Chapter3 DC-DC Converters 2016

EE2025: Power Electronics
Chapter 3: DC-DC Converters
MCH5001: Power Electronics Jan. 2013 SK Panda
Learning Objectives and Outcomes
Learning Objectives:
Understand about basic principles of operation of linear
and switched-mode DC-DC Converters.
Understand the classifications of DC-DC Converters.
Understand the principles of operation of non-isolated
DC-DC converters such as buck, boost and buck-boost
types.
Understand the basic principles of operation of isolated
DC-DC converter such as forward converter.
Applications of DC-DC Converters.
Learning outcome
You should be able to design a suitable DC-DC converter
for any given application.
EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda
Chap. 3 - 2
Introduction
DC-DC converters are widely used in applications
such as regulated dc power supplies and dc motor
drives.
Input to these converters is unregulated dc voltage
mainly obtained by rectification of single or three
phase AC supply voltages at line (supply)
frequency. Alternatively, it could be from a DC
source such as battery or PV panel.
DC-DC converters can be considered as an
equivalent of transformer in DC circuits either to
step-up or step-down DC voltage levels.
Chap. 3 - 3
Battery
1 -
AC I/P
Diode
bridge
rectifier
Unregulated
dc
Filter
Unregulated
dc
Regulated &
variable dc
DC-DC
Converter
Load
control
voltage
Figure 3.1 A DC-DC converter system
The main function of the dc-dc converter is to: convert

unregulated dc voltage into a regulated (controlled) dc
output voltage which can be maintained constant at the
desired value irrespective of the supply voltage or load
variation.
Chap. 3 - 4
Figure 3.2 An AC-DC converter system
Chap. 3 - 5
Figure 3.3 A DC-DC converter system

Chap. 3 - 6
The dc-dc converter can be either a linear regulator

type or of switching converter type.
+ vCE
Vs
RL
ic
ic
+
Vo
-
+
Vo
-
Vs
RL
Figure 3.4 A basic linear DC-DC converter system
The main drawback of linear regulator is

inefficiency an alternative is to use switching
converter that is highly efficient.
Chap. 3 - 7
Figure 3.5 A basic

DC-DC
switching
converter system
Chap. 3 - 8
Linear Power Supplies
Figure 3.6
Very poor efficiency and large weight and size.

Chap. 3 - 9
Switching DC Power Supply
Figure 3.7
High efficiency and small weight and size

Chap. 3 - 10
Switching DC Power Supply: Multiple Outputs
Figure 3.8
In most applications, several dc voltages are required, possibly

electrically isolated from each other.
Chap. 3 - 11
Classification of DC-DC Converters

Non-isolated dc-dc converters
Buck (Step-down)
Boost (step-up)
Buck-Boost (Step-down/up)
Isolated dc-dc converters
Flyback
Forward
Half- and Full-Bridge
Chap. 3 - 12
Alternatively, depending on the direction of the

output current and polarity of the output voltage
the DC/DC converter (choppers) can also be
classified as:
Class-A (single-quadrant, Q-I)
Class-B (single-quadrant, Q-II)
Class-C (two-quadrants, Q-I & Q-II)
Class-D (two-quadrants, Q-I & Q-IV)
Class-E (four-quadrants)
in the current-voltage two dimensional plane.
Chap. 3 - 13
Figure 3.9 Classification of choppers by quadrants of operation

Chap. 3 - 14
Class A: Both vO and iO are positive, giving rise to

single- quadrant operation in quadrant-1. Also
called as step-down chopper as the output voltage
is always less than the input voltage.
Class B: vO > 0 and iO < 0 . This is also a single
quadrant chopper but operates in the secondquadrant. Since pO = vO iO 0 power flow is
always from the load to the source. As the power
flow is from the lower load voltage vO to a higher
voltage Vs, this chopper is also referred to as stepup chopper.
Chap. 3 - 15
Class C: vO > 0 and the load current iO can either

be positive or negative. This is known as a twoquadrant chopper and operates in quadrants I and
II.
Class D: iO > 0 and vO can either be positive or
negative. This also a two-quadrant chopper but
operates in quadrants I and IV.
Class E: This is a four-quadrant chopper and both
vO and iO can have either polarities. Such chopper
finds application in DC motor drive.
Chap. 3 - 16
We will mainly focus our attention on step-down,

step-up, and two-quadrant converters in this course.
Moreover, we will analyze the converters for steadystate operation.
The switches are treated as ideal and inductors and
capacitors as loss-less elements.
Input to the converter is a diode bridge rectified AC
line voltage with a filter capacitor to provide low
ripple dc voltage.
Output stage consists of a small filter and supplies
to a resistor in case of switched-mode-power-supply
(SMPS) or a voltage source in series with a motor
winding (E-R-L) in case of dc motor drive (DC
Drive).
Chap. 3 - 17
A dc-dc converter can be considered as dc

equivalent to an AC transformer with a
continuously variable turns ratio. Just like a
transformer it can be used either to step-down or
step-up a dc voltage level.
Chap. 3 - 18
Control of DC-DC Converters
Figure 3.10 Switch-mode dc-dc conversion
Chap. 3 - 19
For a fixed input voltage, Vd the output voltage,

V0 can be controlled either by controlling the on
period, ton or the off period, toff .
ton
Vo Vd D Vd (3.1)
Ts
The output voltage, V0 is controlled by pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switching at a constant
frequency, fs and varying the on duration, ton of the
switch i.e. the duty cycle, D.
Chap. 3 - 20
ton vcontrol

(3.2)
D
Ts
V st
Fig. 3.11 Pulse-width modulator: (a) block diagram and (b) comparator signal
Chap. 3 - 21
Figure 3.12 Pulse-Width Modulation with constant switching frequency

Chap. 3 - 22
VO can also be controlled by pulse-frequency

modulation (PFM) in which the ton period is kept
constant and the switching frequency fs is varied.
The disadvantage of the PFM method is that at
low output voltage, the switching frequency is low
and results in discontinuous (DCM) operation as
well as increases the ripples in output current.
Alternatively, at higher frequencies the switching
losses become significant.
Chap. 3 - 23
vo
ton1 toff1
Ts1
ton1 toff2
time
time
Ts2
ton1
toff3
Ts3
Figure 3.13 Pulse-Frequency time

Modulation: with variable
switching frequency
Chap. 3 - 24
The PWM method with constant switching

frequency has the advantage of low ripple current
and hence require smaller filter components. This
method is widely used.
DC-DC converters can have two different modes of
operations: continuous conduction mode (CCM)
and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) of
operation. However, in this course we will discuss
mainly CCM of operation.
Chap. 3 - 25
Switching power-pole as the building block

of dc-dc converters
A
vL
iL
Vin
0
DTs
Ts
vL
iL
t
0
q
(a )
(b )
Figure Switching power-pole as the building block of dc-dc converters.
26
In DC Steady State:
A
vL
iL
Vin
0
DTs
Ts
vL
iL
t
0
q
(a )
(b )
Waveform repeats with the Time-Period Ts:
iL(t) iL(t Ts )
Chap. 3 - 27
In Steady State:
v0 (t )
Chap. 3 - 28
In Steady State, the average voltage across an inductor

over a cycle is zero:
diL
vL L
dt
iL ( Ts )
diL iL (Ts ) iL (0) 0
iL (0)
Ts
1
vL dt 0
L0
Ts
1
VL vL dt 0
Ts 0
29
vL
iL
Vin
0
DTs
Ts
vL
iL
t
0
q
(a)
(b)
DT
Ts
1 s
VL vL d vL d 0
Ts 0
DTs
area A
area B
Chap. 3 - 30
Concept Quiz-1
A switching power-pole is operating in dc steady
state at a duty-ratio of 0.5. The average voltage
at the current-port is 12 V. What is the average
voltage across the output load resistor?
A. 6 V
B. 0 V
C. 12 V
Chap. 3 - 31
Chap. 3 - 32
In Steady State, the average current through a capacitor is zero:
dvC
iC C
dt
vC ( Ts )
dvC vC (Ts ) vC (0) 0
vC (0)
Ts
1
iC dt 0
C0
Ts
1
I C iC dt 0
Ts 0
Chap. 3 - 33
Output Voltage Ripples

L
L
L
o
off
on
s
o
o
Figure 3.19 Output voltage ripple in a step-down converter

Chap. 3 - 34
Clicker Quiz#2
In a step-down (Buck) converter, the output
voltage is 12 V (dc) the output power is 60 W.
Calculate the average value of the inductor
current.
A. 12 A
B. 5A
C. 60 A
Chap. 3 - 35
Control of dc-dc Converters
Figure 3.14 Switch-mode dc-dc conversion

Chap. 3 - 36
Step-down (Buck) Converter
Referring to Fig.3.14 the average output voltage,

V0 is:
t on
Ts
1
1
1
V0 v0 (t ) dt Vd dt 0 dt [Vd ton ] DVd (3.3)
Ts 0
Ts o
Ts
t on
Ts
Now substituting eqn.3.1 in eqn.3.2 we have

v
Vd
VO control
V
v
kvcontrol
control
V
V
st
st

Vd
where k constant .
V
st
(3.4)
Chap. 3 - 37
By varying the duty cycle D of the switch the

average output voltage, V0 can be controlled.
V0 varies linearly with the control voltage vcontrol as
in the case of linear amplifier.
Two main drawbacks of this simple circuit Fig. 3.14:
in practice loads are inductive in nature rather than
resistive stored inductive energy will destroy the switch;
output voltage v0(t) fluctuates between 0 and Vd - might
not be acceptable in many applications.
The problem of stored inductive energy is

overcome by using a freewheeling diode as shown
in Fig. 3.15.
The output voltage fluctuations are reduced by
using a low pass filter consisting of an inductor L
and a capacitor C as shown in Fig. 3.15.
Chap. 3 - 38
Figure 3.15 Step

down dc-dc
converter
Chap. 3 - 39
When the switch is on the diode is reverse biased

and the source provides energy not only to the load
but also to the inductor.
During the interval when the switch is off the inductor
current continues to flow through the freewheeling
diode and in the process transfers some of its energy
to the load.
For steady-state analysis it can be assumed that the
capacitor is large enough to make v0(t) = V0.
Average inductor current, IL is equal to the average
output current, I0 because the average capacitor
current, Ic over a cycle is zero (Why?).
Chap. 3 - 40
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)
Figure 3.16: Step down dc-dc converter circuit states: (a) switch on and
(b) switch off
Chap. 3 - 41
During the interval when the switch is on the

voltage across the inductor vL = Vd V0 refer
Fig.3.16.
This causes the inductor current to rise linearly
with time, (why?)
vL
diL
vL
iL (t ) dt t (3.5)
vL L
L
dt
L
When the switch is off the stored energy in the

inductor causes the inductor current to continue to
flow but now through the freewheeling diode and
hence vL = V0.
Chap. 3 - 42
In steady-state the average voltage across an

inductor over a cycle is zero.
Ts
ton
Ts
t on
vL dt (Vd V0 )dt V0 dt 0
0 (Vd V0 )ton V0 (Ts ton )

V0 (Ts ton ) (Vd V0 )ton
V0 ton
V0Ts Vd ton
D V0 DVd
Vd Ts
(3.6)
Thus, the average output voltage V0 varies linearly

with duty cycle D for a given input voltage Vd.
V0 does not depend on any circuit parameters.
Chap. 3 - 43
Neglecting power losses in the circuit elements we

have
I 0 Vd 1
(3.7)
Pin Pout Vd I d V0 I 0
I d V0 D
Under continuous conduction mode (CCM)

operation, the step-down converter is equivalent to
a dc transformer where the turns ratio of the
equivalent transformer can be continuously
controlled in the range of 0 to 1 electronically by
controlling the duty cycle D of the switch.
Chap. 3 - 44
Boundary between CCM and DCM
Figure 3.17 Current at the boundary of continuous-discontinuous

mode of conduction
Boundary between CCM and DCM of operation is

that when the inductor current, iL goes to zero at the
end of the off period as shown above.
Chap. 3 - 45
Vd V0
I L
diL
Vd V0 L
I L
ton
vL L
L
ton
dt
(3.8)
Average of the inductor current iLB, at the boundary
is:
I LB
ton 1
1
(Vd V0 ) DTs I OB (3.9)
I L (Vd V0 )
2
L 2L
1
2
During the converter operation if I0 < ILB then iL

becomes discontinuous.
It is possible to derive the expression for Imax and
Imin by using eqn.3.8, we have
iL pk
Vd V0
Vd DVd
Vd (1 D)
iL
ton
ton
ton (3.10..)
L
L
L
Chap. 3 - 46
VO (1 D)
V (1 D)
V (1 D)
ton O
ton O
D
L
fs L
ton L

Ts
(3.10)
I L VO VO (1 D)
I L (max) I O

R
2
2 fs L
I L (min)
I L VO VO (1 D)
IO

R
2
2 fs L
(3.11)
For the load current to be discontinuous the

necessary condition is that
I L (min)
VO VO (1 D)
(1 D) R
0
Lmin
(3.12)
R
2 fs L
2 fs
Chap. 3 - 47
For a given switching frequency, fs, eqn.3.12

gives the minimum inductance, Lmin required for
maintaining the continuous current mode (CCM)
of operation in the converter.
Chap. 3 - 48
Discontinuous Conduction Mode(DCM)
During operation if IL drops below ILB (eqn.3.9) due to

decrease in load power then iL goes into DCM.
Figure 3.18 (a) Discontinuous mode of conduction of step-down converter

Chap. 3 - 49
Figure 3.18(b) Step-down converter characteristics keeping Vd constant.
Chap3 - 50

iC
IL/2
0
iL
0
IL
Ts/2
IL = Io
toff
ton
Ts
vo
Vo
Vo
Figure 3.19 Output voltage ripple in a step-down converter

Chap. 3 - 51
Earlier in our analysis, we had assumed that v0(t)

= V0 . However, in practical cases this cannot be
achieved as C .
From Fig.3.19 when iL > I0 the capacitor is getting

charged and when iL < I0 the capacitor is getting
discharged.
Q 1 1 Ts I L
V0

C
C 2 2 2
(3.13)
Chap. 3 - 52
Substituting the value of IL from eqn.3.8 in eqn.3.13

we have,
Ts V0
V0 1 Ts
(1 D)
(1 D)Ts
(1 D)
(3.13a )
V0
2
8 LC
8C L
V0
8 LCf s
2
fc
V0 1 Ts
1
1
(1 D)
(1 D)
(1 D)
2
2
V0
8 LC
2 4 LC f s
2
fs
1
1
where f s and f c
Ts
2 LC
2
Given a certain V0 and V0 , the value of C can be
determined using eqn. (3.13a).

Also the ripples can be minimized by making fc << fs .
Chap. 3 - 53
Example 1 A chopper as shown below is switching

at a frequency of fs = 1 kHz with a duty cycle of 50 %.
Figure.3.20
Chap. 3 - 54
a) Determine the average load current.

b) Determine the peak-to-peak ripple current as an
absolute value as well as a percentage of the
average value.
c) If the chopping frequency is increased by 4 times
i.e. fs = 4 kHz, determine how the ripple current is
affected.
d) Instead of increasing the frequency by four times
if the inductance is increased by 4 times i.e. L =
40 mH, what will be the percentage ripple current.
Chap. 3 - 55
SOLUTION
The parameters of the step-down regulator are:

Vd 100V , f s 1kHz , D 50% , L 10mH , R 5
Chap. 3 - 56
(c) For fs = 4 kHz we have
Thus, by increasing the frequency by four times the

ripple in load current is reduced by a factor of 4.
(d) For L = 40 mH and fs = 1 kHz, we have
Thus, by increasing the inductance by four times, the

ripple in load current can also be reduced by a factor
of 4.
Chap. 3 - 57
From the above calculations it can be seen that

the ripple current in the load can be reduced by
two different means: (a) by increasing the
switching frequency and (b) by increasing the
inductance.
Out of the two different schemes, the first scheme

is preferred because it is much easier to increase
the switching frequency with advanced power
semiconductor devices rather than using a bulky
inductor.
Chap. 3 - 58
Applications: Step-down Chopper

Feeding a DC Motor Load
Figure 3.21 Class-A chopper feeding DC Motor load

Chap. 3 - 59
VS
va
ton
toff
Ea
ig
ia
is
iD
T
Figure 3.22 Class-A chopper feeding DC Motor load (c) discontinuousmode of conduction and (b) continuous mode of conduction.
Chap. 3 - 60
Va Vs Ea I a Ra
Vs Ea
Tem keI a
Ia
Ra
Vs
Ra
m
T
2 em
ke ke
Figure 3.23 (a): Torque-speed characteristics of dc motor by

armature voltage control
Chap. 3 - 61
Step-up (Boost) Converter

L
Figure 3.23 Step-up dc-dc converter
Its main application is in regulated dc power

supplies and regenerative braking of dc motor drive.
In this converter the output voltage is higher than
the input voltage.
Chap. 3 - 62
Continuous Conduction Mode
Figure 3.24 Continuous conduction mode: (a) switch-on and (b) switch-off
Chap. 3 - 63
For steady-state analysis it is assumed that the

capacitor C to be large enough to make v0(t) V0.
The average voltage across the inductor over a
cycle is zero.
Vd ton (Vd V0 )toff 0 Vd (ton toff ) V0toff
Vd Ts V0toff V0 (Ts DTs )
VO Ts
1
Vd toff 1 D
Vd
VO
(3.14)
1 D
From eqn.3.14 it can seen that for 0 < D < 1 , Vd <

V0 < .
Chap. 3 - 64
Assuming a lossless circuit we have:
I 0 Vd
Pin Pout Vd I d V0 I 0
(1 D) (3.15)
I d V0
From the output power and assuming the converter

to be loss-less, we have,
2
Vd
2
2
VO 1 D
Vd
PO
Vd ( I d I L )
2
R
R
(1 D) R
Vd
IL
(3.16)
2
(1 D) R
Chap. 3 - 65
During the period when the switch is closed we

have
diL
diL Vd
or
vL Vd L
dt
dt
L
Vd DTs
Vd
iL DTs
(3.17)
L
L
The maximum and minimum inductor currents are

given by
Vd
Vd DTs
I L
I L (max) I L
2
2
(1 D) R
2L
Vd
Vd DTs
I L
(3.18)
I L (min) I L
2
2
(1 D) R
2L
Chap. 3 - 66
Boundary between CCM and DCM
Figure 3.25 Step-up dc-dc converter at the boundary of continuous

conduction
Chap. 3 - 67
The boundary between the continuous

discontinuous current is determined by
and
Vd
Vd DTs
I L (min) 0
2
(1 D) R
2L
Vd
Vd DTs Vd D
(3.19)
2
(1 D) R
2L
2 Lf s
Therefore, the minimum combination of inductance

and switching frequency for continuous current in the
boost converter is
D(1 D) 2 R
( Lf s ) min
2
1
Lmin
D(1 D) 2 R
2 fs
(3.20)
Chap. 3 - 68
Effects of Parasitic Elements

ideal case
Vo / Vd
.
practical case
Figure 3.26
Effect of
parasitic
element
on
voltage conversion ratio
In our analysis we had assumed that the circuit is

lossless. In practical circuits inductor and capacitor
are not lossless.
The ratio VO/Vd drops as shown above rather than
approaching as D 1.
Chap. 3 - 69

.
iD
iD
Q
average iD flows through load

ripple of iD flows through C
Q
vo
ID = Io
ton
Figure 3.27 Stepup converter

output voltage
ripple
toff
vo
Vo
The output ripple voltage VO is given by
V0 DTs
Ts
V0 DTs
Q 1
V0
I 0 DTs
D (3.21)
C
C
R C
V0
RC
where = RC is the time constant of the circuit.

Chap. 3 - 70
Boost converter: voltage transfer ratio
Vo
Vin
1
1 D
1
IL
DCM
I L ,crit
CCM
Chap. 3 - 71
Concept Quiz
In a Boost converter operating in a continuousconduction mode, increasing the duty-ratio
decreases the output voltage to the input
voltage ratio.
A. False
B. True
Chap. 3 - 72
Class-B Chopper feeding a DC Motor

Load
D
A
sw
A
A
Figure 3.28 Class-B chopper feeding DC Motor load

Chap. 3 - 73
ig
0
ton
0
ia
iD
i sw
Vs
va
0
0
Figure 3.29 (a)

Class-B chopper
feeding DC Motor
load (b) waveforms
is
Chap. 3 - 74
'Vs
Ra
T (3.24)
m
2 em
ke ke
Figure 3.29(b) : Torque-speed characteristics of dc motor by armature

voltage control
Chap. 3 - 75
Clicker Quiz
A Boost dc-dc converter is operating in dc steady state under the following conditions: Vin 5V ,
Vo 12 V , Po 30 W , and f s 200 kHz . The value of the inductor is selected such as that under
these operating conditions, the peak-to-peak ripple iL 2 A .

What is the value of the inductance L in H ?
A. 3.65 H
B. 7.29 H
C. 14.58 H
Chap. 3 - 76
Buck-Boost Converter
id
+
sw
Vd
-
+
vL
-
iL
Vo
+
io
Figure 3.30 Buck-Boost Converter
Chap. 3 - 77
The main application of the Buck-Boost converter is

in regulated DC power supplies. The output voltage
would have a negative polarity and also the
magnitude can be made higher or lower than the
input voltage.
Such a converter can be made by cascade
connection of a step-down and a step-up converter
as shown in Fig.3.30.
Chap. 3 - 78
In steady-state the output to input voltage

conversion ratio can be obtained by the product of
the conversion ratios of the two individual
converters (assuming the duty cycle of the switches
in both the converters remain the same)
VO
1
D
(3.22)
Vd
1 D
When the switch is closed the input source

provides energy to the inductor and the diode is
reversed biased as shown in the equivalent circuit
Fig.3.31(a).
When the switch is opened energy stored in the
inductor is transferred to the load. During this
period no energy is provided by the input source.
Chap. 3 - 79
Vd
vL
+
vL
Vd
iL
t
- Vo
C +
RL
Vo
+
iL
IL = Id + Io
0
t
ton = DTs
toff = (1-D)Ts
Vd
-
iL
vL
+
Vo
RL
+
Ts
Figure 3.31 Buck-Boost Converter iL > 0, (a) switch-on and (b) switch-off
Chap. 3 - 80
For steady-state analysis

assumptions have been made:
the
following
1. The inductor current is continuous.

2. The capacitor is large enough to assume vO(t) = VO.
3. The switch is closed for time DTs and open for time (1
D)Ts.
4. The components are ideal.
When the switch is closed we have

Vd DTs
diL
diL Vd
vL Vd L
or
iL
dt
dt
L
L
(3.23)
Chap. 3 - 81
When the switch is opened, current through the

inductor cannot change instantaneously and
therefore would cause the diode to be forward
biased and current flows through the load resistor
and capacitor.
Average inductor voltage over a cycle is zero
resulting
Ts
VO
D
0 VL dt Vd DTs (VO )(1 D)Ts 0 Vd 1 D
IO 1 D
assuming PO Pd
Id
D
(3.24)
Chap. 3 - 82
Note that the output voltage has opposite polarity

than that of the source.
The output voltage of the buck-boost converter can

be more than or less than the supply voltage,
depending on the duty ratio of the switch.
The source is never connected directly to the load.

Energy is stored in the inductor when the switch is
closed and transferred to the load when the switch
is open. Therefore, the buck-boost converter is also
referred to as the indirect converter.
Chap. 3 - 83
Average source current Id is related to the average

inductor current IL by
I d DI L
(3.25)
Assuming lossless converter, power supplied by

the source is equal to the power absorbed by the
load i.e.
2
VO
PO
Vd I d Vd DI L
R
2
2 2
VO
Vd D
Vd D
IL
2
Vd DR Vd DR(1 D)
R(1 D) 2
(3.26)
Chap. 3 - 84
The maximum and minimum inductor currents are

given by
Vd D
I L
I L (max) I L
2
R(1 D) 2
Vd D
I L
I L (min) I L
2
2
R(1 D)
Vd DTs
2L
Vd DTs
(3.27)
2L
Chap. 3 - 85
Boundary between CCM & DCM

L
L
on
off
LB
s
o
Figure 3.32 Buck-Boost Converter: boundary between CCM and DCM
For continuous conduction the inductor current must

remain positive. The boundary between continuous
and discontinuous mode of conduction can be
determined by making IL(min) = 0.
Chap. 3 - 86
I L (min)
Vd D
Vd DTs
Vd D
Vd DTs
0
(3.28)
2
2
R (1 D)
R(1 D)
2L
2L
Therefore, the minimum combination of

inductance and switching frequency for
continuous current in the buck-boost
converter is
(1 D) R
( Lf s ) min
2
2
(1 D) R
(3.29)
Lmin
2 fs
2
Chap. 3 - 87

D
on
Figure 3.33
Output
voltage ripples in a buckboost Converter
off
o
o
V0 DTs
V0 DTs
Ts
Q 1
V0
I 0 DTs
D (3.30)
C
C
R C
V0
RC
Chap. 3 - 88
Concept Quiz
In a Buck-Boost converter operating in a continuousconduction mode, increasing the duty-ratio beyond a
value of 0.5 increases the output voltage to the input
voltage ratio.
A.False
B.True
Chap. 3 - 89
Class-C, Two-quadrant Chopper

feeding a DC Motor Load
s
A
g1
A
A
A
S
A
2
g2
A
1
Figure 3.34 Class-C, two-quadrant chopper feeding a DC Motor load.

Chap. 3 - 90
Va = DV, where D is the duty cycle of switch S1.

Ia = ( Va Ea)/Ra, if Va > Ea then Ia > 0 and
converter operates in buck mode.
Ia = ( Va Ea)/Ra, if Va < Ea then Ia < 0 and
converter operates in boost mode.
Note that output current ia is always continuous,
unlike the single-quadrant choppers.
Chap. 3 - 91
i g1
2T
i g2
va
Ia
ia
is
D2
S1 D1 S2 D2
S1 D1 S2D2
S1 D1 S2
Figure 3.35 Class-C, two-quadrant chopper feeding a DC Motor load: (b)

waveforms under motoring mode of operation.
Chap. 3 - 92
i g1
2T
i g2
va
Ia
ia
is
D2
S1 D1 S2
D2 S1 D1
S2 D2
S1D1 S2
Figure 3.35 Class-C, two-quadrant chopper feeding a DC Motor load: (c)

waveforms under braking mode of operation.
Chap. 3 - 93
Clicker Quiz
Inabuckboostconverter, Vin 5V , V0 12V , f s 200 Hz andthepeakpeakrippleintheinductor
currentis3A.ItisoperatingattheborderofCCMandDCM.CalculatethevalueLoftheinductor.
A.2.94 H
B.11.76 H
C.5.88 H
Chap. 3 - 94
Isolated Converter
The basic disadvantage of conventional DC-DC
converter is the lack of isolation between the input
and output.
One way to provide isolation is to use transformer
on the ac side.
Transformer operating at line-frequency (50/60 Hz)
requires large space and is expensive.
An efficient way to provide isolation is to provide a
transformer on the dc-side where the switching
frequency is much higher enabling the transformer
to be small.
Moreover, the transformer turns-ratio provides an
added extra flexibility in input-output voltage
relationship.
Chap. 3 - 95
Chap. 3, Slide - 96
Why Isolation is Required

Safety : It is necessary for the low-voltage DC
output to be isolated from the utility supply to avoid
shock hazard.
Different Reference Potential: High-side power
semiconductor devices gate drive signal needs to
be referenced to the source terminal of the IGBT.
Voltage matching: Multiple outputs can be
generated with additional winding on the
transformer.
Chap. 3 - 97
Class-C, Two-quadrant Chopper

feeding a DC Motor Load
s
A
g1
A
A
A
S
A
2
g2
A
1
Figure 3.34 Class-C, two-quadrant chopper feeding a DC Motor load.

Chap. 3 - 98
Switching DC Power Supply: Multiple Outputs
Figure 3.8
In most applications, several dc voltages are required, possibly

electrically isolated from each other.
Chap. 3 - 99
Flyback Converter
s
D
D
m 1
Lm
R
o
2
sw
Fig. 3.39: Flyback converter

Chap. 3 - 100
Fig. 3.39 (b) circuit for

switch on and (c) circuit
for switch off.
Chap. 3 - 101
Assumptions:
Transformer is considered lossless and has negligible

leakage.
Output capacitor is large making Vo constant.
Circuit is operating under steady-state condition.
The switch is closed for a period of DTs and open for a
period of (1-D)Ts.
The switch and diode are ideal.
Circuit operation is similar to buck-boost converter:
Energy is stored in Lm when switch is closed and

transferred to the load when switch is opened.
Chap. 3 - 102
Analysis for the switch in closed position
On the source side of the transformer:
diLm
diLm iLm iLm Vs
v1 Vs Lm
t
dt
dt
DTs Lm
iLm closed
Vs DTs
Lm
(3.31)
On the load-side of the transformer:
N2
N2
N2
v2 v1 Vs (3.32) vD Vo Vs 0 (3.33)
N1
N1
N1
i2 0 i1 0
Chap. 3 - 103
Analysis for the switch in open position
On the source side of the transformer:
N1
N1
v1 v 2 Vo
N2
N2
N1
di Lm
Lm
v1 Vo
dt
N2
(3.34)
i Lm
di Lm i Lm
Vo N 1
t
dt
Lm N 2
(1 D)Ts
i Lm open
Vo (1 D)Ts N 1
(3.35)
Lm
N2
Chap. 3 - 104
Since the net change of current in the inductor

over one cycle must be zero, we have
i Lmclosed i Lmopen 0
Vs DTs Vo (1 D)Ts N 1
0
Lm
Lm
N2
D N 2
Vo V s
(3.36)
1 D N 1
Output to input voltage relationship is similar to that
of buck-boost converter but with additional term of
the transformer turns-ratio (N2/N1).
Chap. 3 - 105
During the switch open position:
N1
N1
iLm
iD i2 i1
N2
N2
N1
vsw Vs v1 Vs Vo
N2
Vo
iO ,
ic iD iO iLm
R
(3.37)
N1 Vo

N 2 R
Chap. 3 - 106
iLm
0
is DTs
0
(1-D)Ts
iD
Fig.
3.40
Flyback
converter voltage and
current waveforms
ic
0
Vo
R
v1
N
Vo 1
N2
t
VS
t
Chap. 3 - 107
Assuming ideal converter operation:

Vo2
Ps Po Vs I s
R
I Lm DTs
Is
I Lm D
Ts
Vo2
Vo2
Vs I Lm D
I Lm
R
Vs DR
(3.38)
(3.39)
(3.40)
2
I Lm
D N 2

Vs
2
2
1 D N 1
N2
Vs D
Vo

2
Vs DR
Vs DR
(1 D) R N 1
N2
Vo

(1 D) R N 1
(3.41)
Chap. 3 - 108
iLm ,max
N 2 Vs DTs
iLm
Vs D

I Lm
(3.42)
2
2
(1 D) R N1
2 Lm
2
iLm ,min
N 2 Vs DTs
iLm
Vs D
I Lm

(3.43)
2
2
(1 D) R N1
2 Lm
At the boundary between CCM and DCM

2
iLm ,min
N 2 Vs DTs
Vs D
0

2
(1 D) R N1
2 Lm
(1 D) R N 2

( Lm ,min )
2f
N1
2
(3.44)
Chap. 3 - 109
The output stage of the flyback converter is the

same as the buck-boost converter and therefore
the output ripple voltage:
Vo
D
Vo
RCf
(3.45)
Chap. 3 - 110
Summary
DC-DC converters can be considered as dc
equivalent to an AC transformer with a
continuously variable turns ratio by electronic
means and are widely used in switching power
supplies, battery-based systems and DC motor
drives.
A switched mode dc-dc converter is much more
efficient than a linear regulator because of the
reduced losses across the semiconductor switch.
The buck, boost and buck-boost converters are
single-quadrant converters i.e. power flow takes
place only from the source to the load.
Chap. 3 - 111
Buck converter allows output voltage to be varied and

can be made either less than or equal to the input
voltage.
Boost converter allows output voltage to be varied
and can be made either greater than or equal to the
input voltage.
The Class-C chopper is a two-quadrant converter and
allows power flow in both directions and is typically
used for DC motor drive application.
Chap. 3 - 112
References
1. Ned Mohan, "Power Electronics A First
Course", John Wiley & Sons. Inc., 2012.
Chapter 3.
2. D. W. Hart, Introduction to power electronics",
Prentice Hall, 1997, Chapters 6 and 7.
Chap. 3 - 113

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EE2025: Power Electronics

Chapter 3: DC-DC Converters

MCH5001: Power Electronics Jan. 2013 SK Panda

Learning Objectives and Outcomes

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

Figure 3.1 A DC-DC converter system

The main function of the dc-dc converter is to: convert

Figure 3.2 An AC-DC converter system

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

Figure 3.3 A DC-DC converter system

The dc-dc converter can be either a linear regulator

Figure 3.4 A basic linear DC-DC converter system

The main drawback of linear regulator is

Figure 3.5 A basic

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

Linear Power Supplies

Very poor efficiency and large weight and size.

Switching DC Power Supply

High efficiency and small weight and size

Switching DC Power Supply: Multiple Outputs

In most applications, several dc voltages are required, possibly

Classification of DC-DC Converters

Isolated dc-dc converters

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

Alternatively, depending on the direction of the

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

Figure 3.9 Classification of choppers by quadrants of operation

Class A: Both vO and iO are positive, giving rise to

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

Class C: vO > 0 and the load current iO can either

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

We will mainly focus our attention on step-down,

A dc-dc converter can be considered as dc

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

Control of DC-DC Converters

Figure 3.10 Switch-mode dc-dc conversion

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

For a fixed input voltage, Vd the output voltage,

Figure 3.12 Pulse-Width Modulation with constant switching frequency

VO can also be controlled by pulse-frequency

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

Figure 3.13 Pulse-Frequency time

The PWM method with constant switching

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

Switching power-pole as the building block

Figure Switching power-pole as the building block of dc-dc converters.

Waveform repeats with the Time-Period Ts:

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

In Steady State, the average voltage across an inductor

diL iL (Ts ) iL (0) 0

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda

In Steady State, the average current through a capacitor is zero:

dvC vC (Ts ) vC (0) 0

Output Voltage Ripples

Figure 3.19 Output voltage ripple in a step-down converter

Control of dc-dc Converters

Figure 3.14 Switch-mode dc-dc conversion

Step-down (Buck) Converter

Referring to Fig.3.14 the average output voltage,

Now substituting eqn.3.1 in eqn.3.2 we have

EE2025: Power Electronics August. 2016 SK Panda