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- first, that teachers give students their knowledge, experience and skills;
- secondly, teachers not only provide students with the necessary stock of
knowledge, but also instruct them on various options of life and job
situations.
This suggests that classes in schools and universities not only provide
students with all the necessary information, but also give the social
aspects of educating young people. The above conditions are
complementary, and give students all-round development.
Based on this, the most common presentation of strict attendance policy,
we should pay attention to some specific features of traditional
schooling. There is a joke that has a deep sense: "Education - is what
remains with a person after he forgets everything he was taught". Indeed,
much of the information people get is usually forgotten after some time, but
self-educational and social aspects of learning remain. On this basis, it
would be logical to assume, that together with the giving a certain amount
of facts and algorithms, the most important task of education is the
development of intellectual capacities of students.
From a classroom management viewpoint, there are many logistical
reasons to require attendance. Group projects are very negatively affected
when a group member does not show up for labs. Class morale is lowered
when students show up late and have no clue of the topic being discussed.
Students claiming that coming to class is unnecessary to get good grades
influence other students, even if they do benefit from attending class.
(Clump et al. 2003)
However, class expedience is a secondary issue, compared to every
instructor's responsibility to teach her course as effectively as possible.
Learning is a joint and wonderful journey between each student, her peers
and her instructors. Although the world of academia is rapidly changing
with an ever increasing distance- learning component, the sole reading of
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I fully agree about the importance of attendance policy, as I'm sure that
college or school attendance gives students plenty of opportunities to get
knowledge, skills that are necessary for future profession. Such students
have far more opportunities not only to get information relevant to the
future job, but to develop their own skills and talents.
The conclusion may be that the main objective of any education is to teach
people to think independently, to teach students the chosen subjects and
professions. But achieving such a goal is impossible to imagine without
the activity of students interested in the results of their training. Not the last
factor for successful education is the personal characteristics of the
individual, who must have a clear motivation. It's no secret that the
traditional form of learning and strict attendance help student in many
ways: monitoring the learning process, as well as mutual assistance and
support from students and teachers.
In conclusion I would like to note that the choice of full-time education is a
major step for the future of the student and his family. It is difficult, but the
most productive and promising way of acquiring a profession. More and
more young people nowadays understand that lessons attendance opens
new opportunities for self-realization, finding good job, moving up the
social ladder, providing a decent standard of living.
Appeal Of
Online Education To College
Students Education Essay
academic-achievement-education-essay.php#ixzz41ZUcdTYt
Introduction
Distance education is "planned learning that normally occurs in different
places from teaching and as a result requires special techniques of course
design, special instructional techniques, special methods of
communication by electronic and other technology as well as special
organizational and administrative arrangements" [9]. Some students
choose to move away from home to attend college, and some decide to
commute. This tends to be a big decision for most people wanting to
further their education, including adults returning to college later in their
lives. There are pros and cons to each side, but the main point is whether
people prefer face-to-face education or on-line education.
The object of this study is to examine the appeal of on-line education to
college students in the United States versus face-to-face education, with a
specific focus on the number of adults returning to college seeking online
education. The research examines the number of college students and
returning adult students that are choosing to further their education on-line
versus commuting to the college for face-to-face instruction.
Review
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The internet has become a critical part of nearly every academic discipline,
even some that were against the technology in the beginning. College and
Universities have seen the demand for the online courses and have
increased their courses offered online. The rate of students enrolling in
online courses has exceeded the growth rate of the overall higher
education student population by 16.8 percent [1]. Over the time that online
courses have been available the increase in interest has been growing in
leaps and bounds, but some say that a plateau may have been reached.
Research has proven that this is not true. The growth rate of online course
enrollment is still increasing, and is in the double-digits [1].
Eduventures, a consulting and research firm, recently conducted a survey
and found approximately 80 percent of online students are commonly older
and are more likely to be working and have families [2]. San Diego State
University recently increased the availability of high demand courses by
offering it online in order to increase summer enrollment, and attract
students that hold summer jobs, live out of town and cannot travel to
campus, and to help the overcrowding problems [3]. This was beneficial to
both the school and the students looking for a way to continue their
education.
Many colleges have implemented Web-based course management
programs to assist in delivering a college course in the most efficient way.
Blackboard is one of the leading course management systems that offer
open architecture for customization and can be used for many different
types of courses, online, Web-enhanced and hybrid [10]. This program
enables the students and instructors have an enhanced learning
experience. WebCT (another online education instrument) is the world's
leading provider of integrated online education systems for higher
education [10]. In February 2006 WebCT was acquired by Blackboard.
These management programs help instructors bring the classroom and the
web together by evaluating, tracking, and grading student activities. These
programs were developed at the former Cornell University and The
University of British Columbia in the late nineteen nineties [8]. Web These
programs are used mainly for on-line courses but can be used for face-toface instruction also, as an aid to the teacher, to get information out to the
students quickly and helping students track their progress in the class.
Another plus for the students using Blackboard is that it is running 24/7,
meaning students can do their work at any time, day or night, and even on
the weekend. This gives the students with extremely busy schedules to
use their time more efficiently.
Research Model
It has been said that adults returning to college will be more likely to take
online courses than the traditional college student between the ages of 1821. Some of the reasons behind this seem to lie in the fact that the
younger college students benefit from the social atmosphere that is
provided by the college campus. That defiantly lends itself to the reason at
a majority of the online students enrolled in college today are over the age
of 24 [4]. Another underling reasons that younger college students tend to
enjoy or lean toward face-to-face courses and college campus life is rather
simple, the freedom from their parents, parties, and a social life [7]. Young
students preferring to take classes on campus, is in the traditional
classroom the teacher is in front of them supervising, making sure they are
paying attention and completing their assignments. On the other hand
commuting students and adults returning to college are not in need of this
exciting social environment and are more inclined to be mature because
they more than likely already have existing obligations like work and family.
They are there to get a higher education and expand their knowledge. In a
study from the National Survey of Student Engagement only 11 percent of
traditional college students spend 25 or more hours a week studying; 40
percent spend 10 hours or less a week [5].
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The target audience for online college courses may not be the adult
students , but based on the findings in this study younger students have a
greater tendency to take online courses that older students [6]. This may
not be entirely true, young students may take these courses because they
are comfortable with the technology but they most likely will not do as well
in a class with face-to-face interaction. This study also states that in
previous years it was true that older students preferred to take online
courses, but with all the technology in recent years the tendency for the
younger students taking online courses has increased [6]. The increase in
on-line courses offered by colleges may be a combination of the younger
and older students, but without these on-line classes being offered there
would be a lot of adult students and commuting students that would not be
able to attend the college of their choice.
Therefore we propose:
H1: Commuting students are more likely to take online courses.
H2: Adults returning to college are more likely to take online courses.
There are many tools that assist in the on-line education environment. With
the unemployment rate soaring currently and more and more people
needing to re-evaluate their future we believe that more adults are
returning to college to expand their knowledge. The increase in enrollment
in online college courses can be largely attributed to the adult and
commuter students. Also, adults and commuter students have are on the
top of the list when it comes to having other priorities than school. They
could be holding a full time job and are unable to make it to the college on
time to take a night course; they could have a young child at home with no
one to watch he/she; they could be on a tight budget that does not allow
the money for the commute; or they could jut prefer the on-line community
vs. the face-to-face community at the college. Regardless, any of these
could be the reason for adult and/or commuter student to choose on-line
classes.
Methodology
Expected Contribution
The information gathered through this study will help convince more
colleges to consider expanding their on-line course selection for the
students. This will aid in increased enrollment at the institution and in turn
make the college more appealing to other students thinking about
attending.
Limitations
Using a test survey first to determine if the questions are valid for the
research will assist in a more viable test. Having the survey taken by
students at only 2 colleges limits the possibilities of a favorable outcome.
Future Research
Expand the research to the numbers of students in the schools that take
on-line courses. Investigation into the reasons that students take online
courses will. Through a survey conducted on a control group based on the
above information will provide a better insight into on-line education.
Cambodia has been working very hard to develop its human capitals
purposely to promote social and economic development, rebuild the
nation, and integrate the country into the regional and global community.
Cambodia's current stage of educational development is still in its infancy
compared with many other Asian countries (Bumatay, 2009). On the one
hand, Cambodia has been collaborating with international communities to
achieve the Education for All goals by 2015 (Bumatay, 2009). On the end
of other educational spectrum, Cambodia is reforming its quality of higher
education since Cambodia necessarily needs its graduates to have high
qualifications, to become productive members, and to contribute to the
country development. (Bumatay, 2009).
During the 1990s, as Pit and Ford say, the students' demand for higher
education rapidly increased while the public higher education sector was
still unable to respond to that growing demand for challenging labor
marketing; therefore, in mid-1990s the government introduced a new policy
allowing the participation of private higher education sector (as cited in
Phirom, 2010). This new policy was introduced mainly to help public sector
deal with the students' dramatic increasing demand for higher education
and also to allow for the private higher education implementation in
Cambodia (Bumatay, 2009).
While having a variety of choices is not a bad thing, it does not necessarily
mean that students will always choose the right course and the right
university that best fits their interests, motivation, aptitude and talent, and
career goals. Oftentimes, students decide to major in a particular field at a
particular university without enough guidance and information about the
course and university as well as about their employment prospects after
graduation (D'Amico, 2008).
Further, in order to attract more students and to maximize their profits,
private HEIs tend to use their marketing strategies to manipulate the
increasing demands for higher education. In this sense, they design
courses and degree programmes that they have cost and competence
advantages to be attractive to students, which then encourage more
demands for those particular courses from students, even though they are
not necessarily needed in the labor market, and makes their institutions
popular (D'Amico, 2008). As a result, students end up studying subjects
that make them difficult to get employment after graduation. By the same
token, those private HEIs may enjoy profitability in the short run, but such
growth may not be sustainable in the long term when their programmes do
not respond to the real needs of the learners as well as of the labor market
(D'Amico, 2008; Nault, 2008).
Research problem
The rapid expansion of private higher education institutions (HEIs) saw
enrollment in higher education increasingly grow along with challenges
among students, and this phenomenon consequently presents two key
problems (D'Amico, 2008; Nault, 2008). First, the lack of information and
guidance has led to a situation where students end up studying subjects at
certain universities that are not in their best interests and that employment
markets for those subjects are saturated, with more supply than demand
(D'Amico, 2008; Nault, 2008). Second, another major problem is that
without proper management, the competition among private HEIs for
profits can harm Cambodian human resource development in the long run.
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In order to address these two challenges, there is a real need for a study to
understand the motivation and factors that affect students' decision in
selecting a private university. This is particularly important in Cambodian
context where there is little scientific evidence of why students decide to go
to a particular university, not others, and what those students expect to get
from their studies. Such information is useful not only for those whose
responsibilities are to provide students with information about higher
education and to guide them in their decision making process, but also for
private HEIs themselves in improving their performance so as to contribute
effectively to the process of human development of the country.
Research objectives
The objectives of the study are to examine the underlying specific reasons
why students are willing to pursue their study at a private university or
college and what motivates them to study there. More importantly, the
study is intended to find out factors that influence students' decision to
select that particular higher education institution for their study in
Cambodia. In addition, the study will also aim to identify the students'
expectation from the university they enroll.
Research questions
Significance
First, this study will inform all the relevant stakeholders about critical
factors that influence students' decision to study at a particular private
higher education institution. Second, it will provide students with informed
judgment on how to choose a right institution for their study that will match
with the students' labor market. Informed of all those expected reasons
and influencing factors, management leaders/personnel of private higher
education institutions will better understand the students' needs and also
their satisfactions. The private higher education institutions in Cambodia
will be better able to respond to the students' needs by designing the
appropriate academic curriculums, offering the needed services, and
helping coordinate their academic performance.
In addition, the findings from this study will also inform policy makers in
higher education in Cambodia of better educational strategies, students'
motivation, and determining factors behind the students' education at a
particular higher education institution. In this sense, the findings from this
study will contribute to the future improvement and development in the
higher education sector in Cambodia.
Proposed chapter
This research paper will compose of five main chapters. Chapter I will
contain section of introduction to such important components as
background, research problem, research objective, research questions,
significance, and definition of term. Chapter II will outline a section of
literature review describing previous studies and conceptual framework of
the study. Chapter III will present a section of research methodology
covering research design of qualitative, tools/instruments for data
collection, sample size and sampling method, a description of variables
derived from the research tools data collecting procedures, a plan to
analyze data, ethical consideration, strength and limitation of the method,
and pilot study. Chapter IV will describe the discussion and findings gained
in the study. Chapter V will give a general conclusion and some possible
recommendations for the study. Finally, sections of references and
appendices will be indicated as an end of the research paper.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
There are little or almost no studies concerning factors influencing
students' decision on choosing which university they want to attend in
Cambodia. This study will base partly on relevant studies in Cambodian
higher education context and largely on related studies in other countries
to frame conceptual framework for directing the study. Several studies
have been conducted to seek answers to factors determining reasons why
students choose to study at a particular higher education institution. As a
result, they share common findings, namely intrinsic factors and extrinsic
factors which lead students to choose a particular place for their tertiary
education. The following paragraphs discuss the main reasons behind their
decisions.
Virak and Khorn (2008) emphasized that, in the late 1990s, the
privatization of higher education in Cambodia came into existence and it
was then available for the students who were unable to get the
government scholarship. With this new private educational access, there
were a lot of challenges for Cambodia to ensure its quality of higher
education. Thus, Cambodia has to do well with the higher educational
management because those higher educational institutions did not meet
the required standard yet. By comparison with international academic
standards, most higher education institutions are very small, with narrow,
academic bases, and limited resources. These highlight the inadequacies
of quality, efficiency, and national-level consistent system assurance.
Despite challenges and incoherent standardized systems, private higher
education institutions in Cambodia received a remarkable number of
students. According to Virak and Khorn (2008), the total enrolment of the
undergraduate students in both public and private higher educational
institutions has risen sharply from 25,080 in 2000-2001 to 75,523 in 20042005, and it continued to increase to 131, 639 in 2007-2008 academic
year.
The statistics of HEIs by the Department of Higher Education of the
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of Cambodia shows that at present
there are a total of 80 higher education institutions, with 33 public and 47
private. Among those higher education institutions, there is a great
difference in the number of students' enrollment in both private and public
Applicants for courses in Business field stand out in terms of the relatively
strong influence they attribute to consideration associated with a
vocational, instrumentalist view of education. In choosing an institution,
they are also more likely than applicants in other fields to be concerned to
find study conditions that will fit in with their work commitments (James,
Baldwin & Mclnnis, 1999, p. 45).
Further, the influence on school-leaver applicants is also influential and
closely dependent of the ages of school-leavers from their secondary
education. Students normally think about how old they are, when they will
graduate if they continue the next step in their education and what course
appropriate with when they plan to finish their education. Thus, it is a clear
that students' choice in their subsequent must be consistent with their
expected period of time, they hence prefer any institution whose courses'
duration will be consistent with their expected period of time (James,
Baldwin & Mclnnis, 1999).
Influences according the type of university chosen, as stated by James,
Baldwin, and Mclnnis (1999), were also a reasonable indicator for students'
education interest and choice. This was seen as an institutional status or
category. In what category an institution was classified or recognized by a
relevant accreditation committee was the logical explanation why students
decide to enroll for their study at a particular university or college. This
means an institution social recognition is an influential factor, from which a
university or college can absorb students, especially those considering
institutional identity as their top priority in their study choice (James,
Baldwin & Mclnnis, 1999).
Most students' decisions in their education choice were affected and
changed at the time of an educational offer by a university or college that
was the cause of the decision at time of offer. Students were found
changing their decisions immediately when they were offered reasonable
incentives, motivations, or any forms of promotions at the time while they
were deciding which university or college they should attend. They seemed
to be more willing to accept any offer or make any easier decision in their
education. Therefore, decision at a particular time of special promotion
could be a stimulus that definitely encouraged students' intrinsic motivation
to choose a university or college (James, Baldwin & Mclnnis, 1999).
Further, a similar study on "willingness to pay and preference private
institutions" described a number of possible factors influencing students'
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter explains the research design, tools/instruments for data
gathering, sample size and sampling method, a description derived from
the research tools, data collecting procedures, a plan to analyze data,
ethical consideration, strength and also limitation of the research.
Ethical consideration
The study will be conducted in a private university in Phnom Penh. There
will be a letter from the MEd Program at RUPP to seek permission from the
target university prior to data collection. The purpose and significance of
the study will be attached with the permission-seeking letter and clearly
explained to the university rector and all the participants. The rector will be
asked to sign an approval for the study in the university. Likewise, the
research participants (students and students' parents) will be asked to sign
an agreement to indicate their willingness to participate in the study. The
names of the participants or IDs and the university will be kept anonymous.
No information concerning the interviewees' responses will be used other
than the purpose of the study. Also, their participations in this study will be
truly voluntary. While answering the questions, the participants can
withdraw from the interview or skip any questions if they prefer to do so.
After the publication of the final findings, a copy of the results will be given
to the university.
Pilot Study
To ensure success in the expected research plan and anticipate possible
difficulties, the researcher will conduct a pilot study prior to the actual
research. The researcher will select 4 students randomly for the students'
interview and 2 students' parents to answer all the prepared questions as
mentioned in the Appendix A. After they have answered all the questions,
the researcher will learn if the students and the parents are able to
completely finish all the questions in a set period of time, or the researcher
will make any necessary changes to fit with the actual situation and also to
ensure the expected result in the actual interviews.
Request Removal
1. Introduction
Most of MCAST students work part-time. Does this affect their school
performance? If work is related to their studies this would definitely be
If we had to look at higher education around the globe, say in the UK,
students would have to pay approximately 3000. In Germany, universities
now charge 1000 enrolment charge per year. In the USA the tuition fee
varies around $9000 per year.
Malta is one of the few exceptional cases were students are paid to study.
MCAST students are entitled to 83 per month and 233 at the
beginning of the academic year.
Out of which students are entitled to pay 372 BTEC registration fee.
When I started university 6 years ago I never felt the need to do a part-time
job (except in summer). Obviously, my budget was very tight and luxuries
were inexistent. Nowadays, I started to believe that students prefer
working part-time than keeping away from buying expensive mobiles,
laptops and cars.
This study examines two types of part-time work. Research has been
preformed for students who work in the IT industry and the other research
was carried out on students whose part-time job is not study-related. The
purpose of this research is to find out whether these two types of part-time
work affect the students' performance and well-being.
In this research we find that part-time jobs for student have a positive
impact on their studies as long as the number of hours worked does not
exceed twenty. Section 4 provides a background on the apprenticeship
scheme at MCAST and other non-IT related jobs. Section 5 analyses the
common part-time jobs amongst respondents and the main reasons for
engaging in part-time work. Section 6 evaluates the effect of part-time work
on students' performance. In Section 7 the students' well being is analyzed
when compared to work and study commitments.
Discussion, Future Limitations etc..
2. Literature Review
The literature reviewed below examines the popularity of part-time work
amongst students, how employment is affecting students' performance and
how part-time work is effecting the students' life. Some of the issues
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In Netherlands and Estonia more than two thirds of the students have a
part-time job. In Australia half to three quarters of the students work.
feeling of responsibility, and money for personal and school expenses" (p.
329).
Employment can have a positive effect if balance working hours and study
are balanced (Cheng 1995).
Research done by the University of Canberra shows that paid employment
did not have a large effect on grades. Results show that some paid
employment improves grades slightly, but working more than twenty-two
hours per week has a negative effect.
On the other hand, most of the research indicates that employment
negatively affects students' academic achievements especially those who
work more than fifteen hours a week and they are more likely to drop out
(Stern 1997).
According to Furr and Elling (2000), 29% of the students working 30-39
hours per week and 39% of those students working full time indicated that
work had a negative and frequent impact on their academic progress.
(Dallam & Hoyt, 1981) anticipated that there will be negative effects on
school performance because of part-time employment.
Juggling work and study may also lead students to put forth less effort into
both because they are spreading themselves "too thin" (Astin, 1993).
According to Canadian Social Trends, 1994 shows that student who
worked more than 20 hours had 33% dropout rate whereas students who
worked less than 20 hours had a 16% dropout rate.
Young and immature students tend to find it difficult to mange working
hours and study than older students (Barone 1993). Therefore, age also
pays an important role in the students' decisions.
A March 2009 study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics states that students
with part-time work reduce the time spent on homework, sleeping, and
socialization by 84%.
McInnes (2001) stated that "compared with those who do not work,
younger first year students who work part-time are more likely to spend
fewer days on campus, to not work with other students on areas of their
course, and to have studied inconsistently through the semester. They also
tend to anticipate getting lower marks, and are more likely to seriously
consider deferring at an early point of their student experience ... We "also
know that these negative factors are amplified the more hours students
work, and they feel seriously burdened by overcommitment. (p. 5). "
Does part-time work have an impact on the students' social life and wellbeing?
Do the types of jobs students' work have an impact on their academic
performance?
Do the number of hours worked effect the students' performance?
Research Methods:
A questionnaire was compiled for students enrolled in the second year of
the Diploma (specializing in Software). Questionnaires were distributed to
two classes (one apprenticeship and the other non-apprenticeship) during
one of the lectures. I taught both classes the same modules, i.e.
Programming Concepts/Practice and mentoring their end-of-year Software
Projects.
Students were asked to complete the questionnaire anonymously. The
data was collected two months prior to the end of semester when the
student attendance was high.
A total of 35 students completed the questionnaire. The average age of the
students interviewed was between 17 and 21 years.
Questionnaire Structure:
The questionnaire comprised of four sections as follows:
General information including Age, Gender and indicating whether they are
apprenticeship students or not.
Students' engagement in part-time employment, including type of job,
number of hours worked per week, number of days worked per week and
the average hourly rate
Students' distribution of income
Ethics Procedure:
Students were advised that participation was voluntary and refusing to
participate will not affect their academic report. Students were informed
that completed questionnaires will be stored in a secure location and
treated with strict confidence. The questionnaires did not include any
confidential data such as parents' income or whether the students' family
receives government social benefits and grants.
Non-Apprentices:
The option is that students can decide to complete the National Diploma in
two years full-time. They will only benefit from the monthly stipend as
stated in Introduction Section. These students will be allocated seventeen
hours of lecturing per week. Most of the ICT students opt for this choice
mainly because they complete the Diploma within 2 years.
These jobs require the minimal responsibility, flexible hours and few
qualifications. Conversely, companies prefer people who are committed
and work long hours because of the short-term and long-term projects they
will have to complete within a stipulated deadline.
2.00
Lunch & Soft drink:
3.50
Remaining Balance
- 27
The above calculation shows that a student who commutes to school using
public transport and buys lunch from the college canteen everyday the
stipend will not be enough to cover these basic expenses. The student
makes a loss of 27 monthly.
Paid Work:
Few working hours will unlikely have an impact on the studies, but the
more hours worked the more there will be an impact on the students'
academic performance.
This section will take into consideration 4 factors; pay and conditions for
students working part-time, time spent in paid employment, time spent at
college and time spent studying.
serving food but they are also generally requested to clean the place after
the establishment closes.
Figure 4: Survey Question: How many hours do you work per week?
Nearly half of the respondents work between four to five days a week. The
majority work on Friday evening and Saturday. Wednesdays and Sundays
are also common working days. Students prefer not to work during the
weekdays because of school commitments but if they are asked to work
during the weekdays the majority of the students admitted that they would
not refuse work. This clearly shows that students are eager to make
money.
Figure 5: Survey Question: How many days a week do you work?
Results:
This section will describe the outcome of this research. Figures in section
4, 5 and 6 have been analyzed and evaluated.
The table below calculates the number of hours remaining after deducting
the total number of lecturing hours and hours allocated for studying,
working and sleeping per week. The following calculation is based on a
student who works 20 hours a week
Hours
Lectures per week
16
Working hours
20
Studying
10
Sleeping (7 hours * 7 days)
49
Gender
%
Number of Students
Females
23%
8
Males
77%
27
Type of student
%
Number of Students
Apprenticeship
43%
15
Non-apprenticeship
57%
20
Working hours for non-apprenticeship students (i.e. not IT related):
Number of Hours
%
Number of Students
More than 20 hours
40%
8
Less than 20 hours
30%
6
Do not work
30%
6
Grades
%
Number of Students
Pass
14%
5
Merit
26%
9
Distinctions
40%
14
Fail
20%
7
Breakdown of grades:
Working Scheme
No. of students - Pass
No. of students - Merit
No. of students - Distinction
No. of students - Fail
Apprenticeship
5
10
> 20 hours
1
7
< 20 hours
3
3
Do not work
1
1
3
1
The above statistics show that students who do not work or have a course
related job are the most successful. The highest number of students who
achieved a distinction are the apprenticeship students.
With regards the group of students who work more than 20 hours a week,
only one out of eight managed to achieve a pass the rest failed the
module.
The group who worked less than 20 hours a week managed to obtain a
Pass and half of the group even managed to obtain a Merit. This shows
that if students manage to balance work and study commitments they can
still be successful.
Sauter, Murphy and Hurrell (1990) identified two factors which most likely
affect student workers' mental and physical health: skill variety and
interpersonal relationships,
Skill variety is crucial to teenage workers, with psychological benefits
accruing from jobs using skills that will be relevant in the future (Mortimer,
Finch and Shanahan, 1992; O'Brien and Feather, 1990). Interpersonal
relationships at work especially for students who have positive work
experiences lead to the development of closer relationships with
colleagues.
Jobs which are not course-related do not improve the students' knowledge
but they learn work-related attitudes and behaviour. Students' working
hours and work experience may also influence their work attitudes and
ambitions.
The quality of work also effects the students' well being. Employment
quality refers to opportunities to learn on the job, skill use and physical
challenge. These elements are significantly correlated with the students'
performance and motivation to do good work. O'Brien and Feather (1990)
found young workers in `poor quality' full-time employment had more
negative work values than workers in `good quality' employment
Another factor which effects the students' well being is stress. Research
from the University of Carolina identified that students are stressed
because of working part-time. "Having to hold down a job and still be a
college student is a constant source of stress" (Calderon, Hey & Seabert,
2001). It is stressful to juggle working hours and focusing on academic
studies.
Working long hours will also result in less sleep. Sleeping less than six
hours a night increases anxiety and stress, which have been associated
with academic performance such as short attention span and errors during
examinations. (Kelly et al, 2001).
Research carried out by Mortimer (1993) found that students who worked
longer than 20 hours consumed more alcohol than non-working students.
The main reasons behind this is that students are having more money at
their disposal to buy alcohol or students are consuming alcohol due to high
stress levels.
Besides, juggling work and study commitments it is essential that students
also find time to practice their favourite sport or hobby. It is imperative for
students to make good use of their free time by participating within the
community or an organization. Engaging in social activities gives students
the opportunity for self-expression and to exercise self-control.
Statistics carried out by Larson and Verma in 1999, show that East Asian,
European and North American young people spend an average of about
two hours daily in front of the television. Young people from all regions
spend less than an hour reading each day. Young people's engagement in
active, structured leisure such as sports, organizations and the arts is also
greater in Europe and the United States than in Asia; The highest rate of
time spent "doing nothing"- such as, waiting, going out and commuting is
most popular in the west rather than amongst Asian youth.
ICT MCAST students were asked whether they still find time for their
hobbies, considering a time spent at the college, part-time work and study
time. According to this survey students, as shown in Figure 7 admit of not
having enough time for leisure activities. Most of the students prefer to
rest, hang out or play computer games during their leisure time. Only 29%
of the students find time to practice their hobbies. The majorities of these
students work between 3 or 6 hours a week or do not even have a parttime job.
Figure 7: Survey question: Do you still have time for your hobbies?
Although students are doing their best to allocate time for studying they
admit that part-time job affects their studies. Students are aware that the
longer hours they work will have an impact on their study time.
Figure 10: Survey question: Does the part time-job affect your studies?
8. Discussion:
The results of this research confirm that ICT MCAST students' stipend is
not enough, considering they have a minimum of 5.50 expenses per
day. As a result, at the end of the month students have a deficit of 27.
This clearly shows that students have to engage in a part-time job to
suffice.
The research question is whether working part-time has an impact on the
students' performance and well-being. Students might be working longer
hours for a variety of reasons. Surveys show that the majority of the
students work to buy a car and for leisure activities.
On average, students have 17 hours of lecturing per week therefore
students who work more than 20 hours a week spend more time working
rather attending lectures. When the students' behaviour was observed in a
classroom they clearly showed signs of fatigue and lack of preparation for
lectures.
Students argued that sometimes they have to wait for three hours before
the next lecture commences. Unfortunately, the majority of the students do
not know how to utilize free hours wisely. It was also observed that during
the free time between lectures students were not making use of study
resources such as library or computer labs to improve their programming
skills. They also complained that lectures should not be scheduled in the
afternoon especially programming modules which need a high level of
concentration.
Recently I was reading an article on the local newspaper called Economics
Teacher Pushes for personal finance classes [3] . According to Ms
Coenen, an economics teacher at Stella Maris College, states that "Kids
are leaving school without even knowing what a current account is or how
to manage their finances". 70% of the respondents have a part-time job;
how many of them know how to make a budget and manage their income?
We assume that their parents have taught them how to administer money
and savings but the problem is that in Malta there are families who
themselves have problems on how to manage their finances, especially
low-income families.
When this research was discussed with the students they also suggested
an idea on how to utilize free time between lectures. Their proposal was
that, the institute creates a post of a 'Lab Technician' and their role would
be to assist computer lab users during the opening hours. At ICT MCAST
there is a large computer room (caters for 40 people) which students can
use during their free time. The purpose of this job is mainly to have earn
some extra cash, utilize free hours wisely and gain work experience.
Students can also earn money on campus by offering computer services to
the public during school hours. For example, someone wants to repair his
computer, he would bring the computer at the institute and ICT students
will be able to fix it. The students will not only earn money, but can start
building business relationships with clients.
The outcome of this research indicates that because of work commitments
students have less time for hobbies and social activities. As a result, this is
affecting the students well-being.
9. Conclusions:
This research confirms that the stipend is not sufficient for students at
MCAST as shown in Section 6. To cope, parents have to financially
support their children. However, in cases of low-income families this may
seem impossible. The latter group of students will have to engage in a
part-time work or spend their stipend wisely, such as, preparing lunch at
home rather than buying lunch from the college canteen and using other
economical means of transport.
As expected, the most popular non-IT jobs amongst the respondents are
working in the catering industry. These types of jobs require minimal
responsibility and qualifications. More than 58% of the respondents
confessed that they spend their part-time money in the weekends or
buying clothes.
Nearly 50% of the respondents work more than 20 hours per week and
earn 4 to 5 hourly. Working more than 20 hours per week has a
negative impact on the students' academic performance. Research shows
that working less than 20 hours a week has a positive impact not only
academically but also on a personal level. These students improve time
management skills, gain work experience, build business relationships and
earn money.
The quality of part-time work also affects the students' academic
performance. Research shows that apprenticeship students obtain the
most Merit and Distinctions. This clearly shows that engaging in a job
which is course-related will have a positive impact.
Due to work and study commitments, 71% of the respondents stated that
they do not find enough time to exploit their hobbies. Consequently,
students are finding it stressful to cope with work and study.
Since the olden days, people say most personality is inherited from their
biological family and most people are born with similar biological traits. But
now many argue that the way a child is brought up is how the personality is
shaped. Thus, to be specific, how you nurture a child is the real reason
ones personality is so. Nurturing means how a child is brought up; the
environment a child is born, the type of situation, or parents' teaching
methods. The family environment is very utmost important to the
upbringing of a child. That is where the child firstly experience social
influence. Although genes play a part in personalities, but the social
environments can greatly affect human's behavior. Environment of the
child is also very vital, in ways like dirty food is not taken into account or
hygiene is at utter most importance. Situation by means of rich or poor
background, whether the child understands hardship or was spoon fed
since young. Parenting skills is at most importance, there are many types
but it all has almost the same goal. But little has thought that in a different
approach has a different effect on the child. For example, in a rich family a
child can be either treated very strict or much laid back. The strict
approach might shape a very humble child with respect to others poorer
than them that are enduring hardship. While the laid back approach might
result to a very egotistical child that is very status cautious whom despises
the poor. In the modern world, even the media, peers, good and bad
influence or even the society view of things will greatly affect the child.
Every Homo sapiens are born with similar biological traits in this world.
Genes may vary but the social environment is a major influence in our
behavior. English philosopher and physician John Locke has a theory that
every human's mind is a blank state or known as "tabula rasa" when we
are born into this world. Only through our life experience that we collect
information, and we use heuristic which is an educated guess based on
prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a
problem; also known as a "rule of thumb."
different culture have different sets of norm. We have norms which are
standards for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper"
behavior. In other words, what most people do, are what is normal. The
diversity of culture results in different type of behaviors because of the
different kinds of norms, but mostly very similar to one another. For
example, the westerners practice individualism which is the concept of
giving one's own goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal
attributes rather than group identifications. On the other hand, the Asians
practice collectivism which is giving priority to the goals of one's group
(often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity
accordingly. Hence, Asians are very interdependent self which means
construing one's identity in relation to others. In my opinion, nurture has a
stronger argument here because we know that Asians are actually trying to
follow the way of the westerners in terms of Asians still being very
conservative and the westerners are more open-minded. As time pass, the
newer generations in Asia are more open-minded and we can adapt to
new situations and change our behavior towards something.
Every human being is unique in their personality but I think that these
personalities are triggered when put in different types of situations. Some
people like to believe that nature plays the bigger role in their life, but I
would like to argue in my defense that, some people were born gifted, no
doubt about that but Russian physiologist; Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) prove
that everything can be learned through conditioning which is a type of
learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that
was originally evoked by another stimulus. Therefore, I believe that nurture
is the important part of our lives because if we did not have social influence
we would all be animals, relying on our innate instincts which are probably
only to hunt for food when we are hungry or search for an oasis when we
are thirsty. One of the major influences is religion. Religion can really
change a person's thinking and behavior, especially cults.
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One very good case study which is the Standford Prison Experiment
conducted by Philip Zimbardo dated back to 1971. This is an experiment
that shows how the power of social situation empowering a person to
distort their personal identities. When a role is internalized into a person, it
can change a person's behavior, it will cause the person to act the role he
or she is suppose to play given with the social situation. Zimbardo set up a
simulated prison at Stanford University with twenty-four students from
United States of America and Canada. He divided them into two groups
which are the guards and the prisoners. He wanted to note the
psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or guard. The students fell
into their roles fairly quick and the experiment had to be terminated earlier
than the expected duration. The results clearly shows that the genetic traits
are nothing compared to the nurtured traits, but we also have to put all
variables into consideration; the environment, situation, methods, and
pressures. Though there might be more but these are the most important
ones. As for environment, the experiment is conducted in a replica of an
actual prison. In which where prison in the society has set it as a "bad boy"
place in which people there are condemned. So as you step into it, you will
impose a bad impression. While situation is the roles of prisoners and
guards are given, where the prisoners are expected to act with bad
behavior because of the norms in every culture. While the guards in
prisons are expected to act in a superior way that is suppose to overpower
the prisoners at whatever cost. These norms are portrayed a lot especially
in movies, so it is only natural to adapt into these characters. There are
pressures on the way we act or do in our social world, and because
prisoners are rebellious, being locked up is not a very nice thing. Even
animals do not like to be locked up in a cage. Can you imagine the mental
torture? It is like when you were still fifteen years old and your parents
grounded you at home for one year. Except that your home is obviously
more comfortable than a prison or a cage.
Here is another good example on how social situations can change or
somewhat control a person. An experiment conducted by a social
psychologist Stanley Milgram on obedience to authority figures. The
experiment consist a "learner", "teacher" and the experimenter. The
"teacher" is to ask questions and the "learner" is to answer the questions.
But what the "teacher" do not is that the experimenter has instructed the
"learner" to answer the questions incorrectly. For every wrong answer the
"learner" gives, the "teacher" has to shock the "learner", and for each
shock increases in volts. This experiment was to test the obedience to an
authority figure. The experimenter sits in the same room with the "teacher"
and the "learner" in another. As the "teacher" shocks the "learner" for
answering the question incorrectly, the "learner" screams in pain, but what
the "teacher" do not know is that, there is actually no jolts discharging. The
"learner" has to act throughout the whole experiment and to see if the
"teacher" will continue to shock the "learner" and when he or she pleas to
stop the experiment. The result from this was a whopping 65% of the
participants - which is 26 of them, went all the way to 450 volts. It goes to
show that, whatever the situation and especially with authority involved, we
all would actually comply with almost all commands, people change their
behavior according to situations. Though there are some "teachers" that
refused to go through with the experiment. It has been almost fifty years
after the experiment has been conducted and yet, this experiment is still
being talked about. In my opinion, it was a harsh experiment to conduct
though it did not hurt anyone physically but mentally. In reality, and till
today, that people still suffer the same thing especially in military forces,
the navy, and other similar squads that involves taking orders from an
authoritative figure. The people that join the military forces are to do as told
and no questions asked which could sometimes lead to abuse of power.
Disclaimer
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How
Environment And Social Situations
Shape Our Personality Philosophy
Essay
shape-our-personality-philosophy-essay.php#ixzz41lUEmoif
Since the olden days, people say most personality is inherited from their
biological family and most people are born with similar biological traits. But
now many argue that the way a child is brought up is how the personality is
shaped. Thus, to be specific, how you nurture a child is the real reason
ones personality is so. Nurturing means how a child is brought up; the
environment a child is born, the type of situation, or parents' teaching
methods. The family environment is very utmost important to the
upbringing of a child. That is where the child firstly experience social
influence. Although genes play a part in personalities, but the social
environments can greatly affect human's behavior. Environment of the
child is also very vital, in ways like dirty food is not taken into account or
hygiene is at utter most importance. Situation by means of rich or poor
background, whether the child understands hardship or was spoon fed
since young. Parenting skills is at most importance, there are many types
but it all has almost the same goal. But little has thought that in a different
approach has a different effect on the child. For example, in a rich family a
child can be either treated very strict or much laid back. The strict
approach might shape a very humble child with respect to others poorer
than them that are enduring hardship. While the laid back approach might
result to a very egotistical child that is very status cautious whom despises
the poor. In the modern world, even the media, peers, good and bad
influence or even the society view of things will greatly affect the child.
Every Homo sapiens are born with similar biological traits in this world.
Genes may vary but the social environment is a major influence in our
behavior. English philosopher and physician John Locke has a theory that
every human's mind is a blank state or known as "tabula rasa" when we
are born into this world. Only through our life experience that we collect
information, and we use heuristic which is an educated guess based on
prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a
problem; also known as a "rule of thumb."
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the ultimate guide to writing your essay! Enter your details below to get your free
copy of the guide.
I would like to receive the eBook and marketing information from UK Essays.
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One very good case study which is the Standford Prison Experiment
conducted by Philip Zimbardo dated back to 1971. This is an experiment
that shows how the power of social situation empowering a person to
distort their personal identities. When a role is internalized into a person, it
can change a person's behavior, it will cause the person to act the role he
or she is suppose to play given with the social situation. Zimbardo set up a
simulated prison at Stanford University with twenty-four students from
United States of America and Canada. He divided them into two groups
which are the guards and the prisoners. He wanted to note the
psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or guard. The students fell
into their roles fairly quick and the experiment had to be terminated earlier
than the expected duration. The results clearly shows that the genetic traits
are nothing compared to the nurtured traits, but we also have to put all
variables into consideration; the environment, situation, methods, and
pressures. Though there might be more but these are the most important
ones. As for environment, the experiment is conducted in a replica of an
actual prison. In which where prison in the society has set it as a "bad boy"
place in which people there are condemned. So as you step into it, you will
impose a bad impression. While situation is the roles of prisoners and
guards are given, where the prisoners are expected to act with bad
behavior because of the norms in every culture. While the guards in
prisons are expected to act in a superior way that is suppose to overpower
the prisoners at whatever cost. These norms are portrayed a lot especially
in movies, so it is only natural to adapt into these characters. There are
pressures on the way we act or do in our social world, and because
prisoners are rebellious, being locked up is not a very nice thing. Even
animals do not like to be locked up in a cage. Can you imagine the mental
torture? It is like when you were still fifteen years old and your parents
grounded you at home for one year. Except that your home is obviously
more comfortable than a prison or a cage.
Here is another good example on how social situations can change or
somewhat control a person. An experiment conducted by a social
psychologist Stanley Milgram on obedience to authority figures. The
experiment consist a "learner", "teacher" and the experimenter. The
"teacher" is to ask questions and the "learner" is to answer the questions.
But what the "teacher" do not is that the experimenter has instructed the
"learner" to answer the questions incorrectly. For every wrong answer the
"learner" gives, the "teacher" has to shock the "learner", and for each
shock increases in volts. This experiment was to test the obedience to an
authority figure. The experimenter sits in the same room with the "teacher"
and the "learner" in another. As the "teacher" shocks the "learner" for
answering the question incorrectly, the "learner" screams in pain, but what
the "teacher" do not know is that, there is actually no jolts discharging. The
"learner" has to act throughout the whole experiment and to see if the
"teacher" will continue to shock the "learner" and when he or she pleas to
stop the experiment. The result from this was a whopping 65% of the
participants - which is 26 of them, went all the way to 450 volts. It goes to
show that, whatever the situation and especially with authority involved, we
all would actually comply with almost all commands, people change their
behavior according to situations. Though there are some "teachers" that
refused to go through with the experiment. It has been almost fifty years
after the experiment has been conducted and yet, this experiment is still
being talked about. In my opinion, it was a harsh experiment to conduct
though it did not hurt anyone physically but mentally. In reality, and till
today, that people still suffer the same thing especially in military forces,
the navy, and other similar squads that involves taking orders from an
authoritative figure. The people that join the military forces are to do as told
and no questions asked which could sometimes lead to abuse of power.
Disclaimer
This essay has been submitted to us by a student. This is not an example of the
work written by our professional essay writers.
Who wrote this essay Request removal Example Essays
As we can see, television is playing a very big role in our life. Television
has its good side. It can be entertaining and educational, and can open up
new worlds for children, giving them a chance to travel the globe, learn
about different cultures, and gain exposure to ideas they may never
encounter in their own community. However, parents need to understand
the negative influence of children's TV, even children's programming,
because children are likely to learn things from TV that parents don't want
them to learn. Television can affect children's health, school work and
behavior in negative ways.
Excess television viewing can influence children's physical and mental
health. On one hand, it could affect badly children's physical health. It is
easy for children to be myopic if they watch TV more than two hours in a
day. Children will spend less time on sports and TV time also takes away
from participating in sports, music, art or other activities that require
practice to become skillful. And they may have high caloric intake if they
are watching TV at dinner. A person would burn fewer calories while
watching TV than when just sitting quietly, doing nothing (Langholt, 2010).
So it may contribute to obesity problems. Children who watch more TV are
more likely to be overweight. TV is a bigger factor than diet. Estimates of
risk indicate that more 60% of overweight incidence in this population can
be linked to excess television viewing time (Dietz, 1996). Many TV ads
encourage unhealthy eating habits. Two-thirds of the 20,000 TV ads an
average child sees each year are for food and most are for high-sugar
foods. After-school TV ads target children with ads for unhealthy foods and
beverages, like fast food and sugary drinks. On the other hand, watching
TV has bad influence on children's mental health, too. Children who are
addicted to TV are hard to communicate with their family members and
classmates. One study found that TV viewing before age three slightly hurt
several measures of later brain development. Before the age of three,
children's brain develops rapidly, forming connections and pathways that
will assist with learning later in life. Studies indicate that exposure to
television, with its fast-moving images and rapid actions, actually rewires
children's brain to crave this hyperactive stimulation. The benefits of
parent-child interactions are proven, and under age three, talking, singing,
reading, listening, to music or playing are far more important to children's
development than any TV show. The American Academy of Pediatrics
strongly recommends that parents keep their kids away from all TV until
after the age of two (Bushman, 2010). Children under age eight can't tell
the difference between reality in our lives and fantasy on TV. In this case,
TV viewing may replace activities that we know help with school work,
such as reading, doing homework, pursuing hobbies, and getting enough
sleep. First, it makes children read fewer books and have lower grades in
school. Watching TV at age four is one factor to be associated with bulling
in grade school. Second, children may become more seeing than thinking.
It may prevent children from the development of their imagination and
creativity. Finally, one research study found that TV's effects on education
are long term. The study found that watching TV as a child affected
educational achievement at age 26. Watching more TV in childhood
increases chances of dropping out of school and decreased chances of
getting a college, even after controlling for confounding factors (Bushman,
2010).
Children who watch more sensitive TV may have behavior problems. First
of all, they will imitate the violence they see on TV. Programs designed for
children more often contain violence than adult TV. Young children may
even try to emulate the things they see on TV, not realizing that they risk
injuring themselves or others. According to the AAP, Extensive research
evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive
behavior, desensitization to violence (Bushman, 2010). Watching violent
shows is also linked with having less empathy toward others. A university
of Michigan researcher demonstrated that watching violent media can
affect willingness to help others in need (Bushman, 2010). What's more,
alcohol advertising, including TV ads, contributes to an increase in drinking
among youth. TV ads are a major factor in normalizing alcohol use in the
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ABSTRACT
Everyone in this world watches television. Some people do not like to
watch it and some people have no time for it but it is a lie if they never
watched it before. No matter how much they hate it or no time for it, they
must have watched it once before. Television programs give us a lot of
information and we can get a lot of benefits from it. However, it has been
misused by today's youths because they do not know how to interpret all
those information very well. Indirectly, this causes the statement of
television programs affect the attitude of today's youth to arise.
It seems that television programs may lead to aggressive behavior
because kids are very easy to be influenced as they are still young and just
about to know the whole world. So, whatever they see on television, they
tend to imitate it. As we all know, kids learn while they are growing up. After
watching a lot of violence shows, they might be immune to violence and
this will automatically encourage them not to hesitate to be violence in
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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Statistics show that an average of children ranging from ages 2-5 years old
spends about 32 hours a week in front of the television while children
ranging from 6-11 years old spends about 28 hours a week watching these
television programs (McDonough, 2009). Another set of statistics show that
68% of children between ages 8-18 years old have a television set in their
bedrooms, 37% of them have cable/satellite television and 20% have
premium channels. This is very interesting as studies show that 53% of
households of 7th to 12th graders have no rules or boundaries regarding
the amount of time they spend watching television or the type of programs
they watch thus making these television programs a very influential tool
because studies have shown that kids with no televisions in their bedroom
spend an average 1.5 hours less per day watching television than kids who
do (Roberts, Foehr & Rideout 2005).
Television has now become a debatable issue as some question its
influences on the attitude and psychological development of today's youth.
Nowadays, the world of television has been discovered by children at very
young age. As we know, television is an effective educational tool. With
programs showcasing wildlife, scientific theories etc, it helps these children
to be broad-minded and also have a better understanding about the world
around them. However, we have to remember and be aware that the
television also is seem to posses more negative effects than positive ones.
A day in a youth's life will generally be filled with activities such as playing
with friends, reading, doing homework and being physically active but this
can be easily replaced with the presence of television. This is detrimental
to their physical and mental development because studies show that the
first two to three years of a child's life is where he/she learns through
observing, interacting, playing and also exploring new things. Thus if these
children are glued and become addicted to these programs on television
they will have lesser time to interact with human beings. This is crucial, as
it can retard their normal physical and social development and skills.
Hence, the burning question here is, do television programs affect the
attitude of today's youth?
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If we look further into the issue, television programs do indeed affect the
attitude of today's youth as it enhances negative social development
amongst youths, which may lead to aggressive or violent behavior, and
they tend to affect self development and self esteem.
As we all know, youths are more likely to imitate and adapts ones behavior
into their own because they can easily relate to what is shown on
television. There surely will be a lot of behavioral changes in youths today
if they are exposed to excessive violence shown on television. These kinds
of programs will encourage these youths to be aggressive in both their
behavior and in their thoughts. Not only that, they will also be more likely to
be influenced with what they have seen regularly like smoking and drinking
scenes which are shown frequently in these television programs and even
commercials. This will encourage the development of such unhealthy
habits at an early age (Bora, 2009).
This report shows the effect television programs have on the attitude of
today's youth. These research findings are confined to the United States of
America as the knowledge and collective behaviors of contemporary
Americans are everywhere. Like any other problem, there is always a
solution, in order to ensure that television is used as a source of
knowledge and healthy entertainment, one must be sure to watch it in
moderation by setting a time limit when you sit down to watch it. Besides
that, the government, the parents and the teachers should encourage
today's youth to participate in other positive activities like playing outdoor
and indoor games. Not only that, they should also encourage today's youth
to watch programs that reinforce family values.
1990, p.11). This situation will be faced mainly by the children as they do
not have enough knowledge and experiences to differentiate between
reality and fantasy. Since they only spend their time on watching television,
they might have forgotten that they are actually watching something that is
fantasy, not a reality. Hence, the innocent children will follow blindly what
they have seen on television because they think that the characters on
television programs can do so, why can't they. Violence on television
programs may create blur images of good and evil. Kottak (1990) states
that the distinction between heroes and villains is fading. This will cause
the children to be more confused and lead them to do anything they want.
For example, if they adore a character from one movie, they might just
imitate the behavior of that character without knowing that behavior is a
good behavior or a bad behavior. Most of the shows on television are using
violence as the central to the storyline, where the heroes and villains can
get what they want by using violence as it is an effective way. It is true that
television programs may lead to aggressive behavior. This can be proven
by an incident in Dallas where a boy has been killed by his elder brother, 7
years old with a "clothesline" maneuver he had seen on a wrestling show
(Kaufman,2004).
the act in an interesting way and it can be watched repeatedly. There are
so many types of violence on television programs that can be seen by the
children. So they have variety types of violence to be chosen and if
children love what they are watching, then they will start to behave like
what they are watching. Hence, television programs are the main source
which may lead to aggressive and violent behaviors.
In a nutshell, the attitude of today's youth are affected by television
programs as they will indirectly encourage the children to be aggressive
and violent in their behaviors. Children tend to imitate such behaviors from
what is shown on television and also the immunity to violence cause the
children's behavior to be easier affected by television programs.
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Outley & Taddese (2006) state that one of the factors for increased
drinking amongst the youths are due to the exposure to alcohol use on
television and in music videos like MTV, Hitz, and [V] channels. According
to Kaiser Family Foundation, three quarter of the prime time shows entitled
Sex on TV contain sexual references. There is only one tenth of the sexual
content shows include the risks, responsibilities and safety of sex. Only
17% of messages about safety and responsibilities of sex have been
portrayed in shows about teenagers in sexual situations. Children will start
smoking at an earlier age for those who watch more television as the
factors of influenced by the peer and parental smoking and gender is not
as strong as the relationship between the age of starting smoking and
television viewing (Mekemson & Glantz, 2002).
solutions to the area of sex amongst the youths when the shows are giving
a technique to have safe sex, a warning program to the teenagers about
the consequences if that person gets pregnant, the responsibilities that
they need to know from the start before they decided to have sex, etc.
However, it will give problems when the children watch the sex scenes in
the television programs. When they watch this kind of scenes, they will get
attracted to it because everyone has the passion and it is a human nature
to have the feeling to do it. Children will think that it is not wrong to have
sex because they can always see the sex scenes on television without
being censored and the monkey see, monkey do theory will be seen in this
situation. They see it on television and they will do it in real life. Not all of
them will do it in real life because some of them might not get a partner to
do it in real life but nowadays, in this kind of situation, it is not difficult
anymore to get a partner to have sex due to the influenced by television
programs. For those who might not get a partner to satisfy his satisfaction,
he might do something worst like rape the girls.
In most television programs, there will be at least one scene where they
will be drinking alcohol and smoking. For those children who watch this
scene, he or she might not know what is alcohol and cigarette. As the
theory said, monkey see, monkey do, the children might try to drink and
smoke in real life like what they have seen on television.
There are some of the television programs about a group of friends ignore
he or she because that person doesn't want to do something that had been
asked to do by that group of friends, for example like smoking. When
children watch this kind of shows, they will feel scared because they do not
want to lose their friends, and they are still young to know that actually the
friends who ignored them are not good friends for them. In order to be
secure, children will take precaution steps before they lose their friends,
and hence they will decide to smoke. This shows that television programs
are indirectly encourage the children to develop the negative social in
them.
in detail. Besides that, it is not that they will spend their time with their
parents and peers to talk about it for 24 hours, they need to talk about
something else too like family talk and etc. Hence, that is why television
programs will give more impact on the negative social development
amongst youths compared to the other sources.
important and the growth rate should not be affected by anything so that
the self development will not be interrupted.
5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
time with their children to share opinions between them. Parents need to
know what exactly on their children's mind so that they can give advices to
their children. This is the time for the parents to be a good role model for
their children. Give them good advices and hear their opinion patiently
without judging. Eventhough their thoughts are wrong, parents need to
correct it and give them a bigger idea about the effects of alcohol, smoking
and sex before married by giving them a story based on experience or tell
them the consequences of all these actions.
In order to avoid self esteem and self development from being affected,
parents should help their children to build confidence in themselves. They
should remind their children how attractive they are and nobody's perfect.
Parents should keep on telling their children that that all those beautiful
skinny models and actresses on television must have scarcity in
themselves. Parents have to help their children to build their confidence so
that they do not want to be someone else due to the confidences that have
been built in them. Besides that, parents should set rules for their children.
For example, set the rule that they have to switch off the television before
10 P.M so that they can sleep early and get enough sleep. This rule may
help the children to have a good self development.
.
6.0 CONCLUSION
To summarize, television programs contribute more damage than benefits.
Television programs may lead to aggressive behavior and violent behavior
as kids become immune to violence and they tend to imitate what is shown
on television. Eventhough aggressive and violent behaviors are
contributed through other channels, television is the main source which will
lead to this behavior. This is because, they spend most of their time on
watching television compared to the others. They can easily imitate the
violent behavior due to the blur images of good and evil which have been
created by television programs. Since they watch more violent television
programs, they become immune to the horror of violence as they can
always see violence in the television programs that they are watching.
TV Addiction Problem
Published: 23, March 2015
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At first, the broadcasting industry was started for public purposes. Nowadays, as to the
influences of television, some people say that television offers a relaxing time and
useful information to us while others argue that television does not always have a good
effect on us because of its hindrance to communication among people. However,
television provides us with rich topics to talk about and a chance to get together with
each other. Most of all, television helps us communicate with others. We watch
television almost every evening with our family. For example, my father and I enjoy
watching news or knowledge-based documentary programs. Watching these programs
we sometimes discuss current affairs such as the Presidential election or economic
problems. Likewise, hot issues on television like news or trendy programs are the most
common topics among my friends in my college. If some of them did not watch
television the previous night, they cannot even take part in the discussion because
they have nothing to talk about. In this respect, since television provides us with
various topics related to our lives, it helps us form our sense of intimacy with family or
friends.
Next, television promotes our communication because it offers a chance to get
together with families or friends. Nowadays, most people are so busy that they do not
have much time to spend with family and friends. However, through TV programs, we
can have a chance to get along with them. For instance, when the 2002 World Cup
was held in Korea, many people had a great time with their family or friends. To watch
soccer games, we gathered in front of TV with friends or family who we were alienated
from for a long time. Consequently, such TV programs help us build up closer human
relationships among people. Thus, I think television plays an important role in
promoting communication with family or friends.
Children are more likely to become actively engaged with anything that attracts them.
Especially, television provides great interests with its variety of sounds and images to
children. They immediately desire for watching it whether content is neither too easy
not too difficult to understand. By its providing some challenge, television allows them
to gain an abundant vocabulary. Just like our muscles, the brain gets stronger when it
is used, and declines when it isn't used. Television is so commonly criticized as being
bad for children that an important fact sometimes gets overlooked. (ScienceDaily,
2001)
Some types of television viewing may actually enhance children's intellectual
development. Television contains an enormous variety of forms and content. In a study,
the effects of television viewing depended on program content.
There are always bad effects on children watching TV. Children who are TV viewers
increasingly view life as an entertainment extravaganza in which they are fond of
playing role in TV show, and there are aggressive content of current broadcasting that
greatly affect children. Besides, it is inevitable to watch TV without facing revolting
violence. Once more, the effects of television viewing depend on program content and
genre. Children are required to be advised what right TV program to watch by their
parents. (Carter Bill, 1996)
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Children have no ability of choosing what is good or bad.Parents and teachers restrain
children's watching TV which is just ignoring their needs. Parents and teacher should
be responsible for teaching how to manage their time and what benefits children
acquire while watching TV. (Austin W.P, 2003)
This problem was less severe before cable and the advent of hundreds of channels.
The increase in choice has increased the probability of every family member being
addicted to a different program on some channel and this eventually leads to time
conflicts when two channels show their programs at the same time and there are
different viewing demands. Among high-income families this results in more than one
television in the house and the physical togetherness of the middle-class family is
sacrificed to television addiction. Television addiction increases because in a given
family there are people of different ages, genders, with differing levels of education,
personal beliefs, intellectual orientation, and personal tastes. (Television addiction,
2007)
Therefore, family members are obsessed with watching their favorite channels.
Naturally, their watching time gradually increases and they become addicted to it after
all.
Most of the people prefer spending time with their families and friends rather than
spending time watching television. Television plays an important role in people's lives.
However, most people would definitely choose family and friends over television.
Moreover, most knowledgeable people are aware of the harmful effects of watching too
much television. Through my experience, after a long day at school, I had plenty of
time talking with my parents. For me and my family, our precious time together can not
be compared to anything.
In addition, the effect of television is simply not so great that it could be said to have
destroyed communication among family and friends. Granted, communication among
people in industrialized countries has decreased in recent years. It might be tempting
to blame this problem on television since its rise roughly coincided with the decrease in
time we spend with our families. However, I believe this situation is more likely due to
increased pressures relating to work, school, and the economy. In my case, for
example, I find that my pressures from studying are so great that I must often sacrifice
time at home so that I can meet the challenges of achieving my own goals.
In some situations, however, it is true that TV is responsible for decreasing
communication among family members. In my childhood in the countryside, I
frequently saw parents and children watching television for hours every day, and they
barely talked with one another. It seemed for them that television was a way to escape
from when they were sad or in a miserable mood. However, admittedly television
brought on bad circumstances
However, even in this case, I would say that television merely contributed to the bad
situation, but it did not cause it; if television were nonexistent, surely these people
would have found other escapes, alcohol or gambling, for example. In other words,
people always find a way to do want they want to do.
Likewise, we need to realize that nobody forces us to sit in front of the TV. We can
choose to turn it off and spend more time communicating with our loved ones. Instead
of thinking of ourselves as victims of television, we should see how TV can be a good
tool for us to use as we see fit. Also, we are able to use it to learn about the world or
simply to entertain us when we are bored.
Television addiction becomes a problem when a subject does not want to watch TV,
but experiences an uncontrollable compulsion to start or continue watching. It is
common beliefs that stop watching TV is the fastest method to quit TV addiction.
Addicted people just turn off TV screen and try to never approach to it when they find
out first time. It may seem work at the beginning. However, as time goes on, they get
stressed out by what they are restricted to. They should find out root cause of it and at
least show some efforts. Even though it takes long to quit TV addiction, the main
purpose is to find you feel free from TV watching.
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It is common a belief that the fastest method to quit TV addiction by stop watching TV.
Addicted people just turn off the TV and try to never approach it. It may seem work at
the beginning. However, as time goes on, they get stressed out by what they are
restricted to. They should find out the root cause of the addiction and at least show
some efforts. Even though it takes a long to quit TV addiction, the main purpose is to
be free from TV watching.
There are five steps that help us to deal with TV addiction. First of all, you keep a
record of how much TV you watch every time you do. You need to know how much
time you spend watching TV. Next, compare the amount of time you watch TV to
average time people spending on TV. If you do more than the average, try to reduce
the amount of time. Secondly, List all the other fun activities you can do at home
instead of watching TV. Place your list on your refrigerator so you can check this list
before you turn on the TV. Consider fun activities to do as family, household projects
you would like to complete, outside activities, reading, exercise, etc. Third, set a limit
for how much TV you will watch in later on. Fourth, record your time and stick to your
commitment. You can control yourself spend watching time within limited time, Fourth,
commit to exercising whenever you watch TV by walking on a treadmill, or riding a
stationary bike. If you do so, you will feel less guilty about wasting your time watching
TV. Last, Consider removing your TV for a set period of time. You might find yourself
talking to your family again instead of watching the TV too much. (N/A, 2007)
From these beliefs, I strongly believe that television has not damaged or harmed
interpersonal communication among families and most people. Most people think that
television is simply a temporary means of spending time, and they do not use it to
substitute for interpersonal communication. The damage is attributable to other social
factors, not television. Therefore, all of us must choose what we want to do with our
free time. We should quit thinking of ourselves as victims of technology and realize that
technology offers us choices. Let us take control of technology and use it to improve
our lives. Only we can decide how much time we want to spend communicating with
friends and loved ones. The television does not decide this for us, we decide it by
ourselves.
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Leadership is a professional ability to find a goal and to achieve a goal a good leader has to develop
a strategy and has to inspire the followers to join and help to put the strategy into action.
"Leadership has been an important part of the function of any organisation" (Daly, Speedy &
Jackson, 2007, p. 291). So often it has been noticed that leadership is influenced by values of
individual and organisations as well as society. Values of individual depend on set of belief,
knowledge and experience. Good leaders have to maintain a balance between values of individual
and an organisation in which they work.
Kelly (2010) has described three fundamental qualities of effective leadership which form practical
steps for implementation and reflect emphasis in the literature. The first quality is a guiding vision
which provides a direction for the future and helps to do planning to meet with goal and help to lead
toward goal with professionalism.
The second quality is passion which expressed by leaders. This is an ability which inspires and
supports the followers to attain the goal (Kelly, 2010). Denehy (2008) believes that if leaders have a
vision of what they want and are able to set a framework for the team, they are only effective if they
give credit to team members whether they able to complete their goal or not. The author counts this
step small but purposeful so the team spirit will carry on and they continue to work with the same
leader.
The third quality is integrity that based on knowledge of self, honesty and maturity. These qualities
are developed through experience (Kelly, 2010). Whitehead, Weiss & Tappen (2007) have explained
that an effective leadership requires that a leader has to stick with professional code of ethics as well
as personal ethics as if the leader does not reveal these qualities, the followers would also not obey
that. Furthermore, the authors have counted integrity as an essential component of moral leadership.
Denehy (2008) has noted that, though these qualities are important, an effective leadership requires
a good judgement, good communication skills, showing confidence about your decisions and
getting goal skills. As more these qualities a leader shows more co-workers will trust you and will
follow you. For that reason, the author has recognised trustworthiness as an important skill.
Huber (2010) also indicated that extraordinary leaders have skills by which they can overcome
difficulties and become stronger and committed in them. An effective leadership depends on
individual ability to find a meaning from negative events and ability to learn from difficult
circumstances. These crucial events allow leaders to ask question to self, thus they can use their
skill of self-awareness. A good leadership doesn't rely on result, whether the result may positive or
negative, a good leader sees an opportunity in it for reinvention.
Shaw (2007) has found some negative characteristics also. According to the author, some negative
behaviour also has been noticed. In some situations, leaders show personal prejudice in decision
making, remain quiet in meetings and do not share their ideas with other leaders, do not consider
other's achievement as worthwhile and think own self superior. Open-minded and optimistic
behaviour is one of the important characteristics of a leader. So often a leader considers others as a
competitive and wants to prove one superior. This kind of behaviour encourages one to become
over critical, not to listen other and become judgemental about other leader's ability to deal with
problems. This kind of negative behaviour can be seen in leaders. The author has discovered that
such kind of behaviour happens while leaders may be busy, tired and under stress because of
deadline for completing goal. It also has been noticed that, some leaders do not share ideas because
they become panic about their power. They believe that if they share ideas and if someone becomes
more capable then other staffs would not give respect to them.
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Leaders act differently in different situations. Nurses take a leadership role while they work in
specific areas. An effective leadership is often measured by work effectiveness and work
effectiveness is strongly related to empowerment (Hosseini, 2007). In nursing practice, nurses
always need to deal with other staff and patients. Leaders have to provide optimum nursing care to
the patients and also they have to encourage staff to do so in daily practice. In nursing practice,
leaders both have to do planning for the care of patients or have to give direct care and also need to
set standards of care. To achieve an optimum goal a nursing leader has to focus on strategies so that
they can promote patients' health and can have positive outcomes. Clinical leadership is a quality
that can be developed by changing policies and practice (Morgan, 2010). For that reason the quality
of integrity helps nursing leader in practice. According to integrity, leaders have to follow
professional code of ethics and personal ethics (Whitehead, Weiss & Tappen, 2007). In this case, if
the leader follows the ethics, probably one would think good for the patient thus patient's care can
be improved and positive outcomes can be achieved.
According to the research of Feltner, Mitchell, Noriss & Wolfle (2008), communication is the most
important skill of the leader. As being a leader, one should have this skill to deal with staff and
patients. Two way communications is needed to improve the interaction and relations with staff.
Team leader has to communicate with staff for planning, encouragement for work, discussion about
problems and to work as a team, especially in planning care of patients in such situations as hospital
wards and long-term stay facilities. In practice, if a leader does not have good communication skill,
he or she cannot encourage the team to fulfil the goal. The skill holds staffs together and their
communication with each other become free flow in both directions. For effective communication a
leader should be honest, approachable, open and good at listening. It indicates that, during practice
a leader has to be honest to staffs and also be ready to listen their problems, not just at briefings and
assessments of care, but also at handovers and any other time. It is also necessary for a good leader
to be open in decision so the staffs can accept the decisions (Morgan, 2010).
Another required skill in nursing practice is passion. Nursing leaders must have passion for their
work. With the help of this quality, they can improve their nursing standard. For instance, when they
attend any conference and share their ideas with their colleagues, their excitement about new ideas
can excite others also. The passion about work can help to build new changes in nursing practice
and thus they can set an example for others (Morgan, 2010).
Feltner, Mitchell, Noriss & Wolfle (2008), have discovered that confidence and positive attitude is
also necessary. In nursing practice, a confident leader only can make hard decisions for well-being
of staffs and patients. A leader must have to be ready to accept ideas from other team members that
can help to achieve the goal in practice. This confidence helps to preserve energy to deal with
unforeseen circumstances. Another quality can be important in nursing practice is, positive attitude
or optimism. When a leader interacts with staff, he or she must talk in positive manner that can help
to relieve the stress of staffs. So in critical situation staffs can seek for possible solution of the
problem. "The leader who has a quick smile and a good sense of humour can effectively create a
pleasant working atmosphere" (p. 367).
Nursing is a profession which act for better health outcomes for the patient. In recent years, due to
new technologies, an information availability and workforce strategy, the cost of health care is
rising. In such situation, these forces are motivating changes in nursing practice. To make nursing
facilities better, nursing leaders need to develop policies and strategies for staffs. To implement
these new changes in policies and strategies, leaders have to use power. Frequently it has been
noticed that, some staffs become resistant to change, that time a leader uses the power to alert staffs
about behaviour and attitude towards patient's need and motivate them to act in that direction
(Sullivan & Decker, 2009).
This essay is an example of a student's work
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This essay has been submitted to us by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our
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Sullivan & Decker (2009) have discovered that energy is essential to change the system which is
one of the important qualities of leaders and energy derives from power. There are different types of
power that can be use to change the system. For example, informational power, expertise and
position power. It can be used to convince other staffs and motivate to follow the changes. To use
power for change, leaders have to use some steps. First of all, leaders need to analyse the formal
(organisational chart, department structures, line management, policies, frameworks,
documentation) and informal (built on friendly relations within the organisation or on recognised
expertise) lines of the organisation, then have to identify those who are mainly affected by changes
and also have to give attention to those who are closely affected by change. A further step is to find
out about those who can deny or defy changes and their reasons for disagreement. A next step is to
talk about changes to staff at formal meetings and also informally on the job and give ideas about
the pros and cons of changes and ask if any modification is needed. Finally, the nurse follows the
organizational chain to implement the idea. These are the steps by which leaders can use their
power to implement change.
On the other hand, painter (2010) has described that in the past nurses have successfully fulfilled
their role as leaders at workplaces, communities and government agencies. Nurses know the values
of health care and become more conscious about patient's care and need. The author has counted
this as a nursing power. Moreover, nurses frequently work for quality improvement in care and set
an example of discipline. They use the power of their knowledge to development, implementation
and evaluation of management of patient's care. The improvement in care shows the change of care
which implemented by nurses by using their power.
In conclusion, leadership is a key role in any profession. In my opinion, a leader must have good
and clear vision so that he or she can plan for the future. Furthermore, a leader must have passion
about own work and for that one must have to be ready for paid off. 'Nine to fiver' cannot be a good
leader. Leader's passion about work encourages ones to do research and also encourages staff to
follow. The third quality is integrity, which is an essential thing for leadership. In nursing practice,
leaders have to be in contact with staff as well patients. In such situation, good communication skill
is required. If a leader be clear in communication, staff can understand the instruction and freely
talk with him or her. As a result, positive patient's health outcome can be achieved. Confidence is
necessary for nursing leader while preparing any new policies or strategies. Moreover optimistic
behaviour allows staff to interact with leaders and help to maintain team spirituality. Changes are
necessary for better care management. It often gained through power. With the help of power one
can collect all information and can think on all positive and negative aspects of change. Power
allows a person to talk about planning and any suggestion for an improvement. In nursing practice,
a good knowledge of field itself a power that nurses can use for care management of the patient.
With the help of this power nurses can leads a profession to an optimum level.
and he communicates to the people. While comparing with the behaviour of a good leader, the
manager of that restaurant also have such qualities. But, he can't monitor the time for the work
properly. If the manager monitors time, then he can perform well as a manager in his business.
* Traits
The Leader which I selected is high energetic in his workplace. Hence, he tries to adopt changes for
the business growth. He is practical, logical and to the point and he is very assertive in his thinking.
He takes a lot of risks in his business. But he usually seems as active, expressive and energetic in
business.
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A good leader should have several traits like social boldness, enthusiasm, high energy and so for.
While contrasting with the leader which I took has almost same traits
* Skills
Skills which helps to lead and monitor the organization. Better communication, managing the
teamwork and coaching and developing the skills of staffs are the important skills needed for a good
leader. If leader is having such qualities. Then, the business will go on developing.
When comparing with the leader which I selected, that he is having all the skills mentioned above.
But he is not coaching again and again for a better result in future. If he give training again and
again in the business. Then, there will be a good result
* Attitudes
The manager which I selected has some attitudes like he is very friendly and supportive to the
staffs. Further, he is enthusiastic. Hence, he can run the business without any tension.
Sometimes, he helps workers in the workplace when he gets time. Which shows that he is
hardworking owner as well as a good manager too.
When comparing with the attitudes of a successful or normal leader, he is also having the attitudes
of a good leader. But he is not having patience when working
* Knowledge
The manager which I selected knows how to coordinate work and manage the working time (Time
management). The manager has the clear knowledge about the current condition of the business and
their financial position of the business. Hence manager can manage the business well and he can
estimate the future result of the business too.
In contrast, a good leader has knowledge about certain things in the business. Here the manager has
same knowledge as a good and perfect leader. So in my view, the manager is good leader in the
business because he has the knowledge about the current condition of the business. Hence he can to
improve current condition to a better result.
* Contemporary development
A leader should develop his ideas and should find ways to earn more profit. He should make a
proper plan with the help of his knowledge and experience.
The leader which I selected has some developments in his work by adding some advanced facilities
to make the work easier.
APA reference:
A Big Dog, Little Dog and Knowledge Jump Production. (2010). Character and Traits in
Leadership. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadchr.html
What are good leadership skills.com (2007) Examples of leadership skills list. Retrieved October
10,2012, from http://www.what-are-good-leadership-skills.com/example-leadership-skills.html
2. A. The Levels of Management and the respective Leadership Styles being practiced:
b. How the identified leadership styles relate to business:
Flat Organizational structure
Flat organizational structure means there is few or no levels of management between the managers
and the staffs. The staffs have some decision making authority and hence, the work runs easily and
there is good communication between the manager and the staffs. The organization of the manager
which I selected is Flat organization structure.
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Levels of management
The organization of my leader has only two levels of management
Top level Management: the top level management sets the objectives for the organization and
guides the staffs in the lower level. Here in the organisation, the manager is in the top level and he
follows the autocratic leadership styles in the organization. It is an extreme form of Transactional
leadership style. In autocratic leadership style, the manager has the power to guide the workers. He
is practicing autocratic style
According to different organization, different styles should practice in each levels of management.
In my opinion, currently manager is practicing an effective leadership style. Autocratic leadership
style is good for the top level management in the organization.
Lower level Management: In the lower level, there is senior staffs. Who manages and guides the
team. Here the leader is following Laissez-faire style of leadership in the organization. It means,
leader give complete freedom to do the work.
In my opinion, this leadership style is effective at this level of management because they can work
freely. Here leader monitors and gives feedback according to the period. It will help in increase the
productivity.
c. Stage of Business Life Cycle:
In the 7 different stages in the Business life cycle. The organization is at 'Established' stage. In this
stage the business or the organization gets a place in the market and loyalty to the customer. Hence
still the organization has good sales and profit at current stage which everything goes in
Routine. It is just recently the organization changed to this stage. Last stage in the growth stage. The
business is growth according to each period. Now they focused to improve more compared with the
present condition in quality and also in their productivity in the challenging market.
d. Leadership styles that is most effective for different stages in a business life cycle:
In my opinion, autocratic leadership style is very much effective in all the stages of business life
cycle. In each stages, There should get the support of the leader and he monitors well in each stage
for better productivity. He can make better decisions independently without the suggestions of any
others and can move the business according to his own way in each field. To reach the final stage in
a business life cycle. Hence autocratic leadership styles can use in each stage for the better result
The current leadership style in this stage is also autocratic leadership style. Hence everything going
well.
This essay has been submitted to us by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our
professional essay writers.
APA Reference:
Leadership skills (1996-2012). Adapting your approach to leadership. Retrieved October 10, 2012,
from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_84.htm
PART B1: Application of Leadership Concepts
(i.) Three Major Models of Change, and (ii.) Their Advantages and Disadvantages
1. Mckinsey 7-S Change management model
it is holistic approach to the organization. which consist of seven factor which above mentioned in
the picture that is shared value, strategy, structure, system, style, skills and staffs. Shared value is
the center of the model which means, what it believes (mission of the organization). Strategy means
the plan of organization and react to the changes. Structure means the organizational structure.
Systems means how the work should be done in that organization. Staff, there is a clear
representation of employees and also their work. styles represents the organizational culture and the
styles in leadership. Eventually, skills means the abilities and competencies.
Advantages
* This model is often used to change the organisational internal structure
* More importance to alignment of various business aspects
Disadvantage
* All are interrelated, if one part is changed all have to change.
* This ignores differences
2. Lewin's change management model
In this model, Lewin mentioned three stages of change. Still people are using this model. Three
stages are unfreeze, transition and refreeze. The Majority of people are hesitant of change and they
are uncomfortable with change. To change the freezing stage, we have to start the unfreeze stage
through motivation. next stage is transition were the changes occurring. Then the organization
comes to the stable condition that is refreeze stage.
Advantages
* Easy to understand
* It is a simple and efficient method which made through different steps
Disadvantage
* It is timely for any change
* During the refreezing stage, people worried that the new stage is coming. Hence, this change
problem affects them not much effectively.
3. Kotter's Eight step change model
The Eight steps are:- one- Increase urgency for change, Two- Build a team for the change, Threeconstruct the vision, Four- Communicate, Five- Empower, Six-Create short term goals, Seven- Be
persistent, Eight- Make the change permanent. First step is increase urgency for change means that
to convince the staffs that this change is very important for the organization to develop. Second is to
Build a team for the change and their should be good and respected ones in that organization. Third
is to have construct a vision that in which way they can achieve without any problem in the
organization. Fourth step is communication means that everything should be understand by
employees. Fifth step is to empower the employees in their work. Sixth step is to
support the employees during the change for long term goals. In the seventh step, there should
influence more changes after the long term goals. The final step is change permanent means
sticking to certain culture and practices.
Advantages
* It is organized in steps, hence it is easy and simple to follow
* This model does not focus on the change and it makes transition easier
Disadvantage
* Cannot skip any step to get a result
* Compared to other models of change it takes time
APA Reference:
Mckinsey 7S Framework (2012). Mckinsey 7S Framework Retrieved on October 10,2012 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey_7S_Framework
Change Management Models: A Look at McKinsey's 7-S Model, Lewin's Change Management
Model and Kotter's Eight Step Change Model (2012). Retrieved on October 10,2012 from
http://voices.yahoo.com/change-management-models-look-mckinseys-7-s-model-334598.html?
cat=3
iii. Steps in Implementing Change:
1. Organize meeting
2. Discussing the present issues
3. Ask for the feedback
4. Emphasize the need for change and propose plans
5. Bringing the goals and expectations
6. Collect their agreement to the plan and consider the good suggestions
7. Implement the change
8. Collect feedback after implementing the change
9. Evaluate or analyse the result and keep improving
iv. To do at each Step:
1. My colleague will inform the meeting date, time and place where the meeting is arranged or
organized
2. My colleague makes the staffs aware about the present issues in the organization
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3. My colleague will check whether they understood and ask for the feedback
4. My colleague describe the staffs about the benefits in change
5. My colleague will give importance to expected outcome
6. My colleague will collect their agreement to this and accept the helpful suggestions from their
part
7. My colleague will motivate the people based on the changes implemented
8. My colleague takes feedback from the staffs whether the change is good or not
9. Finally he will check the result, it is improved or not and keep improving.
v. Reasons Why People Resist Change:
1. Less personal interest of the staffs, because they are protecting their own motives and interests
2. Fear of doing new or unknown things which they tried before
3. Lack of information about the things to be done
4. There is a fear of failure in doing their work based on the changes
5. Loss of control and powerless confusion while they operate in new way
6. Due to poor communication may develop because of the purpose of change is not clear.
vi. Recommendation for a Suitable Change Model
* I recommend 'Kotter's Eight step change model because, It is simple and easy change model to
follow step by step it is having fewer demerits compared to other model and this model is well
organized to follow. In this model they does not focus more on the change. But the model makes the
transition easier. Here the organization needed significant change. This method is most simple and
good for easy transition to other stage. So compared to other methods this model is suitable for the
dissatisfaction behaviour of employees
* The willingness of the staffs can be seen but they met the requests. It is the best choice because
this is a simple model and it totally prepares the staffs in the organization before the vision is even
created. Hence the transition will be easier.
The Role of the Leader:
* The role of leader in change management is:
1. Describe the objectives
2. Help and empower the staffs
3. Incorporate with the changes in the culture of organization
Change Strategies
Recruiting younger staffs in the workplace and they are easy to adapt with the changes because they
didn't worked before the change. Hence they can work easily compared to existing staffs and can
maintain the goodwill of the staff.
Updating the system software's and so the work runs smoothly and easily. They will understand it is
an easy method for work (updated software) and also improves them. So involve in that change
Adopting new technologies by giving training for each new task for the workers with a good
supervision. So the employees can stick easily to the change because they are getting training and
supervision in the working area to clear the employees mistakes
New organisational structure will build as a part of change. In that include proper division of team
and certain tasks are allocated to each team. Here the each division of task come under a team and
they feel easy to work. So they joined with the progressing change.
Part B2: Evaluation of Leaders from Different Organizations
Leader 1: Steve jobs, he is founder, chairman and chief executive of apple inc. He is a well known
leader and 'Team leader' in the leadership model Because he is high task oriented and high
relationship in the organisation. He normally form the group and lead them well.
Leader 2: Dev Milano, he is the owner and manager of the milanos pizza restaurant. He is an
'Authoritarian leader' in leadership model with high task and low relationship in the organisation.
He is very much task oriented and he expect staffs to do what they told without the question.
Name of the Leader
Steve Jobs
Dev Milano
Size of organisation
Large organisation
Small organisation
Profit organisation
Yes
Yes
Evaluation and Comparison
Criteria
(large org)
(small org)
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a. Referent Power
Most of the people refer him as a good model in the international business. So he has the referent
power
Some people refer him. Because he is doing a small business. Hence very limited people know
about him. So very small amount of people refers him.
b. Expert Power
In his business, he is also an expert. Hence the business goes well and reached success and
development in the business.
He have that power, He is expert in that field more than all other employees. So he has expert power
c. Legitimate Power
Based on his position he can give orders and the employees under him also respect his order. Hence
he have that power
He has the power to give orders to his staffs in the organisation for his work.
d. Information Power
Yes, He have the knowledge about everything
Yes, he have the access to the valued information in the organisation. Hence he have information
power
e. Reward Power
He also provides rewards to his workers to gain success in his business.
Yes, he gives rewards to the people sometimes in monetary terms or sometimes by giving extra
hours, promotion and so for.
f. Coercive Power
Yes, he is having the power to punish his workers
Yes, even small organisational leader also have coercive power to punish
iii. Cultural and/or ethnic factors that may have influenced their leadership
Based on his culture he is very harsh or arrogant. He only focuses on the improvement of the
business. As he behaves in such a manner. Staffs will follow or do the work according to his
interest.
According to his culture he is very enthusiastic and work in time. He enjoys doing work by hearing
musing or by talking to make the work more interesting and easy as a leader.
iv. The nature of the organization the leader has evolved with and how the type of organization did
influenced their leadership
The organisation is large with 3 big level of management. They sells innovative electronic products
in the international market such as mobile phones, computers and so on. This company is private
based organisation. So he can run the business according to his interest in a good manner for the
success
It is small organisation having 2 levels of management. Here, He is running a restaurant which sells
pizza to the customers. It is a small private organisation. He owns and manages the business well.
Leadership Concepts:
a. Behaviours
He is arrogant, dictatorial, and mean-spirited. But he is a great leader in his organisation. His
behaviour is arrogant to the workers to make them hard work in the workplace and he dictates
everything in the organisation and also in the world market as good leader or business man. Hence
he becomes one of the great leaders in the world.
He effectively communicates with the staffs and to customers. To support they he communicates
always and to get the feedback, he communicates with people too. He provides enthusiastic. It is
good method to make the work more interesting and run the business in an interesting manner for
the staffs.
b. Traits
He has ability to deal with the people outside the organisation such as suppliers and so for. Hence
he can run the business well. His communication is also good. He knows how to communicate with
various people for better running of his business. He is highly determined and he deeply cares about
small things. So he can see all the small problems in the organisation and solve it easily too.
He is very competent in his business. Lot of people around him are doing small business like him.
Hence in very competent in the business to develop his business by increasing the skills. He is very
intelligent person. Hence he change the price and quality according to the sales to sell more and
earn more profit. He is straightforward. So he use judgement at right time for the proper running
c. Skills
He is having good management skills, hence he become one of the great manager of his own
business and also success in his business. Further, He is also having the presentation skills. So he
became one of the great business man
He skilfully motivate others by giving information about the work and how to practice the work. He
is having good communicational skill and so he can discuss details with the staffs easily and for the
business development a good communicational skill is important.
d. Attitudes
He keeps good relations with the people and good workers hence he can run the business smoothly.
He keeps following his passions; hence he became competitive in this field to become the top
businessman. He is very confident; it is a positive attitude and can run the business well.
He positively thinks always. Hence he will get confidence and run the business well. He is
empathetic and easy going man. Be empathetic in business, so business can go well. Otherwise it
cannot earn any profits.
e. Knowledge
He is having good knowledge in that field because of his experience in the business. Hence he can
run business and moves his business to the success.
He I highly experience in his field that around more than 30 years of experience in selling pizza and
so he know how to earn profit by running a business like restaurant. He is having well build
knowledge about his experienced business which helps getting success in his future too.
f. Contemporary Developments
He applied innovative facilities to his business and found new innovative products for the sales
which lead to great success in his business
He introduced new machines and technologies to improve and to run the business faster and easily.
It is contemporary development in his business.
APA Reference:
Seven Leadership Traits of Steve Jobs(2012). Seven Leadership Traits of Steve Jobs, Retrieved on
October 23, 2012 from http://voices.yahoo.com/seven-leadership-traits-steve-jobs-9152269.html
Steve Jobs(2012). Steve Jobs, Retrieved on October 23,2012 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs
Have you ever had favorite superstars as idols in mind that you dream to
become just like them? The more we visualize ourselves as a celebrity, the
more obsessions we have. We all enjoy hearing the latest celebrity gossip
from time to time. Who doesn't enjoy hearing about the hottest celebrity
wedding of the year or the worst celebrity makeover? What do you think
about these topics on the news headlines? "Jessica Lowndes wears a seethrough dress. For Jakey, probably.", "Sparkles wants to start a family.
Aw", "Pillow-fight! Hailee Steinfeld, etc play around in Vogue" (The
Gossip Wire). Media has been following a lot of celebrity actions and
spread it in the public. The causes of having too much media attention
towards celebrities could lead to negative effects of being bad examples
for audiences, wasting people's times, and interfering with celebrity's
privacy, and lead to positive effects of giving people an opportunity to be
famous, providing benefits for media organizations, and being good
examples for audiences.
Have you ever wondered why people are so into celebrities? Have you
ever thought of why it is that we spend our times studying celebrities'
bibliography and possibly their every action? According to Jake Halpern,
the author of the book, Fame Junkies: The Hidden Truths Behind
America's Favorite Addiction. "Kids see fame as a cure-all for problems,"
he said (Gilsdorf, The Christian Science Monitor). Secondly, it is because
celebrities are always there wherever people go, on Television, newspaper,
magazines on sidewalks, or even posters in restrooms. According to 'Star
Struck' New Internationalist, Celebrity worship syndrome (CWS) is an
obsessive-addictive disorder in which a person becomes overly involved
with the details of a celebrity's personal life. Celebrities worship syndrome
is consisted of three types. Entertainment-social is when people are
attracted to their stars for entertainment, such as "I like watching and
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It can be seen that by putting too much attentions on celebrities could lead
to many negative effects. However, sometimes these media sources could
give out positive feedbacks to many in the society as well.
Firstly, people could have more opportunity of becoming famous from
media, rumors, and scandals. Many people try to or were put in a certain
circumstance that creates rumors or stories throughout the media and
allow them to eventually become well known in the public. For instance,
Paris Hilton was originally known as a great-granddaughter of a billionaire
Conrad Hilton, the founder of Hilton Hotel, one of the most famous hotels
in the world. Then there was a sex tape of Paris Hilton, 1 Night in Paris
pornography film released into the media in 2004. This sex tape was one
of the top gossip topics of the year, but ended up boosting her fame to
become one of the celebrity stars (Morgan, Associated Content). People
with talents might also find the surging of media industry as an opportunity
to become famous. With a modern technology in the current world, media
has become so easily accessible for people including video channels on
internet like Youtube and Myspace. Justin Drew Bieber, a very popular
Canadian singer and actor have become one of the most well known
celebrities by uploading his recorded singing performances on Youtube.
His popularity on the site kept growing larger and larger until Scooter
Braun, an American manager found Justin's videos on the site (Dutta,
Buzzle Web Portal). This then allowed Justin Bieber to get an opportunity
to become a singer and eventually a very famous celebrity. It could be
seen that people could become celebrities by using media as a tool that
allows them to be well known and eventually a celebrity.
comitted are spread throughout the world through medias, and could motivate people to follow them as examples to help the society.
In conclusion, the impact media focusing too much attention on celebrities
could have both negative and positive effects. Some audiences waste their
times becoming addicted and obsessed with what media is trying to inform
about their favorite celebrities, and some celebrities are facing hard time
being threatened by media. On the other hand, some people can see an
opportunity of becoming a celebrity by using the media, media can also
gain some benefits from celebrities, and some celebrities are being a good
example for the audiences. While some of their behaviors are not
appropriate for audiences, personally I think that there is nothing wrong
with consuming media, but all audiences have to be careful not to get too
obsessed with them and consider what the media is trying to inform
because part of it might contain inappropriate information. Therefore, I
think it is crucial to be aware of the contents and messages that the media
provides, follow the behaviors of the good celebrities, then learn and stay
away from the inappropriate actions.
With the prosperity of both science and culture, people are accustomed
with an abundant supply of information. Modern media, such as television,
newspapers, magazines, reinforces our accesses to news and information
of all kinds, the most prevalent of which are those about public figures and
celebrities. Now there is a growing awareness that media pays too much
attention to the personal lives of famous people.
The extent and quality of celebrity news in the media appears especially
inordinate today, multiplying and intensifying at such a rate that 'legitimate'
news has fallen in precedence (Brown, 31). Whether it likes it or not, the
public knows more about Britney Spears and how many pills she
swallowed than about many political issues.
Mainstream media content is most likely increasing in sensationalism due
to competition with celebrity news sources, particularly those online. As
said by marketing author David Giles, 'The defining characteristic of a
celebrity is that it is essentially a media production, and its usage is largely
confined to the twentieth century' (3). More than ever, news, according to
New York University sociology professor Todd Gitlin, can be defined as
'anything that happens to newsworthy people' (Rockwell, 40).
The purpose of the project is to examine how the celebrity coverage in the
media, both mainstream and entertainment-focused, influences the people
and their opinions which affect media credibility as a whole. In doing so,
research investigates the sensationalism of mainstream media and its
portrayal of celebrities and celebrity-criminals in general.
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and report them. The media decides and tells us which issues are
important and which ones or not. We have never physically witnessed the
war situations of Afganistan, Iraq or even Kashmir. Despite this we have
the pictures of these events in our heads. The media reports inform about
the latest events and issues that are taking place in the world and are
inaccessible to us. Thus, most of our perceptions about the world are
based on the second-hand reality created by the media organizations.
There is no guarantee that this reality is an accurate picture of the world.
(Saib Riaz, 2008:1)
The things we see in newspapers and the things we hear on the radio are
things that people all over the country are talking about. 'The Agenda
Setting Theory is based on the premise that we are given our "agenda" of
daily information for discussion based on what the media wants us to be
talking about. Agenda Setting was an early theory given to us by Paul
Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz. These two men believed that media content set
the agenda for public discussions' (Wilcox, et al., 2003: 213). These men
both believed that the media did not specifically tell us what to think about
a particular subject, just which subjects we should be forming an opinion
of. This theory can also be very detrimental to politicians and other public
figures. Sometimes the media plays a more vital role in society other than
just reporting the news. It gives us serious topics that are put under our
noses on a daily basis. The information is put there for a reason whether
most people are aware of it or not. The Agenda Setting theory is positive
for society because it puts the information out there. However, the down
side is that the information we are getting is biased and does not allow for
us to select what we feel is important.
Which aspects of an issue are covered in the news - and the relative
emphasis on these various aspects of an issue - makes a considerable
difference in how people view that issue. From the pattern of the total news
coverage, the public learns what journalists consider the important issues
are and who the prominent public figures of the day are. From the details
of this coverage - the agenda of attributes presented by the news media the public forms its images and perspective about these issues and public
figures. (McCombs, 7-8)
Reports of soft news far outweighing the amount of hard news in today's
mass media landscape can be traced, in part, back to the technological
changes seen in modern times.
According to Bennett (2007), some of factors affecting the increase of soft
news include the economics of the news business, journalists' dependence
on sources who control information, routine news-gathering practices,
professional norms and a need to fill the news hole that has been created
by 24/7 news coverage. Celebrity focused, soft news tends to be quick and
easy to report about. Additionally, such stories have proven to be popular
among audiences and are easy to dramatize. Celebrity stories may also
serve the uses and gratifications of many audience members. Bennett
(2007) suggests that in addition to learning, many viewers use news to
satisfy their needs for curiosity and surveillance, entertainment and
escape, and social and psychological adjustment. "With the advent of the
Web and the Internet, increasing numbers of citizens turn to alternative
information channels that deliver politically packaged information in a
format better integrated with personal interests and various citizen-action
options" (Bennett, 2007: 28). This statement is true of all news information,
not just politics. There are websites, magazines, newspapers, television
stations, etc. to suit every different need and consumers have the choice to
visit only the ones that interest them. Therefore, the shift seen in news
coverage from informative to entertaining cannot be blamed solely on the
media.
The news stories about celebrities that most often permeate the media
airwaves are about stars' mishaps and blunders. Together with media, they
are often blamed for social problems. A common complaint is that
celebrities are bad role-models and mass media idolizes them anyway.
Such practices are thought to be teaching younger generations to fall into
drugs like Britney Spears, become over-sexualized like Miley Cyrus, or
anorexic looking like Nicole Ritchie.
"As exemplified in the following quote by Bob Franklin, this is conceived as
the diversion of media audiences from 'hard' news and issues of public
interest to 'soft' tabloid focuses such as human interest, sport, scandal and
celebrity: Entertainment has superseded the provision of information;
human interest has supplanted the public interest; measured judgment has
IV. Hypothesis
Biased public opinion based on biased media coverage of celebrity crimes
questions media credibility.
V. Research Design
The research will be conducted through sampling as well as content
analysis. Examples of celebrities who have committed crime and who have
been extensively covered whether biased or unbiased by media especially
newspapers will be used as the basis on which the research will be
conducted.
VI. Bibliography
(Brown, 2007). "Cable TV way with celebrity 'new'." Quill 95.3 Apr 2007:
31. Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Cal Poly State Univ. San Luis
Obispo, CA. 10 Jan 2008 <http://ejournals.ebsco.com>.
Brown, Fred. "Cable TV way with celebrity 'new.'" Quill 95.3 Apr 2007: 31.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Cal Poly State Univ. San Luis
Obispo, CA.
10 Jan 2008 <http://ejournals.ebsco.com>
Bennett, Lance W. (2007). News: The politics of illusion (7th ed.). ????:
Pearson Longman.
(David, 2000). Illusions of Immorality: A Psychology of Fame and Celebrity.
New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000: 3.
are fundamental to true happiness in life. These traits are hard to attain for
the youth because of entertainment and media industry. The industries are
constantly showing and sending messages to viewers on the definition of
perfection. This makes it hard for many of the youths to be contented and
happy with their personalities and looks. The youth should stop to look for
celebrities, movies, and television shows, for ideal and perfect life. The
obsession created by the entertainment industry influences the youth's way
of life. They change the way they dress, walk, and even act.
The entertainment industry will continue to have effects and influences on
youth and societal trends. The influences should be worked on, to make
them have positive effects on society and society as a whole. This can
involve the transformation of the celebrities, actors, and models in the
entertainment industry. The effect can be huge and tremendous on the
upcoming generation and society. The changing trends in societal beliefs
and values can be influenced to be positive ones on the youth. Things can
be better when the effects of the entertainment industry lean more towards
the positive influences than the negative influences on the youth. This can
be done knowing very well that America is one of the leading producers of
entertainment and as such it is a significant component in influencing the
behavior of the younger generation. The entertainment industry has
influences on the upcoming generation views and expression of culture.
This is depicted by the way that they talk, dress, and act on society
through social media pressure in the country.
Throughout society there are both individuals and groups of people with a
wide range of perceptions about crime and justice. These perceptions are
influenced by the media and what the media presents. Media presents
crime stories in ways that selectively distort and manipulate public
perception, thus creating a false picture of crime. Therefore the media
provides us with perceptions and social constructions about our world.
Firstly I will be discussing the role of the media in constructing knowledge
about crime. I will begin by explaining why the media is important, and go
further to explain that media representations construct knowledge of crime
and since knowledge about crime is constructed it does not necessarily
capture reality in fact crime stories are often sensationalised. I will then link
this to my central argument that the media shapes people's perceptions of
crime and how this is important as it can lead to changes in the law. I will
then explain what it is that the public or society needs to be aware of when
reading and watching media reports about crime. We need to b...
"Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get." (National Weather
Service Office Tucson, Arizona. Main page, Retrieved on 2007-06-01).
There are some instruments for measurement weather such as
thermometers, barometers, and anemometers. The instruments used to
study weather conditions over the modern time scale, their known error,
their immediate environment, and their exposure have changed over the
years, which must be considered when studying the climate of centuries
past (Spencer Weart. The Modern Temperature Trend. Retrieved on 200706-01)
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Thesis Statement:
Humans are the cause of global warming
for several reasons include industry,
Population Growth:
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The world's total population rose to 7 billion people. The population of the
world is growing rapidly with the pace and it is not easy to stop its growth.
The growth of population is the root of all problems related to the
environmental and climatic changes. This growth pace of population is
rapidly clearing woods and forests from the environment and world have
scarcity of agricultural land. This turning of huge forest area into the
agricultural land has significant impact on the environmental climate. As
per the data, the world's total population reached to the 7 billion. One day if
this surplus of population is not restricted then individual will run out of
land. This increased population rapidly enhancing global warming (How
Global Population Growth is Creating Serious Environmental Problems).
Over Consumers of the fossil fuels and goods are contributed to the global
warming. ""Trends such as the loss of half of the planet's forests, the
depletion of most of its major fisheries, and the alteration of its atmosphere
and climate are closely related to the fact that human population expanded
from mere millions in prehistoric times to over six billion today," (How
Global Population Growth is Creating Serious Environmental Problems).
This rapid growth of population is increasing number of consumers in the
worldwide. But in the recent time consumers are over from the limit. So for
fulfilling the requirements of each consumer, society has maximized the
usage of natural resources which resulted as scarcity of sources in the
environment. Consumers are normally produces greenhouse gases by
burning of fossil fuels and which produces carbon dioxide. So if consumer
will be over then they will more increase global warming.
Life Style in the recent time is going to be a status symbol for consumers
and which have contributed to the increment of global warming. Today,
people are more concern for their living standard. Lifestyle highlights the
usage of various standard products in the market. It comprises of various
transport vehicles that are going to be status symbol for people.
Consumers are purchasing cars and vehicles in order to maintain their
lifestyle. "While population numbers in most developed nations are leveling
off or diminishing today, high levels of consumption make for a huge drain
on resources. Americans, who represent only 4 percent of world
Environmental Degradation:
Environmental degradation problems are caused by human activities.
Environmental degradation is the corrosion of the environment though the
reduction of natural resources, ruin of ecosystem and disappearance of
animal and plant species. It is resulted by the human activities that have
directly or indirectly increased from the time when Industrial Revolution
came in light. Environmental degradation is resulted in several ways such
as individual actions and also caused weakening of natural resources.
Other then these, environmental degradation is also caused due to the
natural occurrence which also damage the environmental resources. Some
human activities like burning of fossil fuel, mining, pollution, deforestation
are lead to environmental degradation (Habitat Destruction).
Counterarguments:
In the today's world, some of the people do not have faith that the global
warming is resulted by the human activities and it also affect ecosystem.
Although they believed that global warming phenomenon is lead by the
natural process. In their view all the warming problems are the resulted by
natural uncertainties.
Refutation of Counterarguments:
People believe that natural uncertainties are responsible for the global
warming and human activities have no affects on ecosystem. It is
completely denied because in reality human activities are responsible for
the increment of global warming. Their activities such as transportation,
population growth, and excessive use of energy resulted global warming in
direct or indirect ways.
Conclusion:
Global Warming is caused due to natural as well as human activities.
Pollution and emissions are caused by human activities which lead to
changes in global climate. Human are responsible for global warming. In
the rapidly changing environment, competition is high and consumers'
needs are increasing day by day for overcoming this problem there is need
to take certain possible steps for the betterment of society with control over
global warming.
After analyzing the cons of global warming there is need to put effect in
order to restrict global warming in the atmosphere. Following
recommendations are made for minimizing this major problem:
Greening Transportation: It is analyzed that transportation sector is the
more responsible for the emission of fossil fuel. Some technologies for
energy efficiency are available for the less usage of energy. This
techniques aid to save money as well as environmental assets.
Boosting Energy Efficiency: Nowadays energy is used by various means
such as heat, energy equipments etc. This can be controlled by minimizing
unnecessary the usage of energy products.
Revving Up Renewable: The renewable energy sources like wind, solar,
bioenergy and geothermal are the available and researched technologies
that may meet the level of energy needs. These techniques are very cost
efficient and also identical for the atmosphere.
Managing Forests and Agriculture: A people can flight against the global
warming by reducing the deforestation and agricultural emission. For this
purpose there is need to develop awareness among the individual about
the global warming and its causes and then motivates for trees plantation.
Increased number of trees can flight against the global warming.
Developing and Deploying new low Carbon and zero Carbon Technologies:
The development of new technologies for low carbon may possess time.
So the current researches are good enough that may reduce the global
warming.
Phasing out Fossil Fuel Electricity: For reducing the usage of fossil fuel, it
is mandatory to take positive corrective action according to the climatic
changes. Certain step should be taken such as no new plant of coal
burning, shutdown all coal plants etc that may somehow minimize the
effects of global warming (Solutions to Global Warming).
Read more:
Through the Holy Bible, the basis of my faith, I know that God has given all
human beings dominion over the earth and all its creatures but for our own
selfish purpose we tend to interpret the facility granted to us as permission
to unbridled mastery over nature. We ought to remember that being given
dominion over the earth merely makes us custodians of His creation.
Gerald Barney, a scientist aptly stated that, "for the first time in the history
of Creation, the life support systems of the planet earth are being
destroyed by human activities. Throughout history humans have caused
locally significant damage to the environment, but never before have
human numbers and actions combined to threaten the integrity of the
entire planet.[1]" In light of this shocking reality there is an ever increasing
need for the implementation of a just and sustainable global food system to
prevent humanity from crises, for hunger and malnutrition are responsible
for more deaths today than any known disease. Each and every human
being must be responsible participants in the reduction of global climate
change which has caused major environmental disasters. Floods and
droughts are known to be the main causes of worldwide food shortages
and famines.
Since my childhood I was always taught not to waste food and not to eat
as if there was no tomorrow. I realize the wisdom in that teaching as there
is not only an environmental cost of getting food on the table but it also
leaves a detrimental footprint on nature in the form of global warming,
pollution, destruction of the eco system, degradation of arable land and
fresh water supply. Unlike the aboriginal peoples of our land who treated
the earth and nature as sacred using it strictly for basic living needs, "in our
society as a whole we conceive of the land in terms of ownership and use.
It is a lifeless medium of exchange.[2]" How do we cultivate a way of life
that does not violate the integrity of creation? Will we use the knowledge,
be ready to use every effort and continue in our perseverance to prevent
further damage to the environment and replenish the arable lands that now
lie wasted? The answer is in the hands of each and every human being.
Just as each member of a family is responsible for the maintenance and
protection of their home, we as a global family must adopt the same
attitude caring for our planetary home, we call Earth.
While environmental degradation may be the indirect result of our actions,
we humans are directly in control of the size of our families and the global
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In our quest for the growing demand of food worldwide, we must do all
within our power to make agriculture as productive as possible. As a
student of commerce and economics I am aware that less land is required
for farming if production is maximized per acre leaving more land to be left
in its wild and natural state. Biotechnology through genetic engineering of
seeds has been a boom to agriculture by increasing the yield of crops,
using less water and pesticides, creating less stress on our fragile land and
producing grain of a higher nutritional value. However the use of
biotechnology is a sharply divided issue because it also gives humans the
right to claim a patent on life form which is an ethical concern. Are we
trying to 'play God'? Needless to say "the very success of natural science
has bred an attitude which has allowed for the exploitation and domination
of the natural world in complete disregard to the social and ecological
consequences.[5]" Firms try to maximize profits where the marginal cost of
production equals the marginal benefit derived from the produce. However,
this current economic model, in my opinion, is flawed as it does not include
the implicit cost of environmental degradation caused through the use of
pesticides or improper crop rotation that is incurred in the production of
food. Essentially, companies in the food & biotech industry only seem to
care about maximizing their profits regardless of how it affects the
environment or humans that depend on food for survival. It is very
disturbing to hear that food & biotech companies purchase some of the
crops from third world countries in order to genetically modify the seed only
to sell it back at prices that are at a very high premium.A biotech company
in the U.S. bought coffee beans from Brazil in order to genetically modify
them so that they would be more weather-resistant to climate changes in
Brazil that threatened future crops. However, when it came time to selling
these genetically modified beans back to Brazil, this same biotech firm
marked up the price to the extent that Brazil was unable to afford it.
Developing countries should not be subjected to this unethical practice
carried out by such firms. Therefore, in my opinion, in order to build a
Endnotes
Rasmussen, Larry. "Toward an Earth Charter." Religion Online. The
Chrintury Foundation, 23 Oct. 1991. Web. 14 May 2010. .
N. Scott Momaday, "A First American Views His Land," National
Geographic Magazine (July 1976), 18.
NEW
There are many discoveries throughout history that changed the world in
many ways, the internet, electricity, semiconductors, just to name a few.
This paper will explore one of such discoveries that had significantly
changed the world, the discovery of airplanes. The history of airplanes and
how it evolved exponentially intrigued most aviation enthusiast in just over
few decades. The impact of this discovery is felt in the lives of all human
beings, be directly or indirectly. The inter-link of this effect can be felt
almost in all industry types starting from travel and tourism, satellite and
communication, business and commerce, etc. Airplanes are now the
preferred solution for long distance travel and thousands of flights are
operated in airports around the world every day, for example approximately
65 million passengers were transported through Heathrow airport alone in
2009 (European Commission, EroStats).
Airplanes beginning
It all began following the letter that was written by Wilbur Wright in 1899.
The letter was sent to the Smithsonian Institution; Wilbur was requesting
information about flight experiments. After gathering the required
information, the brothers Wilbur and Orville spent a lot of time in research.
According to Marry Bellis (2010) "The Wright brothers spent a great deal of
time observing birds in flight". Due to the time spent on observing birds, the
brothers noticed that the shape of the bird's wing helped in increasing lift
and birds also changed their wing's shape in order to maneuver while
flying. Based on the bird's technique of flying, Wilbur and Orville started
applying these techniques into their experiment to have control on their
glider invention.
Many hours were put in research followed by testing period, The Wright
brothers designed and built many gliders in order to implement their
solutions for controlling their gliders. After many trial and errors, they built
the first piloted glider in 1900. According to Marry Bellis (2010) "the Wrights
successfully tested their new 50-pound Biplane glider with its 17-foot wing
span and wing-wrapping mechanism, at Kitty hawk ". The wing wrapping
mechanism is utilized the techniques of birds by changing the shape of the
wing. The application in this type of wing was accomplished by arching the
wings tips to either increase lift or maneuver the glider. It was then
considered a big success at Kitty Hawk, the Wrights later built another
glider with 22-foot wingspan weighing nearly 100 pounds. In this glider
they used a front elevator to control it. However, this turned out to be a
failure. The front elevator did not allow the wings in this glider to provide
sufficient lift. The failure of this glider in 1901 caused huge disappointment
for the brothers.
Despite the failure in their last glider "the Wrights reviewed their test results
and determined that the calculations they had were not reliable" Marry-B
(2010). In order to assure that they obtain accurate results Wilbur and
Orville decided to build a wing tunnel. The wing tunnel enabled them to test
many different shapes of wings and compare the lift force between
different wing types and shapes. This method of wing testing provided the
brothers with great understanding of wings and their performances and
behaviors. It is also considered the turning point that led the brothers to
their later achievement. Till now wind tunnels are used to test anything
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In addition, the Wright brothers did not stop their contribution to the
Aviation industry after introducing Flyer II. They dedicated the rest of their
lives in advancing aircraft designs. According to "The Wright Brothers"
(2003) "Orville spent much of his time after Wilbur's death trying to protect
the patent rights to their aviation technology. He contributed little to the
advancement of aviation designs after the 1920's and died after suffering a
heart attack in 1948 " (n.p.).
Airplanes Development
During the Wright brother's era, there was another ambitious aeronautical
engineer, Donald Wills Douglas. Donald was the first to receive a Bachelor
of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts
institute of technology (MIT) (UXL Newsmakers) (2005). After Donald
graduated from MIT, he started his career at Connecticut Aircraft Company
in 1915. In "that same year he joined Glenn L. Martins aircraft firm as chief
engineer" (UXL Newsmakers) (2005). Eventually Donald started his own
firm Douglas Company. He first wanted to manufacture an aircraft that was
able to fly across the United States nonstop; this aircraft was known as the
"Cloudster". According to the UXL newsmakers (2005) "the Cloudster
never made it fully cross-country, but it was the first plane capable of lifting
a payload equal to its own weight" (N.P). The most famous among the
Douglas's designs are the DC series. For example the DC-3 in 1936, was
considered to be a huge breakthrough in aircraft manufacturing. The DC-3
was capable of absorbing 21 passengers and cruising at speed of 190
mph. The "UXL Newsmakers" (2005) quoted "it was so successful that
within 2 years after it first appeared, it was carrying 95 percent of the
nation's civil air traffic" (N.P). During world war II DC-3 and DC-4 were
widely used for military transport. Later Donald developed the DC-4 design
to come up with the DC-6 and DC-7. The DC-7 was the first aircraft that
was permitted to fly nonstop from coast to coast. In the 1960's, Douglas
designed the jet propelled DC-8 before it ended up merging with
McDonnell Aircraft Company in 1967. According to UXL Newsmakers
(2005), "the site of original Douglas company plant is now the museum of
flying" (n.p.).
On the contrary, the Douglas Company's planes were not the first
commercial airliners. In 1909 a German airline initiated which was
considered to be the first commercial airline in the world. The airline was
called Deutsche Luftschiffahrt Aktien Gesellschaft (DELAG). However the
DELAG company did not use DC series airplanes. According to Asif Siddiqi
(2010) "the company used one of the large airships built by Ferdinand Graf
Von Zeppelin"(n.p.). The DELAG company carried passengers from 1910
to 1914 and stopped during World War I and then continued from 1919 to
1920. This airline was used for carrying wealthy citizens and foreigners to
fly across German cities.
From the time the Write Brothers invented their first aircraft 1903 to the
point when a public commercial flight was done was considered quite an
achievement. It took only seven years from the Wright's first Flyer I to
come up with a commercial airplane. According to Bengtson Tom (2003) "It
is interesting that 10 years after that historic first flight, only about two
dozen of the world's 3,700 aircraft where owned by Americans". This
shows how the whole world was interested in the aviation field and also
how it developed so fast.
In addition, after the Wright Brothers big achievement, in 1908 a BoussonBorgins aircraft was built by Aeroplanes Voisin it was powered by a
Renault propeller engine, Christopher P Clark (n.p. 12-2005). However
what really gave the aviation industry a boost was World War I. Since the
war proved that aircrafts can be effective in war, governments rushed in
improving airplanes in order to have up to date attacking techniques.
There are many milestones that are to be considered when talking about
airplane developments. After the Wright Brothers first flight many
aeronautical engineers were interested in flying and started to improve in
the Wright's design. For example, "Glenn Hammond curtiss, who in the
spring of 1910 completed a 243- kilometer public flight along the Hudson
River from Albany, NY, to Manhattan" Seth Shulman (2002). One of the
important milestones in aviation is introducing the jet engine. The jet
propelled engine was introduced first by Sir Frank Whittle who was the first
to register a patent for the jet engine in 1930. Another contributor to the jet
engine is a German aircraft designer, Dr. Hans Von Ohain who introduced
his model of the jet engine in 1934. However, according to Mary Bellis
(2010) "Hans Von Ohain's jet was the first to fly in 1939". Although the jet
engines were designed in different years yet both Han's and Frank's
designs are similar in basic concept, yet differ in internal arrangement. The
next milestone is a consequence of the jet engine, which is the first
commercial jet plane. According to Tony Long (2007) "1952: A de Havilland
Comet, flying for British Overseas Airways Corporation, becomes the first
jet aircraft to enter commercial service, carrying passengers from London
to Johannesburg, South Africa".
the island". It was because of the atomic bombs that were dropped on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki that lead to the United State's victory in World
War II, and if it wasn't for airplanes it would not be possible to drop an
atomic bomb. This is an example of how airplanes changed the world.
In addition, another aspect that was affected by airplanes is the pollution
that is caused by airplanes all around the world. Airplanes are usually a
source of different kinds of pollution. First is the most common which is air
pollution, then comes noise pollution, and finally water pollution. Airplanes
emit toxic gases while flying and especially during landing and takeoff.
These gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, demolish the
ozone layer leading to global warming. However, according to David
Holzman (1997) "ground access vehicles such as passenger's cars and
buses just entering and leaving the airport often exceed airplanes as the
dominant sources of air pollution at airports". Another kind of pollution
caused by airplanes is noise pollution. Usually airplanes are very loud
during landing and takeoff, which it makes it uncomfortable and also
unhealthy to live near an airport. Finally, airplanes also cause some water
pollution. In winter there are chemicals used to de-freeze airplanes, in
airports. After de freezing they dump these toxic chemicals into water ways
which causes water pollution, (David Holzman) (1997).
With any new invention there are many advantages and disadvantages.
Airplanes may have some disadvantages like harming people, pollution,
and spreading diseases like SARS. However, the advantages overcome
the disadvantages. Airplanes have really made the world an easier place to
live in. now you can go across the world in just hours, while it took our
ancestors months. Airplanes have also contributed to improving many
economies and there are many jobs that would not be there if it was not for
airplanes, like pilots and aircraft technicians. However, the disadvantages
like pollution can be neglected since gas emissions in airplanes per
passengers are low considered to car emissions per passenger.
Furthermore, many consider that the designs of airplanes and what
aviation reached so far are all credited to the Wright Brothers. Although the
Wright Brothers were the first to fly a heavier than air aircraft, yet they also
took the use of the knowledge that was already there from the Smithsonian
Institution on lift and gliders. Airplanes development was on the same
method engineers took what the Brothers have done and improved it like
Donald Douglas, Chuck Yeager, and many others. Therefore it is not
reasonable to credit what aviation has reached so far to the Wright
Brothers.
Request Removal
To live a contended and successful life with cordial relationship with people
around is very important. The life of the person is always connected to
others and the level of relation with other person depends on how you deal
and treat them. While dealing with people there are many factors with
influence the terms one has which includes communication skills, the way
of dealing and interacting with others and social ethics.
Thesis
Interpersonal skills are important to live a happy successful living. In every
step of person's life the interpersonal skills of person are tested and
observe and those who have excellent interpersonal skills are always
successful in both professional and personal living. This paper discusses
the points which are important to maintain good interpersonal skills and
why they should be kept maintained and polished.
Interpersonal Relationship Skills
The relation of the person with other people around him is known as
interpersonal relationship. The skilled interpersonal qualities are very
necessary for living a comfortable life with good social relations. No one is
born with social skills. Everyone learns, perceives and absorb the social
norms and the way of dealing people; which comes with time. The first
school of social learning of a person is home. Home is the first place where
one learns basic etiquettes, social norms and how to deal and respond to
people. The basic learning of person is started and is leant from home. And
since then a journey of learning and improving the social skills is constant.
The social skills and interpersonal skills of a person are experienced when
he enters the professional life. And with time these skills are polished.
The interpersonal skills vary from person to person. There are two types of
people while dealing with people, introvert and extrovert. Each of these
people would be different in dealing with other and thus the relationship,
communication and level of dealing of communication with each type
enhance the good emotions and will make the relationship stronger no
matter what type of relationship it is. When there is mutual understanding
and benefits people tend to be more positive about such relations and to
maintain such interpersonal relationships it is important to value the credit
received and given.
Respect Principle:
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No matter how alike the people are there can be many situations were two
views are shared. When someone has to deal people socially there is
always a presence of different views. And to keep the environment safe,
friendly and healthy everyone should have a tolerance to accept and hear
other point of views. Many times there comes a point when people
exchange views which are different from other, even if someone doesn't
seem to agree then the interpersonal skills teaches us to show tolerance
and acceptance to listen other views. Everyone has a right of freedom of
speech so everyone has right to share their thoughts. So only through
tolerance and respect one can maintain good interpersonal relationships.
Tolerance Principle:
Tolerance means that a person does not care about small minor issues,
and by keeping aside the disturbing issues one can work together for a
common goal and can negotiate the issues separately without letting the
environment and relationship to get spoil. As there is always an individual
difference, everyone has different mindset which brings out different view
somewhere, through tolerance one can only deal with such situations. If
someone had shown harsh behavior or has hurt you then there are two
basic ways to deal with it, first keep a grudge, plot revenge or try to forget
about it and never bother to expect something from that person. A skilled
interpersonal person would prefer the second option and will try to deal the
situations with tolerance.
Moderation Principle:
There should be a health interpersonal relation with people. A distant
relation brings distance and lack of communication where as too much
communication and time together causes irritation, obsession and lack of
sense of space. To maintain a good social interpersonal relation one
should keep a moderate way to deal and communicate with people. So the
degree of relation should be maintained properly regarding the type of
relationship one has. (Elanso.com, 2007)
Misconceptions in interpersonal relationships
The misconceptions between two people can lead to poor communication
and fragile relations. There are many reasons which can bring distance
and bitterness in any relations. Following are some of the reasons which
can lead to misconceptions.
First impression: we often build up the first impression of people very
quickly and those impressions get engraved in our mind which becomes
very difficult to omit. First impression is not the last impression and one
should never judge anyone completely in first impressions. There are many
factors which should be noticed before making an observation about
people. The reason for which I personally think the first impression causes
misconception is that when the person have built a mind set about the
person then it became difficult for him to deal with them. Even if they do
well the other person would judge and make observation in a reflection of
the impression he has built about him.
Error in understanding: there are many reasons which can leads to error in
understanding the person. As mentioned above due to the building up the
first impression very quickly can also cause misconception in interpersonal
relationships. There are many other factors which can cause error in
understanding other person's impression such as the way of delivering or
conveying the message, variety of thoughts and ideas which can also
become objectionable to others.
Pride and self-worth: if any other the person has too much pride and
confidence then it will also militate against the good interpersonal relations.
When the person is head headed then people find it difficult to
communicate with them which lead other people not to open up with them.
Such traits in personality don't let other people to communicate with them
which lead to misconception and lack of good friendly terms.
Barrier in communication: there can be many reasons which can cause
barrier in communication. This barrier in communication between people
causes distance and poor communication. When there is poor
communication the person is not able to communicate their message or
feelings well, which brings out distance in-between people.
Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Interactions
Following are the most basic and noticeable points which causes barriers
to effective interpersonal interactions:
Little gestures and care can bring out the best in any relationship.
Interpersonal relations are very important for a person to live a happy and
successful life. We meet and deal with different types of people. Every
person has different personality. So even if we don't seem to agree or like
other people we should never criticize anyone with sarcasm. Continuous
complaining and whining about others will make the self-image down. And
even if one has to make the other person realize their mistakes then
always chose a moderate decent way to convey the message. Whereas if
someone does something good always appreciate them. Saying nice
about other will bring the element of love and affection. A response of smile
should be given with a smile. These little gestures and concern towards
people bring people together and in such environment its easy n fruitful to
carry healthy interpersonal relations.
Conclusion
Interpersonal skills are very important to maintain a good living. A life of a
person is always surrounded by people. So dealing people with right
attitude is very essential. For maintaining a healthy relationship with people
one should deal other with patience, tolerance and care; one should
always accept individual differences and personality traits of others. And
very often one should do self-analysis so that a constant improvement in
personality should be there. Social skills are only improved when one
ventures to experience now situations. Holding good interpersonal skills
with people is essential for successful living in all stages; personal, social
and cooperation.
The road to success is not straight. There is a curve called Failure, a loop
called Confusion, speed bumps called Friends, red lights called Enemies,
caution lights called Family. You will have flats called Jobs. But, if you have
a spare called Determination, an engine called Perseverance, insurance
called Faith, you will make it to a place called Success." (Bro. Emil Andrew
dela Rosa) Success is the thing that is sought by all people and it is the
completion of anything intended, in other words success is finishing what
you planned to do (Watson, John) , people are asking, what is the road to
success? There are no direct answers to this question; because success
has many different factors determine how an individual will be up for
success (colin turner, 2006). Laing Burns, Jr. said "Success often comes to
those who have the aptitude to see way down the road." (Laing Burns, Jr)
In order to achieve success, there are some methods and skills to achieve
success, first set your goal, second develop yourself and explore your
abilities, third organize your time and self management.
Everyone must have purpose for his life, so first of all a method and skill to
achieve success is to setting your goal. In order to determine the goals that
matter to you, and you will use in your plan, make a list of everything you
wish or dream to achieve in various areas of your life thought this dream
whatever small or large and type it on paper. Writing all your goals on
paper at this stage will expand the horizon of your thinking, so do not try
thinking and how you will achieve these goals; because thinking will
reduce and limit your belief in your ability to achieve them. Also, when you
write a list of your goals you will start to see new opportunities in life were
not see before, and you will find yourself attracted to these opportunities.
(colin turner, 2006) It's important to plan for each goal so focus on what
you really want to accomplish and the reasons why you need to
accomplish them and list your goals through prioritization, also, focus on
the different areas of your life and do not allow fear to stand in your way.
Do not focus on your goals at the same time and try to separate them and
do each one alone .first, do the most important one and then do the next.
(Ashley Ann Serafin, 2009) Moreover, determine your ability to achieve
your goals and ask yourself if you are able to commitment to the goals you
set for yourself no matter what kind of goals? So don't write goals and you
can't do it or you don't have ability to do it. Sometimes you will notice that
you will not achieve the goal the way that you planned. And at times you'll
find that your experience for some creative plans and the actual moment of
taking some steps lead you in directions never imagined before, and are
often greater and more successful than those that you put it in your plans.
This is because the plans were based on the current ability and the ability
change over time. (colin turner, 2006) Also, it's important to do your best to
follow your goals. Because whenever you see your goal in front of you and
you feel that it negotiable to achieve and be realistic, you will persevere to
achieve and move away from the postponement. Experts say that "the
more you feel that your goal is real; it could increase the likelihood of
success in achieving this goal." (Abdulla, 2010)
In addition, also explore your abilities and develop yourself is one more
method to achieve success. To discover your abilities, ask yourself I am
strong in what? What is my strength and what are my skills? What I
concentrate upon? How do I increase my abilities? Furthermore, you must
read and learn and develop yourself always and never. Learn about
yourself and your abilities and learn from life. Also, applied what you
learned, so you will not bring new information only if you applied the old,
and also you cannot be treated yourself, unless you learn from your
attitude. (Kazem Ameli) Moreover, you should identify your weaknesses.
Usually, no one really wants to admit weakness points but, you can't
escape from your weaknesses; you must fight it. However, weaknesses
too can be strengths if put correctly and your weakness should come out
as a problem which is almost solved not a critical and hopeless trait that
cannot be helped. (Identify your Strengths and Weaknesses CVTips.com)The purpose of the knowing the weaknesses are not to
induce misery or frustration, but it opens the door for a great deal of
awareness and improvement. So, don't shy away from weaknesses.
Instead, look at things objectively, recognize and admit weaknesses and
make conscious decisions on what to do about them. (Ben Yoskovitz,
2007) Besides, the more self confidence you have, the more likely it is
you'll succeed .So, you should have Self-confidence. Although many of the
factors affecting self confidence are outside your control, there are a
number of things you can do to build self confidence like focus on
contribution, work out, speak up, compliment other people and sit in the
front row and many other ways. (Erin. Editor, Pick The Brain) Accepting
advice is not always easy. There is Proverb says, "Listen to advice and
accept correction, then in the end you will be wise." (Frdrick Jzgou,
2010) So, think about the advice that giving to you, Say thank you;
someone has taken time to share their thoughts with you and if it's good
advice, go and start implementing it. Moreover, you must learn from your
mistakes, and recognize that you fall in it. And you should have the
courage to admit it to yourself and others and must accept that mistake
and not blame yourself when you fall in line. Also, challenge those
obstacles that stand before you and keep away from your negative
thoughts. If you fall, Arise, then try again and do not remain where you fell,
and not duplicate the wrong. (Girls of Wisdom, 2010) No success comes
without perseverance. Successful are not better or smarter or stronger
from others, but they had their perseverance and their determination
distinctive. (Abdullah Bin Bakhit, 2006) Persistence is the quality of never
giving up when you face challenges, of holding on to your dream, of
refusing to be discouraged no matter what the odds, no matter what
happens. Therefore, you should be Persistent and ambitious as you want.
(Royane Real, 2005) Renewal and creativity go hand in hand, which are
essential to every person, like the daily routine boring absorbs the energy
and enthusiasm of the person; therefore, you have to renew your life, you
will find that successful are keen to develop yourself through several ways,
and are keen to develop your methods to achieve what you want.
(Abdullah Al Muhairi, 2006)
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Another method and skill to achieve success is organizing your time and
self management. It is mean ways by which one had to make the most of
his time in achieving its objectives and create a balance in his life between
obligations and desires and goals. Therefore, we must develop a plan to
become a time management easy and accessible. You should familiarize
yourself with the comparison between the priorities, because the
opportunities and obligations may at the same time brings, which one
would you choose? In short, choose what it deems useful to you in your
future at the same time is not harmful to others. (Eugene Jrisman & Jeffrey
Mayer, 2008) Furthermore, you can use of your leisure time by many ways
such as reading magazine articles or some books, review your list of goals,
break out your notebook and start develop list of ideas for what you want
to do, get prepped for your next task and certainly do not forget to take
some time for yourself to relax and make yourself ready to work again.
(Leo Babauta, 2010) Also, focus and do not confuse your mind in more
than one direction, if you take this advice and applied it, you'll find a lot of
time to do other things more important and urgent. (Eugene Jrisman &
Jeffrey Mayer, 2008) Moreover, manage your time, by draw up a daily
schedule, where you should write the things you plan doing that particular
day. Try to pick realistic time plans for those things and live an extra error
margin, just not too big. (Mike , 2010 ) Also, draw up a weekly schedule,
and put the necessary targets first, as self-development objectives through
courses or reading, or family goals like go out to trip. Besides, use modern
techniques to seize opportunities and achieve success, as well as to
organize and saves your time such as the Internet, computer and other.
(Eugene Jrisman & Jeffrey Mayer, 2008)
To sum up, the above discussed methods and skills that will help you to
achieve success by setting goal and achieving them effectively and
efficiently, and staying focused by prioritizing your main aims. Also, help
you exploring your capabilities and develop yourself through reading and
learning and many other ways, and help to organize your time and self
management. Thus, the road to success has many difficulties and bumps,
but you are able to continue it with determination and resolve. And you can
Since 1600, more than 700 species of plants and animals have gone
extinct, only counting the plants and animals that humans know of (Bryant
2). The mass extinction of endangered species is a major problem in the
world today because of human activity. About 400 animals in the United
States are listed as endangered, and about 160 are threatened. The
human activities that have harmed many species are deforestation and
pollution. If humans continue to cut down forests and pollute the world
eventually, everything living will become extinct.
The Endangered Species Act is the only document in the United States
that protects endangered species. The Endangered Species Act states
when a species is endangered, it is illegal to kill, harm, or take the species
out of a habitat. The Endangered Species Act is not being enforced to the
extent that it should be, which has caused the rate of extinction to increase
50% since life first started. To save the endangered species and their
habitats, the government must create more strict fugitive laws in the
Endangered Species Act on deforestation, pollution, and hunting.
doubled each decade causing a high rate of extinctions to rise. The rights
that humans have are destroying many habitats and the reduction of
resources. In contrasts, many scientists are struggling to fight deforestation
by new methods such as sustainable forestry to help balance the
ecosystem.
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Act (Rainforest 5). The Endangered Species Act has enforced several laws
to help endangered species thrive again. In comparison, the cost to
enforce laws costs billions of dollars. In other words, if the Endangered
Species Act was enforced, the issue of deforestation would be resolved by
a law. This law would focus on sustainable forestry.
For many years, people have cut down trees not knowing how it affects the
whole ecosystem. The ecosystem is made up of every species population.
Every population has a major purpose in keeping the ecosystem balanced.
Cutting down trees can cause extinctions that cause other extinctions in
the food chain. If one link in the food chain happens to become extinct the
populations of diverse species becomes imbalanced because life forms
adapt by feeding on other species' food sources. The consequence of
having an imbalance in the food chain causes animals that rely on certain
parts of the food chain to not adapt to new sources. The species will then
become extinct. For example, the koala bear can only eat certain species
of gum leaves but because of deforestation the quality of the gum trees
has decreased. Therefore; the koala bear has become an endangered
species that is on the brink of extinction (Kingwell 2). Once a species
becomes extinct, that food source is erased from the food chain. The other
species that were eating the food source are now starving and can
possibly die, unless the population of species can adapt to another food
source (Kingwell 2). Today only 6% of the worlds remaining forests are
under protection of deforestation (Arandale 3). Hunting has also been a
major factor in the food chain for centuries causing some populations of
species to be on the edge of extinction.
More than 100 million animals are reported killed by hunters each year.
Some hunting is done solely to acquire trophies or to see who can kill the
most; some are no more than shooting tame, confined animals. Brutally
inhumane weapons such as the bow and arrow are increasingly used. In
all cases, sport hunting inflicts undeniable cruelty. Animal-rights groups
have led the charge to restrict hunting by focusing on eliminating practices
that are unfair. These practices are setting out bait and tracking animals
with dogs. Both of these methods are unfair and cruel to the species.
Some groups like Fund for Animals and the Humane Society are trying to
ban hunting altogether. At the beginning of each hunting season, hunters
are required to purchase license which sets limits on how many animals a
hunter can kill. Congress then passed the Lacey Act which regulated
interstate game commerce.
Supporters of the Endangered Species Act wish for more support to make
the act effective in saving species as well as effective for concerned
landowners. To increase support, citizens can enable state governments
and private land owners to play an enhanced role in saving species rather
than focusing on penalties when a species is harmed or taken from a
habitat. In 2003 over $132 million was spent implementing, and barely 7
percent of fish and wildlife Service's spent $1.9 billion in budget. Many
birds and marine life have disappeared over the past five years and this
will continue if humans do not change by supporting the endangered
Species Act. If people do not do more to solve the problem now, it will
worsen and make the cost in the future higher. The experts are saying that
the population growth and industrial development will only accelerate the
speed of mass extinctions in the future. The speed of mass extinctions in
the next ten years determines the rate that humans are going to pay for in
the future. For example, in Brazil the World Bank has tried to develop
projects that help restore the environment while other industrialized nations
have gone in debt to preserve habitats. Many citizens want to focus on
building up the economy instead of supporting endangered species.
William L. Kovacs, vice president of environmental and regulatory affairs
for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce says, "Let's prioritize what the real
costs are, because our resources are limited. We can spend tons of billion
dollars in trying to protect something that has very little benefit to man."
(qtd. In Cooper 3).These specific quotes from William L. Kovacs describe
how some politicians put the costs of the program above the expense of
the ecosystem of the world. Kovacs says that the government should pay
more attention to the needs of society, even if environmentalists protest
that every link in the food chain is important. Business leaders are also
concerned about the costs of protecting endangered species. Scientists,
on the other hand disagree, such as Harvard Wilson who has been
collecting data on the rate of which several habitats are being destroyed.
The construction of roads, hospitals, housing, and other structures have
been blocked because of environmental concerns. This angers many
citizens (Cooper 7). International and non-governmental agencies are
trying to conserve biodiversity and protect the endangered species but
On the other hand, the Endangered Species Act has had many successful
outcomes and has helped many of the listed endangered species thrive
again throughout the years. The Endangered Species Act are
environmental laws that preserve habitats and rare species. For example
the Marine Mammal Protection Act restricts hunting of seals and polar
bears. The Clean Water Act helps recover waterways and restore fish. The
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