in concrete is an interesting possibility for
economy on waste disposal sites and conservation of natural resources. This project examines the
possibility of using glass powder as a replacement in fine aggregate for a new concrete. Natural sand
was partially replaced (10%, 25% and 50%) with glass powder. Compressive strength, Tensile strength
and Flexural strength were compared with those of concrete made with natural fine aggregates. Also
durability tests such as RCPT, acid attack and Sulphate attack were conducted on glass powder concrete
to study the durability properties. The test results showed an increase in strength for glass powder
concrete. This indicates that it is possible to manufacture concrete containing glass powder with
characteristics similar to those of natural sand aggregate concrete.
Keywords: Sand replacement, sheet glass, concrete, glass powder, durability

Introduction

without changing its chemical properties.

Since the demand in the concrete
manufacturing is increasing day by day, the
utilization of river sand as fine aggregate
leads to exploitation of natural resources,
lowering of water table and sinking of the
bridge piers. The most widely used fine
aggregate for the making of concrete is the
natural sand mined from the river beds. The
present scenario demands identification of
substitute materials for the river sand for

General
The interest of the construction community
in using waste or recycled materials in
concrete is increasing because of the
emphasis placed on sustainable construction.
The waste glass from in and around the small
shops is packed as a waste and disposed as
landfill. Glass is an inert material which
could be recycled and used many times
1

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

R Ramasubramani et al., 2016

making concrete because of the abundant

scarcity it is facing.

because they are not biodegradable, which

makes them environmentally less friendly.
There is huge potential for using waste glass
in the concrete construction sector. When
waste glasses are reused in making concrete
products, the production cost of concrete will
go down. Crushed glass or cullet, if properly
sized and processed, can exhibit
characteristics similar to that of gravel or
sand.

Attempts have been made in using

crushed glass as fine aggregate in the
replacement of river sand. Studies have
shown that finely ground glass does not
contribute to alkali silica reaction. In the
recent, various attempts and research have
been made to use ground glass as a
replacement in conventional ingredients in
concrete production as a part of green house
management. In the current research, sand
is partially replaced by glass powder in
concrete. The sheet glass powder is obtained
from crushing the wastage glass, which is
disposed as landfill by the industries.Glass
is a transparent material produced by
melting a mixture of materials such as silica,
soda ash, CaCO 3 at high temperature
followed by cooling where solidification
occurs without crystallization. Glass is
widely used in our lives through
manufactured products such as sheet glass,
bottles, glassware, and vacuum tubing. Glass
is an ideal material for recycling. The use of
recycled glass saves lot of energy and the
increasing awareness of glass recycling
speeds up focus on the use of waste glass
with different forms in various fields. One
of its significant contributions is the
construction field where the waste glass was
reused for concrete production.Using waste
glass in the concrete construction sector is
advantageous, as the production cost of
concrete will go down. The amount of waste
glass is gradually increased over the years
due to an ever-growing use of glass
products. Most of the waste glasses have
been dumped into landfill sites. The land
filling of waste glasses is undesirable

Materials
Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grade
conforming to IS 2269 (1987) was used. The
properties of cement are given below:
1. Fineness index = 8%
2. Normal consistency of cement = 31%
3. Initial setting time = 38 minutes
4. Specific gravity = 3.12

Aggregates
Aggregates are inert granular materials such
as sand, gravel or crushed stone. They are
also the raw materials that are an essential
ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete
mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong
particles free of absorbed chemicals or
coatings of clay and other fine materials that
could cause the deterioration of
concrete.Aggregates, which account for 60 to
75% of the total volume of concrete, are
divided into coarse or fine depending on
their size. The properties of aggregates used
in this project are mentioned below.

Coarse Aggregates
The fractions from 80 mm to 4.75 mm are
termed as coarse aggregates. The shape of

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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

R Ramasubramani et al., 2016

the coarse aggregates chosen was as per IS

2386 Part 1 (1963). The surface texture
characteristics are as per IS 383:1970.Specific
gravity of coarse aggregate obtained was
2.71. Crushed gravel or stone is used as
coarse aggregates. 10 mm size aggregates
were used in this study.

Figure 1: Glass Powder After Sieving

Fine Aggregates
The fine aggregate used in this investigation
was clean river sand, whose maximum size
is 4.75 mm, conforming to grading zone II.
The sand was dried, sieved and stored.
Specific gravity of sand obtained was 2.39.

Mix Proportions

Water

1. Water cement ratio - 0.55

Water is an important ingredient of concrete

as it actually participates in the chemical
reaction with cement. Since it helps to form
the strength giving cement gel, the quantity
and quality of water is required to be looked
into very carefully.

2. Mix ratios - 1 : 1.21 : 3.31

3. Grade of concrete - M25

Experimental investigations
The project deals with the study of concrete
when sand in the concrete is partially
replaced by glass powder. The primary
concern of this study is to determine the
strength and durability characteristics of
glass powder concrete.

Glass Powder as an Aggregate

Glass powderis prepared by melting the
raw materials, such as sodium carbonate
(soda), lime, dolomite, silicon dioxide
(silica), aluminium oxide (alumina), and
small quantities of fining agents (e.g.,
sodium sulfate, sodium chloride) in a glass
furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675
C. Ordinary soda-lime glass appears
colorless to the naked eye when it is thin.
Recent studies have shown the scope of
using glass as partial replacement of both
sand and cement in the production of
concrete. Specific gravity of glass powder
obtained was 2.64. Figure 1 shows glass
powder used as partial replacement for
sand.

A total of 72 glass concrete specimens were

cast out which there were 27 cubes, 27
cylinders and 18 beams. 24 conventional
concrete specimens were casted out of which
9 were cubes, 9 were cylinders and 6 were
beams. The grade of concrete was taken as
M25. The investigated parameters under this
study were strength and durability.

Details of Specimens
The cubes prepared for testing of strength
were of dimensions 100 x 100 x 100 mm. The
cubes prepared for durability tests were of

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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

R Ramasubramani et al., 2016

Instrumentation

size 150 x 150 x 150 mm. No reinforcements

of any kind were provided.

Compressive strengths, flexural strengths

and tensile strengths were measured using
a compression testing machine with a
maximum capacity of 2000 kN. The load
applied on the specimen was displayed
digitally on the machine.

Cylinders are of diameter 100 mm and

height 200 mm for both conventional
concrete and glass powder concrete.
Beams were of cross section 100 x 100 mm
and length 500 mm for both conventional
concrete and glass powder concrete.

Results and Discussion

Curing of Specimens

As a part of experimental investigation

various tests were conducted on the material
to test their properties and also to find out
the strength and durability characteristics of
the concrete.

After 24 hours of casting, the specimens were

removed from the moulds. Identification
marks were made on the specimens. The
specimens were kept for a curing period of
3, 7 and 28 days. Figures 2 and 3 shows the
concrete specimens kept under curing.

Compressive strengths, flexural strengths

and tensile strengths were measured using
a compression testing machine with a
maximum capacity of 2000 kN. For all tests,
each value was taken as the average of three
samples. Test results for conventional
concrete and glass powder concrete (with the
replacement of 10%, 25% and 50%) for 3, 7
and 28 days curing are tabulated.

Figure 2: Concrete Beams and Cubes Under

Curing

Compressive Strength
Three numbers of samples in each of
concrete were subjected to compression test
(shown in Figure 4) using the compression
Figure 4: Concrete Cube Under Testing

Figure 3: Concrete Cylinders Under Curing

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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

R Ramasubramani et al., 2016

Split Tensile Strength

Table 1: Compressive Strength Results

for Conventional Concrete vs Glass
Powder Concrete (N/mm2)

No. of
Days

Three numbers of samples in each of

concrete were subjected to testing using the
compression testing machine as shown in
Figure 6. The result of the average strength
of cylinders is shown in Table 2 and the
comparison of split tensile strength of
conventional concrete with that of glass
powder concrete is illustrated using bar chart
in Figure 7.

Replacement Levels of
Conventional
Glass Powder
Concrete
10%
25% 50%

22.5

26.5

28.5

20.17

26.4

29.9

34.7

21.07

28

35.8

36.3

38.3

35.43

The concrete where sand was partially

replaced by glass powder showed a decrease
in split tensile strength. The split strength
decreased as the level of replacement of
glass powder increased. The strength

Figure 5: Comparison of Compressive

Strength of Conventional Concrete
and Glass Powder Concrete

Figure 6: Concrete Cylinder Under Testing

testing machine. The result of the average

strength of cubes is shown in Table 1.
The comparison of compressive strength
of conventional concrete with that of glass
powder concrete is illustrated using a bar
chart in Figure 5.
The concrete where sand was partially
replaced by glass powder showed an
increase in compressive strength. The
compressive strength increased as the level
of replacement of glass powder increased.
The strength increased with the number of
days of curing. The maximum
compressive strength attained was 38.3 N/
mm2 for 50% replacement at the end of 28
days.

Table 2: Split Tensile Strength Results

for Conventional Concrete and Glass
Powder Concrete

No. of
Days

Replacement Levels of
Conventional
Glass Powder
Concrete
10%
25% 50%

2.17

1.77

1.52

1.11

2.47

1.91

1.69

2.11

28

3.22

2.78

2.35

3.02

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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

R Ramasubramani et al., 2016

Figure 7: Comparison of Tensile Strength

of Conventional Concrete vs Glass Powder
Concrete

Table 3: Flexural Strength Result

for Conventional Concrete and Glass
Powder Concrete

No. of
Days

Replacement Levels of
Conventional
Glass Powder
Concrete
10%
25% 50%

8.96

8.27

7.51

7.72

28

12.82

12.11

11.72

11.04

Figure 9: Comparison of Flexural Strength

of Conventional Concrete vs Glass Powder
Concrete

increased with the number of days of curing.

The maximum split tensile strength attained
was 3.22 N/mm2 for 10% replacement at the
end of 28 days.

Flexural Strength
Three numbers of beam samples in each of
concrete were subjected to testing using the
compression testing machine as shown in
Figure 8. The result of the average strength
of cylinders is shown in Table 3 and the
comparison of flexural strength of
conventional concrete with that of glass
powder concrete is illustrated using bar chart
in Figure 9.

The concrete where sand was partially

replaced by glass powder showed a decrease
in flexural strength. The flexural strength
decreased as the level of replacement of
glass powder increased. The strength
increased with the number of days of curing.
The maximum flexural strength attained was
12.82 N/mm2 for 10% replacement at the end
of 28 days.

Figure 8: Concrete Beam Under Testing

Durability Tests
Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT)
Reinforced concrete structures are exposed
to harsh environments. For reinforced
concrete bridges, one of the major forms of
environmental attack is chloride ingress,
which leads to corrosion of the reinforcing
steel and a subsequent reduction in the
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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

R Ramasubramani et al., 2016

strength, serviceability and aesthetics of the

structure. This may lead to early repair or
premature replacement of the structure. A
common method of preventing such
deterioration is to prevent chlorides from
penetrating the structure to the level of the
reinforcing
steel bar
by
using
relativelyimpenetrable concrete. The ability
of chloride ions to penetrate the concrete
must then be known for design as well as
quality control purposes. The penetration of
the concrete by chloride ions, however, is a
slow process. Therefore, in order to assess
chloride penetration, a test method that
accelerates the process is needed, to allow
the determination of diffusion values in a
reasonable time.

concrete must then be known for design as

well as quality control purposes. The
penetration of the concrete by chloride ions,
however, is a slow process. Therefore, in
order to assess chloride penetration, a test
method that accelerates the process is
needed, to allow the determination of
diffusion values in a reasonable time.

Rapid chloride penetration test involves

obtaining a 100 mm (4 in.) diameter core or
cylinder sample from the concrete being
tested. A 50 mm (2 in.) specimen is cut from
the sample. The side of the cylindrical
specimen is coated with epoxy and it is
allowed to dry. It is then placed in the test
device. The left-hand side () of the test cell
is filled with a 3% NaCl solution. The righthand side (+) of the test cell is filled with 0.3
N NaOH solution. The system is then
connected and a 60-volt potential is applied
for 6 hours. Readings are taken every 30
minutes. At the end of 6 hours the sample is
removed from the cell and the amount of
coulombs passed through the specimen is
calculated.A schematical representatiom of
the test setup has been illustrated in Figures
10 and 11 shows the arrangement of the
RCPT apparatus in the laboratory.bar by
using relatively impenetrable concrete. The
ability of chloride ions to penetrate the

Figure 10: Test Setup (as per ASTM C1202)

Rapid chloride penetration test involves

obtaining a 100 mm (4 in.) diameter core or
cylinder sample from the concrete being
tested. A 50 mm (2 in.) specimen is cut from
the sample. The side of the cylindrical
specimen is coated with epoxy and it is
allowed to dry. It is then placed in the test
device. The left-hand side () of the test cell

Figure 11: Laboratory Test Setup

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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

R Ramasubramani et al., 2016

and has been tabulated in Table 4. This helps

to rate the concrete according to the criteria
mentioned in Table 5.

is filled with a 3% NaCl solution. The righthand side (+) of the test cell is filled with 0.3
N NaOH solution. The system is then
connected and a 60-volt potential is applied
for 6 hours. Readings are taken every 30
minutes. At the end of 6 hours the sample is
removed from the cell and the amount of
coulombs passed through the specimen is
calculated.A schematical representatiom of
the test setup has been illustrated in Figures
10 and 11 shows the arrangement of the
RCPT apparatus in the laboratory.

Table 4: Amount of Current Passing

Through Concrete

Average current flowing through one cell

is calculated by Equation 1.
I = 900 * (I0 + I360) * 2 * ICUMMULATIVE

Type of Concrete

Current Passing
(Coulombs)

Glass Powder
Concrete

3133.13

Conventional
Concrete

2368.73

Table 5: RCPT Ratings (as per ASTM

C1202)

...(1)

ICUMMULATIVE = I30 + I60 + I90 + I120 + I150 + I180

+ I210 + I240 + I270 + I300 + I330
where
I0 = Initial current reading in mA.
I30 = Current reading at 30 minutes in mA.
I60 = Current reading at 60 minutes in mA.
I90 = Current reading at 90 minutes in mA.
I120 = Current reading at 120 minutes in mA.

Charge Passed
(Coulombs)

Chloride Ion
Penetrability

> 4,000

High

2,000-4,000

Moderate

1,000-2,000

Low

100-1,000

Very low

< 100

Negligible

I180 = Current reading at 180 minutes in mA.

Hence it can be concluded that the

chloride ion penetrability of glass powder
concrete is moderate.

I210 = Current reading at 210 minutes in mA.

Sulphate Attack Test

I240 = Current reading at 240 minutes in mA.

The test is performed to determine the

resistance of concrete to Sulphate attack.
The test method involves preparing the
concrete cubes of sizes 150 150 150 mm.
Three samples of conventional concrete
and three samples of glass powder
concrete are prepared. It is kept for curing
under water for 28 days. After the curing
period all the samples are weighed and the

I150 = Current reading at 150 minutes in mA.

I270 = Current reading at 270 minutes in mA.

I300 = Current reading at 300 minutes in mA.
I330 = Current reading at 330 minutes in mA.
I360 = Current reading at 360 minutes in mA.
Using the above formula the total charge
passed through the concrete is determined

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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

R Ramasubramani et al., 2016

weights are noted down. The samples are

then immersed in 5% sodium Sulphate
solution and cured for another 28 days.
Then the samples are taken out and the
surfaces are cleaned. The weights of the
samples are again taken and percentage
decrease in weights is tabulated. Next the
samples are tested for its compressive
strengths and the percentage decrease in
strength is noted down. Table 6 shows the
reduction of weight in concrete specimens
kept under curing in Sodium Sulphate
solution. Table 7 shows the reduction of
compressive strength of concrete
specimens kept under curing in Sodium
Sulphate solution.Sample of Sodium
Sulphate in the powder form has been
shown in Figures 12 and 13 shows concrete
samples kept for curing inside a drum in
sodium Sulphate solution for 28 days.
Figure 14 shows the testing of cube that has
been kept for curing in Sodium Sulphate
solution.

Figure 12: Sodium Sulphate

Figure 13: Cubes Under Curing in Sodium

Sulphate Solution

Table 6: Change in Weight of Concrete

Type of
Concrete
Conventional
concrete
Glass powder
concrete

Figure 14: Concrete Cube Under Loading

Weight
Reduction
Initial
Taken After in Weight
Weight (kg)
Curing (kg)
(%)
8.71

8.58

1.49

8.83

8.73

1.13

Table 7: Change in Compressive Strength

of Concrete
Type of
Concrete
Conventional
concrete
Glass powder
concrete

Initial
Compressive
Compressive
Strength
Strength
After Curing
2
2
(N/mm )
(N/mm )

Reduction in
Compressive
Strength (%)

35.43

34.26

3.3

38.3

37.1

3.13

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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

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Acid Attack Test

reduction of compressive strength concrete

specimens kept under curing in Sulphuric
acid solution.

The test is performed to determine the

resistance of concrete to acid attack test. The
test method involves preparing the concrete
cubes of sizes 150 150 150 mm. Three
samples of conventional concrete and three
samples of glass powder concrete are
prepared. It is kept for curing under water
for 28 days. After the curing period all the
samples are weighed and the weights are
noted down. The samples are then immersed
in 5% concentrated sulphuric acid solution
and cured for another 28 days. Then the
samples are taken out and the surfaces are
cleaned. The weights of the samples are
again taken and percentage decrease in
weights is tabulated. Next the samples are
tested for its compressive strengths and the
percentage decrease in strength is noted
down. Table 8 shows the reduction of weight
in concrete specimens kept under curing in
Sulphuric acid solution. Table 9 shows the

Figure 15 shows the concentrated

sulphuric acid sample used for preparing the
solution. Figure 16 shows the concrete
specimens kept under curing in sulphuric
acid solution
Figure 15: Concentrated Sulphuric Acid

Table 8: Change in Weight of Concrete

Type of
Concrete

Weight Taken
Initial Weight
Reduction in
After Curing
(kg)
Weight (%)
(kg)

Conventional
concrete

8.71

8.11

7.24

Glass powder
concrete

8.83

8.19

6.8

Figure 16: Concrete Cubes Under Curing

in Conc. Sulphuric Acid Solution

Table 9: Change in Compressive Strength

of Concrete
Type of
Concrete
Conventional
concrete
Glass powder
concrete

Initial
Compressive
Reduction in
Compressive
Strength
Compressive
Strength
After Curing
Strength (%)
2
2
(N/mm )
(N/mm )
35.43

33.42

5.66

38.3

36.24

5.36

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Int. J. Civil Engg. Conc.Structs 2016

R Ramasubramani et al., 2016

compressive strength for conventional

concrete was by 5.66% and that for glass
powder concrete was by 5.66%. Sulphate
attack showed a reduction of weight by 1.49%
for conventional concrete and 1.13% for glass
powder concrete. The reduction in
compressive strength for conventional
concrete was by 3.3% and that for glass
powder concrete was by 3.13%.

Figure 17: Concrete Cube Under Loading

References
1. Chandramouli K, Srinivasa Rao P,
Seshadri Sekhar T, Pannirselvam N and
Sravana P (2010), Rapid Chloride
Permeability Test for Durability Studies
on Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete,
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, Vol. 5, pp. 67-71.

Figure 17 shows a concrete cube under

testing that has been cured for 28 days in
sulphuric acid solution.

Conclusion
The following salient conclusions are drawn
from the present investigations.Maximum
compressive strength was achieved at 50%
replacement. Compressive strength of
concrete. Increased by 7.5% when 50% sand
was replaced by glass powder. Tensile
strength achieved its peak value when sand
was replaced by glass powder at 10%
replacement level. Tensile strength was
increased by 6.2%. Flexural strength attained
its maximum value at 10% replacement level
and the increase was by 13.8%. Rapid
Chloride Penetration Test was conducted to
study the chloride ion penetration. On
conducting the experiment the chloride ion
permeability was found to be moderate.
Acid attack and alkalinity attack conducted
on the concrete showed a decrease in weight
and compressive strength. Acid attack
showed a reduction of weight by 6.8% for
conventional concrete and 7.24% for glass
powder concrete. The reduction in

2. Civil Engineering Research Unit,

Division of Civil & Mechanical
Engineering, Faculty of Advanced
Technology, University of Glamorgan.
3. IS 383 (1970), Indian Standard for
Specification for Coarse and Fine
Aggregates from Naturals Sourced from
Concrete
(Second
Revision),
Reaffirmed February 1997.
4. IS 12269 (1987), Indian Standard for
Specification for 53 Grade OPC,
Reaffirmed January 1999.
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Chileshe N (2012), Glass Powder
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European Journal of Applied Sciences,
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7. Mageswari M and Vidivelli B (2010),

The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as Fine
Aggregate Replacement in Concrete,
The Open Civil Engineering Journal,
Vol. 4, pp. 65-71.

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India.
10. Unnikrishna Pillai S and Devdas Menon
(2012), Reinforced Concrete Design, pp. 3645, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, India.

8. Perkins (2009), Development of

Concrete Containing Waste Glass, pp.
23-27, Civil Engineering Research Unit,
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11. Vijaya Kumar, Vishaliny and

Govindarajulu (2013), Studies on Glass
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