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discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/3213828
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3 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
B. Szabados
McMaster University
78 PUBLICATIONS 325 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
I. INTRODUCTION
to the shaft. The two-frequency method [1] has major advantages over the other methods. It is applicable to both wound rotor
and squirrel cage machines as opposed to Romeiras method
[2] which can be applied to wound rotor machines only. Furthermore, it does not require that all six leads of the rotor be
brought out as in Fongs method [3]. In recent work [7] our
group has established that the two-frequency method did not
lead to good results because of the very high fluctuations of
stator voltage applied and, therefore, the degree of acceptance
of the method is dubious. Moreover, a geared generator and a
multiphase transformer is usually required both rated at the test
machine rating, and the full rated power oscillates at a low frequency into the power system. The investigation of three synthetic loading methods at full-load temperature evaluation using
calorimetric methods has shown the major drawbacks of the
two-frequency method. Results have been compared with the
conventional direct loading method [10]. Unfortunately, these
results are limited to low capacity induction motors due to the
power swing in the power system.
In this paper, a new synthetic loading is proposed. The
assumption made is that motor manufacturers prefer to build
rotating machines used for the test rig rather than buying
special purpose large transformers. The method is based on a
bangbang phase modulation technique to generate a variable
frequency voltage generated by a synchronous generator. The
use of two systems in parallel, one system with the test motor
and one system with a recovery unit, limits the power swing
with the power system to the total losses of the five machines
used.
The method has been proven first by simulation whereby the
constraints of the method have been identified, and it has been
experimentally verified on a test set up in the laboratory.
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The internal air-gap voltage of an unloaded induction machine is very close in magnitude and phase angle to the apand the no load current
is small
plied armature voltage
[Fig. 1(a)]. As the machine becomes loaded, the load angle increases and a larger armature current is produced [Fig. 1(b)].
The principle of equivalent loading is to increase the internal
load angle without connecting any mechanical load onto the
shaft. The two-frequency method [1], [2], [7] essentially uses
one voltage at 60 Hz in series with another voltage at 50 Hz that
is applied to the armature of the machine under test. This voltage
will have a modulated phase angle, causing the rotor speed of
the machine under test to try to follow. The inertia of the rotor
acts as an energy storing device.
Fig. 2. Dual-field winding control. (a) Excitation windings. (b) Resultant flux
control in quadrature.
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It has been shown [7] that the two frequency method sees
variations of terminal voltage between 140% and 60% of rated
value. This range drives the machine into saturation as well as
undervoltage, introducing major inaccuracies in the resulting
measurement. Furthermore, the full rated power swings at the
modulation frequency between the power grid and the test
motor.
III. NEW PHASE MODULATION
A. Principle
The principle of the new phase modulation method is to generate a voltage using a three-phase synchronous machine. The
synchronous machine needs to have a rotor with two windings
with a spatial phase shift, as shown in Fig. 2(a). By appropriately exciting each winding, any phase angle within the range
and
shown in Fig. 2(b) can be achieved for the excitation
field. The modulation in amplitude and phase can be achieved
by appropriately modulating the excitation currents and of
the field windings. A sinusoidal modulation would requires two
precisely controlled dc sources, which is very difficult to implement especially since large inductive values are present in the
field windings.
B. Practical Implementation
A synchronous generator using a wound rotor induction machine is created as shown in Fig. 3. Winding (A) of the rotor is
excited by a controlled source DC1. Windings (B) and (C) are
connected in series and excited with another fixed supply DC2.
Fig. 4 shows that the resultant dc flux created by the rotor windings, represents the direct axis in the synchronous frame of the
machine. By appropriately controlling the current in winding
(A), one can modulate the phase w.r.t. the utility source phasors.
Practically, the source DC1 is switched in a bang-bang mode,
and due to the reactance of the field winding, the excitation current will vary exponentially. The vector diagram of Fig. 4 also
illustrates the range of the phase shift when a bangbang modulation is impressed on winding (A).
The phase modulating synchronous generator implemented
with this scheme is driven by a driver motor fed from the
utility. The output of this synchronous generator feeds the test
motor which, in this single rig implementation, would see the
total power swing go through to the utility connection as described in a previous disclosure [11].
We propose here to use two systems similar to the one
described in [11]. Both systems share the driver motor
(D0) on the same shaft as shown in Fig. 5. Generator G1 of
of the
System(1) is rated at the maximum power rating
test rig (highest motor rating to be tested), and feeds the motor
M1 under test. The test motor could be either a wound rotor
machine or a squirrel cage machine. Both the generator G2 and
.
the recovery machine M2 of System(2) are rated at
If the field modulation of each generator is in opposition of
phase, the power generated by each system is also in opposition
of phase and, therefore, when one system absorbs power, the
other generates it and vice-versa. By adjusting the magnitude
of the excitation swing of generator G2, one can adjust the
SOLTANI et al.: A NEW SYNTHETIC LOADING FOR LARGE INDUCTION MACHINES WITH NO FEEDBACK INTO THE POWER SYSTEM
kg-m
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kg-m
D. Experimental Results
Fig. 9 shows the experimental values of phase voltages and
phase currents in machines M1 and M2. It clearly shows that
both terminal voltages are modulated with the same frequency,
although slightly out of phase are nearly constant in magnitude.
However, the currents in the two machines are of different amplitudes, and also show definite phase differences at each instant
in time, reflecting the power oscillation between the two machines. The computed instantaneous power and the computed
average power or losses in the test machine M1 are shown in
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Fig. 7.
V. CONCLUSIONS
SOLTANI et al.: A NEW SYNTHETIC LOADING FOR LARGE INDUCTION MACHINES WITH NO FEEDBACK INTO THE POWER SYSTEM
Fig. 11.
Fig. 9.
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when the test motor rating is much lower than the rating for
the recovery system, since one has to match the instantaneous
power in both machines. Even if the direct axis of both generators was perfectly aligned with the open-circuit voltage
test, during loading, the internal angles will be different in the
machines because of the different parameters of the attached
motors. Therefore, some power oscillation cannot be prevented
in practical applications without a sophisticated controller.
However, as shown in our experimental verification, this power
swing through driver D0 will be small compared to the rated
power of the machines For practical implementations it would
still be acceptable.
APPENDIX
SYSTEM SIMULATION
Fig. 10.
Fig. 12 shows the usual equivalent circuits with the conventional naming of parameters used for each one of the generators
and motors in the interconnected systems (1) or (2). The left side
of the equivalent circuit contains the lumped stationary compoand
and the right side the rotor quantities of
nents of
referred to the stator. Indices
and
, respectively,
refer to direct quadrature axis and zero sequence, and indices
and
refer to stator and rotor quantities, while
refers
refers specifically to the
to the excitation field. The subscript
excitation of the induction machine working as a synchronous
in the parameters.
generator, generally indicated with indice
Furthermore, is the base angular frequency of the shaft while
and
are the rotor angular velocities of the driver motor
, respectively. The voltages
are calculated
and motors
from the equivalent circuit models of the stator of the generators. Fig. 13 shows the equivalent circuits for the rotors of the
working as synchronous generators.
machines
The fluxes shown on the models are
(A1)
and
(A2)
The induction generator flux equations follow as
(A3)
The field voltages are defined as
(A4)
(a)
leading to
(A5)
(b)
M ). (a)
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Fig. 12. Equivalent circuit for stationary parts and rotor for ( ) and (
Direct axis. (b) Quadrature axis.
(A6)
REFERENCES
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 13. Equivalent circuit for the rotor of the generators. (a) Zero sequence.
(b) Direct axis. (c) Quadrature axis.
Jafar Soltani received the B.Sc. degree from the University of Tabriz, Tabriz,
Iran and the Masters and Ph.D. degrees from University of Manchester Institute
of Technology (UMIST), Manchester, U.K.
Currently, he is Associate Professor at Isfahan University of Technology,
Teheran, Iran, and was on leave at McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
His main area of research is electrical machines and drives.
SOLTANI et al.: A NEW SYNTHETIC LOADING FOR LARGE INDUCTION MACHINES WITH NO FEEDBACK INTO THE POWER SYSTEM
Jerry Hoolboom (M60) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of
Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.
His expertise in electrical machine design was achieved while he was with
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, as Assistant Professor, and Westinghouse Canada, AU: Location of Westinghouse Canada?, where he held the
position of Director of Technology.
He is a registered power engineer in the province of Ontario.
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Barna Szabados (SM87) received the B.Sc. degree from Grenoble University,
Grenoble, France, the Masters and Ph.D. degrees from McMaster University,
Hamilton, ON, Canada.
He is currently Professor of electrical and computer engineering at McMaster
University and is the Director of the Power Research Laboratory. His main interests are power electronics and power apparatus in the field of control, measurement, and modeling of machines and transformers.
Dr. Szabados is a registered P.Eng. in the Province of Ontario.