20 September 2016

WTW 158 Exams

Table of Contents
Unit 1.2 Absolute Values A7..............................................................................5
Unit 1.3 What is a function?................................................................................5
Four ways to represent a function......................................................................5
Domain and Range............................................................................................. 5
Domain............................................................................................................ 5
Range.............................................................................................................. 5
Vertical Line Test................................................................................................. 5
Even and Odd Functions..................................................................................... 5
Even Functions................................................................................................ 5
Odd Function................................................................................................... 6
Increasing and decreasing functions..................................................................6
Rational Function................................................................................................ 6
Unit 1.4 Radian Measure and trigonometric functions........................................7
Identities............................................................................................................. 7
Double angles..................................................................................................... 7
Addition and Subtraction.................................................................................... 7
Unit 1.5 A catalog of essential functions.............................................................7
Unit 1.6 New Functions From Old Functions Pg. 36...........................................7
Vertical and Horizontal Shifts.............................................................................. 7
Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting...............................................8
Unit 1.7 Exponential Functions Pg. 51..............................................................8
Form................................................................................................................... 8
Laws................................................................................................................... 8
Graphs................................................................................................................ 8
Unit 1.8 - Inverse Functions Pg. 58....................................................................10
Horizontal Line test........................................................................................... 10
Unit 1.9 Logarithmic Functions Pg. 62............................................................10
Definition.......................................................................................................... 10
Laws................................................................................................................. 10
Natural Logarithms........................................................................................... 11
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Graphs.............................................................................................................. 11
Unit 1.10 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Pg. 67...........................................11
Cancellation Property....................................................................................... 12
Graphs.............................................................................................................. 12
Unit 2.2 The limit of a Function Pg. 87............................................................13
Definition of a limit........................................................................................... 13
One sided limits................................................................................................ 13
Infinite Limits.................................................................................................... 13
Unit 2.3 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws Pg. 99.................................13
Laws................................................................................................................. 13
Squeeze Theorem............................................................................................. 14
Infinite Limits Pg. 115.................................................................................... 14
Special Limits................................................................................................... 14
Unit 2.4 Continuity Pg. 118............................................................................. 15
Three requirements.......................................................................................... 15
Side continuity.................................................................................................. 15
Definition....................................................................................................... 15
Theorem........................................................................................................ 15
Intermediate Value Theorem.........................................................................15
Unit 2.5 Limits at Infinity: Horizontal Asymptotes Pg. 130..............................16
Tangent Limits.................................................................................................. 16
Unit 2.6 Derivatives and rates of change Pg. 143..........................................16
Unit 2.7 The Derivative as a function Pg. 157................................................16
Unit 3.2 Product and Quotient Rule Pg. 184....................................................16
Product Rule..................................................................................................... 16
Quotient Rule.................................................................................................... 17
Unit 3.3 Derivatives of trigonometric functions Pg. 191.................................17
Unit 3.4 Chain Rule Pg. 199............................................................................ 17
Unit 3.5 Implicit Differentiation Pg. 213..........................................................17
Derivatives of Inverse Trig Functions................................................................17
Unit 3.6 Derivatives of logarithmic functions Pg. 218.....................................18
Unit 3.7 Hyperbolic Functions........................................................................... 18
Identities........................................................................................................... 19
Derivatives....................................................................................................... 19
Unit 4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values...........................................................19
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Min or Max values............................................................................................. 19
Extreme Value Theorem................................................................................... 19
Fermats Theorem............................................................................................. 19
Critical Numbers............................................................................................... 20
Closed interval Method..................................................................................... 20
Unit 4.3 How derivatives affect the shape of a graph Pg. 291........................20
Increasing/Decreasing test............................................................................... 20
First Derivative Test.......................................................................................... 20
Concavity Test.................................................................................................. 20
Point of Inflection.............................................................................................. 20
Second Derivative Test..................................................................................... 21
Unit 4.4 Indeterminate form sand LHospitals Rule Pg. 301............................21
LHospitals Rule................................................................................................ 21
Forms............................................................................................................ 21
Indeterminate Forms........................................................................................ 21
Unit 4.5 Curve Sketching Pg. 310...................................................................21
Steps................................................................................................................ 21
Unit 5.2 The Area Problem Pg. 3360...............................................................22
Riemanns Sum................................................................................................. 22
Right End Points............................................................................................ 22
Left End Points............................................................................................... 22
Definition.......................................................................................................... 23
Unit 5.4 The Fundamental theorem of Calculus................................................23
Unit 5.5 Indefinite Integrals Pg. 397...............................................................23
List of Integrals............................................................................................. 23
Unit 6.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems Pg. 786...............................23
Definitions........................................................................................................ 23
Coordinate Planes............................................................................................. 24
Distance........................................................................................................... 24
Equation of a Sphere........................................................................................ 24
Unit 6.2 Vectors Pg. 791................................................................................. 24
Definition.......................................................................................................... 24
Vector Addition................................................................................................. 24
Scalar Multiplication......................................................................................... 24
Parallel Vectors................................................................................................. 24
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Unit Vector........................................................................................................ 25
Finding Angles.................................................................................................. 25
Perpendicular Vectors....................................................................................... 25
Orthogonal........................................................................................................ 25
Unit 6.3 The Dot Product Pg. 800....................................................................25
Definition.......................................................................................................... 25
Unit 6.4 The Cross Product Pg.808.................................................................25
Definition.......................................................................................................... 25
Theorems.......................................................................................................... 26
Parallel Cross Products...................................................................................... 26
Standard Derivatives........................................................................................... 26
Standard Integrals............................................................................................... 27

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Unit 1.2 Absolute Values A7

| x | a x a
| x | a x a or x a
| x | a a x a

Unit 1.3 What is a function?

Four ways to represent a function
1.
2.
3.
4.

Verbally [By descriptive words]

Numerically [By a table of values]
Visually [Using a graph]
Algebraically [By an explicit equation]

Domain and Range

Domain

x values

Range

y values

Vertical Line Test

A curve in the xy -plane is the graph of a function of x
if and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once

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Even and Odd Functions

Even Functions

Reflection about the Y-axis

f (a ) f (-a)

Odd Function

Reflection about the origin

f (a ) f (-a )

Increasing and decreasing functions

A function f is called increasing on an interval I if
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) whenever x1 x2 in I
It is called decreasing on I if
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) whenever x1 x2 in I

Rational Function
P ( x)

f ( x)
g ( x)

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Unit 1.4 Radian Measure and trigonometric functions

Identities
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
1 tan 2 x sec 2 x
1 cot 2 x csc 2 x
sin x
tan x
cos x
cos x
cot x
sin x
1
csc x
sin x
1
sec x
cos x

Double angles
sin(2 x) 2sin x cos x
cos(2 x) cos 2 x sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x 1 1 2sin 2 x
2 tan x
tan(2 x)
1 tan 2 x

Addition and Subtraction

sin( A B) sin A cos B sin B cos A
cos( A B ) cos A cos B msin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan( A B)
1 mtan A tan B

Unit 1.6 New Functions From Old Functions Pg. 36

Vertical and Horizontal Shifts
y f ( x ) c,Shifts the graph upwards
y f ( x ) c,Shifts the graph downwards
y f ( x c ),Shifts the graph to the left
y f ( x c ),Shifts the graph to the right

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Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting

y cf ( x),Stretch the graph vertically
f ( x)
,Shrink the graph vertically
c
y f (cx),Shrink the graph horizontally
x
y f ( ),Stretch the graph horizontally
c
y f ( x), Reflect the graph about the x - axis
y

y f ( x), Reflect the graph about the y - axis

Unit 1.7 Exponential Functions Pg. 51

Form
y ax

Laws
a x y a xa y
ax
ay
( a x ) y a xy
a x y

( ab) x a x b x

Graphs
y ax
for

y ax
for

x 1

0 x 1

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y a x
for

y a x
for

x 1

0 x 1

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y e x and y e x and y e x and y e x

Unit 1.8 - Inverse Functions Pg. 58

Definition

A function f is called a one - to - one function if it never takes on the same value twice; that is
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) whenever x1 x2

Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B.

Then its inverse function f 1 a domain B and a range A and is defined by
f 1 ( y ) x f ( x ) y
for any y in B
The graph of f 1 is obtained by reflecting the graph of f about the line y x

Horizontal Line test

A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph more
than once.

Unit 1.9 Logarithmic Functions Pg. 62

Definition
log a x y a y x

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Laws
log a ( xy ) log a ( x) log a ( y)
x
log a ( ) log a ( x) log a ( y )
y
log a ( x r ) r log a ( x)

Natural Logarithms
log a ( x) ln x
ln x y e y x
ln(e x ) x for x
eln x x for x 0
ln e 1
ln x
log a ( x)
ln a

Graphs

Unit 1.10 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Pg. 67

Can only be done in an interval

sin 1 ( x) = y sin y x and

y and 1 x 1
2
2

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cos 1 ( x) = y cos y x and 0 y , and 1 x 1

tan 1 ( x) = y tan y x and

y , and x
2
2

3
csc 1 ( x) = y csc y x and y (0, ] ( , ]
2
2

3
sec1 ( x) = y sec y x and y [0, ) [ , )
2
2
cot 1 ( x) = y cot y x and y (0, )

Cancellation Property
sin(sin 1 x) x for 1 x 1

sin 1 (sin x) x for y

2
2
o

cos(cos 1 x) x for 1 x 1
cos 1 (cos x) x for 0 y
o

Graphs
f ( x ) sin 1 ( x)

f ( x ) cos 1 ( x)

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f ( x) tan 1 ( x)

Unit 2.2 The limit of a Function Pg. 87

Definition of a limit

Suppose f(x) is defined when x is near the number a. Then

lim L
xa

One sided limits

lim f ( x ) L and

x a

lim f ( x) L

x a

lim f ( x) L lim f ( x) L and lim f ( x) L

x a

xa

x a

Infinite Limits

Let f be a function defined on both sides of a, except possibly at a itself.

Then

lim f ( x)

lim f ( x)

xa

xa

And

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Unit 2.3 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws Pg.

99
Laws

The line x=a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve y=f(x) if at least
one of the following statements are true:

lim f ( x)
xa

lim f ( x)

x a

lim f ( x)

x a

lim f ( x)
xa

lim f ( x)

x a

lim f ( x)

x a

lim f ( x) and lim g ( x) exist, then

xa

xa

1. lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x a

xa

xa

x a

x a

x a

2. lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

3. lim cf ( x) c lim f ( x)
xa

xa

4. lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x).lim g ( x)

x a

x a

x a

lim f ( x)
f ( x)
if lim g ( x) 0
5. lim
xa
x a g ( x )
x a
lim
g
(
x
)

xa

6. lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
n

x a

7. lim x n a n
x a

xa

if n is a positive integer

if n is a positive integer and

8. lim n x n a where n is a positive integer. (if n is even, we assume that a 0)

xa

9. lim n f ( x) n lim f ( x) where n is a positive integer. (if n is even, we assume that lim f ( x ) 0.)
x a

x a

xa

Squeeze Theorem
f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x )
If

x
when

a
is near

a
(except possibly at

) and

lim f ( x ) lim h ( x ) L
xa

x a

Then
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lim g ( x) L
xa

Infinite Limits Pg. 115

Let f be a function defined on some open interval that contains the number a itself except possibly at a itself
Then
lim f ( x) or lim f ( x)
xa

x a

Special Limits
lim
x 0

sin x
1
x

cos x 1
0
x 0
x

lim

tan x
1
x 0
x

lim

ex 1
1
x 0
x

lim

Unit 2.4 Continuity Pg. 118

A function f is continuous at a number a if
lim f ( x) f (a)
x a

Three requirements
1) f (a ) is defined (that is, a is in the domian of f )
2) lim f ( x) exists
x a

3) lim f ( x) f ( a)
x a

Side continuity
Definition

A function f is continuous from the right at a number a if

lim f ( x) f (a )

xa

A function f is continuous from the left at a number a if

lim f ( x) f (a)

xa

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A function f is continuous on an interval if it is continuous at every number in the
interval
Theorem
1.

If f and g are continuous at a. And c is a constant. Then the following functions are also continuous:
f g
f g
cf
fg
f
if g (a) 0
g
a ) Any polynomial is continuous everywhere. x (, )
2.

b) Any rational function is continuous on its domain

If f is continuous at b and lim g ( x) b, then lim f ( g ( x )) f (b)

xa

xa

In other words : lim f ( g ( x)) f (lim g ( x))

xa

x a

3.
Intermediate Value Theorem

Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [ a, b] and

let N be any number between f ( a) and f (b), where f (a ) f (b).
Then there exists a number c in ( a, b) such that f (c ) N

Unit 2.5 Limits at Infinity: Horizontal Asymptotes Pg.

130
The line y L is called a horizontal asyptote of the curve f f ( x) if:
lim f ( x) L or lim f ( x) L
x

Tangent Limits
lim tan 1 x

lim tan 1 x
x

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Unit 2.6 Derivatives and rates of change Pg. 143

The tangent line to the curve y f ( x ) at the point P (a, f (a )) is the line through P with slope
f ( x) f (a)
m lim
xa
xa
provided that the limit exists
m lim
h 0

f ( a h) f ( a )

Derivative of a function

Unit 2.7 The Derivative as a function Pg. 157

A function f is differentiable at a if f '( a) exists.

It is differentiable on an open interval ( a, b) if it is differentiable at every number in the interval
If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a

f '( x) lim
h 0

f ( x h) f ( x)
h

Not differentiable at a:
o Corner
o Discontinuity
o Vertical Tangent

Unit 3.2 Product and Quotient Rule Pg. 184

Product Rule
If f ( x) f ( x).g ( x)
df ( x)
Then,
f '( x).g ( x) f ( x).g '( x)
dx

Quotient Rule
f ( x)
g ( x)
df ( x ) f '( x).g ( x) f ( x).g '( x)
Then,

dx
[ g ( x )]2
If f ( x )

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Unit 3.3 Derivatives of trigonometric functions Pg.

191
Functi
on
sin x

Derivative

cos x

cos x

-sin x

tan x

sec2 x

secx

sec x tan x

csc x

-csc x cot x

cot x

-csc 2 x

Unit 3.4 Chain Rule Pg. 199

If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g ( x ), then
the composite function F f og defined as F ( x) f ( g ( x)) is defined at x
and F ' is given by the product
F '( x) f '( g ( x)).g '( x )

Unit 3.5 Implicit Differentiation Pg. 213

Derivatives of Inverse Trig Functions
y sin 1 ( x)

y tan 1 ( x)

1
1 x2
1
1 x2

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Unit 3.6 Derivatives of logarithmic functions Pg. 218

d
1
(log a x)
dx
x ln a
d
1
(ln x )
dx
x
d
g ' ( x)
(ln[ g ( x)])
dx
g ( x)
d
1
(ln | x |)
dx
x

Unit 3.7 Hyperbolic Functions

e x e x
2
x
e e x
cosh x
2
x
e ex
tanh x x x
e e
1
csc hx
sinh x
1
sec hx
cosh x
cosh x
cot hx
sinh x
sinh x

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Identities
sinh( x ) sinh x
cosh( x) cosh( x)
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1
1 tanh 2 x sec h 2 x
sinh( x y ) sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
cosh( x y) cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y

Derivatives
d
(sinh x) cosh x
dx
d
(cosh x) sinh x
dx
d
(tanh x) sec h 2 x
dx
d
(csc hx) csc hx coth x
dx
d
(sec hx) sec hx tanh x
dx
d
(coth x) csc 2 hx
dx

Unit 4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values

Min or Max values
Let c be a number in the domain D of a function f . Then f (c) is the
1) Absolute maximum value of f on D if f (c) f ( x ) for all x in D
2) Absolute minimum value of f on D if f ( c) f ( x ) for all x in D
The number f (c ) is a
1) Local maximum value of f if f (c) f ( x ) when x is near c
2) Local minimum value of f if f (c) f ( x) when x is near c

Extreme Value Theorem

If f is continuous on a closed interval [ a, b], then f attains an absolute maximum value f (c )
and an absolute minimum f ( d ) at some numbers c and d in [a, b]

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Fermats Theorem
If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f ' (c ) exists, then f ' (c) 0

Critical Numbers
A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that
either f '(c) 0 or f '(c) does not exist

Closed interval Method

To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a
continuous function f on a closed interval [a, b]
1) Find the values of f at the ciritcal numbers of f in (a, b)
2) Find the critical values of f at the endpoints of the interval. I.E. f at a and f at b
Find the x values and for each x value find the corresponding f ( x) value
3) Largest value will be absolute maximum and smallest will be absoulte minimum
Evaluate the f ( x) values of each of the critical numbers and decide which is smallest and largest

Unit 4.3 How derivatives affect the shape of a graph

Pg. 291
Increasing/Decreasing test
1)If f '( x) 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval
2)If f '( x) 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval

Find first derivative

Factorise and find critical points
Use table to indicate signs at intervals
Write down decreasing and increasing intervals

First Derivative Test

Suppose that c is a critical number of a continuous function f .
1) If f ' changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local maximum at c
2) If f ' changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local minimum at c
3) If f ' does not change at c, then f has a neither a local maximum or local minimum at c

Concavity Test
1) If f ''( x) 0 for all x in I , then the graph of f is concave upward on I .
2) If f ''( x) 0 for all x in I , then the graph of f is concave downward on I .

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Point of Inflection
A point P on a curve y f ( x) is called an inflection point if f is continuous there and the curve
changes from concave up to concave down vice versa at P

Second Derivative Test

Suppose f '' is continuous near c.
1) If f '(c) 0 and f ''( x) 0 f has a local minimum at c.
2) If f '(c) 0 and f ''( x) 0 f has a local maximum at c.

Unit 4.4 Indeterminate form sand LHospitals Rule Pg.

301
LHospitals Rule
Suppose f and g are differentiable and g '( x ) 0 on an open interval I that contains a (except possibly at a).
Suppose that
lim f ( x) 0 and lim g ( x) 0
xa

x a

or that
lim f ( x) and lim g ( x)
xa

x a

Then
f ( x)
f '( x )
lim
lim
x a g ( x)
x a g '( x )
if the limit on the right side exists or is
Write down form and LHos next to step
Forms

0
, , 00 , 0 ,1 , , 0

Indeterminate Forms
fg

f
g
or fg
1
1
g
f

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Unit 4.5 Curve Sketching Pg. 310

Steps
Use table with intervals for tests
1. Get the domain of the function

x values

o
2. Get critical values and intercepts

f '( x) 0 or where the function is not defined

o
3. Is the function even, odd or periodic
4. Get horizontal asymptotes
o Limit at infinity of the function
5. Get vertical asymptotes
o Denominator equals zero
6. Intervals on which function is increasing or decreasing

f '( x) 0, increasing on interval

f '( x) 0, decreasing on interval

o
7. Local Extremes
o First Derivative Test. Page 21
8. Intervals on which the function is concave up and concave down
o Concavity Test. Page 21
9. Get inflection points
o Concavity changes between intervals

Unit 5.2 The Area Problem Pg. 360

Riemanns Sum
Right End Points
Upper Sum

Left End Points

Lower Sum
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Definition
A lim Rn lim
n

x
Where

f ( x).x

ba
n

Unit 5.4 The Fundamental theorem of Calculus

If f is continuous on [ a, b], then
b

f ( x)dx F (b) F (a)

a

Where F is any antiderivative of f , that is, a function such that F ' f

Unit 5.5 Indefinite Integrals Pg. 397

List of Integrals

cf ( x)dx c f ( x)dx
e dx e
x

n
x dx

x n 1
C (n 1)
n 1

sin xdx cos x C

cos xdx sin x C

csc

sec

sec x tan xdx sec x C

xdx tan x C

xdx cot x C

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x dx ln | x | C
csc x cot xdx csc x C

1
1 x

dx sin 1 x C

x
a dx

ax
C
ln a

1
dx tan 1 x C
1

sinh xdx cosh x C

cosh xdx sinh x C

Unit 6.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems Pg.
786
Definitions
1 or One dimensional Space Line
2 Two Dimensional Space Plane ( x, y) coordinates
3 Three Dimensional Space Space ( x, y, z ) coordinates

Coordinate Planes

yz plane x 0
xz plane y 0
xy plane z 0

Distance
| PP
( x2 x1 )2 ( y2 y1 )2 ( z2 z1 )2
1 2 |

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Equation of a Sphere
Equation of sphere with center C ( h, k , l ) are radius r:
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 ( z l ) 2 r 2
If center is origin equation is:
x2 y 2 z2 r 2

Unit 6.2 Vectors Pg. 791

Definition
A vector is an object that has direction and magnitude but not a fixed position

Vector Addition
If u and v are vectors positioned so that the initial point of v is at the terminal
point of u, the sum u+v is the vector from the initial point of u to the terminal
point v.

Scalar Multiplication
If c is a scalar and v is a vector, then the scalar multiple cv is the vector
whose length |c| times the length of v and whose direction is the same as v if
c>0 and is opposite to v if c<0. If c=0 or v=0, then cv=0.

Parallel Vectors
a cb, c
A vector is parallel if

rr
a.b a . b

Unit Vector
A vector with length 1

1
a

x, y , z

or
b

a
a

Finding Angles
rr
a.b a . b .cos

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Perpendicular Vectors
Dot Product 0

Orthogonal
Two vectors a and b are orthagonal a b 0

Unit 6.3 The Dot Product Pg. 800

Definition
If a a1 , a2 , a3 and b b1 , b2 , b3 , then the dot product of a and b is the number a b given by:
a b a1b1 a2b2 a3b3

Unit 6.4 The Cross Product Pg.808

Definition

r
r
If a a1 , a2 , a3 and b b1 , b2 , b3 , then the cross product of a and b is the vector
r r
a b a2b3 a3b2 , a3b1 a1b3 , a1b3 a2b1

r
r
If a a1 , a2 , a3 and a b1 , b2 , b3 , Then
r r r
i
j k
r r ur uu
r uu
r r a a3 r a1 a3 r a1 a2
a b a1 a2 a3 i 2
j
k
b2 b3
b1 b3
b1 b2
ur uu
r ur
b1 b2 b3
r
r
r

i
(
a
.
b

a
.
b
)

j
(
a
.
b

a
.
b
)

k
(uauu
.bu2uu
uu
au2u.u
bu
)
2uu
3uuuuu
3uuu
2uuuuuuuu
1uu
3uuuuu
3uuu
1uuuuu
1u
1r
uuuuuu

Determinant

Theorems

The vector ab is orthogonal to both a and b

r
r
If is the angle between a and b (so 0 ), then
r r r r
a b a . b sin

Parallel Cross Products

r
r
r r
Two non zero vectors a and b are parallel a b 0

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20 September 2016

Standard Derivatives
y f ( x)

dy
dx

xn

nx n 1

ex

ex

e kx

kekx

ax

a x ln a

ln x

1
x

log a x

1
x ln a

cos x

-sin x

sin x

cos x

csc x

-csc x cot x

secx

sec x tan x

cot x

-csc 2 x

tan x

sec2 x

sinh x

cosh x

cosh x

sinh x

Standard Integrals
Function

Integral

cdx

cx C , c

x dx

[ f ( x)]

f '( x)dx

1 n 1
x C
n 1
1

[ f ( x)]n 1 C
n 1

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20 September 2016

e dx
e f '( x)dx
x

ex C

f ( x)

e f (x) C

a dx
x

f (x)

1 x
a C
ln a
1 f ( x)

a
C
ln a
where a 0

f '( x)dx

1
x dx
f '( x)
f ( x) dx

ln | x | C

cos x dx

sin x C

sin xdx

cos x +C

sec

tan x C

xdx

ln | f ( x ) | C

csc x cot xdx

=- csc x C

sec x tan xdx

=secx C

csc xdx

cot x C

cosh xdx

sinh x C

sinh xdx

cosh x C

sec h xdx

tanh x C

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