WORD FAMILY

NOUN
(in) ability
( dis)ability,
absence
absorption
absorbent

VERB
enable

absorb

ADJECTIVE
( un)able,
(dis)abled
absent
absorbent,
absorbtive,
absorbed
acceptable
accessible
accidental

ADVERDB
ably

MEANING
co kha nang

accidentally

vang mat
thm hut
miet mai
say me
chap nhan
phng tien
Tai nn , tnh c

accurately

thc hien /
at c
chnh xac

accusingly

Buc ti

acceptance
access
accident

accept

accomplishme
nt
Accuracy
inaccuracy
accusation, the
accused, accuser

accomplish

accuse

Accurate
inaccurate
accusing

Achievement
achiever
action, actor
act, inaction,
interaction
reaction,
transaction

achieve

achievable

thanh tu

act

acting
interactive

hanh ong

activity, inactivity

activate

(in) actively

addition

add

(in) active
proactive
additional
advantageous,
disadvantaged

advantageousl
y

advantage,
disadvantage
Advertising
advertiser
advertisement
Advice adviser

advertise

(dis)
agreement
agriculture
alphabet

(dis) agree

advise

cong, them
vao
u im

quang cao

advisable:
inadvisable,
advisory
(dis) agreeable
agricultural
alphabetical

khuyen

(dis)
agreeably

ong y
nong nghiep
Bng ch ci

aim

aim

aimless

aimlessly

Mc tiu

amazement

amaze

amazed, amazing

amazingly

Ngc nhin

amusement

amuse

anger
announcement,
announcer

anger
announce

amusing /
amused
angry
(Un)announced

angrily

(dis)appearanc
e

(dis) appear
reappear

appearent

apparently

anxiety
application,
applicant

apply

appreciation

appreciate

appreciable,
appreciative

appreciatively

Tan thanh

(dis)approval

(dis)approve

(dis)approving,

approvingly

khang nh

approximation

approximate

approximate

approximately

Xp x

argument

argue

argumentative arguably
arguable

arrangement

( re)arrange

arrival
art, artist,
artistry
assistance,
assistant
astonishment

arrive

attachment

Attach, detach

astonished,
astonishing
attached,
unattached,
detachable,

attendance,
attendant
NOUN
attention
Attraction
attractiveness
automation

attend

attendant

anxious
applicable,
applied

s lo lang
xin viec,
ng vien

(artistically)

assist

VERB

xuat hien

cai nhau
Sap xep

(artistic),
artful

astonish

lam buon
ci
s gian d
Thong bao

ti, en
my thuat
giup ,
tr ly
lam cho ngac
nhien
Tan cong

tham d

attract

ADJECTIVE
(in)attentive
(un)attractive

ADVERDB
attentively
attractively

MEANING
s chu y
s chu y

(automate)

automatic

automaticall
y

t ong hoa

authority,
authorization

authorize

availability

avoidance

awareness
Base the basics,
basis
Birth bearer

avoid

authoritarian,
authoritative,
unauthorized

Quyen lc

available,
unavailable

San co

avoidable,
unavoidable

Tranh

base

(un)aware
Basic baseless

Bear
(born/born )

bearable,
unbearable

sinh ra

beat, beating

beat

unbeatable,
unbeaten

anh bai

Beauty
beautician
beginner,
beginning

beautify

beautiful

(mis)behaviour
US: (mis)
behavior,

(mis)behave

behavioural/US
behavioral

(dis)belief
(un)believer /
(dis)believer
the boil, boiler

(dis)believe

(un)believable

boil

Boiling, boiled

Soi

Blood bleeding
Boredom bore

bleed
bore

Bloody bloodless
boring / bored

chay mau
lam buon

break,
breakage,
outbreak
Breath breather,
breathing
brother,
brotherhood

break

(un) breakable
broken, unbroken

breathe

breathless

basically

beautifully

s nhan thc
nen tang

lam cho ep
Bat au

begin

brotherly

c x / oi x

(un)believabl
e

boringly

tin tng

v / be

breathlessly

th, ht
Anh / em trai

broadness,
broadth
build, builder,
building

broaden

broad

broadly

burn, burner

Burn ( burnt)

burning, burnt

ot

burial

bury

buried

Chon cat

calculation,
calculator

calculate

tnh toan

calm
calmness
capacity

calm

(in)calculable
calculated,
calculating
calm

care (of)
carefulness
carelessness
care
Cash , cashier
cause
center, centre
(de)centralization
,
(un)certainty
Celebration
celebrity

care (for)

Change
challenger
Cheer
chemistry
chemical
chemist
child

change

choice
Circle,
semicircle,
circulation
Cleanliness
cleaner, cleaning
cleanliness
clearness

choose

cloth, clothes,

clothe

(re)build

calmly

carelessly,

bnh tnh,
em em
kha nang,
nang lc
can than

central

centrally

Tien mat
nguyen nhan
trung tam

(un)certain
celebrated,
celebratory

certainly

(in)capable
careful
careless, caring
, uncaring

cause:

celebrate

(un)changeable
challenging
cheerful
chemical

s chac chan
Ky niem

thay oi

chemically

childishchildlike
childless

clean

m rong,
ni rong
Xay dng

vui len
hoa hoc
chat hoa hoc
nha hoa hoc
tre con

circular

circle, circulate

chon la
Vong tron

(un)clean

cleanly

lau chui, sach

clear, unclear

clear clearly

Lam sach
mac quan ao

clothing
cloud
close, closure
closeness

close

cloudy,
cloudless
closed, closing
close

NOUN
collection,
collector
Colour /US color
colouring/US
coloring

VERB
collect

ADJECTIVE
collective

combination

combined

may

ADVERDB
collectively

coloured,
colourful
discoloured/US
discolored,

common
Communication
communicator
commitment

communicat
e

comparison

compare

competition,
competitor
(dis)comfort

compete

complication

complicate

complaint
Completion
incompleteness
computer,
computing,
computerization

complain
complete

concentration
concern

concentrate
concern

comfort

ket hp

combine
common

MEANING
su tam,
hp tac
mau sac

commonly

pho bien,
chung chung
giao tiep

noncommittal,
committed

commit

Giao pho

Comparative
comparable,
incomparable,

comparatively

so sanh

(un)communica
tive

(un)
comfortable
comforting
common
complicated,
uncomplicated

(un)comforta
bly

(in) complete

(in)
completely

commonly

thi ua, ngi

thi au
lam thoai mai

thong thng
Phc tap

than phien
hoan tat

computerize

concentrated
concerned,
unconcerned

tap trung
Quan tam

conclusion
(pre)condition
conditioner,
conditioning

conclude
condition

conclusive
(un)conditional

conclusively
conditionally,
unconditionall
y

ket luan
ieu kien

confidence

confide

Confident
condential

Confidently
conditionally,

s t tin

conrmation

conrm

( un)conrmed

confusion

confuse

confused,
confusing

connection

( dis)connect

(in)connected,
(dis)connected,

Ket noi

(un)conscious,
subconscious,

Tnh tao

subconscious,
unconscious,
(un)consciousnes
s
conservation
consequence

conserve

consideration

continent
Continuation
continuity

Xac nhan
confusingly

(un)consciousl
y

consequent,
inconsequential

consequently

(re)consider

considerable,
(in)considerate,
considered

considerably,
considerately

contaminate

contaminated
continental
Continuous
continual,
continued
contributory

(dis)continue

contribution,
contributor

contribute

control, controller

control

(in)convenience
convince

continuously

T choi

bao ton
Hau qua

Xem xet

o nhiem
ai luc
tiep tuc

ong gop

controlling,
uncontrollable

uncontrollably

Kiem soat

(in)convenient

conveniently

Thuan tien

convinced,
(un)convincing

convincingly

cook - cooker
-cookery
cool, coolness

correction,
correctness
(Re)count

cook

uncooked

cool

cool

count

(un) countable
countless
(in)correct,
corrective

correct

encourage
(Re)count

cover, coverage,
covering

courageous
(Un)countable,
countless
undercover,
( un)covered

nau an
coolly

Mat
em

correctly,
incorrectly

ung

ong vien

undercover

Che ay

crime, criminal,
criminologist

incriminate

criminal,
incriminating

criminally

Toi pham

critic, criticism

criticize

( un)critical

critically

Phe bnh

crowd,
overcrowding

crowd

crowded,
overcrowded

cruelty
(out)cry

cruel
cry

( sub) culture

Tu tap

cruelly

oc ac

crying

Khoc

Cultural cultured culturally

van hoa
Cha tr

cure

cure

cured, incurable

Custom
customer,
customs
curiousity
cut, cutting

accustom

customary

customarily

thoi quen

curiously

(Under)cut

curious
cutting

To mo
Cat

damage, damages

damage

(Un)damaged

danger

endanger

dangerous

dangerously

s nguy hiem

dare, daring

dare

daring

daringly

Dam

dark, darkness
date

darken
date, predate

dark
dated, outdated

Thiet hai

lam en
Ngay thang

Day midday
the deaf,
deafness
dead, death

deafen
Deaden die

daily
deaf

daily

dead, deadly,
deathly

deadly, deathly

ngay
iec
lam iec
chet

So lng

deal, dealer,
dealings

deal

deceit, deceiver,
deception

deceive

deceitful,
deceptive

deceptively

La gat

(In)decision

decide

(in)
decisively

quyet nh

Decoration
decorator
defeat, defeatism,
defeatist

decorate

(in) decisive
(un)decided
decorative

defeat

undefeated,
defeatist

anh bai

Defence US
defense,
defendant,
defender

defend

defenceless/US
defenseless,
indefensible,
defensive

bao ve

Deep depth
deficiency
denition

deepen

Deep deepening
deficient
(In)denite

deep, deeply

delicate
ADJECTIVE

delicately
ADVERDB

delight

delightful

delightfully

demand

(un)demanding

delicacy
NOUN
delivery,
deliverer
delight
demand,
demands

dene
VERB
deliver

democracy,
democrat

trang hoang

lam sau hn
s giam thieu

indenitely
duyen dang
MEANING
giao,
phan phat
Lam sung
sng
oi hoi

(un)democratic

democratically

Cong hoa

demonstration,
demonstrator

demonstrate

demonstrable,
demonstrative

demonstrate

Bieu tnh

denial

deny

(Un)deniable

undeniably

Choi cai

(in)
dependence
dependant
dependency
description

depend (on)

(in) dependent
dependable

(in)
dependently

phu thuoc

describe

describable,
indescribable,
nondescript,
descriptive

descriptively

Mieu ta

desire

desire

Destruction
destroyer

destroy

(Un)desirable
(un)desired
Destructive
indestructible,

development
Determination
determiner
Developer
(re) development
dictation
(in)difference

develop
determine

difficulty
direction,
director
dirt
disappointment

( re)develop
dictate
Differ ,
differentiate
(re)direct
dirty
disappoint

disaster

developing
(in)determined
predetermined
developing,
undeveloped
(in)different

difficult
(in) direct
dirty
disappointed,
disappointing
disastrous

disciplinarian,
discipline

discipline

Discovery
discoverer
discussion
distance
distribution
disturbance

discover

( sub) division
divorce, divorcee

( sub) divide
divorce

do, doing

do, outdo,

Mong muon
destructively

pha huy

determinedly

phat trien
quyet tam
Phat trien

differently

(in) directly
dirtily
Disappointed
ly
disappointing
ly
disastrously

s kho khan
ch, bao,
thang, gi
s d ban
lam that vong
s that vong
Thien tai
Ky luat

disciplinary,
(un) disciplined

kham pha

discuss
distribute
disturb

oc chnh ta
lam khac

distant
distributive
undisturbed,
disturbing
(in) divisible

distantly

thao luan
khoang cach
phan phoi

disturbingly
phan chia

divorced
done, overdone,

Lam

overdo, redo,
undo

undone

doubt, doubter

doubt

undoubted,
doubtful,
doubtless

undoubtedly,
doubtfully

Nghi ng

dream, dreamer

dream

dream,
dreamless,
dreamy

dreamily

drainage
dress, dresser,
dressing

drain
dress, redress,
undress

( un)dressed,
dressy

dressily

rut nc
An mac trang
iem

drink, drinker,
drinking, drunk,
drunkenness

drive

driving

due, dues

(Un)due

dust
earner, earnings

Lai xe

due, duly,
unduly
dusty

bui
Kiem ( tien )

earn

earth

Earthy unearthly

unearth

trai at

( un)ease,
easiness
economy
economics,
economist,

ease

easy

Easily easy

de dang

economize

Economical
(Un)economic(al)

economically

kinh te

education

educate

educationally

giao duc

Effect
effectiveness,
ineffectiveness
effort

affect

educational,
(un) educated
(in) effective
(in)effectual

(in)
effectively

anh hng

effortless

effortlessly

Co gang

election, reelection, elector,

electorate

elect, re-elect

(Un)elected,
electoral

Bau c

10

Electricity
electrician
electronics

electrify

embarrassment

embarrass

emission
(un)
employment
employer,
employee
encouragement

emit
employ

(un) employed

thoat ra
thue mn

encourage

encouraged

khuyen khch

NOUN
end
energy
engineer
enjoyment
enrichment
Entrance
entrant, entry
environmentalist
entertainer,
entertainment
enthusiasm,
enthusiast
Environment
environmentalist
(In)equality
equipment
erosion
escape, escapism

VERB

ien

electronic

ien

embarrassed,
embarrassing

lam boi roi

energerically

enjoy
enrich
enter

enjoyable
rich

enjoyably
richly

thch
lam giau
bc vao

entertain

entertaining

entertainingly

Giai tr

enthuse

(Un)enthusiastic

(un)enthusiasti
cally,

Nhiet tnh

ADVERDB

environmental
equalize
equip
erode
escape

establish
estimate,
overestimate

event, non-event

Examination

electrically

ADJECTIVE
endless
energetic

end

essence,
essentials
establishment
estimate,
estimation

electric,
electrical

moi trng

(Un)equal

(Un)equally

(In)escapable

(In)escapably

Cong bang
trang b
lam xoi mon
Cha tron

essential

essentially

Thiet yeu

thiet lap
estimated

(Un)eventful,
eventual
Examine

MEANING
ket thuc
nang lng

eventfully,
eventually

S kien

kham xet

11

crossexamination,
exam
excellence
excitement

cross-examine

excel
exchange
excite

excellent
excitable, excited,
exciting,

excitedly,
excitingly

Expectation
expectancy

expect

(in) experience

experience

Experiment

experiment

Explanation
explaining

explain

Explanatory
unexplained,
explicable,

explosion,
explosive
exploration,
explorer
expression

explode

Explosive
exploding

explosively

expressive

expressively

extinct
extreme

extremely

extinctive
extremity,
extreme
extremist,
extremity
fact
failure

expectant,
expecting,
(un) expected
(in)
experienced
experimental

excellently

extreme,
extremist

Trao oi
Hao hng

mong i
kinh nghiem
experimental
ly

th nghiem
giai thch

explore
express

Tuyet vi

no,
bung no
tham hiem
(nha)
Dien at
s tiet chung
iem tot
cung, cc ky

factually

fail

factual
(Un)failing

s kien
that bai

familiarize

(un) faithful
(un) familiar

(un) faithfully
(un)familiarly

famed,
(in)famous

(In)famously

trung thanh
lam cho (ai)
quen viec g
Danh tieng

fat

fat, fattening,
fatty

fatten

Beo

fashion

(un)fashionable

(un)fashiona
bly

thi trang

Faith faithfulness
(un) familiarity
family
fame

fastener

(Un)fasten

12

fault

fault

faultless, faulty

faultlessly

Loi

favour
fear

favour
fear

favourable
fearful, fearless

favourably
fearfully,
rmly
fearlessly

u ai
lo s,
ghe s

Feeling feel,
feelings

feel

(Un)feeling

cam thay

fertilizer
(Non)ction

fertilize
ctional

lam mau m
Tieu thuyet

Fill rell, lling

fill

nal, seminal,
nalist

nalize

full (of) lling

filled (with)
nal

lam ay
lap ay
Chung ket ,
cuoi cung

nish

nished,
unnished

Ket thuc

rmness,
inrmity

rm, inrm

rmly

Vng chac

sh, shing

sh

shy

shily

Ca

t, ttings

tted, tting

ttingly

Va , can oi

x, xation,
xture

transxed,
(un)xed

at

at

atten

ower

ower

owered/owery,
owering

fluency
flight

fly

NOUN
fold, folder
follower,
following

fluent
VERB
(Un)fold
follow

ADJECTIVE
folded, folding
following

Sa cha

at, atly

Bang phang
Hoa

fluently
ADVERDB

lu loat
bay, chuyen
bay
MEANING
Gap
Theo

13

fog
fool,
foolishness
foolball,
footballer
force

foggy
foolish

force

forceful, forcible

forcefully,
forcibly

forgetfulness

forget

forgetfully

form, formation
transformation

Form form,
reform,
transform

(un)
forgettable,
forgetful
reformed

formality

formalize

( in)formal

( in)formally

Trang trong

(un) fortunate

(un)
fortunately

may man

fortune

foolishly

Sng m
ngi ngoc
bong a,
cau thu
Bat buoc

quen,
quen lang
hnh thc

foundation,
founder
freebie, freedom

found

fundamental

free

free

freeze, freezer,
freezing

freeze

freezing, frozen

(In)frequency

frequent

(In)frequent

(In)frequently

Thng xuyen

Freshness
refreshments

freshen,
refresh

Fresh refreshing

freshly,
refreshingly

ti

friend,
friendship
friendliness
fright

befriend

friendly,
friendless

frighten

frightened,
frightening,
frightful

frighteningly,
frightfully

s hai,
lo s

fruitful, fruitless,
fruity

fruitfully,
fruitlessly

Hoa qua

fruit, fruition

freely

thanh lap,
sang lap
T do
ong bang

ban be,
tnh ban

fund, refund,
funding

fund, refund

funded

Quy

furnishings,
furniture

furnish

furnished,
unfurnished

o ac

14

garden, gardener,
gardening

garden

generalization
generosity
gentleness

generalize

geography
gladness

gladden

Lam vn

general
generous
gentle
geographical
glad

generously

gladly

noi chung
rong lng
Nhe nhang
a ly, (hoc)
Vui

glass, glasses

glassy

Thuy tinh

Goodness goods
good, goodies
Government
governor

good

long tot, tot

graduation,
graduate
(In)gratitude
greatness

govern

governmental,
governing

graduate

greatly

ground,
underground,
grounding,
grounds

ground

groundless,
underground

Growth grower ,
undergrowth

Grow outgrow

growing, grown,
overgrown

guidance,
guide
guilt, guiltiness

guide

hand

V ai
Xanh

green

habit
hair, hairiness

thong tr,
cai quan
tot nghiep,
hoc xong

(Un)grateful
great

green, greenery,
greens

hand, handful
handle, handler,
handling

governmentall
y

underground

Mat at

moc len

hng dan
guilty

guiltily

Hng dan

habitual
hairless, hairy

habitually

thoi quen
Toc

underhand,
handy
handle

Tay

15

hanger

(un)happiness
Hardeness
hardship
Harm
harmfulness
head, heading,
overheads
health
hearing

harden

harm

hate
head, behead

hear, overhear

Heart

hanging

hang,
overhang

Treo

(un) happy
hard

(un )happily
hard, hardly

hanh phuc
cng ran,
sieng nang

(Un)harmed
harmful,
harmless
hateful
overhead, heady

harmlessly

h hai,
te hai

hatefully
overhead

cam ghet
au

(un) healthy
unheard, unheard
of

(un) healthily

sc khoe
Nghe

hearty,
heartless
heartened,
heartening,

heartily,
heartlessly

trai tim

heat, hotness
heater, heating
Height heights

Heat overheat

Hot ( un)heated

heatedly

nong

heighten

heightened

, highly

chieu cao

help,
helpfulness
helper, helping
Highness
historian
history

help

(un)helpful,
helpless

helpfully,
helplessly

s giup ,
giup

High

high

historical,(pre)
historic

historically

hold, holder,
holding

hold

home

home

NOUN
(dis) honesty

VERB

hope

hope

horror
hour
House

horrify

lch s
Cam , nam

homeless, homely

home

Nha

ADJECTIVE
(dis) honest

ADVERDB
(dis)
honestly
hopefully,
hopelessly
horribly

MEANING
trung thc

hopeful,
hopeless
horrible
hourly
household

hy vong,
niem hy vong
kinh ngac
gi
Ngoi nha

16

hope,
hopefulness,
hopelessness

hope

human,
humanism,
(in)humanity,

hopeful, hopeless

hopefully,
hopelessly

Hi vong

( in)human,
superhuman,

humanly,
humanely

Con ngi

hunger
hury
hurt

hurry
hurt

hungry
hurried
unhurt, hurtful

hungrily
hurriedly
hurtfully

oi
voi vang
au

ice, icicle, icing

ice

icy

icily

Bang

identication,
identity

identify

identiable,
unidentied

ignorance
illness
illiteracy
illustration
imagination

ignore

ignorant
ill
iliterate
illustrative
imaginary
immediate
important
impressionable,
impressive

illustrate
imagine

Nhan ra

ignorantly

immediately

pht l
benh
nan mu ch
minh hoa
tng tng
ngay lap tc
quan trong
An tng

importance
impression

impress

improvement
inclusion
increase

improve
include
increase

improved
inclusive
increased

inclusively

cai thien
bao gom
Tang

Industry
industrialist,
industrialization
infection
(Dis)infectant
ination

industrialize

Industrial
industrialized
industrious

industrially,
industriously

cong nghiep,
can cu

(dis)infect

infectious

infectiously

Tiem

inate, deate

inatable,
inated,
inationary

influence
Information
informant,
informer

influence
( mis)inform

injury

injure

(un)Informative
(un)informed

(Un)injured

impressively

Lam phat

s anh hng
thong tin

B thng

17

innocence
insistence

Vo toi

innocent
insist

instance, instant

Instruction
instructor
intelligence

instruct

Intention intent

intend

intensify
interest

intensify
interest

interview,
interviewer
interviewee
interruption

interview

insistent

insistently

Nhan manh

Instaneous ,
instant

Instaneously ,
instantly

An lien

instructive

instructively

ch dan

(un)intelligent
(un)intelligible

intelligently

thong minh

(un)intentional
(un)intended
intense
(Dis)interested,
(un)interested,
interesting

(un)intention
ally
intensely
interestingly

y nh
tang cng
Quan tam

phong van,
(cuoc) phong

interrupt

(un)interrupted
intimate
introductory
inventive

intimately

introduce
(re)invent

invite

(un)invited,
inviting

invitingly

involvement

involve

(un)involved

Lien quan

irrigation
item

irrigate
itemize

itemized

lam thuy li
Khoan

intimacy
introduction
invention,
inventor
inventiveness
Invitation invite

jealousy
job
joke, joker
journal,
journalism,
journalist

jealous
jobless
joke

inventively

jealouly
jokingly

journalistic

s than mat
gii thieu
phat minh,
nha phatminh
mi, li mi

ghen tuong
cong viec
Tro ua
Nha bao

18

joy

rejoyce

joyful, joyess

judge,
judg(e)ment

judge

judgmental

Quan toa

juicy

Nc hoa qua

juice, juices
justice
keenness
keep, keeper,
keeping

justify

kill, overkill,
killer, killing

kill

(un)kindness
landing
NOUN
knowledge

keep

land
VERB
know

enlargement
lateness

enlarge

Laughter laugh
Law lawyer,
outlaw
laziness
leader,
leadership lead
learner, learning

laugh

just
keen (on)
kept

joyfully,
joyessly

justly
keenly

vui mng

chng minh
hang hai
Gi

Giet

(un)kind

(un)kindly

ADJECTIVE
knowledgeable
(un) known
(un)knowing
large
late

ADVERDB
(un)knowingl
y

laughable
(un) lawful,
(il) legal

lead

lazy
leading

learn

(Un)learned

legality, illegality,
legalization

legalize

length

late,
lately (gan
ay)
laughably
(un) lawfully
(il) legally

t te
ha canh
MEANING
biet,
kien thc
m rong
tre,
muon
ci, vui ci
phap luat,
hp phap

lazily

li bieng
lanh ao,
nha lanh ao
Hoc

illegal

(il)legally

Hp phap

lengthen

lengthy, long
lengthening

lengthily

Chieu dai

Lie liar

lie

lying

light, lighting
lighting, lightness

light

light, lighten

life

limit
live

(Dis)like, liking

(dis)like

(un) limited
alive, live,
lively
Likeable

noi doi
lightly

ot, thap
gii han
sinh song

likely

Thch

19

likelihood
limit, limitation,
limitations

(un)likely
limit

literature, literacy

(un)limited

Gii han

(il)literate literary

Van hoc

liveliness, living

live, outlive,
relive

live, lively, living

live

Song

local, location,
relocation

(Dis)locate,
(re)locate

local

locally

a phng

lock
logic
loss, loser
loud
love, lover
loveliness

lock, unlock

low

lower

(un) lock
(il) logical
lost
loudly
Lovely
(un)lovable,
loveless
low, lower, lowly

lose
love

lovingly

khoa
t duy logc
mat, that lac
m
yeu, u thch

low

Thap

(il) logically

luck
machine,
machinery,
mechanic
mechanics,
mechanism,
machinist

(un) lucky
mechanical,
mechanized

(un) luckily
mechanically

van may
May

magic,
magican

magical

magically

main
major
(un)made

mainly

yeu thuat,
nha ao thuat
chnh
a so
Lam

human, manly ,
(un)manned,
mannish

mannishly,
manfully

majority
(re)make, maker,
making
Man manhood,
mankind,
manliness
mannishness
management,
manager
manageress

(Re)make

manage

(Un)manageable,
manage,
managerial

an ong

quan ly,
nha quan ly

20

manufacture,
manufacturer
marriage

manufacture

manufactural

(re)marry

(un) married
marriageable
(Im)material
materialistic

Material
materialism,
materialist,
materials,
materialization
mathematics,
mathematician
(im) maturity
mechanic
meaning
meaningfulness
medicine
medication,
medicine
NOUN
meeting
memory
memorial
mentality
method,
methodology
military
militancy,
militant, the
military, militia,
militant,
militarist,
militarism
mind (re)minder,
mindlessness
mine, mineral
minimum,
minimization

miracle
miss
mistake
mixture mix,
mixer

san xuat,
nha san xuat
ket hon
nguyen lieu

mathematical
(im) mature
mechanize
mean

mechanical
meaningful,
meaningless

medicate

medical
medicated,
medicinal,
ADJECTIVE

VERB
meet
memorize

militarize

mind

minimize

miss
mistake
mix

mechanically
meaningfully,
meaninglessly
medically

ADVERDB

memorable

memorably

mental
methodical,
methodological
military
militaristic,

mentally
methodically

toan hoc,
nha toan hoc
s trng
thanh
c kh hoa
co ngha la
y hoc, thuoc

MEANING
gap
ghi nh
tinh than

quan s hoa

mindful,
mindless

tr oc,
t tng

mineral
minimal,
minimum,
minimalist

khoang
Toi thieu

miraculous
missing
(un)mistaken
mixed

minimally

miraculously
mistakenly

ky dieu
Nh , bo l
hieu lam
tron lan

21

modernity,
modernization
moment
money
month
mood, moodiness
moon
moral, morals,
morality,
immorality
mother
motherhood
mountain
Movement
mover
removal, remover
move
murder, murderer

modernize

moralize

(re)move

murder

multiphlication
music,
musician
musicianship,
musicality,
musicologist,
musicology

multiphy

name

(Re)name

nation,
nationality
multinational,
nationalism,
nationalist,
nationality
nationalization
Nature
naturalness
the supernatural,
naturalization,
naturist, naturism
necessity

necessitate

modern,
modernistic
momentary,
momentous
monetary
monthly
moody
lunar, moonless
, amoral,
(im)moral,
moralistic
motherly
mountainous
movable
unmoved,
moving

Hien ai
momentarily

Khoanh khac

morally

tien te
thang
Thc
mat trang
ao c

me

movingly

nui
di di

murderous

murderously

Giet ngi

(un)musical

musically

nhan
am nhac, nhac
s

(Un)named,
nameless
national

namely

Ten

nationally

quoc gia,
quoc tch

Natural
supernatural

naturally

t nhien

(un)necessary

(un)necessarily

can thiet

22

need, needs

need

Nerve nerves,
nervousness

unnerve

news, renewal,
newness

renew

needful
Nervous nervy,
nerveless,
unnerving
new, renewable,
renewed

can,
Nervously
unnervingly
nervelessly

day than kinh

newly, anew

Mi

on ao
Bnh thng

night, midnight

overnight,
nightly, nights

Noise noisiness
normality/US
normalcy,
abnormality
norm

noisy

noisily

normal, abnormal

normally,
abnormally

north,
northerly
, northern,
northward(s),
northbound

north,
northward(s),
northbound

Pha bac

notice

Noticeable
unnoticed

noticeably

chu y

number,
outnumber,
enumerate
numerate

innumerable,
numerical,
numerous
numbered,

normalize

north, northerner

notice
novel, novelist
Number
numeral

Y ta

nurse, nursery,
nursing

nurse

(dis) obedience

(dis) obey

(dis) obedient

occupy

occasional
occupational,
occupied (with)

occasion
occupation
(Dis)order
Offense
US offense,
offender,
offensive

offend

tieu thuyet
So

(in)offensive

(dis)
obediently
occasionally

(in)offensivel
y

tuan theo
dp, c hoi
chiem gi
Yeu cau
xuc pham

23

ofce,
ofcer,
ofcial,
ofcialdom
offer

offer

omission
the open,
opener
opening,
openness
operation,
operator
cooperation,
operative
opposition,
opposite

omit

option

Van phong

(Dis)ordered,
(Dis)orderly

e ngh
bo i
M

open,
opening

Operate
cooperate

operatative

operationally

hoat ong

oppose

opposed,
opposing,
opposite

opposite

oi dien

opt

optional

optionally

T chon

(Dis)order
(dis)organizatio
n
(Re)organization,
organizer

(dis)organize
reorganize

origin, original,
originality,
original
NOUN
owner,
ownership
pack, package,
packaging,
packet,

originate

VERB
(dis)own
unpack,
package

pain
paint, painter,
painting

(un)ofcial

(un)original

ADJECTIVE

to chc

originally

ADVERDB

Nguon goc

MEANING
s hu
ong goi

packed

Painful painless
pained
paint

at hang

(Dis)ordered
(Dis)orderly
organized

painfully

s au n
Sn

24

parents
Part counterpart,
parting, partition
overpass,
underpass,
passage passing
(im) patience
patient
pay,
( re)payment,
payee, payer,
payoff, payback,
payout

part, partition,
depart, impart
pass

parental
(im)partial

partially part ,
partly

ba me
phan, mot so

particular
passing, passable

particularly

(im) patient

(im) patiently Kien nhan

(re)pay

unpaid,
underpaid

peace

pacify

peaceful

perception
( im)perfection,
perfectionist
perfectionism

perceive
perfect

(Im)perfect

Permission
permit,
permissiveness
Person
personality

permit

(im)permissible

Personify
personallize

Persuasion
persuasiveness
pharmacy,
pharmacist
photo,
photograph,
photographer,

Persuade
dissuade

Personal
impersonal,
personalized
persuasive

photograph

photogenic,
photographic

picture

picture

pictorial,
picturesque

pity
place, placement,
displacement,
replacement

place,
(dis)place,
replace

tra, chi tra

peacefully

hoa bnh

perfectly

nam, hieu
Hoan hao

cho phep

personally

ngi

persuasively

thuyet phuc

pharmaceutical

pitiful
misplaced

ac biet
Vt qua

dc s, bao
che thuoc
Anh

Bc tranh

pitifully

ang tiec
Ni chon

25

Ke hoach

plan, planner,
planning

plan

plant, transplant,
plantation,
planter

plant,
transplant

play, interplay,
replay, player,
playfulness,
playback, playoff

play, outplay,
replay,
downplay

playful, playable

playfully

Chi

(dis)pleasure
pleasantry

please

(un) pleasant
(dis)pleased
pleasing,
pleasurable
poetic

(un)
pleasantly

vui long

poetically

Th

poem, poet,
poetry

(Un)planned

Cay

point, pointer,
pointlessness

point

pointed,
pointless, pointy

pointlessly,
pointedly

Ch

poison
(im) politeness
politics,
politician
politicking
pollution,
pollutant
(un)popularity,

poison

poisonous
(im) polite
Political
politicized

poisonously
(im) politely

bo thuoc oc
lch s
chnh tr,
nha chnh tr

population

politicize
pollute

polluted

popularize

(un)popular

populate

(Un)populated,
populous
poor
(Im)possible

poverty
(im)possibility,
the impossible
possession
post, postage
potential
poverty
Power
superpower,
powerlessness

possess
post

(Em)power,
overpower

popularly

Dan so

(Im)possibly

possessive
postal
potential
poor
Powerful
overpowering,
powerless

lam o nhiem
s o nhiem
Pho bien

ngho
Co the

s hu
Bu ien
potentially
powerfully

tiem nang
ngheo
quyen lc

26

Practice
practicalities,
practicality
practicability
practice,
practitioner

Practise
practise/US
practice

precision

(im) practical
Practicable
practised/US
practiced,
practising/
US practicing

(im)
practically

thc hanh

(Im)precise

precisely

Chnh xac

preferentially

thch. hn

preference

prefer

Preferential
preferable,
preferred

Preparation
preparations,
preparedness

prepare

Preparatory
unprepared

Presentation ,
presenter
preservation
press, pressure

present
preserve
press,
pressure/press
urize, depress,
repress

preservable
pressed, pressing,
pressurized

bao quan
Ap lc

prevention
price

prevent
price

preventive
overpriced,
priceless,
pricey/pricy

ngan can
Gia ca

pride
print, printer,
printing

print

chuan b

trnh bay

proud
printed, printable

proudly

t hao
In

Nha tu

prison, prisoner,
imprisonment

imprison

Privacy
private,
privatization
probability

private

privately

rieng t

(Im)probable

(Im)probably

Co the

process,
processing,

process

processed,
processional

Qua trnh

27

procession,
processor
(un)productive
productive,
counterproductiv
e

productively

San xuat

unprofessional

professionally

Nghe nghiep

prot

(Un)protable

protably

Li nhuan

Progress
progression

progress

progressive

progressively

Tien bo

provision
proof
protection,
protector,
protectionism
protectorate
protectionist,
provider,
provision,
provisions

provide
prove
protect

provable
( un)protected,
protective

protectively

cung cap
chng minh
Bao ve

provide

provisional

provisionally

Cung cap

Public
publication,
publicist,
publicity

publicize

Public

publicly

cong cong

publisher,
publishing

publish

( un)published
publish

punishment

punish

punishable,
punishing

punishingly

Trng phat

purication,
purist,

purify

(Im)pure

purely

Trong lanh

produce,
producer,
product,
production,
reproduction
profession,
professional,
professionalism

(Re)produce

prot,
protability,
proteer
proteering

Xuat ban

28

( im)purity
purier
purpose,
purposelessness

purposeful,
purposeless

purposefully,
purposely

Muc ch

push, pusher,
pushiness

push

pushed,
pushy

ay

(dis)qualication
qualier

(Dis)qualify

(Un)qualied

Bang cap

quarter,
quarters

quarter

quarterly

quarterly

Goc , phan t

question,
questioning,
questioner,
questionnaire

question

(Un)questionable

(Un)questiona
bly

Cau hoi

(Dis)quiet

quieten/quiet

quiet

quietly

Yen tnh

Race racism,
racist

race

racial
multiracial,

racially

sac toc

NOUN
rain
rarity

VERB
rain

ADJECTIVE
rainy
rare, rareed,
raried

rate, rating,
ratings

rate, underrate

overrated,
underrated

Ty gia

Reaction
reactor, reactant

React
overreact

reactionary

phan ng

read, reader,
readership,
reading

read

(Un)readable

oc

readiness

ready
(un) real,

ADVERDB
rarely

readily

MEANING
ma
t

San sang
thc te

29

realism, realist,
(un)reality,

( un)realistic

real, really,
realistically

realization

realize

realisable

nhan thc

reason
reasoning,
reasonableness
Reception
receipts, receiver,
reception, receipt

reason

(un) reasonable
reasoned

(un)
reasonably

ly do

receive

receptive,
reciprocal,
received

reciprocally

nhan

recognition

recognize

(un)
recognizable
recognized

recognizably

nhan biet

record, recorder,
recording

record

(Un)recorded

recovery
reduction
referee, reference,
referral

recover
reduce
refer, referee

refusal
relation,
relationship
religion
reliance
regret

refuse
relate

Ghi am

hoi phuc
giam xuong
Tham khao

t choi
lien quan,
ho hang
ton giao
le thuoc
Hoi tiec

relative

relatively

rely
regret

religious
reliable
regrettable,
regretful

reliably
regrettably,
regretfully

regular,
(ir)regularity

regulate

(Ir)regular

(Ir)regularly

Thng xuyen

relation, relations,
relationship,
relative
relaxation

relate

(un)related,
relative

relatively

Quan he

relax

relaxed, relaxing

reliability,
reliance

rely

(un)reliable,
reliant

reliably

(Ir)religious

religiously

religion
the remainder,

remain

remaining

th gian
Tin cay

con lai

30

remains
remark

remark

Unremarkable

remarkably

Nhan xet

removal
(Dis)repair

remove
repair

irreparable

irreparably

di di
Sa cha

repeat, repetition

repeat

repeated,
repetitive/repetiti
ous

repeatedly,
repetitively

Lap lai

report, reporter

report

(Un)reported

reportedly

lap lai

representation,
representative

represent

(Un)representativ
e

reputation,
disrepute

(Dis)reputable,
reputed

research
(Dis)respect,
respectability,
respecter,
respects

research

Response
respondent,
responsiveness

respond

Tang qua

reputedly,
reputably

Danh tieng

nghien cu
Ton trong

respectable,
respected,
(dis)respectful,
respective

(Dis)respectful
ly
respectably,

(Un)responsive

responsively

phuc ap

(ir)responsible

(Ir)responsibly

trach nhiem

rest

restless, rested,
restful

restlessly

restriction
Retirement
retiree
reward

restrict
retire

restrictive
retired

restrictively

reward

unrewarding

richness
enrichment,
riches,
the rich
ride, rider, riding

enrich

rich

ride, override

overriding,
rideless

(ir)responsibilit
y
(Un)rest,
restlessness

han che
Ngh hu
Thng

richly

lam giau,
giau co

ap xe

31

right

roll, roller

(Un)roll

romance,
romantic,
romanticism

romance
Romanticize

(Un)romantic,
romanticized

romantically

Lang man

rough, roughage,
roughness

rough,
roughen

rough

rough, roughly

Go ghe

round, rounders,
roundness

round

round, rounded

round,
roundly

Tron

rotation
royal, royalist,
royalty

rotate

rotatory
royal, royalist

royally

luan chuyen
Hoang gia

rude

rudely

Tho lo

rudeness

right, righteous,
rightful, rightist

right, rightly,
rightfully

ung

right, rightness,
rights,
righteousness
rightist

Cuon tron

rule, ruler, ruling,

unruliness

rule, overrule

ruling, (un)ruly

Quy tac

( re)run, runner,
running,
rundown

run, outrun,
overrun

running, runny

Chay

sadness
safeguard
(un) safety
sale(s)
salt
sand
(dis)satisfaction

sadden
safeguard

sad

sadly

(un) safe

(un) safely

saving

save

scare

scare

sell
satisfy

salty
sandy
(un)
satisfactory,
(un) satisfying,
(Dis)satised
(un) satisfied

(un)
satisfactorily

lam buon
che ch
an toan
ban
muoi
cat
thoa man,
s thoa man
hai long

e danh,
cu song
scared, scary

32

school, preschool, schooling

science,
scientist
score, scorer

school

pre-school,
scholastic

scholastically

Trng hoc

(un)scientific

scientifically

khoa hoc
iem so

score, outscore, scoreless

underscore

Search research,
researcher

Search
research

searching,
searchable

seat, seating

seat, unseat

seated

Secret secrecy,
secretiveness

Secret secretive

searchingly

tm kiem

Cho ngoi
secretly,
secretively

b mat

sight
NOUN
selection
self, selfishness
Sense sense,
nonsense,
sensibility,
sensitivity
shame

see

shake, shakiness,
shaker
shape,
shapeliness,
shapelessness
sharpener,
sharpness

shake

sharpen

sharp

sharp, sharply,
sharpish

Sac

Shock shocker

shock

shocked,
shocking
shockable

shockingly

b soc,
cu soc

shop, shopper,
shopping

shop

shortage short,
shortage,
shortness, shorts

shorten

VERB
select

shame

ADJECTIVE

ADVERDB

selfish
sensible

selfishly
sensibly

shameful,
shameless,
(un)ashamed
shaky

shamefully,
shamelessly
shakily

nhn, xem
MEANING
la chon
ch ky
giac quan

xau ho,
ho then,
s ho then
Lac
Hnh dang

Ca hieu

Short shortish

shortly =
soon
short,

rut gon,
ngan gon

33

shyness

shy

shy

shyly

Xau ho

Sickness sick

sicken

Sick sickening,
sickly

sickeningly

om, benh

sight, insight,
oversight,
sighting signing

sight

sighted, unsightly

Canh

Signature sign,
signal, signatory,
signature,

Sign signal

( un)signed

ky ten

(in)signicance,
signication

signify

significant

significantly

ay y ngha

Silence silencer
similarity
simplicity,
simplication

silence
simplify

silent
(dis)similar
simple, simplistic

silently
similarly
simply

im lang
tng t
Gian d

song, singer

sing

(Un)sung

single, singles

single

single, singular

singly

oc than

skillful
sleepy, asleep,
sleepless
sleeping

skillfully
sleepily

cho ngoi
ky nang
ngu, ngu me
giac ngu

slight

slight, slighted,

slightly

slip, slipper

slip

slippery

smoke, smoker,
non-smoker,
smoking

smoke

smoked,
smoking, nonsmoking, smoky,
smokeless

smoothness,
smoothie

smooth

smooth

snow

snow

snowy

hat, bai hat

sit
skill
sleep,
sleepness
sleepiness,
sleeplessness
slight

sleep

Nhe , hi 1
chut
Trt
Hut thuoc

smoothly

Trn

tuyet

34

society society,
sociologist,
sociology,
socialism,
socialist, socialite

socialize

(un)sociable,
anti-social,
(un)social,
sociological

socially

xa hoi

softness, softy,
softener

soften

soft

softly

Mem

solid solidarity,
solidity, solids
Solution solvent,
solubility,
solvency

solidify

solid

lam cng

solve

(, in)soluble,
(un)solved,
solvent, solve
solvable

giai quyet

south, southerly,
southern,
southbound,
southward,
southernmost

Pha nam

south, southerner

Specialist
special, specialist,
speciality/US
specialty,
specialization,
specialism

specialize

Special
specialized

specially,
especially

chuyen mon
hoa, ac biet

speech,
speaker

speak

unspeakable,
speechless,
outspoken
unspoken

unspeakably

noi

speed, speeding,
speediness

speed

speedy

speedily

Toc o

spelling, speller

spell, misspell

spirit
spoils

sport

anh van
spiritual
(un) spoiled
(un)spoilt

sport

tinh than
hong

sporty,

35

spot

spot

( un)sporting
spotted, spotless,
spotty

stand, standing,
standoff,
standstill

stand,
withstand

standing,
outstanding

statement
(under)stateme
nt

State
overstate

understated

phat bieu

steam, steamer

steam

steamy, steaming

Hi nc

steepness

steep

steepen

sticker, stickiness

stick

sticky, ( un)stuck

stiffness

stiffen

stiff

spotlessly

om

outstandingly

ng

steeply

Doc
Dnh

stiff, stify

Cng

stoned, stony

stop

non-stop

Dng lai

storm
strength
stress, distress

strengthen
stress

stormy
strong
stressed, stressful,
distressing

strongly
distressingly

cn bao
manh me
Ap lc

strike, striker

strike

striking,
strikebound

strikingly

nh cong

structure,
restructuring,
structuralism
structuralist

structure,
restructure

structural,
structuralist

structurally

Cau truc

student, study,
studies,
studiousness

study

studious, studied

studiously

Hoc sinh

stupid

stupidly

Ngu xuan

stone
stop, stoppage,
stopper

stupidity

36

style, stylist,
stylishness

style

stylish, stylistic

stylishly,
stylistically

Kieu

substance

substantiate

substantially

Phu

Success
succession,
successor
suddenness

succeed

(In)substantial,
substantive
(un) successful
successive

(un)
successfully

thanh cong

sudden

suddenly

Bat ng

(un)sufferable

(In)sufferably

Chu ng

suggestive,
suggestible

suggestively

e ngh

suffer

sufferer,
suffering,
sufferance
suggestion

suggest

(Mid)summer

Mua he

summery

supply supplier,
supplies

supply

cung cap

Support
supporter,
supportiveness
supposition

support

supportive,
supporting

supportively

ung ho

suppose,
presuppose

supposed

supposedly

Gia thiet

surface

(re)surface

surface

surgery
surprise

surprise

surgical
surprised,
surprising
surrounding

Be mat
surgically
surprisingly

Phau thuat
lam cho (ai)
ngac nhien
Bao quanh

surroundings,
surrounds

surround

survival, survivor

survive

surviving,
survivable

Cu song

suspicion,suspe
ct

suspect

suspect,
suspected,
unsuspecting
suspicious

nghi ng

NOUN

VERB

ADJECTIVE

ADVERDB

MEANING

37

swearing

swear

The

sworn

sweet, sweetener,
sweetness, sweety

sweeten

sweet

sweetly

swim, swimmer,
swimming

swim

swimming

swimmingly

symbol,
symbolism,
symbolist

Ngot

Bi

Tng trng

symbolic,
symbolist

Sympathy
sympathizer,
sympathies
system,
systematization

sympathize

sympathetic

sympathetic
ally

thong cam

systematize

systematic

systematically

He thong

takings,
undertaking,
taker

take, overtake,
undertake

taken

Nhan

talk, talks

talk

talkative

Noi

talented
tasteful,
distasteful,
tasteless, tasty

tai nang
Nem

talent
taste, distaste,
taster

taste

tax, taxation

tax

taxable, taxing

Thue

teaching,
teacher
teachings
tear, tearfulness

teach

taught

day hoc

(Dis)tastefully,

tearful

tearfully

Nc mat

technician,
technique
technicalities
technique

technical

technically

ky thuat,
ky thuat vien

technology,
technologist
tendency

technological

technologically

cong nghe

tend

tendentious

co khuynh
hng

38

test
thought

test
think

thanks,
thankfulness

thank

thirst
thought,
thoughtfulness,
thoughtlessness

thoughtful,
thoughtless
thankful,
thankless

thoughtfully,
thoughtlessly
thankfully

kiem tra
suy ngh,
y ngh
Cam n

thirsty
thoughtful,
thoughtless

thirstily
thoughtfully,

khat
Ngh

threateningly
tight, tightly
tiresomely

e doa
Chat

threat
tie

threaten
(Un)tie
tighten

threatening
tight

tiredness
title, subtitles,
surtitle, titles

tire
entitle

tired, tiring
titled

tolerance

tolerate

tolerably

top, topping

top

tolerable,
tolerant
top, topless,
topmost

khoan dung,
tha th
nh

touch

total
( un)touched,
touching, touchy

totally
touchingly,
touchily

tong cong
ung cham

total
touch

trade, trader,
trading

lam cho met

au e

Buon ban

trade

tradition,
traditionalist,
traditionalism

traditional

trainee, trainer,
training,
retraining

train

transformation
translation,
translator
transmission
transport,
transportation
transporter

transform
translate
transmit
transport

untrained

transmissible

traditionally

Truyen thong

Ren luyen

thay oi
phien dch,
dch sang
truyen tai
van chuyen,
chuyen ch

39

Treatment
treat,
mistreatment,
maltreatment

Treat

oi x, x tr

treeless
tricky

cay
Ky xao

treat, mistreat,
maltreat

tree
trick, trickery

trick

tropic
trouble

trouble

Tour;chuyen
du lch
Tourist ;khach
du lch
trust, distrust,
mistrust, trustee
trusteeship

(un) treatable
untreated

tropical
Troublesome
troubling

troublingly

nhiet i
lam phien
Du lch

trust, distrust,
mistrust,
entrust

truth

trusting,
trustworthy

trustfully

Tin cay

true, truthful

truly,
truthfully
typically

s that

understandabl
y

hieu

anh may

type, typing,
typist

typify

Typical

Understanting
misunderstandin
g

Understant
misunderstand

Understanable
Understanding
misunderstood

upset

upset, upsetting

Urgency
urgency, urge,
urging

, urge

Urgent

urgently

khan cap

use,
uselessness
usage,
usefulness
user
disuse, misuse

Use
misuse, reuse

useful, useless
reusable,,
disused, (un)used

usefully,
uselessly

s dung,
co ch, vo ch

Value
devalue,
evaluate

(un) usual
(in)valuable,
valueless
undervalued,

usually

value, valuation
valuables, value,
values, valuer,

thngthng
nh gia,
anh gia,
gia tr

vapour

vaporize

vaporous

Buon

boc hi

40

vegetable,
vegetarian

vegetarian

variable, variance, vary

variant, variety,

variable, varied,
various

Rau

invariably,
variously

a dang

Phong canh

view, overview,
preview, review,
viewer

view, preview,
review

violence

violate

visit, visitor,
visitation

visit, revisit

Chuyen tham
quan

vote, voter, voting

vote

Ung ho

want, wants

want

war, warfare,
warrior

violent, nonviolent

violently

Bao lc

wanted,
unwanted

Muon

postwar, warring,
warlike

Chien tranh

warmth
NOUN
wash, washer,
washing,
washout

warm
VERB
wash

warm
ADJECTIVE
( un)washed,
awash

warmly
ADVERDB

am ap, si
MEANING
Giat

Waste
wastage, waster

waste

Wasteful
waste,

wastefully

lang ph

watch
watchfulness
way, subway

watch

watchful

watchfully

trong coi

wayward

midway

ng , loi

Weakness
weakling,

weaken

weak

weakly

lam yeu

wear, underwear

wear

wearing, worn,
wearable

week, midweek

weekly, midweek

Mac

weekly,
midweek

Tuan

41

weight,
weightlessness
weights,
weighting

Weigh
weigh,
outweigh

Weightless
overweight,
underweight,
weighted
weighty,
weightless

weightlessly

can nang
trong lng

west, western,
westerner,
westernization

westernize

westerly, western,
westernized,

west,
westward(s),

Phng tay

white, whiteness,
whitening, whites
whole

whiten

white, whitish

width
willingness,
unwillingness
win, winner,
winnings

Tay trang

whole,
wholesome,
unwholesome

wholly

Ca

widen

wide
willing, unwilling

widely
willingly,
unwillingly

m rong
Mong muon

win

winning

Chien thang

wind
wire, wireless,
wiring

wire

windy
wiry

gio
Day

wisdom
women woman,
womanhood

wise
womanly

wisely

womanize

thong minh
phu n

wonderfully

tuyet vi
go
Bang go

wonder
wood
wool, woollens,
woolliness

wonder

wonderful
wooden
woollen/US
woolen,
woolly/US wooly

word, wording

word, reword

wordy, worded,
wordless

work, worker
workaholic,
worker, workings

word, reword

Working
workable,
unworkable,

lam viec

42

workout

overworked,

world
underworld
Worry worrier

worldly

worth
year
youth

worry

worried,
worrying
worth,
worthless
yearly = annual
young, youthful

the gii
worriedly,
worryingly

youthfully

lo lang,
lo au
gia tr
nam
thanh nien

43

1. Noun (be+adj+N)
- ng sau gii t (of, with, from, to...)
- sau tnh t
- lm ch ng
- sau a, an, the
- sau nhng ng t cn c object
2. Adjective (be+adv+adj+N)
- trc danh t
- sau trng t ch mc
- sau ng t to be
- trong mu cu "it's (ADJ) of someone to...
- sau seem, look, feel, ...
- theo cu trc find someone/something + ADJ
3. Adverb
- trc adj
- theo cu trc S + V + O + Adv
- ng u hay cui 1 cu y cc thnh phn
4. V.ing
- sau gii t
- sau mt s ng t ( suggest, mind, consider...)
- lm ch ng cho cu
- trc danh t v mang nhim v mt tnh t
Noun Endings
Ending Usage Example
-al the act of doing, or the state of betrayal, refusal
-ance/-ancy/-ence/-ency relating to quality, state or condition performance, infancy,
prominence, urgency
-ation action or process of; result of creation, reformation
-ice condition, quality or act cowardice, notice
-er/-or person or thing that performs the action teacher, worker, competitor,
legislator
-graph a writing or record telegraph, polygraph
-ian person or thing politician, amphibian
-ing having the quality of (gerund ending) teaching, working
-ism action or practice, theory or doctrine nationalism, Hinduism
-ist one who, or that which does or has to do with nationalist, typist
-ity state, condition or quality inferiority, confidentiality
-ization nouns formed from verbs; condition, act, process harmonization,
urbanization
-ment the product or result of; the means of achievement, government
-ness relating to quality, state or condition happiness, sadness
-ogy the study of biology, geology
-oid like, resembling humanoid, android
-ory a place for the action of the verb stem dormitory, repository
-ship the state, condition or quality of; art or skill of friendship, marksmanship
-sion/-tion action or process of; condition or state of being; result of rejection,
completion, connection
Verb Endings
Ending Usage Example
-ate verbs from some Latin forms fascinate, participate
-ed forms the simple past and past participle of regular verbs walked, has walked

44

-en verbs formed from adjectives soften, weaken

-er verbs with a habitual or repeated action stutter, canter
-fy cause to be or become beautify, liquefy
-ing present participle and part of progressive tenses walking, is walking
-ise/-ize to cause to become, resemble; make into; to act in the manner of
authorize, sympathize
-s/-es ending of third person singular, present tense walks, runs
Adjective endings
Ending Usage Example
-able/-ible/-ble capable of, fit for, tending to, likely to trainable, flexible
-al relating to, having the nature of musical, personal
-ant in the act or process of doing vigilant, militant
-ed adjectives formed from nouns interested, bored
-ent having the quality of dependent, resilient
-er comparative ending bigger, faster
-est superlative ending biggest, fastest
-ful full of, characterized by beautiful, bountiful
-ic pertaining to, connected with, resembling volcanic, angelic
-ing participial form as an adjective interesting, boring
-istic having the qualities of, formed from realistic, socialistic
-ite derived from some Latin verbs infinite, polite
-ive having a tendency to or the nature of attentive, massive
-ory a place or instrument for doing the main element laboratory, dormitory
-ose full of; like verbose, grandiose
-ous/-ious full of; having the qualities of poisonous, anxious
Prefixes
Prefixes aid in determining the meaning of words. While some prefixes have only one
meaning, others may have more than one, or there may be several prefixes with the
same meaning. It is a situation that helps lead to the richness of the English
vocabulary.
Prefix Usage Example
a-/an- without amoral, anarchy
ad- to, toward, near adhere, advert
ante- before in time or order antechamber, antecedent
anti- against, opposed to antiaircraft, antibiotic
bene- good beneficial, benefactor
bi- two bicycle, bipolar
by- aside or apart from bystander, byproduct
circum- around circumpolar, circumnavigate
co-/col-/com/
con-/cor- together, with, jointly co-author, collaborate, combine, conspire,
correspond
contra- against, opposite contraception, contraband
de- down from, away, off descent, declassify
dia- across, through diagonal, diagram
dis- away from, apart disconnect, disown
epi- upon, above, outside, in addition to epidermis, epilogue
ex- out of, thoroughly exhale, exasperate
hyper- beyond, excessive, extreme hyperbole, hyperactive
hypo- under, beneath, down, less than hypodermic, hypothesis
il-/im-/in-/ir- in, into, on
not illegible, impolite, inoperable, irrefutable
inter- between, with each other interchange, intercede
intra-/intro- within, inside of intramural, introvert

45

mal- bad, evil, wrong malformed, malignant

micro- small microscope, microorganism
mis- wrong mistake, misinformation
mono- one, alone monotone, monopoly
multi- many, much multilingual, multiply
non- not nonentity, nonconformist
ob- against, in opposition objection, oblivious
over- above, on top of, superior overactive, overdraft
peri- around, near perimeter, perihelion
poly- many polygamy, polygon
post- after in time or order postdated, postmortem
pre- before in time or order predict, precaution
pro- forward, toward the front, occurring earlier project, prognosis
re- back again redo, renew
retro- back again, backward retrospective, retroactive
semi- half, partly semiconductor, semiconscious
sub-/suc-/suf-/sup-/sus- under, beneath submarine, succumb, suffocate, support,
suspect
super above, greater, better superfluous
syl-/sym-/syn- with, together, associated with syllable, sympathy, synapse
tri- three tricycle
trans- across, through transform, transfuse
ultra- beyond, excessive, extreme ultramarine, ultraviolet
un- not, opposed to; back unavoidable; undo
uni- one, alone unicorn, uniform
There are many words that have noun, verb, adjective, and adverb forms. A few of
these word form families are given in the chart below as examples. Any good
dictionary will give you the various forms of a word.
noun verb adjective adverb
beauty beautify beautiful beautifully
competition/competitor compete competitive competitively
creation create creative creatively
management/manager manage manageable manageably
nationalist/nationalism nationalize national nationally
nature naturalize natural naturally
notice notice noticeable noticeably
sadness sadden sad sadly
significance signify significant significantly
aCch dng: ph nh t i sau hoc gc t i sau.
V d: atypical, apolitical, asocial, aseptic, asexual = khng in hnh, phi chnh tr,
khng mang tnh cht x hi, v trng, v tnh.
-able
Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi ng t to tnh t. Ting Vit thng dch l d...,
ng..., c th ... c, kh...
Cch vit:
1. T tn cng l e th b e trc khi thm able (c 1 s ngoi l). ee th khng b
2. T tn cng l ate th b ate i trc khi thm able.
V d: lovable, enjoyable, readable, breakable, differentiable, desirable, notable =
ng yu (d thng), th v, d c (c c), d v, (Ton) kh vi, ng ao c,

46

ng ch .
Ch : mt s t c thay i cch pht m so vi t gc (v do du nhn cng
chy i ch khc). Cc bc chu kh tra t in.
prefer - preferrable
compare - comparable
Cch dng 2: kt hp vi danh t to tnh t.
Cch vit: t tn cng l y th b y.
V d: comfortable, miserable, honorable = thoi mi, au kh, ng knh
-ability
Cch dng: kt hp vi tnh t -able tr thnh danh t.
V d: lovability, ability, differentiability, readability
Ch :
1. unable --> inability, unstable --> instability.
2. du nhn lun ability
-ant
Cch dng 1: vi ng t --> danh t ch ngi thc hin hnh ng
Cch vit: nh -able
V d: accountant, servant, combatant, assistant, assailant = k tan, k hu, ngi
tham chin (bn tham chin), tr t, k tn cng
Ch : confidant l ngi c ngi ta tm s ch ko phi l ngi tm s.
Cch dng 2: vi ng t --> danh t ch vt c chc nng m ng t m t
V d: deodorant (ngh c c 1 ci ) = cht kh mi
Cch dng 3: vi danh t --> tnh t lin quan
V d: combatant, tolerant = thuc v nh nhau, kin nhn (bit chu ng)
-ance
Cch dng: vi ng t (thng l tn cng -ant) --> danh t lin quan
V d: performance, tolerance, entrance, assistance = cuc trnh din, s chu ng,
li vo, s gip
antiCch dng: kt hp vi hu ht danh t to tnh t c ngha l "chng, chn,
ngn" hay "ngc li"
V d: anti-Bush, anti-terrorist, anti-goverment, anti-war, anti-clockwise = chng
Bush, chng khng b, chng chin tranh, ngc chiu kim ng h.
anteCch dng: trong tnh t, ngha l "trc", tin t tri ngha l post- (sau)
V d: ante-war (tin chin), post-war (hu chin)
SinoCch dng: ngha l "thuc v Trung Quc, lin quan ti Trung Quc, v pha Trung
Quc"
V d: Sino-Vietnamese relations (quan h Vit - Trung), Sino-Japanese War (chin
tranh Trung - Nht), Sino-Soviet (X - Trung)
Ch : cc tin t sau c ngha tng t: Filipino- (Philppin), Anglo- (Anh),
Hispano- (Ty Ban Nha), Indo- (n ), v.v.
========================================

47

aeroCch dng: xut hin trong nhng t c ngha l "khng trung, bng ng khng"
V d: aerodrome (sn bay), aerodynamic (kh ng lc), aeronaut (phi hnh gia),
aeroengines (ng c my bay), aerograph (biu ng hng khng)
-age
- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi ng t to thnh danh t lin quan
- VD: assemblage (s tp hp), blockage (s tc nghn), shortage (s thiu ht),
seepage (s r qua), shrinkage (s co li), wreckage (s nt, ng nt),
storage (s tn tr)
- Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch n v o lng to thnh danh t mi. Danh t
ny ni n khong lng
- VD: mileage (tng s dm i), poundage (lng cn), tonnage (trng ti tnh
bng tn. Cars with high mileage should not be driven. = Xe chy nhiu mile ri
khng nn chy na (= nn mua xe mi )
agro- Trong cc t c ngha l "t" hay "nng nghip"
- VD: agrochemical (ha cht trong nng nghip), agronomy (nng hc), agrology
(th nhng hc)
-aholic, -oholic
- Kt hp vi danh t to danh t mi ngha l "ngi nghin"
- VD: chocoholic (ngi nghin scla), workaholic (ngi ham lm vic), shopaholic
(ngi hay mua sm), cashaholic (k hm tin), bookaholic (k mt sch)
- Ch : nhng t ny xut hin nhiu trn bo ch, tra t in cha chc c.
anthrop- Trong cc t c ngha l "ngi, con ngi"
- VD: anthropology (nhn chng hc), philanthropic (nhn c, phi- c ngha l "tt,
hay, t t")
aqua- Trong cc t c ngha l "nc"
- VD: aqualung (bnh hi th ln), aquarium (h c cnh)
arch- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi cc danh t ch tc v trong gii qu tc hoc gio hi
to danh t mi ch ngi c a v cao nht, c ngha l "tng, i"
- VD: archbishop (tng gim mc), archduke (i cng tc), archangel (tng lnh
thin thn)
- Cch dng 2: kt hp vi danh t tuyt i ha danh t
- VD: arch-enemy (k th khng i tri chung), arch-rival (i th s mt), archtraitor (k phn phc), arch-villain (tn cn khn nn), arch-exploiter (k bc lt
qu sc)
-archy
- Trong cc t c ngha l "s cai tr" hoc "chnh ph"
- VD: anarchy (tnh trng v chnh ph), matriarchy (ch mu h, matr- c ngha
l "m, mu"), patriarchy (ch ph h, patr- c ngha l "cha, ph")

48

astr- Trong cc t c ngha l "sao, ngi sao" hoc "khng gian"

- VD: astrology (chim tinh), astronaut (nh du hnh), astrophysics (vt l khng
gian), astronomy (thin vn hc)
-based
- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi danh t thnh tnh t. Tnh t ny din t mt s vt
m thnh phn quan trng v ni bt l danh t gc.
- VD: acid-based powder (bt c thnh phn chnh l axt), coal-based industrial
economy (kinh t cng nghip da vo khai thc than l chnh), market-based (theo
th trng), computer-based TOEFL (TOEFL thi trn my tnh, tri vi paper-based l
thi trn giy)
-Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch ni chn to tnh t. Tnh t ny din t s vic
c t chc hoc xut x t ni . Ting Vit dch nm na l "..."
- VD: British-based engineering group (nhm c kh Anh), home-based industry
(nn cng nghip sn xut t gia), Reuters is the London-based news agency
(Reuters l 1 hng thng tn t ti London), ground-based telescopes (knh thin
vn t trn mt t)
bi- Cch dng 1: Trong cc t c ngha l "hai, i, song"
- VD: bifocals (knh 2 trng), bilateral (song phng), bigamy (ch song phu hoc
song th), bilingual (song ng)
- Cch dng 2: kt hp vi 1 tn s thi gian ch "bao lu hai ln"
- VD: , bi-monthly (mt thng 2 ln), bi-weekly (1 tun 2 ln).
- Ghi ch: bit c ngha ca bi- gip ta phn bit c biannual (1 nm 2 ln) v
biennial (2 nm 1 ln)
bio- Trong cc t c ngha l "sinh vt, i sng, s sng" hay "thuc v sinh hc"
- VD: biology (sinh hc), antibiotics (thuc khng sinh), biochemical (ha sinh),
biochip (con chip sinh hc), biography (tiu s), symbiotic (cng sinh, sym- c ngha
"ng, cng")
cardio- VD: cardioid (hnh tim), cardiac (thuc v tim), cardiograph (my in tm )
chron- Ch "thi gian"
- VD: chronicle (s bin nin), chronic (kinh nin), anachronistic (li thi)
-cide
- Trong cc danh t c ngha l "git"
- VD: homicide (ti git ngi), infanticide (ti git tr con), insecticide (thuc dit
cn trng), pesticide (thuc tr su), herbicide (thuc dit c), genocide (ti dit
chng)
circum- C ngha "vng quanh"
- VD: circumspect (thn trng, gc spect ngha l "nhn"), circumference (chu vi),

49

circumlocution (s quanh co)

co- C ngha "ng, cng"
- VD: co-author (ng tc gi), co-founder (ng sng lp vin), co-exist (cng tn
ti, tn ti song song)
counter- Vi ng t v danh t. C ngha "phn li, chng li, ngc li"
- VD: counter-attack (phn cng), counterstrike (phn cng), counter-terrorism
(chng khng b), counterblow (c m tr), counterfire (bn tr), counterproductive (phn tc dng), counter-clockwise (ngc chiu kim ng h)
- Ghi ch: anti- cng c ngha tng t nhng nh hn. C ngi phn bit antiterrorism c ngha l "chng v quan im m ko lm g", cn counter-terrorism c
ngha l "chng i km vi hnh ng (v lc chng hn)"
-craft
- Cch dng 1: vi danh t hoc hin ti phn t to danh t mi. Danh t mi
ny ni v "phng tin di chuyn"
- VD: aircraft (my bay), hovercraft (thy phi c), landing-craft (tu b),
spacecraft (tu khng gian)
- Cch dng 2: vi danh t, ngha l "kh nng, k nng, k thut"
- VD: filmcraft (k thut phim nh), bushcraft (k thut chm bn cy cnh),
needlecraft (k nng may v), witchcraft (ma thut, yu thut), woodcraft (ti i
rng; ngh mc), statecraft (s qun l nh nc)
cross- Cch dng 1: ngha l "xuyn, xuyn sut, xuyn qua"
- VD: a large cross-national survey (cuc thm d trn c nc), cross-border
(xuyn bin gii), cross-town (xuyn tnh thnh), cross-country (xuyn min ng
qu)
- Cch dng 2: ngha l "cho"
- VD: cross-reference (tra cu cho), cross-cultural study (cuc nghin cu v s
tng tc, ha nhp vn ha), cross-breed (ging lai cho)
crypto- Ngha l "ngm, b mt, cha uc bit"
- VD: crypto-coalition (lin qun b mt), crypto-fascist (tn pht xt b mt), cryptodemocrat (ng vin ng Dn ch ngm)
-cy
- Cch dng 1: vi tnh t (thng tn cng l T)--> danh t lin quan ch "tnh
trng, trng thi".
- Cch vit: b T hay TE cui t gc trc
- VD: accuracy (s chnh xc), privacy (s ring t), dependency (s ph thuc),
infancy (la tui s sanh), proficiency (s tinh thng), hesitancy (s do d)
- Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch ngi --> danh t mi ch "tc hiu, chc v" hay
"ngh"
- VD: presidency (chc tng thng), accountancy (ngh k ton), piracy (ngh n
cp), bureaucracy (s quan liu), captaincy (bc i y), candidacy (s ng c)

50

de- CD1: Vi ng t --> ng t ch hnh ng i nghch li ng t gc

- VD: deactivate (v hiu ha), deallocate (t ny trong ngnh Tin, ko bit ),
decentralize (phn quyn v a phng), decompress (bung nn), decontaminate
(kh nhim), decouple (tch ra), de-emphasize (khng nhn mnh), decolonize (tr
li c lp), decongest (lm cho lu thng, ht tc nghn), dehydrate (loi nc)
- CD2: vi danh t --> "xa b, ty tr"
- VD: debug (tm v sa li), defrost (lm tan bng), descale (nh vy), de-skill
(coi thng)
deca- Ngha l "mi, thp"
- VD: decagon (hnh thp gic), decahedron (khi thp din), decametre ( = 10
metres)
My ci ny gp trong n v o lng hoi, chc ai cng bit --> khi ni na
demi- Ngha l "bn, 1 na"
- VD: demi-god (na ngi na thn), demi-world (na th gii)
derm- ngha l "da, b"
- VD: dermal (thuc da), dermatitis (vim da), dermatology (khoa da liu),
epidermis (lp biu b, epi c ngha l " trn, b mt")
dis- Vi danh t (c khi tnh t) hay ng t --> ch "s i nghch, tri ngc"
- VD: disconnect, disagree (bt ng), disallow (ko cho fp), disarm (gii gip),
disband (gii tn), discredit (lm mt uy tn), disprove (phn chng, bc b),
disobey (ko nghe theo), dislike (ko thch), disadvantage (s bt li), disorder (s ln
xn), disrespect (s bt knh), dissimilar (khc nhau)
-dom
- "Tnh trng, trng thi" (tru tng ha danh t hoc tnh t)
- VD: freedom, stardom (gii ngi sao), princedom (tc hong thn), wisdom (s
thng thi), martyrdom (s t v o)
dys- "khc thng, bnh hon, kh chu"
- VD: dysfunction (ri lon), dysentery (bnh l), dystrophy (s yu c bp)
eco- Lin quan ti "mi sinh, sinh thi"
- VD: ecology (sinh thi hc), ecosystem (h sinh thi), ecosphere (sinh quyn),
eco-disaster (thm ha sinh thi)
-ectomy
- Vi danh t ch b phn c th, thng trong cc t y hc, ngha l "phu thut ct
b" b phn m danh t gc cp
- VD: appendectomy (PTCB rut tha), splenectomy (PTCB l lch), tonsillectomy
(PTCB amian)

51

-ee
- Vi ng t --> danh t ch ngi nhn hnh ng .
- VD: interviewee (ngi c phng vn), trainee (thc tp vin), employee (nhn
vin), addressee (ngi nhn th), appointee (ngui c b nhim), examinee (th
sinh)
- Ghi ch:
1. du nhn lun lun vn EE
2. tri ngha vi gc ny l ER (ngi thc hin hnh ng), VD: trainer, examiner,
interviewer, employer.
3. Vi 1 s ng t th li c ngha l "ngi thc hin hnh ng" (c thy tu cha?
): devotee (ngi nhit tnh), returnee (ngi tr v), retiree (ngi v hu),
escapee (k o tu), divorcee (ngi li d)
em-, en- Vi danh t hoc tnh t --> "lm cho" c c tnh m danh hoc tnh t m t
- VD: enrich (lm giu thm), enfeeble (lm cho yu t), enjoy (thng thc),
ensure (bo m), entitle (t ta)
-en
- Vi tnh t --> ng t, ngha l "lm cho"
- VD: darken, blacken, sharpen, sadden, strengthen, moisten
- Ghi ch: 1 s t c c 2 gc en- v -en ---> li tu na
VD: enlighten (lm sng t), enliven (lm si ni)
equi- "bng, bng nhau"
- VD: equidistant (c khong cch bng nhau), equilateral (u, trong Hnh hc)
-ery
- Ch "ni chn"
- VD: bakery (l bnh m), nursery (nh tr), nunnery (nh dng n), winery (nh
my ru)
-ese
- Trong tnh t ni v ci cht in hnh, hay "phong cch" ca danh t m n kt
hp
- VD: Americanese (phong cch ngi M), journalese (vn vit bo, vn phong nh
bo), officialese (ging iu quan liu)
- Du nhn lun ESE.
-esque
- Vi danh t ---> tnh t ch "mang phong cch", hay "ging nh phong cch" ca
danh t gc
- VD: Beethovenesque (ging nhc ca Beethoven), Tarzanesque, picturesque (p
nh tranh)
- Du nhn lun ESQUE
-ess
- Vi danh t ---> danh t ging ci
- VD: lioness (s t ci), tigress (cp ci), hostess (n gia ch), actress, waitress (n
hu bn)
ex- Vi danh t ---> ch "cu, c"

52

- VD: ex-wife (v c), ex-chairman (cu ch tch), ex-pupil (cu hc sinh)

extra- CD1: vi tnh t --> "rt"
- VD: extra-fine (rt mn), extra-bright (rt sng), extra-large (rt rng), extra-long
- CD2: "ngoi, ngoi"
- VD: extra-curricular (ngoi kha), extra-European (ngoi Chu u), extraterrestrial (ngoi tri t), extra-marital (ngoi hn nhn), extra-territorial (ngoi
lnh th)
-first
- Kt hp vi danh t ch b phn c th to trng t (adverb) ch "theo hng
ca b phn "
- VD: fall head-first (ng chi u). When gorillas descend, they do so feet-first,
lowering themselves with their arms. (Khi kh tut xung, chng tut chn xung
trc ri h thp ngi bng cnh tay.)
-fold
1. Vi s m -> tnh t ch gp bao nhiu ln
- VD: twofold (gp i), fourfold (gp t)
2. Vi s m -> tnh t ch c bao nhiu thnh phn quan trng.
- VD: The aims of the new organization are eight-fold. (Mc tiu ca t chc mi c
8 phn.)
fore- Ngha l "trc", "pha trc ca"
- VD: forearm (cnh tay), foredeck (boong tu pha trc), forefoot (chn trc),
forepart (phn trc), forefathers (t tin), foresee (thy trc), forewarn (cnh bo
trc), foreword (li ni u)
Franco- "Thuc v Php"
-free
- Vi danh t -> tnh t ch "khng c trong thnh phn"
- VD: cholesterol-free cooking oil (du n khng cha cholesterol), meat-free diet
(ch n king khng tht), risk-free investment (s u t khng ri ro), carefree
(v t l), debt-free (khng mc n)
- Ghi ch: -less cng c ngha l "khng c", nhng khc vi -free ch -less ch
"ng ra phi c m khng c". VD: careless (bt cn, ng l phi "care" nhng
khng "care"), carefree (khng "care" g ht, v t l), a childless couple = 1 cp v
chng khng c con (mun c con m khng c), a childfree couple = 1 cp v
chng khng (mun) c con (khng mun b con ci rng buc)
-ful
- Vi danh t ch vt cha --> danh t mi ch s o lng
- VD: a teaspoonful of salt (mt mung mui), a boxful of chocolates (mt hp y
scla), mouthful (y 1 ming), handful (y 1 nm tay)
full- "ton, trn, ht mc"
- VD: full-color (ton l mu, y mu), full-size (c ln), full-year (trn nm)
geo-

53

- "t"
- VD: geography (a l hc), geology (a cht hc), geophysics (vt l hc a cu)
-gon
- "gc"
- VD: decagon (hnh thp gic), polygon (hnh a gic, poly- = nhiu, a), hexagon
(hnh lc gic)
-graph
- ch "v", "thu", "vit
- VD: autograph (ch k), photograph (hnh chp)
great- Vi danh t ch thnh vin trong gia nh -> danh t mi ch thnh vin cch hai
hay nhiu th h vi bn (ch khng phi danh t gc).
- VD: great-grandmother (b c), great-aunt (b thm), great-grandson (chu c),
great-great-great-great-grandfather (????????)
haem- "mu"
- VD: haematology (huyt hc), haemoglobin (huyt cu t)
half- Vi danh t ch thnh vin trong gia nh --> mi quan h khng phi cng cha v
m
- VD: half-brother (anh/em trai cng cha khc m (hay cng m khc cha)
-hand
1. "tay cm"
- VD: cup-hand (tay cm tch), gun-hand (tay cm sng). The blond man held his
bloody knife-hand over him. (G tc vng cha tay cm dao vy y mu vo chng)
2. "ngi lm"
- VD: cowhand (ngi qun l b sa), factory-hand (ngi lm trong nh my),
fieldhand (ngi lm vic trn ng)
-headed
- vi tnh t -> "c u c"
- VD: big-headed (kiu ngo), empty-headed (dt), hard-headed (cng u), softheaded (kh kho), level-headed (im m)
hetero- "khc", tri vi "homo"
- VD: heterodox (khng chnh thng), heterosexual (tnh dc khc gii),
heterogeneous (hn tp)
hom-, homo- "ng, cng"
- VD: homosexual (ng tnh), homogeneous (ng nht), homonym (t ng m
khc ngha)
-hood
1. Vi danh t ch ngi --> danh t mi ch tnh trng, thi im mt vic kinh
qua. i khi nm na ch "thi..."
- VD: adulthood (tui trng thnh), bachelorhood (tnh trng c thn), girlhood
(thi con gi), childhood (thi th u), studenthood (thi sinh vin), wifehood (cng

54

v lm v, s lm v), parenthood (cng v lm cha m)

2. "tnh"
- VD: brotherhood (tnh anh em), sisterhood (tnh ch em), neighborhood (tnh hng
xm)
hydr- "nc"
- VD: hydrant (vi nc cha chy), hydro-electric (thy in), hydro-power (thy
lc), hydrology (thy hc), hydrophobia (chng s nc, phobia- = chng s)
hyper- "qu mc cn thit", i khi dng nh super- VD: hyper-active child (a b qu hot bt), hypersensitive (qu nhy cm),
hyperdevoted (qu tn tm)
hypo- " di"
- VD: hypodermic (di da, derm- = da)
-ian
1. Ch ngi lm cng vic
- VD: beautician (chuyn vin sc p), comedian (ngh s hi), historian (s gia),
magician (nh o thut, ph thy), mathematician (nh ton hc)
- Du nhn lun vn ngay trc -ian: mathemaTICian
2. Vi danh t ring --> danh t hoc tnh t ch "theo phong cch ca ngi ,
chu nh hng ca ngi "
- CV: tn cng l E thung kt hp vi -AN hn l -IAN
- VD: Darwinian (theo hc thuyt c-uyn, Shakespearean (thuc Shakespeare),
Victorian clock (ng h thuc thi Victoria), Jeffersonian democracy (nn dn ch
theo hc thuyt Jefferson)
-iana, -ana
- Vi danh t ch ngi hoc ni chn --> danh t mi ch "tp hp vt th hay tin
tc lin quan ti danh t gc"
- VD: the middle-class disdain for Americana (thi coi thng ca giai cp trung
lu i vi hng Hoa K), the display of Wellingtoniana (s trng by nhng tc
phm ca Wellington)
-ibility
- To danh t t tnh t tn cng -ible
- VD: possible -> possibility, eligible -> eligibility (d c)
-ible
- Nh -able
- CV: trc khi thm -ible: tn cng l E -> b E, tn cng D hay DE -> chuyn
thnh S, tn cng l IT th chuyn thnh ISS
- VD: collapse -> collapsible (c th gp li), divide -> divisible (c th chia c,
chia ht cho), permit -> permissible (chp nhn c)
-ic
- To tnh t lin quan danh t gc, thng i vi danh t tn cng bng -IST
- VD: demon -> demonic (thuc ma qu), atomic (thuc nguyn t), diplomatic
(ngoi giao), symbolic (tng trng), optimist (ngi lc quan) -> optimistic,
moralist (ngi c hnh) -> moralistic, capitalistic (theo ch ngha t bn)

55

-ics
- Trong t c ngha lin quan ti mt b mn hay ngnh khoa hc
- VD: physics, athletics, politics, acoustics (m hc), electronics (in t hc)
-ide
- C trong nhng t ch hp cht ha hc
- VD: bromide (cht brm), cloride (cht clorua), hydroxide (hirxit), oxide (xt)
-ify
- To ng t lin quan danh t hoc tnh t gc.
- VD: classify (phn loi), falsify (gi mo), horrify (lm khip s), intensify (tng
cng), purify (lm tinh khit), simplify (n gin ha), solidify (lm cho rn li;
on kt)
il-, im-, in-, ir- Dng rt thng dng ph nh tnh t gc
- CV: IL- ch i vi tnh t bt u bng L, IR- ch i vi tnh t bt u bng R, IMthng i vi tnh t bt u bng M hay P, cn i vi IN- th l A hoc C, D hoc S.
- VD: illegal (phm php), illegible (kh c), illiterate (m ch, khng bit ch),
illogical (phi l), immature (non nt), impatient (khng kin nhn), impossible (bt
kh thi), imperfect (khng hon ho), impratical (khng thc t), inaccurate (khng
chnh xc), incorrect (khng ng), insecure (khng an ton), irresponsible (v trch
nhim), irregular (khng theo quy lut), irrational (phi l)
Indo- "thuc v n "
infra- "di, di"
- VD: infra-red (tia hng ngoi), infrasonic (siu m), infrastructure (c s h tng)
inter1. Vi danh t --> tnh t ch lin quan gia ci ny vi ci khc
- VD: inter-city (lin thnh ph, gia cc thnh ph vi nhau), intercontinental (lin
lc a), international (quc t, gia cc nc), interstate (gia cc bang, lin bang)
2. Vi ng t, danh t, tnh t --> ng/danh/tnh t mi ch s lin kt
- VD: interlock (mc vo nhau, ***g vo nhau), interact (tng tc), interlink (ni
lin nhau), intertwine (xon vi nhau), interchange (trao i), interplay (s phi
hp), interdependence (ph thuc ln nhau)

56