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Mc lc

1 TP HP - MNH - NH X
1.1

1.2

1.3

TP HP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.1

Cc khi nim m u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.2

Cc php ton c bn trn cc tp hp . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.3

Cc tnh cht c bn ca cc php ton . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.4

Tch Descartes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MNH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.1

Khi nim mnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.2

Cc php ton logic c bn trn mnh . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.3

Mnh ph thuc bin v cc lng t . . . . . . . . . . . .

NH X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.1

Khi nim nh x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.2

nh v nh ngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.3

n nh-ton nh-song nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.4

nh x ngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3.5

nh x hp-nh x thu hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 TP HP S THC
2.1

2.2

TIN HA TP HP S THC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.1

Cc tin i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.2

Cc tin th t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

2.1.3

Tin v tnh y ca tp s thc . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

Mt s kt qu quan trng

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

2.2.1

Cc nguyn l c bn trn tp cc s t nhin N . . . . . . .

17

2.2.2

Cc tnh cht c bn ca tp hp cc s hu t Q . . . . . .

19

MC LC

MC LC

3 GII HN CA DY S
3.1

3.2

3.3

24

CC KHI NIM C BN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

3.1.1

DY S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

3.1.2

DY S N IU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

3.1.3

DY S B CHN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

3.1.4

DY S HI T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

3.1.5

DY S C GII HN V CC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

CC TNH CHT C BN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

3.2.1

LUT GI TR TUYT I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

3.2.2

LUT TH T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

3.2.3

LUT S HC

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

3.2.4

LUT NGHCH O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

3.2.5

NH L HI T N IU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

3.2.6

MT S GII HN C BN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

DY CON-DY CAUCHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

3.3.1

DY CON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

3.3.2

DY CAUCHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

4 GII HN CA HM S
4.1

39

CC KHI NIM C BN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

4.1.1

LN CN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

4.1.2

IM GII HN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

4.1.3

IM C LP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

4.1.4

HM S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

4.1.5

NH NGHA CHUNG V GII HN CA HM S . . .

40

4.2

CC TNH CHT C BN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

4.3

GII HN MT PHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

4.4

HM S LIN TC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.4.1

CC KHI NIM C BN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

4.4.2

HM S LIN TC TRN MT ON

. . . . . . . . . .

46

4.4.3

HM S LIN TC U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

5 PHP TNH VI PHN


5.1
ii

KHI NIM O HM

52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

GV. Trn Tr Dng

MC LC

MC LC

5.2

O HM CP CAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

5.3

CC NH L GI TR TRUNG BNH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

5.3.1

nh l Fermat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

5.3.2

nh l Rolle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

5.3.3

nh l Cauchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

5.3.4

nh l Lagrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

5.4

QUY TC L HPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

5.5

KHAI TRIN TAYLOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

5.5.1

Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

5.5.2

Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Lagrange . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

6 PHP TNH TCH PHN


6.1

6.2

TCH PHN RIEMANN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

6.1.1

Khi nim tch phn Riemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

6.1.2

Tng Riemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

6.1.3

Cc tnh cht c bn ca tch phn xc nh . . . . . . . . .

67

6.1.4

nh l c bn ca Gii tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

68

TCH PHN SUY RNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

6.2.1

Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

6.2.2

Tch phn suy rng ca hm s khng b chn . . . . . . . .

72

7 CHUI S-CHUI HM
7.1

7.2

64

77

CHUI S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77

7.1.1

Cc khi nim c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77

7.1.2

Cc du hiu hi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

CHUI HM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80

7.2.1

Hi t im - Hi t u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80

7.2.2

ng dng ca s hi t u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82

GV. Trn Tr Dng

iii

MC LC

iv

MC LC

GV. Trn Tr Dng

Chng 1

TP HP - MNH - NH
X
1.1
1.1.1

TP HP
Cc khi nim m u

Trong ton hc hin i, ngi ta coi tp hp l mt khi nim c bn dng ch


mt lp cc i tng no , chng hn tp hp cc thin h trong v tr, tp hp
cc sinh vin nm nht trong mt trng i hc, tp hp cc khch sn nm sao
Nha Trang, ...
Cc tp hp thng c k hiu bi cc ch in hoa A, B, C, ..., cn cc i tng
to nn tp hp thng c k hiu bi cc ch in thng a, b, c, ... v c gi l
cc phn t ca tp hp. Khi a l mt phn t ca tp hp A th ta k hiu a A
(c l: a thuc A), ngc li ta s k hiu a
/ A (c l: a khng thuc A). Tp
hp khng cha phn t no c c gi l tp rng, k hiu .
Cho hai tp hp A v B. Nu mi phn t ca A u l phn t ca B th ta
ni A l tp hp con hay tp con ca B, k hiu A B hoc B A (c l: A bao
hm trong B, A cha trong B hoc B cha A). R rng php ton bao hm c
cc tnh cht sau y:
A A, A.
Nu A B v B C th A C.
Hai tp hp A, B c gi l bng nhau nu A B v B A.
V d 1.1.1 Tp hp cc s t nhin N = {1; 2; 3; ...} l tp con ca tp hp cc s
nguyn Z = {0; 1; 2; ...}. Chai tp hp N v Z u l cc tp con ca tp hp
cc s hu t Q, trong Q = m
n : m Z, n Z, n 6= 0 .
1

1.1. TP HP

1.1.2

CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X

Cc php ton c bn trn cc tp hp

T cc tp hp A v B, ta c th to ra nhng tp hp mi bng cc php ton


di y:
a) Php giao: Giao ca hai tp hp A v B, k hiu A B (c: A giao B), l
tp hp gm tt c cc phn t thuc ng thi c hai tp hp .
Trong trng hp A B = , ta ni A v B l hai tp ri nhau.
b) Php hp: Hp ca hai tp hp A v B, k hiu A B (c: A hp B), l
tp hp gm tt c cc phn t thuc t nht mt trong hai tp .
Ch : Tng qut hn, ta xt mt h cc tp hp {Ai } trong ch s i chy
trn mt tp I no . Khi hp v giao ca cc tp hp Ai cng c nh ngha
tng t nh trn v c k hiu ln lt l Ai v Ai . c bit, nu I N
iI

iI

i=1

i=1

th ta thng k hiu hp v giao ca cc tp hp Ai ln lt l Ai v Ai .


c) Php ly hiu: Hiu ca hai tp hp A v B, k hiu A\B (c: A tr B),
l tp hp gm tt c cc phn t thuc A nhng khng thuc B.
Thng thng cc tp hp c xt l cc tp con ca mt tp ton th X no .
Khi hiu X\A cn c gi l phn b ca A (trong X) v c k hiu li l
Ac . Trong trng hp ny, r rng ta c
A\B = A B c .
V d 1.1.2 Cho cc tp hp A = {1, 3, 4, 6, 8} , B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}. Khi AB =
{1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10}, A B = {4, 6, 8}, A\B = {1, 3} v B\A = {2, 10}.

1.1.3

Cc tnh cht c bn ca cc php ton

Vi cc tp hp A, B, C v h cc tp hp {Ai } ty , ta lun c cc tnh cht sau:


a) Tnh giao hon:
A B = B A; A B = B A.
b) Tnh kt hp:
(A B) C = A (B C);
(A B) C = A (B C).
c) Tnh phn phi:
A (B C) = (A B) (A C);
2

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X

1.2. MNH

A (B C) = (A B) (A C).
d) Tnh cht i ngu De Morgan:
( Ai )c = (Ai )c ;
i

( Ai )c = (Ai )c .
i

Tnh cht ny c th pht biu nh sau: Phn b ca mt hp bng giao ca cc


phn b; phn b ca mt giao bng hp ca cc phn b.

1.1.4

Tch Descartes

Cho hai tp hp A v B. Ta gi tch Descartes ca hai tp hp A, B theo th t


l tp hp, k hiu A B, gm tt c cc cp c th t (a, b), trong a A v
b B. Nh vy
A B := {(a, b) : a A, b B} .
Tng qut, tch Descartes ca n tp hp A1 , A2 , ..., An theo th t l tp
hp, k hiu A1 A2 ... An , gm tt c cc b c th t (a1 , a2 , ..., an ), trong
ak Ak , 1 k n. c bit, nu tt c cc Ak u bng tp A no th ta
vit A A ... A l An .

1.2
1.2.1

MNH
Khi nim mnh

Trong ton hc, cc mnh , thng c k hiu bi cc ch ci in thng p, q, r, ...,


l cc khng nh ch nhn mt trong hai gi tr logic: ng hoc sai. Nu mnh
p nhn gi tr ng, ta vit p 1; cn nu mnh p nhn gi tr sai, ta vit p 0.
Nu hai mnh p v q c cng gi tr logic th ta vit p q.
V d 1.2.1 Cho p l mnh : 17 l s nguyn t, cn q l mnh :
t. Khi p 1 v q 0.

1.2.2

2 l s hu

Cc php ton logic c bn trn mnh

Cho cc mnh p, q. Khi ta c cc php ton logic c bn sau y:


a) Php hi: Hi ca p v q, k hiu bi p q v c l p v q, l mnh ng
khi v ch khi p, q u ng. Ni cch khc
p q 1 p q 1.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

1.2. MNH

CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X

b) Php tuyn: Tuyn ca p v q, k hiu bi p q v c l p hoc q, l mnh


sai khi v ch khi p, q u sai. Ni cch khc
p q 0 p q 0.
c) Php suy ra: Mnh p suy ra q, k hiu bi p q v c l nu p th q,
l mnh sai khi v ch khi p ng v q sai. Ni cch khc
p q 0 p 1, q 0.
Ch : vi mnh p q, ta cng ni p l c q v q l cn c p.
d) Php tng ng: Mnh p tng ng q, k hiu bi p q v c
l p nu v ch nu q, l mnh ng khi v ch khi p, q cng ng hoc cng sai.
e) Php ph nh: Ph nh ca p, k hiu bi p v c l khng p, l mnh
ng khi v ch khi p sai. Ni cch khc
p 1 p 0.
Ch : Khi pht biu hoc chng minh cc khng nh ton hc, ta thng
dng cc quy tc tng ng logic trong mnh di y:
Mnh 1.2.2 Cho cc mnh p, q. Khi ta c:
p q q p p q.
p q p q, p q p q.
p q p q.

1.2.3

Mnh ph thuc bin v cc lng t

Trong ton hc, ta thng lm vic vi cc iu kin P (x) ph thuc vo cc phn


t x trong khng gian X no . Nu vi mi phn t c nh x X, P (x) lun l
mt mnh th ta gi P (x) l mnh ph thuc bin x. Tp cc phn t x X
tha mn iu kin P (x) (tc l P(x) nhn gi tr ng) thng c k hiu bi
{x X : P (x)} hoc {x X|P (x)}.
Khi c cho mt mnh P (x) ph thuc bin x X, ta hay gp hai trng hp
quan trng di y:
C t nht mt phn t x X tha mn P (x). Khi ta vit x X : P (x)
v c l: tn ti x sao cho P (x).
Mi phn t x X u tha mn P (x). Khi ta vit x X : P (x) v c
l: vi mi x u c P (x).
4

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X

1.3. NH X

Cc k hiu , tng ng c gi l lng t tn ti, lng t ph dng. Khi t


mt lng t trc mt mnh ph thuc mt bin, ta thu c mt mnh
ng hoc sai. Ngoi ra, gia cc lng t c lin h sau y:
x : P (x) x : P (x). Ngha l, ph nh ca mnh : Tn ti x sao
cho P (x)" l mnh Vi mi x u khng c P (x)".
x : P (x) x : P (x). Ngha l, ph nh ca mnh : Vi mi x u c
P (x)" l mnh Tn ti x khng tha P (x)".
Mnh ph thuc nhiu bin c nghin cu tng t nh trng hp mt
bin. minh ha, ta xt mnh P (x, y) ph thuc hai bin x v y. Khi nu
t hai lng t theo hai bin x, y trc P (x, y), ta s thu c mt mnh ng
hoc sai. Ch thm rng th t ca cc lng t l quan trng trong mnh c
nhiu bin.
V d 1.2.3 Xt iu kin P (x, y) l x = y, x, y Q. Khi ta c
Mnh (x Q)(y Q): x = y l ng.
Mnh (y Q)(x Q): x = y l sai.
Ta cng c th dng cc du phy thay cho cc du ngoc trong mnh c nhiu
lng t, chng hn mnh (x Q)(y Q): x = y c th c vit thnh
x Q, y Q: x = y.
minh ha cho quy tc ph nh tng qut, by gi ta th tm ph nh ca mnh
sau: x X, y Y : P (x, y). R rng ta c
x X, y Y : P (x, y) x X, y Y : P (x, y) x X, y Y : P (x, y).
Tng qut ta c quy tc:
Quy tc ph nh mnh c nhiu lng t: Ta thay mi lng t bng
lng t v ngc li, ng thi ph nh iu kin rng buc cho cc bin.

1.3
1.3.1

NH X
Khi nim nh x

Mt nh x f t tp hp X vo tp hp Y l mt quy tc cho tng ng mi phn


t x ca X vi duy nht mt phn t gi l f (x) ca Y . nh x ny c k hiu
l f : X Y . Tp X gi l tp ngun hay tp xc nh, tp Y gi l tp ch hay
tp gi tr ca nh x f . Vi mi x X, phn t f (x) c gi l nh ca x qua
nh x f hoc gi tr ca f ti x.
Cho hai nh x f : X Y v g : X Y . Ta ni hai nh x l bng nhau, k
hiu f = g, nu f (x) = g(x) vi mi x X.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

1.3. NH X

CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X

V d 1.3.1

1. Php bnh phng cc s t nhin f1 l mt nh x t N vo N.

2. Cho trc mt s nguyn t p. Quy tc f2 cho tng ng mi s nguyn vi


tng ca p v s nguyn l mt nh x t Z vo Z.
3. Quy tc f3 cho tng ng mi s t nhin vi s cc c s nguyn dng ca
n l mt nh x t N vo N.
4. Quy tc cho tng ng mi s t nhin vi cc c s nguyn dng ca n
khng phi l mt nh x v vi phm tnh duy nht ca nh trong nh ngha
nh x.

1.3.2

nh v nh ngc

Cho nh x f : X Y , A l tp con ca X, B l tp con ca Y . Ta nh ngha


f (A) := {f (x) : x A} = {y Y : x A, y = f (x)} l nh ca A bi f .
f 1 (B) := {x X : f (x) B} l nh ngc ca B bi f .
Nu tp B ch c ng mt phn t, chng hn B = {b} th ta s vit f 1 (b)
thay cho f 1 ({b}) v gi f 1 (b) l nh ngc ca b bi f . R rng f 1 (b) =
{x X : f (x) = b}.
V d 1.3.2 Xt nh x f1 trong V d 1.3.1. Cho A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {5}. Khi
f1 (A) = {1, 4, 9, 16} v f11 (B) = .
V d 1.3.3 Cho nh x f : X Y , B, C l cc tp con ty ca Y . Chng minh
rng: f 1 (B\C) = f 1 (B)\f 1 (C).
Li gii: Ta c x f 1 (B\C) f (x) (B\C) f (x) B f (x)
/ C
x f 1 (B) x
/ f 1 (C) x f 1 (B)\f 1 (C).
Vy f 1 (B\C) = f 1 (B)\f 1 (C).
2

1.3.3

n nh-ton nh-song nh

Cho nh x f : X Y .
nh x f c gi l n nh nu x, x0 X, x 6= x0 f (x) 6= f (x0 ) (hoc
tng ng f (x) = f (x0 ) x = x0 ).
nh x f c gi l ton nh nu f (X) = Y , tc l y Y, x X : y = f (x).
nh x f c gi l song nh nu n va l n nh va l ton nh.
6

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X

1.3. NH X

V d 1.3.4 Xt li cc nh x V d 1.3.1.
- f1 l n nh v vi hai s t nhin m, n ty , n2 = m2 n = m. Tuy nhin
f1 khng l ton nh v f1 (N) l tp con thc s ca N.
- D thy f2 l song nh.
- R rng f3 khng phi l n nh v f3 (2) = f3 (3) = 2. Tuy nhin f3 l ton
nh v vi s t nhin n bt k, ta c f3 (2n1 ) = n.

1.3.4

nh x ngc

C s nh ngha nh x ngc ca mt song nh l mnh sau:


Mnh 1.3.5 Cho nh x f : X Y . Khi hai khng nh sau l tng ng:
(i) f l mt song nh.
(ii) Vi mi phn t y trong Y , tn ti duy nht mt phn t x trong X sao cho
y = f (x).
Chng minh: (i) (ii). Gi s f l song nh. Khi do f l ton nh nn vi
mi phn t y Y , u tn ti mt phn t x X sao cho y = f (x). R rng phn
t x ny l duy nht v nu c mt phn t x0 6= x sao cho f (x0 ) = y th ta suy ra
f (x) = f (x0 ). iu ny tri vi gi thit f l n nh.
(ii) (i). Theo (ii) ta c ngay f l ton nh. Xt x, x0 ty trong X sao cho
f (x) = f (x0 ). t y = f (x) = f (x0 ) v s dng tnh duy nht trong gi thit (ii) ta
d dng suy ra x = x0 . Ni cch khc, f l n nh. Vy f l song nh.
2
Theo mnh trn th nu f : X Y l song nh th c duy nht mt nh x, k
hiu f 1 , sao cho f 1 : Y X v y Y, x X, f 1 (y) = x y = f (x). Ta
gi f 1 l nh x ngc ca f . D thy nh x f 1 cng l song nh.
V d 1.3.6 Xt song nh f2 V d 1.3.1. Ta c f21 (k) = m k = f2 (m) =
p + m m = k p. Vy f21 (k) = k p vi mi k Z.

1.3.5

nh x hp-nh x thu hp

a) nh x hp: Cho cc nh x f : X Y v g : Y Z. Khi ta gi nh x


hp (hoc nh x tch) ca g v f , k hiu g f , l nh x sao cho g f : X Z v
(g f )(x) = g[f (x)], x X.
b) nh x thu hp: Cho nh x f : X Y , A X. Ta gi thu hp ca f trn
A, k hiu f |A , l nh x sao cho f |A : A Y v f |A (x) = f (x), x A.
2
GV. Trn Tr Dng

1.3. NH X

CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X

BI TP CUI CHNG 1
1) Chng minh cc tnh cht nu mc 1.1.3.
2) Cho cc tp hp A, B, C. Chng minh:
a) A (B\A) =

b) A (B\A) = A B

c) (A B) (A\B) = A

d) A\(B\C) = (A\B) (A C)
e) Ac B c = B c v B A khi v ch khi A = B.
3) Cho A, B l cc tp con ca X v C, D l cc tp con ca Y . Chng minh:
a) (A C) (B D) = (A B) (C D).
b) (A C) (A D) = A (C D).
c)* (A C) (B D) (A B) (C D). Cho v d ch ng thc khng xy ra.
4) Bng cch lp bng gi tr logic 0 v 1, hy chng minh Mnh 1.2.2.
5) Xt p, q l cc mnh trong V d 1.2.1. Hy pht biu v xt tnh ng, sai
ca cc mnh sau y: p q, p q, p q, p, p q, p q.
6) Trong cc pht biu di y, pht biu no l mnh . Hy nu tnh ng, sai
ca tng mnh .
a) k Z : k 2 k 0.

b) z Z, r Q : z 2 rz + r 1.

c) Tn ti mt hnh tinh c khi lng ln hn Tri t.


d) Tt c cc con ch c i cnh u c b lng mu trng.
e)* Vi mi s nguyn khng m x, y, z, nu x2015 + y 2015 = z 2015 th x + y z.
7) Cho nh x f : X Y . Gi s A1 , A2 l cc tp con ca X cn B1 , B2 l cc
tp con ca Y . Chng minh
a) f 1 (B1 B2 ) = f 1 (B1 ) f 1 (B2 );
b) f (A1 A2 ) = f (A1 ) f (A2 );

f 1 (B1 B2 ) = f 1 (B1 ) f 1 (B2 ).

f (A1 A2 ) f (A1 ) f (A2 ).

c) Nu f n nh th f (A1 A2 ) = f (A1 ) f (A2 ).


8)* Cho nh x f : X Y . Khi cc pht biu a) v b) sau l tng ng:
a) f n nh.
b) Vi mi tp con A ca X, ta u c A = f 1 (f (A)).
Cc pht biu c) v d) sau cng tng ng:
c) f l ton nh.
d) Vi mi tp con B ca Y , ta u c B = f (f 1 (B)).
9) Cho cc nh x f : X Y v g : Y Z. Chng minh:
a) Nu g f l n nh th f l n nh.
b) Nu g f l ton nh th g l ton nh.
c) Nu f v g song nh th g f cng song nh. Khi cc nh x f, g, g f u
c cc nh x ngc tha mn tnh cht sau: (g f )1 = f 1 g 1 .

GV. Trn Tr Dng

Chng 2

TP HP S THC
2.1

TIN HA TP HP S THC

Tp hp cc s thc R l mt tp hp trn c:
Mt php ton cng + : R R R cho tng ng mi cp s thc (x, y) vi
mt s thc x + y.
Mt php ton nhn : R R R cho tng ng mi cp s thc (x, y) vi
mt s thc x y.
Mt quan h th t trn R.
Ngoi ra, cc php ton cng, php ton nhn v quan h th t nu trn tha mn
cc tin sau y.

2.1.1

Cc tin i s

Tp hp R cng vi hai php ton cng v nhn lp thnh mt trng i s. Ni


mt cch c th, hai php ton tha mn cc tin nh sau.
1. Vi mi x, y R, x + y = y + x. (Tnh giao hon)
2. Vi mi x, y v z, (x + y) + z = x + (y + z). (Tnh kt hp)
3. Tn ti phn t 0 R sao cho vi mi x R, 0 + x = x. (Phn t n v)
4. Vi mi x R, tn ti y R sao cho x + y = 0. (Phn t nghch o)
Nhn xt 2.1.1 Ch rng
a) Phn t 0 trong tin 3 l duy nht v nu c a R tha a + x = x vi
mi x R th 0 = a + 0 = 0 + a = a. Ta gi 0 l phn t n v ca php ton
cng.
9

2.1. TIN HA TP HP S THC

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

b) i vi mi x cho trc, phn t y trong tin 4 l duy nht v nu c


y 0 R tha x + y 0 = 0 th y = 0 + y = (x + y 0 ) + y = (y 0 + x) + y = y 0 + (x + y) =
y 0 + 0 = y 0 . Khi y c gi l phn t nghch o ca x qua php ton cng,
k hiu y = x.
c) Ta nh ngha php ton tr nh sau: y x := y + (x).
5. Vi mi x, y R, x y = y x. (Tnh giao hon)
6. Vi mi x, y v z, (x y) z = x (y z). (Tnh kt hp)
7. Tn ti phn t 1 6= 0 sao cho vi mi x R, 1 x = x. (Phn t n v)
8. Vi mi x R, x 6= 0, tn ti y R sao cho x y = 1. (Phn t nghch o)
Nhn xt 2.1.2 Ch rng
a) Phn t 1 trong tin 7 l duy nht v nu c a R tha a x = x vi
mi x R th 1 = a 1 = 1 a = a. Ta gi 1 l phn t n v ca php ton
nhn.
b) i vi mi x 6= 0 cho trc, phn t y trong tin 8 l duy nht v nu c
y 0 R tha xy 0 = 1 th y = 1y = (xy 0 )y = (y 0 x)y = y 0 (xy) = y 0 1 = y 0 .
Khi y c gi l phn t nghch o ca x qua php ton nhn, k hiu
y = x1 hay y = 1/x.
c) Ta nh ngha php ton chia / nh sau: y/x := y x1 .
lin kt php cng v php nhn, ta cn mt tin m bo rng php
nhn phn phi i vi php cng.
9. Vi mi x, y v z, x (y + z) = (x y) + (x z).
Thng thng nu khng s nhm ln, ta hay vit xy thay cho x y.
Mnh 2.1.3 a) Vi mi x R, ta u c 0 x = x 0 = 0.
b) Cho x, y R. Khi xy = 0 x = 0 y = 0.
Chng minh: a) t a = 0 x, ta c:
a = 0 x = (0 + 0) x = 0 x + 0 x = a + a.
Do 0 = a + (a) = a + a + (a) = a + [a + (a)] = a + 0 = a. Tnh giao hon
cho ta x 0 = 0 .
b) Chiu o ca mnh cn chng minh l ng do a). Ngc li, gi s ta
c xy = 0 v c x v y u khc 0. Khi
xy = 0 x1 xy = x1 0 1y = 0 y = 0.
iu ny mu thun vi y 6= 0. Vy phi c x = 0 hoc y = 0 khi xy = 0.
2
10

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

2.1.2

2.1. TIN HA TP HP S THC

Cc tin th t

Cho hai s thc x v y ty . Ta nh ngha x y (c l: x nh hn hoc bng y,


cng c th c l y ln hn hoc bng x v vit l y x) nu 0 y x. Quan h
th t " ny tha mn cc tin sau y.
10. Vi mi s thc x, y, ta c x y hoc y x. Nu xy ra ng thi x y v
y x th x = y.
11. Vi mi s thc x, y, nu 0 x, 0 y th 0 x + y v 0 xy.
Trng s thc R cng vi cc tin th t nu trn s lp thnh mt trng c
sp th t ton phn. Ta chng minh c cc tnh cht c bn sau y.
nh l 2.1.4 Gi s x, y v z l cc s thc ty . Khi ta c:
a) Nu x y v y z th x z.
b) x y nu v ch nu x + z y + z.
c) Nu x y v 0 z th xz yz.
Chng minh: a) Ta vit z x = (z y) + (y x) v ch l do gi thit 0 z y
v 0 y x. p dng tin 11 ta suy ra 0 z x, tc l x z.
b) Ch l (y + z) (x + z) = y x.
c) Ta vit yz xz = (y x)z ri p dng tin 11 cho hai s y x v z.
2
Trong trng hp x y v x 6= y th ta ghi l x < y (c l x nh hn y, cng
c l y ln hn x v vit l y > x) v c mt quan h th t cht <". Hin nhin
x < y 0 < y x. Ta gi x l s dng nu 0 < x v x l s m nu x < 0.
Quan h < c cc tnh cht tng t nh .
nh l 2.1.5 a) Vi mi s thc x, y, ch c duy nht mt trong ba kh nng sau
xy ra: x < y, x = y hoc y < x.
b) Vi mi s thc x, y, nu 0 < x, 0 < y th 0 < x + y v 0 < xy.
Chng minh: a) Trc tin ta chng minh rng vi mi s thc x, y, mt trong
ba kh nng sau l xy ra: x < y, x = y hoc y < x. Tht vy, theo tin 10 ta
lun c x y hoc y x. Do nu x 6= y th ta suy ra x < y hoc y < x. Trng
hp cn li r rng l x = y.
Mt khc nu c hai trong ba kh nng xy ra ng thi th hai kh nng x < y
v x = y khng th ng thi xy ra c. Tng t hai kh nng y < x v x = y
cng khng th ng thi xy ra c. Vy x < y v y < x phi ng thi xy ra.
Tuy nhin khi ta suy ra x y v y x, ri p dng tin 10 ta c x = y
(mu thun vi x < y). Vy vi mi s thc x, y, ch c duy nht mt trong ba kh
nng sau xy ra: x < y, x = y hoc y < x.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

11

2.1. TIN HA TP HP S THC

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

b) Theo tin 11, ta suy ra ngay: nu 0 < x, 0 < y th 0 x + y v 0 xy.


Nu x + y = 0 th y = x. Do 0 < y nn 0 < x. Ch rng x < 0 0 < x
nn ta s c 0 < x v x < 0 ng thi xy ra (mu thun vi phn a) trn). Vy
phi c 0 < x + y.
Nu xy = 0 th theo Mnh 2.1.3 ta suy ra x = 0 hoc y = 0, mu thun vi gi
thit 0 < x v 0 < y. Vy phi c 0 < xy.
2
Mt h qu trc tip ca nh l 2.1.5 l kt qu sau:
H qu 2.1.6 Gi s x, y v z l cc s thc ty . Khi ta c:
a) Nu x < y v y < z th x < z.
b) x < y nu v ch nu x + z < y + z.
c) Nu x < y v 0 < z th xz < yz. Nu x < y v z < 0 th yz < xz.
n y xut hin mt cu hi th v l: Liu phn t 0 v 1 c so snh c vi
nhau hay khng? V d sau cho cu tr li khng nh.
V d 2.1.7 Chng minh rng: 0 < 1.
Li gii: Theo phn a) ca nh l 2.1.5 v do 0 6= 1 nn ta ch c hai kh nng:
hoc 0 < 1, hoc 1 < 0. Nu xy ra 1 < 0 th theo phn c) ca H qu 2.1.6 ta suy
ra 0 1 < 1 1 hay 0 < 1. Vy hai kh nng 1 < 0 v 0 < 1 xy ra ng thi, mu
thun vi phn a) ca nh l 2.1.5. Ni cch khc phi c 0 < 1.
2
S dng cc tin i s v cc tin th t nu trn, ta c th chng minh cc
tnh cht i s hay th t khc trn R.
V d 2.1.8 Cho x, y v z l cc s thc. Chng minh rng:
a) x2 0.
b) 0 < x 0 < x1 .
c) Nu 0 < z th x < y xz < yz.
Li gii: a) Theo tin 10, ta c 0 x hoc x 0. Nu 0 x th p dng tin
11 ta suy ra 0 xx = x2 . Nu x 0 th 0 x. p dng tin 11 ta suy ra
0 (x)(x). Ch l (x)(x) = xx = x2 (xem bi tp 1 cui chng). Vy ta
cng c 0 x2 nu x 0.
b) Nu 0 < x th x 6= 0, do x1 tn ti. Ta c x1 = xx1 x1 = x(x1 )2 . Do
0 < x v 0 (x1 )2 nn theo tin 11 ta suy ra 0 x1 . D thy x1 6= 0 (do
xx1 = 1). Vy 0 < x1 .
12

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

2.1. TIN HA TP HP S THC

o li, nu 0 < x1 th theo phn thun va chng minh, ta suy ra 0 < (x1 )1 = x.
c) Gi s 0 < z. Khi p dng phn c) ca H qu 2.1.6 ta c ngay: x < y
xz < yz.
o li, nu xz < yz th cng theo phn c) ca H qu 2.1.6 ta c xzz 1 < yzz 1
(do 0 < z nn 0 < z 1 ). Suy ra x < y.
2
Cc tp hp sau rt thng gp trong R.
nh ngha 2.1.9 Mt tp con I ca R c gi l mt khong nu n c mt
trong cc dng di y vi a v b l cc s thc no .
[a, b] := {x R : a x b};

[a, ) := {x R : a x};

(a, b) := {x R : a < x < b};

(a, ) := {x R : a < x};

(a, b] := {x R : a < x b};

(, a] := {x R : x a};

[a, b) := {x R : a x < b};

(, a) := {x R : x < a};

(, ) := R.
Trong phn tip theo, ta s ch ra rng tp hp cc s hu t Q c th c nhng"
vo tp hp cc s thc R theo ngha c mt n nh t Q vo R sao cho n nh
ny bo ton cc php cng, php nhn v quan h th t trn Q. Do ta s xem
Q nh l mt tp con ca R.
Ta xt nh x f : Q R, r 7 r 1, 1 R, xc nh bi

0,
khi r = 0

{z + 1} = n1, khi r = n N
|1 + 1 +

n ln
r1=
(1) + (1) + + (1) = m1, khi r = n Z\(N {0})

|
{z
}

(m)
ln

(m1)(n1)1 ,
khi r = m
n , n 6= 0, m, n Z.
Nhn xt 2.1.10 a) T cch xc nh nh x nh trn, ta d dng chng minh kt
qu sau: vi mi s nguyn m v n ta lun c (m1)(n1) = (mn)1 v m1 + n1 =
(m + n)1.
p
1 = (p1)(q1)1 ,
b) Nu m
n = q , trong m, n, p, q Z v n, q 6= 0 th (m1)(n1)
tc l quy tc f ng l mt nh x. Tht vy, ta c (m1)(n1)1 = (p1)(q1)1
(m1)(n1)1 (n1)(q1) = (p1)(q1)1 (n1)(q1) (m1)(q1) = (p1)(n1) (mq)1 =
(np)1 (ng do mq = np).

Mnh 2.1.11 nh x f xc nh nh trn c cc tnh cht sau: Vi mi r, s Q


GV. Trn Tr Dng

13

2.1. TIN HA TP HP S THC

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

a) f (r + s) = f (r) + f (s),
b) f (rs) = f (r)f (s),
c) Nu r < s th f (r) < f (s).
Chng minh: a) Gi s r =

m
n,

s = pq . Khi r + s =

mq+np
nq .

Do

f (r + s) = f (r) + f (s) [(mq + np)1][(nq)1]1 = (m1)(n1)1 + (p1)(q1)1


(mq + np)1 = (m1)(n1)1 (nq)1 + (p1)(q1)1 (nq)1
(mq + np)1 = (m1)(q1) + (p1)(n1) (do phn a) ca Nhn xt 2.1.10)
(mq + np)1 = (mq)1 + (np)1 = (mq + np)1 (do phn a) ca Nhn xt 2.1.10).
b) Chng minh tng t nh a).
p
c) Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s r = m
n , s = q v cc s n, q N.
p
Nu r < s th m
n < q hay mq < np. Suy ra 1 + mq np v np = mq + k vi k l
mt s t nhin. Mt khc do 0 < n1 v 0 < q1 nn

f (r) < f (s) (m1)(n1)1 < (p1)(q1)1


(m1)(n1)1 (n1)(q1) < (p1)(q1)1 (n1)(q1)
(m1)(q1) < (n1)(p1) (mq)1 < (np)1
(mq)1 < (mq + k)1 0 < k1.
Ch rng bt ng thc cui cng l ng v k l mt s t nhin. Vy nu r < s
th f (r) < f (s).
2
nh ngha 2.1.12 (Gi tr tuyt i ca mt s thc) Cho s thc x. Khi
gi tr tuyt i ca x, k hiu |x|, c nh ngha nh sau:

|x| =

x, nu x 0
x, nu x < 0.

Ta c cc tnh cht sau y.


Mnh 2.1.13 Cho x, y l cc s thc ty . Khi ta c
|x| 0 v |x| = 0 x = 0.
|x| x |x|.
|x + y| |x| + |y| (bt ng thc tam gic).
||x| |y|| |x y|.
14

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC


|xy| = |x||y| v xy = |x|
|y| .

2.1. TIN HA TP HP S THC

|x| < y y < x < y. Tng t |x| y y x y.


Chng minh: Xem nh bi tp.

2.1.3

Tin v tnh y ca tp s thc

c th pht biu tin v tnh y , trc ht ta cn mt s cc khi nim


sau.
nh ngha 2.1.14 Cho E l mt tp con ca R.
a) E c gi l b chn trn nu c mt s thc M sao cho x M vi mi
x E. Khi ta ni E b chn trn bi M v M l mt cn trn ca E.
b) E c gi l b chn di nu c mt s thc m sao cho m x vi mi
x E. Khi ta ni E b chn di bi m v m l mt cn di ca E.
c) E c gi l b chn nu n va b chn trn v va b chn di.
V d 2.1.15 a) Theo nh ngha, tp hp E = [0, 1] l b chn trn bi 1 v b
chn di bi 0. Vy E b chn trong R.
b) Tp hp E = [0, ) l b chn di bi 0 nhng khng b chn trn. V
nu [0, ) b chn trn bi mt s thc M no th ni ring 0 M . Do
M + 1 [0, ). Vy ta phi c M + 1 M , m iu ny th tng ng vi 1 0
(v l).
c) Tng t tp hp E = (, 0] l b chn trn bi 0 nhng khng b chn di
(ti sao?).
d) Tp hp R = (, ) khng b chn trn, cng khng b chn di (ti
sao?).
nh ngha 2.1.16 Cho E l mt tp con ca R.
a) Ta ni a E l phn t nh nht ca E, k hiu a = min E, nu a x vi
mi x E. Tng t, ta ni a E l phn t ln nht ca E, k hiu a = max E,
nu x a vi mi x E.
b) Phn t nh nht trong tp hp tt c cc cn trn ca E (nu c) c gi
l cn trn ng ca E, k hiu sup E.
c) Phn t ln nht trong tp hp tt c cc cn di ca E (nu c) c gi
l cn di ng ca E, k hiu inf E.
V d 2.1.17 Cho E l mt tp con ca R.
a) Gi s tn ti a = max E. Chng minh rng sup E cng tn ti v sup E =
max E = a.
b) Gi s tn ti a = min E. Chng minh rng inf E cng tn ti v inf E =
min E = a.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

15

2.1. TIN HA TP HP S THC

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

Li gii: a) Theo nh ngha, a = max E thuc E v l mt cn trn ca E. Ta


s chng minh a l cn trn nh nht trong cc cn trn ca E, do sup E = a.
Tht vy, ly b l mt cn trn ty ca E, ch rng a E nn a b.
b) Chng minh tng t phn a)
2
V d 2.1.18 Cho E = {1, 3, 5, 7}. Theo trn, ta c sup E = max E = 7 v inf E =
min E = 1.
V d 2.1.19 Cho E = [0, 1). R rng, ta c inf E = min E = 0. D thy E khng
c phn t ln nht (ti sao?), tuy nhin sup E = 1. Tht vy, vi mi x thuc [0, 1)
th x < 1. Suy ra x 1, tc 1 l mt cn trn ca [0, 1).
Ly M l mt cn trn bt k ca E. Nu M < 1 th ta suy ra 0 M < M2+1 < 1.
Do M2+1 E v M2+1 M , mu thun vi M < M2+1 . Vy ta phi c 1 M .
2
Mnh sau cho ta mt c trng n gin nhng rt hu dng ca cc cn trn
ng v cn di ng.
Mnh 2.1.20 Cho E l mt tp con khc rng ca R v a R l mt cn trn
ca E. Khi , hai khng nh sau l tng ng.
(i) a = sup E.
(ii) Vi mi  > 0, tn ti x E sao cho a  < x a.
Tng t, cho E l mt tp con khc rng ca R v b R l mt cn di ca E.
Khi , hai khng nh sau l tng ng.
(iii) b = inf E.
(iv) Vi mi  > 0, tn ti x E sao cho b x < b + .
Chng minh: Xem bi tp 7 cui chng.
2
Tin sau y l tin rt quan trng trong Gii tch. Tin ny cho ta
tnh y ca trng s thc, mt tnh cht m trng cc s hu t Q khng c.
Rt nhiu cc nh l, cc kt qu su sc sau ny trong Gii tch, chng hn nh
nh l v s hi t ca cc dy Cauchy, nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass v cc dy b
chn, nh l gi tr trung gian ca cc hm s lin tc ..., u l h qu ca tnh
cht y ca R.
12. Tin y (cn c gi l Nguyn l Supremum): Trng cc
s thc R l y theo ngha: Mi tp con E khc rng b chn trn ca R u
c cn trn ng thuc R.
16

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

2.2. MT S KT QU QUAN TRNG

nh l 2.1.21 Mi tp con E khc rng b chn di ca R u c cn di ng


thuc R.
Chng minh: Gi s E b chn di bi a. t E = {x : x E} th E khc
rng v b chn trn bi a. Theo tin y , E c mt cn trn ng l b.
Ta d dng kim tra b s l cn di ng ca E.
2
Nh vy l ta hon thnh cng vic tin ha tp hp cc s thc. Ton b
cc tin nu trn s lm R tr thnh mt trng c sp th t ton phn v
y . Hn na, cc nh ton hc cn chng minh c rng nu c mt trng F
cng c sp th t ton phn v y , tc l F cng tha mn cc tin 1-12,
th F tng ng vi R, theo ngha l s c mt song nh gia hai trng ny, v
song nh ny bo ton cc tnh cht ca cc php ton cng, php ton nhn v
quan h th t.

2.2
2.2.1

Mt s kt qu quan trng
Cc nguyn l c bn trn tp cc s t nhin N

nh l 2.2.1 (Nguyn l sp th t tt)


Mi tp con E khc rng ca N u c phn t nh nht.
Chng minh: Do E khc rng nn c mt s t nhin N E.
t F = {n E : n N } th F khc rng v ch c hu hn cc phn t. Do F
s c phn t nh nht gi l k. Khi k cng l phn t nh nht ca E. Tht
vy, ly n bt k trong E. Nu n F th n k, cn nu n
/ F th n > N k.
2
nh l 2.2.2 Cho E N tha mn hai tnh cht sau:
(i) 1 E;
(ii) Vi mi n N, nu n E th n + 1 E.
Khi E = N.
Chng minh: Gi E c l phn b ca E trong N, tc l E c = {n N : n
/ E}. Ta
s chng minh E c l tp rng. Tht vy, gi s ngc li E c khc rng. Khi , theo
Nguyn l sp th t tt th E c c phn t nh nht gi l N . Ch rng do 1 E
nn N 2. R rng khi N 1 E v nu N 1 E c th N 1 N (v l).
Tuy nhin t N 1 E v theo gi thit (ii) ta li suy ra N E, mu thun vi
N Ec.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

17

2.2. MT S KT QU QUAN TRNG

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
2

Nhn xt 2.2.3 a) Trong nh l trn, nu ta gi nguyn gi thit (i) v thay gi


thit (ii) bi gi thit (ii) sau
(ii) Vi mi n N, nu {1, 2, ..., n} E th n + 1 E,
th kt lun vn l E = N (ti sao?). Nguyn l tng ng c gi l Nguyn l
quy np mnh.
b) Trong nh l trn, nu ta gi nguyn gi thit (ii) v thay gi thit (i) bi
gi thit (i) sau
(i) N E vi N l s t nhin cho trc,
th kt lun s l {n N : n N } E (ti sao?).
V d 2.2.4 (Bt ng thc Bernoulli)
Chng minh rng: Vi mi a 1, vi mi n N, ta c (1 + a)n 1 + na.
Chng minh: Ly a 1 ty . t E = {n N : (1 + a)n 1 + na}.
R rng ta c 1 E. Gi s ta c n E, tc l (1 + a)n 1 + na. Khi
(1 + a)n+1 = (1 + a)n (1 + a) (1 + na)(1 + a) = 1 + (n + 1)a + na2 .
Suy ra (1 + a)n+1 1 + (n + 1)a (do na2 0) hay n + 1 E. Tc l E tha mn
hai gi thit ca Nguyn l quy np, nn E = N.
2
V d 2.2.5 Chng minh rng: n! > 2n , vi mi s t nhin n 4.
Chng minh: Ta c th chng minh tng t nh V d 2.2.4 bng cch t
E = {n N, n 4 : n! > 2n }. Tuy nhin, ta thng thc hnh nh sau.
Kim tra bc c s: Vi n = 4 th 4! = 24 > 24 = 16 nn bt ng thc
cn chng minh ng vi n = 4.
Chng minh bc quy np: Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n (n 4), tc
l ta c n! > 2n (gi thit quy np). Ta s chng minh bt ng thc ng
vi n + 1. Tht vy ta c
(n + 1)! = n!(n + 1) > 2n (n + 1) (do gi thit quy np)
> 2n+1 (v n + 1 > 2).
Kt lun: Bt ng thc n! > 2n ng vi mi s t nhin n 4.
2
18

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

2.2. MT S KT QU QUAN TRNG

Cc nh l phn tip theo l nhng h qu ca Nguyn l Supremum.


nh l 2.2.6 N khng b chn trn.
Chng minh: Gi s ngc li N b chn trn. Khi theo Nguyn l Supremum,
tn ti a = sup N. Suy ra a 1 khng phi l cn trn ca N, do c mt s t
nhin n sao cho n > a 1. Khi n + 1 > a, mu thun vi a = sup N.
2
nh l 2.2.7 (Nguyn l Archimedes)
Vi mi a > 0, vi mi b R, tn ti n N: na > b.
Chng minh: Dng phn chng, gi s ngc li, nu c a > 0, c b R sao cho
vi mi n N : na b. Khi vi mi n N ta c n b/a, mu thun vi N khng
b chn trn.
2
V d 2.2.8 Cho E = {x = 1 1/n : n N}. Tm sup E.
Li gii: R rng nu x E th x 1. Vy 1 l cn trn ca E. Ta s p dng
Mnh 2.1.20 chng minh sup E = 1. Ly  > 0 ty , ta cn ch ra tn ti
x = 1 1/n > 1 . iu ny tng ng vi c n N sao cho n > 1/. Ch
rng s n nh vy tn ti theo Nguyn l Archimedes ng vi a = , b = 1.
2

2.2.2

Cc tnh cht c bn ca tp hp cc s hu t Q

Trc tin ta s ch ra rng c nhng s thc nhng khng phi l s hu t. Ni


cch khc, Q l tp con thc s ca R. Do , phn b Qc ca Q trong R l khc
rng v Qc c gi l tp hp cc s v t.
2
Mnh 2.2.9 Tn ti duy nht
mt s thc x > 0 sao cho x = 2. S x c
gi l cn bc hai ca 2, k hiu 2.

Chng minh: D thy tnh duy nht ca x l ng v nu c y > 0 sao cho y 2 = 2


th x2 = y 2 . Suy ra (x y)(x + y) = 0, do x = y (v x + y > 0).


chng minh s tn ti ca s x nh trn, ta t E = s > 0 : s2 2 . R rng E
khc rng (do 1 E) v b chn trn bi 2 chng hn. Theo Nguyn l Supremum,
tn ti s thc x = sup E. D thy x 1, ta s chng minh x2 = 2.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

19

2.2. MT S KT QU QUAN TRNG

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

Xt trng hp x2 > 2. Theo Nguyn l Archimedes, ta c s t nhin n sao


cho n > x22x2 . Khi vi mi s E, ta c
(x 1/n)2 = x2 2x/n + 1/n2 > x2 2x/n > 2 s2
do cch chn n. Suy ra x 1/n > s, tc l x 1/n l mt cn trn ca E,
mu thun vi x = sup E.
Xt trng hp x2 < 2. Theo Nguyn l Archimedes, ta c s t nhin m sao
cho m > 2x+1
. Khi
2x2
(x + 1/m)2 = x2 + 2x/m + 1/m2 x2 +

2x + 1
<2
m

do cch chn m. Suy ra x + 1/m thuc E, mu thun vi x = sup E.


Vy phi c x2 = 2.
2
Mnh 2.2.10

2 khng phi l s hu t.

Chng minh: Gi s ngc li rng tn ti s hu t r =


(tc
m/n dng 2ti gin
2 . Khi
l c s chung ln nht ca m v n l 1) sao cho m
=
2.
Suy
ra
m
=
2n
n
m2 chia ht cho 2, do m cng chia ht cho 2 (ti sao?). Vy m = 2k vi k l
s nguyn no . Thay m = 2k vo ng thc m2 = 2n2 , ta suy ra n2 = 2k 2 . Lp
lun tng t nh trn, ta suy ra n = 2l vi l l s nguyn no . Vy c m v n
u chia ht cho 2, iu ny l mu thun vi gi thit r = m/n dng ti gin.
2
nh l 2.2.11 (Tnh tr mt ca Q trong R)
Cho a, b l cc s thc bt k v a < b. Khi , tn ti r Q sao cho a < r < b.
Chng minh: Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s l 1 < a < b (trng hp
tng qut thay a, b bi a + n, b + n vi n N c chn sao cho 1 < a + n).
Theo Nguyn l Archimedes, ta chn n N sao cho n > 1/(b a) hay 1/n < b a.
C nh s n ny v t E = {k N : k > na} th E khc rng do Nguyn l
Archimedes. Theo Nguyn l sp th t tt ca N, E c mt phn t nh nht gi
l m v m > na > 1. Khi
m 1 na

m
1
m1
a
a+ <b
n
n
n

do cch chn n. Vy r = m/n l s hu t sao cho a < r < b.


2
20

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

2.2. MT S KT QU QUAN TRNG

nh l 2.2.12 (Tnh tr mt ca Qc trong R)


Cho a, b l cc s thc bt k v a < b. Khi , tn ti x Qc sao cho a < x < b.

Chng minh: Theo nh l 2.2.11, c s hu t r sao cho a < r < b. Xt x = r +

vi n N c chn sao cho n >

2
br .

2
n

Khi x Qc v a < x < b.


2



V d 2.2.13 Cho E = r Q : 0 < r < 2 . Chng minh rng: sup E = 2.

Li gii: Theo nh ngha ca E, ta c ngay 2 lmt cn trn ca E. Gi sM


l mt cn trn ca E, ta cn chng minh M 2. Tht vy, gi s M < 2.
Khi , theo
nh l 2.2.11 v tnh tr mt ca Q, tn ti mt s hu t r sao cho
M < r < 2. Suy ra r E v M < r, mu thun vi M l mt cn trn ca E.

Vy sup E = 2.
2
Ch : V d 2.2.13 cng ch ra rng Q khng tha mn tin y (Nguyn
l Supremum).

GV. Trn Tr Dng

21

2.2. MT S KT QU QUAN TRNG

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

BI TP CUI CHNG 2
1) S dng cc tin t 1-9, chng minh rng vi mi x, y R ta c
a) x = (1)x

b) (x) = x

c) (1)(1) = 1

d) (x)(y) = xy

2) Trong tin 7, gii thch ti sao ta cn iu kin 1 6= 0.


3) Chng minh rng: a) Nu a c v b d th a + b c + d.
b) Nu 0 a c v 0 b d th ab cd.
4) Chng minh rng: nu a 0 v b 0 th a b a2 b2 .
5) Chng minh rng: 0 < a < b 0 < b1 < a1 .


6) Chng minh rng tp hp cc s phc C = a + bi : a, b R, i2 = 1 l mt
trng khng c sp th t ton phn. (Hng dn: Xt i > 0 v i < 0.)
7) Chng minh Mnh 2.1.20.
8) Cho A v B l cc tp con khc rng v b chn ca R. Chng minh rng nu
A B th inf B inf A sup A sup B.
9) Cho E l tp con khc rng v b chn trn ca R. Gi F l tp hp tt c cc
cn trn ca E. Chng minh rng inf F = sup E.
10) Cho S, T l cc tp con khc rng v b chn ca R, v mt s thc r. t
rS = {rs : s S} v S + T = {s + t : s S, t T }. Chng minh rng:
a) Nu r 0 th sup(rS) = r sup S v inf(rS) = r inf S.
b) Nu r < 0 th sup(rS) = r inf S v inf(rS) = r sup S.
c) sup(S + T ) = sup S + sup T v inf(S + T ) = inf S + inf T .
11) Tm min A, max A, inf A, sup A (nu c) trong :


a) A = {sin x : x R}
b) A = 2 n1 : n N
n
o


n
c) A = x Q : x2 1 < 0
d) A = 2 + (1)
:nN
n
n
o


e) A = x = 2nm+1 : m, n N
f) A = x = a + a1 : a Qc , a > 0
12) Dng cc Nguyn l quy np ton hc, chng minh:
a) 1 + 2 + + n =
b)

13

23

c)

n
P

(1)i i2 =

d)

i=1
n
Q

(1

+ +

i=2

e) Nu r +

1
)
i2
1
r

n3

n(n+1)
,
2

n N.

= (1 + 2 + + n)2 , n N.

(1)n n(n+1)
,
2
n+1
2n ,

n N.

n N, n 2.

l mt s nguyn th rn +

1
rn

cng l s nguyn, n N.

(1 + x + x2 )n

f)* Khai trin ca a thc


c t nht mt h s trc x l s chn,
n N, n 2. (Hng dn: Ch n 4 s hng c bc thp nht ca (1 + x + x2 )n ,
s dng ng d theo modulo 2 nu cn thit)

22

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 2. TP HP S THC

2.2. MT S KT QU QUAN TRNG

13) Dng Nguyn l quy np ton hc, chng minh cc bt ng thc sau y:
a) Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz:
Cho cc s thc a1 , a2 , ..., an v b1 , b2 , ..., bn bt k. Khi ta c
n
X
k=1

!
a2k

n
X
k=1

!
b2k

n
X

!2
ak bk

k=1

b)* Bt ng thc Cauchy (cn gi l bt ng thc AM-GM):


Cho cc s dng a1 , a2 , ..., an bt k. Khi ta c

a1 + a2 + + an
n a1 a2 an .
n
(Hng dn cu b): Ti bc quy np, gi s bt ng thc ng cho n s ty ,
chng minh bt ng thc ng cho 2n s ty trc ri dng kt qu ny
chng minh bt ng thc ng cho n + 1 s ty ).
14) a) Chng minh rng: nu E l tp con khc rng b chn di ca Z th E c
phn t nh nht.
b) Chng minh rng: vi mi s thc x, tn ti duy nht mt s nguyn k sao
cho x 1 < k x (ta gi s nguyn k l phn nguyn ca x, k hiu [x]).

15) Chng minh cc s sau l cc s v t: 3, 2 + 3 v log2 3.

16) Chng minh rng nu a, b v a + b thuc Q th a v b cng thuc Q.


17)* Cho n l mt s t nhin. Chng minh rng: vi mi s thc a 0, tn ti
duy nht mt s thc b 0 sao cho bn = a (ta gi s thc b l cn bc n ca

a, k hiu n a). (Hng dn: t E = {x 0 : xn a}, theo Nguyn l Supremum


th c b = sup E ri chng minh bn = a. S dng bt ng thc Bernoulli nu cn
thit.)

GV. Trn Tr Dng

23

Chng 3

GII HN CA DY S
3.1
3.1.1

CC KHI NIM C BN
DY S

nh ngha 3.1.1 Mt nh x x : N R c gi l mt dy s (thc). Ta thng


vit x(n) = xn v k hiu dy s nh trn bi x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , . . . hoc (xn )nN hoc
n gin bi (xn ). Ta gi xn l s hng th n (hoc s hng tng qut) ca dy s
.
Mt s v d v dy s:
(n) = 1, 2, 3, . . . S hng tng qut xn = n.
( n1 ) = 1, 12 , 31 , . . . S hng tng qut xn = n1 .
((1)n ) = 1, 1, 1, 1 . . . S hng tng qut xn = (1)n .
(1) = 1, 1, 1, . . . S hng tng qut xn = 1. Dy s ny c gi l dy s
hng.

3.1.2

DY S N IU

nh ngha 3.1.2 Cho dy s (xn ).


Dy s (xn ) c gi l dy s tng nu xn xn+1 , n N. Dy s (xn ) c
gi l dy s tng ngt nu xn < xn+1 , n N.
Dy s (xn ) c gi l dy s gim nu xn xn+1 , n N. Dy s (xn ) c
gi l dy s gim ngt nu xn > xn+1 , n N.
Cc dy s tng v dy s gim c gi chung l dy s n iu.
24

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

3.1. CC KHI NIM C BN

V d 3.1.3 Dy s (n) = 1, 2, 3, . . . l dy s tng ngt. Dy s ( n1 ) = 1, 12 , 13 , . . .


l dy s gim ngt. Dy s ((1)n ) l dy s khng tng v cng khng gim.

3.1.3

DY S B CHN

nh ngha 3.1.4 Cho dy s (xn ).


Dy s (xn ) c gi l b chn trn nu c s thc M sao cho xn M, n N.
Dy s (xn ) c gi l b chn di nu c s thc m sao cho m xn , n N.
Dy s (xn ) c gi l b chn nu n va b chn trn va b chn di.
V d 3.1.5 Dy s (n) l dy s b chn di nhng khng b chn trn theo
Nguyn l Archimedes.
Cc dy s ( n1 ) v ((1)n ) l cc dy s b chn.

3.1.4

DY S HI T

nh ngha 3.1.6 Dy s (xn ) hi t v mt s thc a nu vi mi s thc  > 0,


tn ti mt s t nhin N sao cho vi mi n N ta c |xn a| < .
Khi ta ni (xn ) l dy s hi t, ta gi a l gii hn ca dy (xn ) v vit
lim xn = a ( lim xn = a khi cn lm r) hoc xn a khi n +.
n

lim xn = a  > 0, N N, n N, n N |xn a| < .


Nhn xt 3.1.7 Gii hn ca mt dy s hi t (xn ) l duy nht. Tht vy gi
s ta c ng thi lim xn = a v lim xn = b vi a, b l cc s thc. Khi vi
 > 0 ty , tn ti cc s t nhin N1 v N2 sao cho |xn a| < , n N1 v
|xn b| < , n N2 . T ta suy ra:
|a b| = |a xN1 +N2 + xN1 +N2 b| |a xN1 +N2 | + |xN1 +N2 b| < 2.
V  > 0 ty nn bt ng thc trn cho ta a = b.
V d 3.1.8 Chng minh: lim n1 = 0.
Li gii: Ly  > 0 ty . Theo Nguyn l Archimedes, tn ti mt s t nhin N
sao cho N1 < . Khi vi mi n N , ta c


1

0 = 1 1 < .
n
n
N
GV. Trn Tr Dng

25

3.2. CC TNH CHT C BN

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
2

V d 3.1.9 Chng minh dy s ((1)n ) khng hi t.


Li gii: Ta chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s ngc li dy s (xn = (1)n )
hi t v mt s thc a no . Khi chn  = 1/2, tn ti N N sao cho
|xn a| < 1/2 vi n N . Suy ra |1 a| < 1/2 v | 1 a| < 1/2. Tuy nhin cc
bt ng thc trn li cho 1/2 < a < 3/2 v 3/2 < a < 1/2 (v l).
2
Lu : Nu dy s (xn ) khng hi t v mt s thc no th ta ni dy s
phn k. Trong tp hp cc dy s phn k ta xt ring cc dy s c gii hn
l v cc c nh ngha nh bn di.

3.1.5

DY S C GII HN V CC

nh ngha 3.1.10
Ta ni dy s (xn ) c gii hn l + nu vi mi s
thc M > 0, tn ti mt s t nhin N sao cho vi mi n N , ta c xn > M .
Khi ta vit lim xn = + hoc xn + khi n +.
Ta ni dy s (xn ) c gii hn l nu vi mi s thc M > 0, tn ti
mt s t nhin N sao cho vi mi n N , ta c xn < M . Khi ta vit
lim xn = hoc xn khi n +.
V d 3.1.11 Chng minh: lim n2 = +.
Li gii: Ly M > 0 ty . Theo Nguyn l Archimedes, tn ti s t nhin N sao
cho N > M . Khi vi mi n N , ta c
n2 n N > M.
2

3.2

CC TNH CHT C BN

nh l 3.2.1 Mi dy s hi t u l dy s b chn.
Chng minh: Gi s (xn ) l dy s hi t v s thc a. Vi  = 1, ta c s t nhin
N sao cho |xn a| < 1, n N . Do
|xn | = |xn a + a| |xn a| + |a| < 1 + |a|, n N.
t M = |x1 | + |x2 | + + |xN 1 | + 1 + |a| th ta suy ra |xn | M, n N.
Vy dy (xn ) l dy b chn.
26

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

3.2. CC TNH CHT C BN


2

Nhn xt 3.2.2 V d 3.1.9 ch ra rng c nhng dy s b chn nhng khng hi


t.

3.2.1

LUT GI TR TUYT I

nh l 3.2.3 a) lim xn = 0 lim |xn | = 0.


b) Nu lim xn = a th lim |xn | = |a|.
Chng minh: Bi tp.
Nhn xt 3.2.4 Chiu ngc li ca phn b) ni chung khng ng, chng hn ta
xt dy ((1)n ).

3.2.2

LUT TH T

nh l 3.2.5 Gi s lim xn = a v lim yn = b vi a, b l cc s thc.


a) Nu xn yn , n k (k l mt s t nhin cho trc) th a b.
b) Vi mi m < a, tn ti s t nhin Nm sao cho m < xn , n Nm .
Tng t, vi mi M > a, tn ti s t nhin NM sao cho xn < M, n NM .
Chng minh: a) Do lim xn = a v lim yn = b nn vi  > 0 ty , tn ti cc s t
nhin N1 v N2 sao cho a  < xn < a + , n N1 v b  < yn < b + , n N2 .
Do ta c
a  < xk+N1 +N2 yk+N1 +N2 < b + .
Suy ra a  < b +  hay a b < 2. V  > 0 ty nn a b 0.
b) Vi m < a bt k, ly  = a m > 0 th do lim xn = a nn tn ti s t nhin
Nm sao cho a  < xn < a + , n Nm . Suy ra m < xn , n Nm .
Tng t, vi M > a bt k, ly  = M a > 0 th do lim xn = a nn tn ti s t
nhin NM sao cho a  < xn < a + , n NM . Suy ra xn < M, n NM .
2
nh l 3.2.6 (Nguyn l kp) Cho cc dy s (xn ), (yn ) v (zn ) tha mn cc
iu kin sau:
(i) yn xn zn , n k (k l mt s t nhin cho trc).
(ii) lim yn = lim zn = a (a R).
Khi lim xn = a.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

27

3.2. CC TNH CHT C BN

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

Chng minh: Do lim yn = a v lim zn = a nn vi  > 0 ty , tn ti cc s t


nhin N1 v N2 sao cho a  < yn < a + , n N1 v a  < zn < a + , n N2 .
Khi tn ti mt s t nhin N = k + N1 + N2 sao cho
a  < yn xn zn < a + , n N.
Suy ra: vi  > 0 ty , tn ti mt s t nhin N sao cho a < xn < a+, n N .
Ni cch khc, ta c lim xn = a.
2
V d 3.2.7 Chng minh: lim sinn n = 0.
Li gii: Vi mi s t nhin n, ta lun c:
0|

1
sin n
| .
n
n



V dy (0) v dy (1/n) u hi t v 0 nn theo Nguyn l kp ta suy ra lim sinn n =
0 v do lim sinn n = 0.

3.2.3

LUT S HC

nh l 3.2.8 Gi s lim xn = a v lim yn = b vi a, b l cc s thc. Khi ta c


a) lim(xn + yn ) = lim xn + lim yn = a + b.
b) lim(xn yn ) = lim xn lim yn = ab.
c) Nu b 6= 0 v yn 6= 0, n N th lim xynn =

lim xn
lim yn

= ab .

Chng minh: nh l s c chng minh trong gi l thuyt.


2
Lu : nh l 3.2.5 v nh l 3.2.8 vn ng khi lim xn = a v lim yn = b vi
a, b l cc s thc m rng trong R = [, +] min l cc php ton c s tham
gia ca phi xc nh. Sau y l cc quy c khi lm vic vi cc s thc m
rng ( n gin ta vit thay cho +).
1) + = = ()() = .
2) = () = () = .
3) Cho x l mt s thc ty . Khi
a) < x < .
b) + x = x + = .
c) + x = x = .
28

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

3.2. CC TNH CHT C BN

d) Nu x > 0 th x = x = v () x = x () = .
e) Nu x < 0 th x = x = v () x = x () = .
f)

= 0.

4) Tuy nhin, ta khng cp ti cc php ton sau y (cc dng v nh):


a) + v .
b) 0 () v () 0.
c)
d)

3.2.4

.
x
0 vi

x R.

LUT NGHCH O

nh l 3.2.9 Cho dy s (an ).


a) Nu an > 0 vi mi n N v lim a1n = 0 th lim an = +.
b) Nu lim an = th lim a1n = 0.
Chng minh: Bi tp.
2

3.2.5

NH L HI T N IU

Ta bit mt dy s hi t th phi l dy s b chn v chiu ngc li ni chung


khng ng. Nh ton hc ngi c Karl Weierstrass (1815-1897) pht hin ra
rng mt dy s b chn nu c thm tnh n iu th dy s s hi t.
nh l 3.2.10 (nh l Weierstrass) Cho dy s (an ).
a) Nu (an ) l dy tng v b chn trn th (an ) hi t v lim an = sup an .
n

b) Nu (an ) l dy gim v b chn di th (an ) hi t v lim an = inf an .


n

Chng minh: Ta chng minh phn a), phn b) c chng minh tng t. Tht
vy, gi s (an ) l dy tng v b chn trn. Khi theo Nguyn l Supremum cho
tp hp s thc, sup an tn ti (hu hn). Gi a = sup an .
n

Lc ny, vi  > 0 ty , tn ti mt aN sao cho a  < aN . Do vi mi n N ,


ta thu c
a  < aN an a < a + .
Vy vi  > 0 ty , tn ti mt s t nhin N sao cho vi mi n N , ta c
a  < an < a + . Ni cch khc lim an = a = sup an .
n

GV. Trn Tr Dng

29

3.2. CC TNH CHT C BN

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
2

H qu 3.2.11 a) Nu (an ) l dy tng th hoc (an ) hi t hoc lim an = +.


b) Nu (an ) l dy gim th hoc (an ) hi t hoc lim an = .
Chng minh: a) Gi s (an ) l dy tng. Khi dy (an ) hoc l b chn trn,
hoc l khng b chn trn.
Nu (an ) b chn trn th theo nh l Weierstrass ta c (an ) hi t.
Nu (an ) khng b chn trn th vi mi A > 0, tn ti mt aN sao cho aN > A.
Khi vi mi n N , ta thu c
an aN > A.
Vy lim an = +.
b) Chng minh tng t.
2
V d 3.2.12 Xt s hi t ca dy s (an ), trong
an =

1
1
1
+
+ +
.
n+1 n+2
2n

Li gii: Dy cho b chn trn v


an

1
1
1
n
+
+ +
=
1.
n+1 n+1
n+1
n+1

Dy l dy tng v
an+1 an =

1
1
1
1
1
+

0.
2n + 1 2n + 2 n + 1
2n + 1 2n + 2

Vy theo nh l Weierstrass, dy s (an ) cho l dy hi t.


2
V d 3.2.13 Cho dy s (an ) c nh ngha truy hi bi a1 = 2 v
an+1 = 2

1
, n 1.
an

Chng minh rng (an ) hi t v tm gii hn ca n.


30

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

3.2.6

3.3. DY CON-DY CAUCHY

MT S GII HN C BN

S dng cc lut v gii hn ca dy s cc phn trc cng vi nh l hi t


n iu, ta tm c cc gii hn ca cc dy s thng gp sau y.
lim C = C.
lim n1k = 0 (vi k N).
lim q n = 0 (vi |q| < 1).
lim

a = 1 (vi a > 0).

lim

n = 1.

lim ann = 0 (vi a > 1 v s R).


n

lim an! = 0 (vi a R).


n
lim 1 + n1 = e.

3.3
3.3.1

DY CON-DY CAUCHY
DY CON

nh ngha 3.3.1
Cho dy s (an )nN v mt dy cc s t nhin (nk )kN
sao cho 1 n1 < n2 < n3 < . . . . Khi dy (ank )kN c gi l mt dy con
ca dy ban u (an )nN .
Gii hn (k c ) ca mt dy con (ank )kN c gi l gii hn ring
ca dy (an )nN .
Nhn xt 3.3.2 Bng quy np ta chng minh c nk k vi mi k N.
V d 3.3.3 Cho dy s (an ) vi an = (1)n .
Nu ly nk = 2k th ta c dy con (ank = a2k = 1)kN = 1, 1, 1, . . . .
Nu ly nk = 2k1 th ta c dy con (ank = a2k1 = 1)kN = 1, 1, 1, . . . .
Dy ny c hai gii hn ring l 1 v -1.
nh l 3.3.4 Dy s (an )nN hi t v s thc a nu v ch nu tt c cc dy
con (ank )kN ca n hi t v a.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

31

3.3. DY CON-DY CAUCHY

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

Chng minh: V (an )nN l mt dy con ca chnh n nn chiu o ca nh l


trn l hin nhin. Ta ch cn chng minh chiu thun. Tht vy, vi  > 0 ty , v
lim an = a nn ta c mt s t nhin N sao cho
|an a| < , n N.
Khi , vi mi k N , ta suy ra nk k N v
|ank a| < , k N.
Ni cch khc, ta chng minh c lim ank = a.
k

2
H qu sau y cho ta mt phng php ch ra mt dy s no khng hi t.
H qu 3.3.5 Gi s dy (an ) c hai dy con v hai dy ny hi t v cc gii hn
khc nhau. Khi (an ) l dy phn k.
nh l 3.3.6 Mi dy s (an ) u c mt dy con n iu (tng hoc gim).
Chng minh: Vi dy (an ) ta xt tp sau y:
S = {n N : am an , m > n} .
Khi ta c hai trng hp:
(i) S c v hn phn t. Ta xy dng dy cc s t nhin (nk ) bng quy np nh
sau
n1 = min S.
nk+1 = min(S\{n1 , n2 , . . . , nk }).
Khi (nk ) l dy tng ngt v ank+1 ank vi mi k N.
(ii) S c hu hn phn t. Khi tn ti N N sao cho
n N, m > n : am < an .
Ta xy dng dy cc s t nhin (nk ) bng quy np nh sau
n1 = N .
nk+1 = min{m N : m > nk v am < ank }.
Khi (nk ) l dy tng ngt v ank+1 < ank vi mi k N.
2
32

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

3.3. DY CON-DY CAUCHY

Mt h qu trc tip ca nh l trn v nh l hi t n iu Weierstrass l


kt qu rt su sc sau y. Kt qu ny c chng minh u tin bi nh ton
hc Bernhard Bolzano (1781-1848) v c chnh sa li mt cht sau bi Karl
Weierstrass.
nh l 3.3.7 (nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass) Mi dy s b chn (an ) u c
mt dy con hi t.
Chng minh: Theo nh l 3.3.6, dy (an ) c mt dy con n iu (ank )kN no
. Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s (ank )kN l dy tng. R rng (ank )kN l
dy s b chn. Vy theo nh l hi t n iu Weierstrass, ta suy ra (ank )kN l
dy hi t.
2

3.3.2

DY CAUCHY

nh ngha 3.3.8 Dy s (an ) c gi l dy Cauchy nu vi mi  > 0, tn


ti mt s t nhin N sao cho vi mi n N , m N ta c |am an | < .
Mt cch tng ng, dy s (an ) c gi l dy Cauchy nu vi mi  > 0, tn
ti mt s t nhin N sao cho vi mi n N , vi mi p N ta c |an+p an | < .
Nhn xt 3.3.9 Nu (an ) l dy Cauchy th (an ) b chn. Tht vy, chn  = 1,
tn ti mt s t nhin N sao cho vi mi n N , m N ta c |am an | < 1. Ni
ring ta c |aN an | < 1 vi mi n N . T y ta thy
|an | = |an aN + aN | |an aN | + |aN | < 1 + |aN |, n N.
t M = 1 + |aN | + |a1 | + |a2 | + + |aN 1 | th vi mi n N ta lun c |an | M .
Tc l dy (an ) b chn.
Tiu chun di y cho ta mt phng php khc, ngoi nh l hi t n iu
Weierstrass, chng minh mt dy s hi t m khng cn bit gii hn ca dy
. Tiu chun ny c chng minh bi nh ton hc ngi Php Augustin-Louis
Cauchy (1789-1857).
nh l 3.3.10 (Tiu chun Cauchy) Dy s (an ) l dy hi t khi v ch khi
dy l dy Cauchy.
Chng minh: Gi s (an ) hi t v a no . Vi  > 0 ty , tn ti s t nhin
N sao cho vi mi n N , |an a| < /2. Khi , vi mi n N , m N , ta c
|am an | = |am a + a an | |am a| + |an a| < /2 + /2 = .
Tc l, (an ) l dy Cauchy.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

33

3.3. DY CON-DY CAUCHY

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

o li, gi s (an ) l dy Cauchy. Khi (an ) l dy s b chn. Theo nh l


Bolzano-Weierstrass, (an ) c mt dy con (ank )kN hi t v mt s thc a no .
Ta s chng minh dy (an ) hi t v a. Tht vy, vi  > 0 ty , c cc s t nhin
N1 v N2 sao cho
|am an | < /2, m, n N1
v
|ank a| < /2, k N2 .
t N = N1 + N2 . Khi , vi mi n N , ta c
|an a| = |an anN + anN a| |an anN | + |anN a| /2 + /2 = .
Vy (an ) hi t v a.
2
V d 3.3.11 Cho sn = 1 +
minh rng dy (sn ) hi t.

1
22

1
32

+ +

1
.
n2

Dng tiu chun Cauchy, chng

Li gii: Vi n, p N ta c
|sn+p sn | =

1
1
1
+
+ +
.
2
2
(n + 1)
(n + 2)
(n + p)2

Do ta suy ra
|sn+p sn |

1
1
1
+
+ +
.
n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
(n + p 1)(n + p)

R rng v phi ca bt ng thc trn bng vi



 



1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+ +

=
.
n n+1
n+1 n+2
n+p1 n+p
n n+p
Vy
|sn+p sn |

1
1
1

.
n n+p
n

Ly  > 0 ty , chn s t nhin N sao cho 1 < N . Khi vi mi n N , vi mi


p N ta c
1
1
|sn+p sn |
< .
n
N
Vy dy (sn ) l dy Cauchy v do l dy hi t.
2
34

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

3.3. DY CON-DY CAUCHY

Nhn xt 3.3.12 Trong nhiu ti liu v Gii tch, tnh cht y ca tp cc


s thc R c pht biu nh sau:
R y khi v ch khi mi dy Cauchy trong R u hi t.
S dng nguyn l Supremum, ta chng minh c tiu chun Cauchy cho cc
dy s v do ch ra tnh y ca R theo ngha nh trn. Ngc li, nu ly tnh
y ca R theo ngha nh trn lm tin 13, ta cng c th chng minh c
nguyn l Supremum. Ni cch khc, tnh y ca R tng ng vi nguyn l
Supremum. V vy ta c th s dng mt trong hai pht biu lm tin y .

GV. Trn Tr Dng

35

3.3. DY CON-DY CAUCHY

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

BI TP CUI CHNG 2
1) Trong mi dy s bn di, nu dy s c gii hn l L th vi  > 0, hy tm
mt s t nhin N sao cho
n N |xn L| < .
a) xn =
b) xn =
c) xn =
d) xn =

n1
n+1
2n2 +1
n3 +n
1
+ n22 + + nn2
n2
1
1
1
1.2 + 2.3 + + n(n+1)

e) xn = (1 1/2)(1 1/3) (1 1/n)


2) Tnh gii hn ca cc dy s sau.
a) xn =

2n +1
3n +2

n( n + 1 n)

c) xn = n 3n + 4n + 2015n

b) xn =
d) xn =
e) xn =
f) xn =

n
+ n2n+2
n2 +1
(n+3)!+(n+1)!
(n+2)!(n+1)!

+ +

n
n2 +n

n
3 4 3 8 3... 2 3

3) Chng minh Lut gi tr tuyt i v Lut nghch o trong phn 3.2.


4) Cho cc v d v hai dy s (xn ) v (yn ) sao cho xn 0, yn + v tha mn
mt trong cc iu kin bn di.
a) xn yn 0.
b) xn yn 1.
c) xn yn +.
d) (xn yn ) b chn nhng khng hi t.
5) Chng minh cc kt qu v cc gii hn c bn trong phn 3.2.6.

6)* Chng minh rng nu lim xn = + hoc lim xn = th lim 1 +

1
xn

xn

= e.

p dng kt qu trn tnh gii hn cc dy s sau.


n
a) xn = 1 + nx (x R)

 n
b) xn = 1 + n + 1 n
36

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

3.3. DY CON-DY CAUCHY

7) Cho mt s t nhin p v dy s (xn ). Chng minh rng (xn ) hi t v (mt s


thc) x khi v ch khi (xn+p ) hi t v x.
8) Cho (xn ) l mt dy cc s thc khng m hi t v mt s thc x v cho mt

s t nhin k. Chng minh rng lim k xn = k x.


9) Cho x l mt s thc bt k. Chng minh rng tn ti mt dy gm ton cc s
hu t v mt dy gm ton cc s v t sao cho c hai dy u hi t v x.
10) Cho E R l tp khc rng v b chn trn, v a l mt cn trn ca E. Chng
minh rng a = sup E khi v ch khi tn ti mt dy (xn ) trong E sao cho xn a
khi n .
11) Cho S R. Chng minh rng cc iu kin sau l tng ng.
a) S khng b chn trn.
b) Tn ti mt dy (xn ) trong S sao cho lim xn = +.
12) Hy ch ra cc dy s cho bi cng thc truy hi bn di hi t. Tm gii hn
ca cc dy s .

a) x1 = 2, xn+1 = 2 + xn , n 1.
b) x1 = 5, xn+1 =

xn
2

+ 2, n 1.

= s. Chng minh rng:


13)* Cho (xn ) l mt dy cc s thc dng sao cho lim xxn+1
n
a) Nu s < 1 th lim xn = 0.
b) Nu s > 1 th lim xn = +.
14) Chng minh cc dy sau khng hi t.

a) xn = sin n
3
b)* xn = sin n
15) Cho v d ca mt dy s khng c dy con no hi t.
16) Cho v d ca hai dy s (xn ) v (yn ) sao cho tp hp {xn : n N} l tp con
ca {yn : n N}, nhng (xn ) khng l dy con ca (yn ).
17) a) Chng minh rng nu dy (xn ) c gii hn l + th (xn ) khng b chn
trn. Chiu ngc li c ng khng?
b) Cho dy s (xn ) khng b chn trn. Chng minh rng dy cho c mt dy
con (xnk ) sao cho xnk + khi k .
GV. Trn Tr Dng

37

3.3. DY CON-DY CAUCHY

CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S

c) Cho dy s (xn ) khng b chn. Chng minh rng dy cho c mt dy con


(xnk ) sao cho 1/xnk 0 khi k .
18)* Cho (xn ) l mt dy s n iu (tng hoc gim). Gi s thm (xn ) c mt
dy con hi t. Chng minh rng dy (xn ) cng hi t.
19) Dng tiu chun Cauchy xt s hi t ca cc dy s sau y.
b) xn =
c) xn =
d) xn =

1
22

1
+ + n12
32
sin 1
2
n
+ sin
+ + sin
12
22
n2
cos 1
2
n
+ cos
+ + cos
2n
21
22
1 + 12 + 13 + + n1

a) xn = 1 +

20)* Cho dy s (xn ) v 0 < r < 1. Gi s


|xn+2 xn+1 | r|xn+1 xn |, n 1.
Chng minh rng dy l dy Cauchy.
p dng: Tm gii hn ca dy cho bi: x1 > 0 v xn+1 =

1
2+xn , n

1.

Bi tp ln: Chng minh s tng ng ca nguyn l Supremum, nh l Weierstrass, nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass v tiu chun Cauchy.

38

GV. Trn Tr Dng

Chng 4

GII HN CA HM S
4.1
4.1.1

CC KHI NIM C BN
LN CN

nh ngha 4.1.1 Cho a R.


Khi a R th cc tp V = (a r; a + r) vi r > 0 c gi l cc ln cn ca
a.
Khi a = + th cc tp V = (m; +) vi m R c gi l cc ln cn ca
+.
Khi a = th cc tp V = (; M ) vi M R c gi l cc ln cn
ca .
Nu V l mt ln cn ca a th V \{a} c gi l mt ln cn thng ca a. Tp
hp tt c cc ln cn (thng) ca a R c k hiu bi Na (Na ).
Nhn xt 4.1.2 (i) Cho V = (a r; a + r) l mt ln cn ca s thc a. Khi
x V |x a| < r
v
x V \{a} 0 < |x a| < r.
(ii) Khi a = th Na = Na .
39

4.1. CC KHI NIM C BN

4.1.2

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S

IM GII HN

nh ngha 4.1.3 Cho a R v tp E R. Ta ni a l im gii hn ca E


nu mi V Na u tha (V \{a}) E 6= .
Tp cc im gii hn ca E c k hiu l E.
Ta cng c th c trng khi nim im gii hn bng dy s nh sau.
nh l 4.1.4 Cho a R v tp E R. Khi a l im gii hn ca E khi v
ch khi c mt dy s (xn ) E sao cho xn 6= a, n N v lim xn = a.


V d 4.1.5 Cho E = x = n1 : n N . Khi 0 l mt im gii hn ca E v
c dy (xn = n1 6= 0) trong E sao cho lim xn = 0.

4.1.3

IM C LP

nh ngha 4.1.6 Cho a E R. Ta ni a l im c lp ca E nu tn ti


V Na sao cho (V \{a}) E = .
R rng nu a E v a khng l im gii hn ca E th a phi l im c lp ca
E.
V d 4.1.7 Cho a Z R th a l im c lp ca Z v
[(a 1/2; a + 1/2)\{a}] Z = .

4.1.4

HM S

nh ngha 4.1.8 Mt nh x f : X Y vi X, Y l cc tp con ca R c gi


l mt hm s. Ta thng k hiu tp xc nh X ca hm s f l Df v tp gi
tr f (X) ca f l Rf .
Trong cc phn tip theo, ta lun ly min xc nh ca mt hm s f l mt tp
con khc rng ca R.

4.1.5

NH NGHA CHUNG V GII HN CA HM S

nh ngha 4.1.9 Cho hm s f : X Y v a, b R. Gi s a l mt im gii


hn ca X.
Ta ni f (x) tin v b khi x tin v a (hay b l gii hn ca f (x) khi x tin v a),
k hiu lim f (x) = b (hay f (x) b khi x a), nu vi mi ln cn V ca b u
xa

tn ti mt ln cn thng U ca a sao cho f (x) V vi mi x X U .


40

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S

4.1. CC KHI NIM C BN

Nh vy ta c
lim f (x) = b V Nb , U Na : f (X U ) V.

xa

Nhn xt 4.1.10 Vi mi a (hoc b) ta c ba kh nng c th xy ra: a R,


a = + hay a = . Do ta c 9 kh nng chn ra mt cp (a, b) trong nh
ngha. ng vi tng trng hp, nh ngha 4.1.9 c th chuyn t ngn ng ln
cn sang ngn ng bt ng thc. Ta xt mt s trng hp lm v d.
Khi a, b R th
lim f (x) = b  > 0, > 0, x X, 0 < |x a| < |f (x) b| < .

xa

Khi a = +, b R th
lim f (x) = b  > 0, M > 0, x X, x > M |f (x) b| < .

x+

Khi a R, b = + th
lim f (x) = + M > 0, > 0, x X, 0 < |x a| < f (x) > M.

xa

Ngoi ngn ng ln cn hay ngn ng bt ng thc nu trn, gii hn ca hm


s cn c th pht biu qua ngn ng dy s.
nh l 4.1.11 Cho hm s f : X Y v a, b R. Gi s a l mt im gii hn
ca X. Khi
lim f (x) = b (xn ) X\{a}, lim xn = a lim f (xn ) = b.

xa

Chng minh: Gi s lim f (x) = b, tc l


xa

V Nb , U Na : f (X U ) V.
Xt dy s bt k (xn ) X\{a}, lim xn = a, ta c N N sao cho xn X U vi
mi n N , v do f (xn ) V . Ni cch khc, ta chng minh lim f (xn ) = b.
o li, gi s khng c lim f (x) = b, tc l
xa

V Nb , U Na , f (X U ) 6 V.
Khi ng vi mi n N xt

(a 1/n; a + 1/n)\{a}, nu a R
U=
(n; +), nu a = +

(; n), nu a =
ta tm c xn X U v f (xn )
/ V vi mi n N. R rng ta c dy (xn )
X\{a}, lim xn = a nhng dy (f (xn )) khng c gii hn l b.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

41

4.2. CC TNH CHT C BN

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
2

H qu 4.1.12 Cho hm s f : X Y v a R l mt im gii hn ca X. Khi


nu c hai dy (xn ) v (x0n ) trong X\{a} cng c gii hn l a nhng hai dy
tng ng (f (xn )) v (f (x0n )) khng c cng gii hn th f (x) s khng c gii hn
khi x tin v a.
V d 4.1.13 Hm s f (x) = sin x khng c gii hn khi x tin v + v c hai
dy (xn = 2n) v (x0n = 2 +2n) u c gii hn l + nhng hai dy (f (xn ) = 0)
v (f (x0n ) = 1) khng c cng gii hn.

4.2

CC TNH CHT C BN

T nh ngha 4.1.9, nh l 4.1.11 v cc tnh cht bit Chng 3 v gii hn


ca dy s, ta d dng c c cc tnh cht sau y.
nh l 4.2.1 Cho cc hm s f, g, h : X Y v a R l mt im gii hn ca
X.
a) Nu f (x) c gii hn khi x a th gii hn l duy nht.
b) Nu f (x) c gii hn hu hn l b R khi x a th c mt ln cn thng U
ca a sao cho f (x) b chn trn U X.
c) Nu f (x) b khi x a v b < M (tng ng b > m) th c mt ln cn
thng U ca a sao cho vi mi x U X ta c f (x) < M (tng ng f (x) > m).
d) Nu f (x) g(x) vi mi x U X (U l mt ln cn thng no ca a)
v lim f (x) = b1 , lim g(x) = b2 th b1 b2 .
xa

xa

e) (Nguyn l kp) Nu f (x) g(x) h(x) vi mi x U X (U l mt ln


cn thng no ca a) v lim f (x) = b = lim h(x) th lim g(x) = b.
xa

xa

xa

f) Nu lim f (x) = b th lim |f (x)| = |b|. c bit lim f (x) = 0 lim |f (x)| =
xa

0.

xa

xa

xa

g) Gi s lim f (x) = b1 , lim g(x) = b2 . Khi , vi iu kin l cc php ton


xa

xa

cc v phi u c ngha, ta c
lim [f (x) + g(x)] = b1 + b2 .
xa

lim [f (x)g(x)] = b1 b2 .
xa

Nu b2 6= 0 v c mt ln cn thng U ca a sao cho g(x) 6= 0 trn U X th


(x)
lim fg(x)
= bb12 .
xa

V gii hn ca hm hp, ta c kt qu sau y.


42

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S

4.2. CC TNH CHT C BN

nh l 4.2.2 Cho cc hm s f : X Y v g : Y Z v a l mt im gii


hn ca X. Gi s lim f (x) = b v c mt ln cn thng U ca a sao cho f (x) 6=
xa

b, x U X. Khi b l mt im gii hn ca Y . Hn na, nu lim g(y) = c th


yb

lim (g f )(x) = c.

xa

Chng minh: Ly mt dy s bt k (xn ) X\{a} v lim xn = a. Khng mt


tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s xn U X, n N (ti sao?). Do theo gi thit,
dy (f (xn )) Y \{b} v lim f (xn ) = b. T ta suy ra b l im gii hn ca Y .
Mt khc, do lim g(y) = c nn ta c lim(g f )(xn ) = lim g[f (xn )] = c. Vy theo
yb

nh l 4.1.11, ta suy ra lim (g f )(x) = c.


xa

2
Tng t nh i vi cc dy s hi t, ta cng c tiu chun sau mt hm
s c gii hn hu hn khi x a vi a hu hn, a = + hoc a = .
nh l 4.2.3 (Tiu chun Cauchy) Cho hm s f : X Y v a l mt im
gii hn ca X. Khi f (x) c gii hn hu hn khi x a R (tng ng a = +;
hoc a = ) nu v ch nu vi mi  > 0, tn ti > 0 (tng ng M > 0) sao
cho vi mi x, x0 X, nu 0 < |x a| < v 0 < |x0 a| < (tng ng x > M v
x0 > M ; hoc x < M v x0 < M ) th ta c |f (x) f (x0 )| < .
Chng minh: Ta chng minh cho trng hp a hu hn. Cc trng hp cn li
tng t.
(Chiu thun) Gi s lim f (x) = b vi b R. Khi vi  > 0 ty , tn ti > 0
xa

sao cho |f (x) b| <


ra


2

v |f (x0 ) b| <


2

khi 0 < |x a| < v 0 < |x0 a| < . Suy

|f (x) f (x0 )| |f (x) b| + |f (x0 ) b| < .


(Chiu o) Ly  > 0 ty v chn s > 0 tng ng sao cho gi thit ca phn
o nh l c tha mn. Khi nu ly dy s ty (xn ) X\{a} v lim xn = a
th c s t nhin N (ph thuc ) sao cho vi mi m, n N ta c 0 < |xn a| <
v 0 < |xm a| < . Theo gi thit ca phn o, suy ra vi mi m, n N ta
c |f (xn ) f (xm )| < . Ni cch khc ta chng minh c dy (f (xn )) l dy
Cauchy v do (f (xn )) l dy hi t.
Nh vy ta chng minh c: nu ly dy s ty (xn ) X\{a} v lim xn = a
th dy (f (xn )) l dy s hi t. T y ta c cc dy (f (xn )) u hi t v cng
mt gii hn b R (ti sao?). Theo nh l 4.1.11, ta suy ra lim f (x) = b.
xa

2
GV. Trn Tr Dng

43

4.3. GII HN MT PHA

4.3

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S

GII HN MT PHA

nh ngha 4.3.1 a) S thc a c gi l im gii hn hai pha ca tp


E R nu vi mi r > 0 ta c (a r; a) E 6= v (a; a + r) E 6= .
b) S thc a c gi l im gii hn bn tri ca tp E R nu vi mi r > 0
ta c (a r; a) E 6= .
c) S thc a c gi l im gii hn bn phi ca tp E R nu vi mi
r > 0 ta c (a; a + r) E 6= .
V d 4.3.2 Cho E = (0; 1). Khi 0 v 1 ln lt l im gii hn bn phi v
bn tri ca E.
nh ngha 4.3.3 Cho hm s f : X Y v a l im gii hn tri (tng ng
gii hn phi) ca X. Ta ni b R l gii hn tri (tng ng gii hn phi)
ca f (x) khi x tin v a nu vi mi  > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x X,
nu 0 < a x < (tng ng 0 < x a < ) th |f (x) b| < . Khi ta vit
lim f (x) = b (tng ng lim f (x) = b).

xa

xa+

Nhn xt 4.3.4 i) Ta cng c th nh ngha cc gii hn mt pha sau y


lim f (x) = hay lim f (x) = (xem nh l bi tp).

xa

xa+

ii) Gii hn mt pha cng c cc tnh cht tng t nh gii hn hai pha, vi
ch l cc ln cn thng ca a s c thay bng cc khong (ar; a) hay (a; a+r).
nh l 4.3.5 Cho hm s f : X Y , a l im gii hn hai pha ca X. Khi
lim f (x) = b lim f (x) = lim f (x) = b

xa

xa

xa+

Chng minh: Bi tp.


2
V d 4.3.6 Cho f (x) = [x]. Khi lim [x] = 1 v lim [x] = 0. Tht vy, vi
x0

x0+

mi  > 0, tn ti = 1 sao cho


|f (x) + 1| = |[x] + 1| = | 1 + 1| = 0 <  vi 0 < x < 1
v
|f (x) 0| = |[x] 0| = |0 0| = 0 <  vi 0 < x < 1.
44

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S

4.4
4.4.1

4.4. HM S LIN TC

HM S LIN TC
CC KHI NIM C BN

nh ngha 4.4.1 Cho hm s f : X Y v a X. Ta c cc nh ngha sau.


f c gi l lin tc ti a nu vi mi  > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi
x X, nu |x a| < th |f (x) f (a)| < .
f c gi l lin tc trn X nu f lin tc ti mi a X.
Nu f khng lin tc ti a th ta gi a l im gin on ca f .
Nhn xt 4.4.2 a) T nh ngha trn, d thy nu a l mt im c lp ca X
th hm s f lin tc ti a. Tht vy, do a l mt im c lp ca X nn ta c mt
ln cn U = (a ; a + ) ca a sao cho U X = {a}. Khi , vi mi x X, nu
|x a| < th x = a nn |f (x) f (a)| = 0 <  vi mi  > 0.
b) Nu a X l im gii hn ca X th ta c f lin tc ti a nu v ch nu
lim f (x) = f (a).
xa

V d 4.4.3 Cc hm hng, hm ng nht (f (x) = x) xc nh trn R l cc hm


s lin tc ti mi im ca R v do chng lin tc trn R.
Ta c mt c trng quan trng ca tnh lin tc ca hm s thng qua cc dy
hi t nh sau.
nh l 4.4.4 Hm s f : X Y lin tc ti a X khi v ch khi ng vi mi
dy (xn ) X, nu (xn ) hi t v a th dy (f (xn )) hi t v f (a).
Chng minh: Gi s f lin tc ti a. Khi vi  > 0 ty ta chn > 0 sao cho
vi mi x X, nu |x a| < th |f (x) f (a)| < . Khi nu dy (xn ) X, (xn )
hi t v a th ta c N N sao cho |xn a| < vi mi n N . Suy ra
|f (xn ) f (a)| < , n N.
Tc l (f (xn )) hi t v f (a).
o li, nu f khng lin tc ti a, ngha l
 > 0, > 0, x X, |x a| < v |f (x) f (a)| .
Bng cch chn = n1 , n N ta thu c dy (xn ) X, |xn a| < n1 v |f (xn )
f (a)| . T y ta suy ra dy (xn ) X, (xn ) hi t v a nhng dy (f (xn )) khng
hi t v f (a) (tri vi gi thit).
2
GV. Trn Tr Dng

45

4.4. HM S LIN TC

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S

T nh l trn v cc tnh cht v gii hn ca dy s hi t, ta thu c cc


kt qu sau y.
nh l 4.4.5 Cho cc hm s f, g : X Y .
a) Nu f v g lin tc ti a X th cc hm |f |, f + g, f g v
cn U ca a sao cho g(x) 6= 0, x U X) cng lin tc ti a.

f
g

(nu c mt ln

b) (Tnh lin tc ca hm hp) Xt cc hm s f : X Y v g : Y Z.


Nu f lin tc ti a X v g lin tc ti f (a) Y th g f lin tc ti a.
nh ngha 4.4.6 Mt hm s c gi l hm s s cp nu n c th c
biu din bi mt s hu hn cc hm s s cp c bn (l cc hm ly tha, hm
m, hm logarit, hm lng gic v lng gic ngc) thng qua hu hn cc php
ton s hc v php hp thnh.
nh l 4.4.7 Mi hm s s cp u lin tc trn min xc nh ca n.

4.4.2

HM S LIN TC TRN MT ON

nh ngha 4.4.8 Hm s f c gi l lin tc trn on [a; b] nu n lin tc


ti mi x (a; b) v lin tc phi ti a ( lim f (x) = f (a)), lin tc tri ti b
xa+

( lim f (x) = f (b)).


xb

Hm s lin tc trn mt on [a; b] c cc tnh cht rt c bit.


nh l 4.4.9 (nh l gi tr cc bin Weierstrass) Cho f l hm s lin
tc trn on [a; b]. Khi ta c
a) f l hm s b chn trn [a; b], tc l tn ti cc s thc m, M sao cho
m f (x) M, x [a; b].
b) f t gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn [a; b].
Chng minh: a) Gi s f khng b chn trn [a; b]. Khi , vi mi s t nhin n
tn ti xn [a; b] sao cho |f (xn )| n. Theo nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass, dy (xn )
c mt dy con (xnk ) hi t v x0 .
R rng x0 [a; b]. V f lin tc ti x0 nn (f (xnk )) hi t v f (x0 ). Mt khc ta
lun c |f (xnk )| nk , k N nn ta suy ra |f (x0 )| + (v l!).
b) Theo cu a) tn ti M = sup f (x) v m = inf f (x). Ta chng minh M l
x[a;b]

x[a;b]

gi tr ln nht ca hm s f trn [a; b]. Phn chng minh m l gi tr nh nht ca


hm s f trn [a; b] l hon ton tng t.
Tht vy do M = sup f (x) nn c mt dy (xn ) [a; b] sao cho f (xn ) M .
x[a;b]

Theo nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass, dy (xn ) c mt dy con (xnk ) hi t v c [a; b]


46

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S

4.4. HM S LIN TC

v do (f (xnk )) hi t v f (c) (v f lin tc ti c). Suy ra M = f (c), tc l f t


gi tr ln nht ti c.
2
nh l 4.4.10 (nh l gi tr trung gian) Cho f l hm s lin tc trn
on [a; b]. Gi s u l mt s nm gia f (a) v f (b) (tc l f (a) < u < f (b) hoc
f (a) > u > f (b)). Khi tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f (c) = u.
Chng minh: nh l c chng minh trong gi l thuyt.
2
nh l gi tr trung gian c cc h qu quan trng sau y.
H qu 4.4.11 Cho f l hm s lin tc trn on [a; b]. Nu f (a)f (b) < 0 th tn
ti c (a; b) sao cho f (c) = 0, tc l phng trnh f (x) = 0 c nghim thuc (a; b).
H qu 4.4.12 Cho f l hm s lin tc trn on [a; b]. Khi f ([a; b]) = [m; M ],
trong m v M ln lt l gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca f trn on
[a; b].
Chng minh: Bi tp.
2
V d 4.4.13 Cho n l mt s t nhin. Chng minh rng: vi mi s thc a > 0,
tn ti duy nht mt s thc b > 0 sao cho bn = a (ta gi s thc b l cn bc n

ca a, k hiu n a).

4.4.3

HM S LIN TC U

nh ngha 4.4.14 Cho hm s f : X Y . f c gi l lin tc u trn X


nu vi mi  > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x, x0 X, nu |x x0 | < th
|f (x) f (x0 )| < .
T nh ngha ta thy ngay nu f lin tc u trn X th f lin tc trn X.
Ngoi ra, khi nim lin tc u cng c th pht biu thng qua dy s nh sau.
nh l 4.4.15 f lin tc u trn X khi v ch khi vi mi dy (xn ), (x0n ) trong
X, nu |xn x0n | 0 th |f (xn ) f (x0n )| 0.
Chng minh: Lp lun tng t nh phn chng minh ca nh l 4.4.4.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

47

4.4. HM S LIN TC

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
2

V d 4.4.16 a) Chng minh rng hm s f (x) = 2x + 1 lin tc u trn R.


b) Chng minh rng hm s f (x) = x2 khng lin tc u trn R. (Ch l
f (x) = x2 lin tc trn R.)
Li gii: a) Vi  > 0 ty , tn ti = /2 > 0 sao cho vi mi x, x0 R, nu
|x x0 | < th |f (x) f (x0 )| = 2|x x0 | < 2 = . Do f (x) = 2x + 1 lin tc u
trn R.
b) Chn hai dy (xn ), (x0n ) trong R sao cho xn = n, x0n = n + 1/n. Khi
|xn x0n | = 1/n 0 nhng |f (xn ) f (x0n )| = 2 + 1/n khng hi t v 0. Vy
f (x) = x2 khng lin tc u trn R.
2
nh l 4.4.17 (nh l Cantor) Nu f lin tc trn [a;b] th f lin tc u trn
[a;b].
Chng minh: Gi s phn chng f khng lin tc u trn [a;b]. Khi ta c
 > 0, > 0, x, x0 [a; b], |x x0 | < v |f (x) f (x0 )| .
Cho = 1/n, n N ta s c hai dy (xn ), (x0n ) trong [a; b] sao cho |xn x0n | < 1/n
v |f (xn ) f (x0n )| .
V dy (xn ) b chn trong [a; b] nn n c mt dy con (xnk )kN hi t v c [a; b].
Ch l vi mi k N ta lun c

|x0nk c| = |x0nk xnk + xnk c| |x0nk xnk | + |xnk c| <

1
+ |xnk c|.
nk

Do dy (x0nk )kN cng hi t v c. Do f lin tc ti c nn cc dy (f (xnk ))kN


v (f (x0nk ))kN cng hi t v f (c). iu ny l v l v |f (xnk ) f (x0nk ) | .
2

48

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S

4.4. HM S LIN TC

BI TP CUI CHNG 4
1) a) Chng minh rng mi s thc u l im gii hn ca tp cc s hu t Q.


b) Cho E = x = n1 : n N . Tm cc im c lp ca E.
2) Vit cc nh ngha cho 6 trng hp cn li theo ngn ng bt ng thc trong
phn Nhn xt 4.1.10.
3) Tnh cc gii hn sau
2x 1
x
x 2 +1
x)
lim ln(1+e
x
x

a) lim
b)

c) lim [ x1 ]
x

d) lim 2 x1
x1

4) Chng t khng tn ti cc gii hn sau


a) lim cos x1
x0

b) lim [x]
x
x0

c) lim x1 sin x1
x0

5) Kho st tnh lin tc ca cc hm s cho bi cc gii hn sau


1
n
n+ 1+x

a) f (x) = lim

x2n 1
2n
n+ x +1

b) f (x) = lim

nx nx
x
x
n+ n +n

c) f (x) = lim

d) f (x) = lim

n+

1 + x2n

6) Chng minh hm s f (x) = [x]sin(x) lin tc trn R.


7) Xt tnh lin tc ca cc hm s sau

x, nu x Z
a) f (x) =
0, nu x
/Z

x, nu x Q
b) f (x) =
0, nu x
/Q

g(x), nu x Q
c)* f (x) =
(g, h l cc hm s lin tc trn R).
h(x), nu x
/Q

GV. Trn Tr Dng

49

4.4. HM S LIN TC

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S

8) Cho hm s f : X Y lin tc ti a v f (a) > 0. Chng minh rng tn ti mt


ln cn U ca a sao cho f (x) > 0 vi mi x U X.
9)* Cho cc hm s f, g : X R v A X. Nu f (x) = g(x) vi mi x A v
hm f lin tc trn A th c th kt lunhm g cng lin tc trn A hay khng?
1, nu x Q
(Hng dn: xt hm s Dirichlet f (x) =
)
0, nu x
/Q
10) Cho cc hm s f v g lin tc trn R v f (x) = g(x) vi mi x Q. Chng
minh f (x) = g(x) vi mi x R
11)* Cho cc hm s f v g xc nh v lin tc trn X. Chng minh cc hm
max(f (x), g(x)) v min(f (x), g(x)) cng lin tc trn X.
12) Chng minh mi a thc bc l u c t nht mt nghim thc.
13) a) Cho f : [a; b] [a; b] l hm s lin tc trn [a; b]. Chng minh rng phng
trnh f (x) = x c nghim trong [a; b].
b) Cho f, g l cc hm s lin tc trn [a; b] v f (a) < g(a), f (b) > g(b). Chng
minh rng tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f (c) = g(c).
14) Chng minh cc hm s sau lin tc u trn cc tp tng ng
a) f (x) = 3x + 4, x R
b) f (x) = x + sin x, x R
c) f (x) = x1 , x [1; +)

d) f (x) = x, x [0; +)
15) Chng minh cc hm s sau khng lin tc u trn cc tp tng ng
a) f (x) = x2 + x, x R
b) f (x) = sin x2 , x R
c) f (x) = x1 , x (0; +)
d) f (x) = ln x, x (0; 1]
16)* a) Cho f : (a; b) R l hm s lin tc trn (a; b) sao cho lim f (x) v
xa+

lim f (x) tn ti hu hn. Chng minh f lin tc u trn (a; b). (Hng dn: dng

xb

nh l Cantor)
b) Cho f : (a; b) R l hm s n iu, b chn v lin tc trn (a; b). Chng
minh f lin tc u trn (a; b). (Hng dn: chng minh cc gii hn lim f (x) v
xa+

lim f (x) tn ti hu hn ri p dng cu a)).

xb

50

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S

4.4. HM S LIN TC

17)* Cho f, g l hai hm s b chn v lin tc u trn X. Chng minh cc hm


s f + g, f g cng lin tc u trn X. (Hng dn: dng nh l 4.4.15)
18) a) Mt hm s f : X Y c gi l Lipschitz nu tn ti M > 0 sao cho
|f (x) f (x0 )| M |x x0 | vi mi x, x0 X. Chng minh mi hm Lipschitz l lin
tc u.
b) Mt hm s f : X Y c gi l hm co nu tn ti 0 < M < 1 sao
cho |f (x) f (x0 )| M |x x0 | vi mi x, x0 X. Chng minh nu X = Y = [a; b]
v hm f : X Y l hm co th phng trnh f (x) = x c duy nht mt nghim
trong [a; b].
19)* Nu hm s f lin tc u trn cc tp A v B th c th kt lun f lin tc
u trn A B hay khng? (Hng dn: Xt hm s f (x) = | sinx x| , A = (1; 0), B =
(0; 1). Dng nh l Cantor chng minh f lin tc u trn cc tp A v B. Chng
t f khng lin tc u trn A B)

GV. Trn Tr Dng

51

Chng 5

PHP TNH VI PHN


5.1

KHI NIM O HM

nh ngha 5.1.1 Cho hm s f : (a; b) R. Ta ni f kh vi ti x0 (a; b) nu


(x0 )
biu thc f (x0 +h)f
c gii hn hu hn khi h 0. Gi tr ca gii hn c
h
gi l o hm ca f ti x0 , k hiu f 0 (x0 ), tc l
f 0 (x0 ) = lim

h0

f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
f (x) f (x0 )
= lim
.
xx0
h
x x0

Nu hm s f kh vi ti mi x0 (a; b) th ta ni f kh vi trn (a; b).


Nhn xt 5.1.2 (i) Theo nh ngha ta suy ra nu f kh vi ti x0 th f lin tc
ti x0 .
(ii) Gi s f kh vi ti x0 . Khi ta c th vit
f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ) + hf 0 (x0 ) + h(h),
trong (h) 0 khi h 0. nh x tuyn tnh dfx0 : h 7 hf 0 (x0 ) c gi l vi
phn ca f ti x0 , ngha l dfx0 (h) = hf 0 (x0 ) (*).
Mt khc hm s ng nht f (x) = x c vi phn l dx(h) = h nn ta thng vit
ng thc (*) l dfx0 (h) = f 0 (x0 )dx(h) hay vn tt l dfx0 = f 0 (x0 )dx.
Trong trng hp f kh vi trn (a; b) th ta gi df = f 0 (x)dx l vi phn ca f trn
(a;b).
(iii) Tnh kh vi l mt khi nim c tnh a phng, ngha l hm f c kh
vi ti x0 hay khng th ph thuc vo gi tr ca hm trn mt ln cn ca x0 .
T ta c th m rng khi nim kh vi cho cc hm s f : D R vi D l mt
tp m trong R, ngha l vi mi x D u c mt ln cn ca x nm trong D.
Ta c cc tnh cht c bn sau y cho cc hm s kh vi (D lun c hiu l tp
m).
52

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

5.1. KHI NIM O HM

nh l 5.1.3 Cho f, g : D R l cc hm s kh vi trn D. Khi cc hm s


f + g, kf (k R), f g v (nu c thm g(x) 6= 0 vi mi x D) fg cng kh vi trn
D. Hn na ta c vi mi x D
a) (f + g)0 (x) = f 0 (x) + g 0 (x),
b) (kf )0 (x) = kf 0 (x),
c) (f g)0 (x) = f 0 (x)g(x) + f (x)g 0 (x),
 0
0
(x)g 0 (x)
.
d) fg (x) = f (x)g(x)f
g 2 (x)
nh l 5.1.4 Cho cc hm s f : D1 D2 , g : D2 R. Gi s f kh vi ti
x D1 v g kh vi ti y = f (x) D2 . Khi hm hp g f kh vi ti x v
(g f )0 (x) = g 0 [f (x)]f 0 (x).
nh l 5.1.5 (Tnh kh vi ca hm ngc) Cho song nh f : D f (D)
kh vi ti x D v f 0 (x) 6= 0. Nu hm ngc f 1 : f (D) D lin tc ti
y = f (x) f (D) th f 1 kh vi ti y = f (x) v
(f 1 )0 (y) =

1
f 0 (x)

1
f 0 (f 1 (y))

Chng minh: Bi tp.


2
V d 5.1.6 Xt hm s f (x) = sin x, x ( 2 ; 2 ). Ta c hm ngc f 1 =
arcsin y, y (1; 1). R rng cc hm s f v f 1 tha mn cc iu kin ca
nh l 5.1.5 nn
(f 1 )0 (y) = (arcsin y)0 =
Vy ta suy ra (arcsin x)0 =

1
f 0 (x)

1
,
1x2

1
1
1
=p
=p
.
2
cos x
1 y2
1 sin x

vi x (1; 1).

Lp lun tng t nh trong v d trn cho cc hm lng gic ngc khc, ta d


dng thu c kt qu sau.
Mnh 5.1.7

(arcsin x)0 =

1
,
1x2

vi x (1; 1).

1
(arccos x)0 = 1x
, vi x (1; 1).
2

(arctan x)0 =

1
,
1+x2

vi x R.

1
(arc cot x)0 = 1+x
2 , vi x R.

GV. Trn Tr Dng

53

5.2. O HM CP CAO

5.2

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

O HM CP CAO

Cho hm s f : D R kh vi trn D. Khi nh x f 0 : D R, x 7 f 0 (x) c


gi l hm o hm cp 1 ca f . Nu f 0 kh vi ti x D th o hm (f 0 )0 (x)
ca f 0 ti x c gi l o hm cp 2 ca f ti x, k hiu f 00 (x). Do nu f 0
kh vi trn D th f 00 (x) = (f 0 )0 (x) vi mi x D.
Bng quy np, ta nh ngha o hm cp n + 1 ca f trn D bi: f (n+1) (x) =
(f (n) )0 (x) vi mi x D.
Mt s v d v cc o hm cp cao.
(ex )(n) = ex vi mi x R.
(sin x)(n) = sin(x + n 2 ) vi mi x R.
(cos x)(n) = cos(x + n 2 ) vi mi x R.
(ln x)(n) = (1)n1 (n1)!
vi mi x > 0.
xn
Ngoi ra bng quy np ta chng minh c cc tnh cht sau y cho cc o
hm cp cao.
Mnh 5.2.1 Cho u, v l hai hm s c o hm ti cp n trn D. Khi cc
hm u + v, ku (k R) v uv cng c o hm n cp n trn D. Hn na, ta c
(i) (ku)(n) = ku(n) ,
(ii) (u + v)(n) = u(n) + v (n) ,
n
P
(iii) (uv)(n) =
Cni u(i) v (ni) (vi quy c u(0) = u, v (0) = v).
i=0

Ch l khi f c o hm ti cp n trn D th cc hm o hm cp k n 1
ca f u l cc hm lin tc trn D. Nu f (n) cng l hm lin tc trn D th ta
ni f thuc lp C n trn D, k hiu f C n (D).
Khi f c o hm mi cp trn D th tt c cc o hm ca f u lin tc trn
D. Trong trng hp ny ta ni f thuc lp C trn D, k hiu f C (D).

5.3

CC NH L GI TR TRUNG BNH

nh ngha 5.3.1 Hm s f : D R c gi l t cc i (cc tiu) ti x0 nu


tn ti mt ln cn U = (x0 r; x0 + r) D ca x0 sao cho vi mi x U ta c
f (x) f (x0 ) (f (x) f (x0 )).
Hm s t cc i hay t cc tiu gi chung l t cc tr.
54

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

5.3.1

5.3. CC NH L GI TR TRUNG BNH

nh l Fermat

nh l 5.3.2 Nu hm s f t cc tr ti x0 v f kh vi ti x0 th f 0 (x0 ) = 0.
Chng minh: Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s f t cc i ti x0 . Khi tn
ti mt ln cn U = (x0 r; x0 +r) ca x0 sao cho vi mi x U ta c f (x) f (x0 ).
Do
f (x) f (x0 )
0, x (x0 ; x0 + r)
x x0
v
f (x) f (x0 )
0, x (x0 r; x0 ).
x x0
T y ta suy ra
f 0 (x0 ) = lim

f (x) f (x0 )
0
x x0

f 0 (x0 ) = lim

f (x) f (x0 )
0.
x x0

xx+
0

v
xx
0

Vy f 0 (x0 ) = 0.
2
Nhn xt 5.3.3 (i) Hm f (x) = x3 c f 0 (0) = 0 nhng f khng c cc tr ti
x = 0.
(ii) Hm f (x) = |x| t cc i ti x = 0 nhng f khng kh vi ti x = 0.

5.3.2

nh l Rolle

nh l 5.3.4 Cho hm s f lin tc trn on [a; b], kh vi trn (a; b) v f (a) =


f (b). Khi tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f 0 (c) = 0.
Chng minh: Theo gi thit f lin tc trn [a; b] nn f t gi tr ln nht M v
gi tr nh nht m trn [a; b].
- Nu M = m th f l hm hng trn [a; b]. Khi f 0 (x) = 0 vi mi x (a; b).
Do ta c th chn c l im ty thuc (a; b).
- Nu M 6= m th mt trong hai s M, m phi khc vi f (a) = f (b). Gi s
M 6= f (a) = f (b). Khi tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f (c) = M . R rng f t cc i
ti c (do f (x) f (c) vi mi x (a; b)). Theo nh l Fermat, ta suy ra f 0 (c) = 0.
2
GV. Trn Tr Dng

55

5.3. CC NH L GI TR TRUNG BNH

5.3.3

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

nh l Cauchy

nh l 5.3.5 Cho f, g l hai hm s lin tc trn on [a; b], kh vi trn (a; b) v


g 0 (x) 6= 0 vi mi x (a; b). Khi tn ti c (a; b) sao cho
f (b) f (a)
f 0 (c)
= 0 .
g(b) g(a)
g (c)
Chng minh: Ta c g(b) 6= g(a) v nu ngc li th theo nh l Rolle, tn ti
c (a; b) sao cho g 0 (c) = 0, mu thun vi gi thit g 0 (x) 6= 0 vi mi x (a; b).
t
h(x) = f (x) f (a)

f (b) f (a)
[g(x) g(a)]
g(b) g(a)

th h tha mn cc iu kin ca nh l Rolle. Do tn ti c (a; b) sao cho


h0 (c) = 0, tc l
f (b) f (a) 0
f 0 (c)
g (c) = 0.
g(b) g(a)
2

5.3.4

nh l Lagrange

nh l 5.3.6 Cho f l hm s lin tc trn on [a; b], kh vi trn (a; b). Khi
(a)
= f 0 (c).
tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f (b)f
ba
Chng minh: Chn g(x) = x v p dng nh l Cauchy.
2
Mt p dng quan trng ca nh l Lagrange l h qu sau y.
H qu 5.3.7 Cho hm s f kh vi trn (a; b). Khi ta c
(i) f l hm s tng trn (a; b) khi v ch khi f 0 (x) 0, x (a; b).
(ii) f l hm s gim trn (a; b) khi v ch khi f 0 (x) 0, x (a; b).
(iii) f l hm hng trn (a; b) khi v ch khi f 0 (x) = 0, x (a; b).
Chng minh: (i) Gi s f l hm s tng trn (a; b). Ly x0 (a; b) ty ta c
f 0 (x0 ) = lim

xx+
0

f (x) f (x0 )
0.
x x0

o li, gi s f 0 (x) 0, x (a; b). Xt a < x1 < x2 < b, ta c f lin tc trn


[x1 ; x2 ] v kh vi trn (x1 ; x2 ) nn theo nh l Lagrange tn ti c (x1 ; x2 ) sao
cho f (x2 ) f (x1 ) = f 0 (c)(x2 x1 ). T y r rng ta c f (x2 ) f (x1 ) 0, tc l
f (x1 ) f (x2 ).
(ii) v (iii) Chng minh tng t.
2
56

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

5.4

5.4. QUY TC L HPITAL

QUY TC L HPITAL

Quy tc L Hpital l mt quy tc rt hu dng cho php ta tnh cc gii hn c dng


v nh bng cng c o hm. Chng minh ca quy tc ny c th tm thy trong
phn Ph lc A.4.2, trang 452 ca quyn sch Mathematical Analysis I, Claudio

Canuto - Anita Tabacco. Trong quy tc ny c c hiu l x0 , x+


0 , x0 , +, .
nh l 5.4.1 (Quy tc L Hpital) Cho f, g l cc hm s xc nh v kh vi
trn mt ln cn thng U ca c sao cho
lim f (x) = lim g(x) = b,

xc

xc

trong b = 0, + hoc . Khi nu g 0 6= 0 trn U v nu


f 0 (x)
=LR
xc g 0 (x)
lim

th
lim

f (x)

= L.

xc g(x)

Ni cch khc

f (x)
f 0 (x)
= lim 0
.
xc g(x)
xc g (x)
lim

Nhn xt 5.4.2 (i) Nu t s

f 0 (x)
g 0 (x)

vn cn l dng v nh v f 0 , g 0 cng tha

mn cc gi thit ca quy tc L Hpital th ta s tnh gii hn ca t s

f 00 (x)
g 00 (x) ,

c tip tc qu trnh nh th cho n khi ta tm c gii hn (nu c).


(x)
(ii) Quy tc L Hpital ch l iu kin cho s tn ti ca gii hn lim fg(x)
.
xc

Ni cch khc, nu gii hn ca t s ca cc o hm khng tn ti th ta khng


(x)
.
c kt lun g v lim fg(x)
xc

e
+e
V d 5.4.3 a) lim e sinx
= lim e cos
x = 2.
x0

b) lim x ln x = lim
x0+

x0+

x0

ln x
1
x

1
x
1
x0+ x2

= lim

= lim (x) = 0.
x0+

f 0 (x)
g 0 (x) =
lim (1 + sinx x )
x+

V d 5.4.4 Xt hai hm s f (x) = x + sin x v g(x) = x th


khng c gii hn khi x +. Tuy nhin

lim f (x)
x+ g(x)

1 + cos x
= 1 theo

nguyn l kp.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

57

5.5. KHAI TRIN TAYLOR

5.5
5.5.1

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

KHAI TRIN TAYLOR


Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano

nh l 5.5.1 Cho hm s f kh vi n cp n 1 trn mt ln cn U ca x0 v


tn ti f (n) (x0 ) (n N cho trc). Khi ta c cng thc khai trin Taylor cp n
ca hm f ti x0 vi phn d Peano sau y.
f (x) = f (x0 )+f 0 (x0 )(xx0 )+

f 00 (x0 )
f (n) (x0 )
(xx0 )2 + +
(xx0 )n +O((xx0 )n )
2!
n!

khi x x0 .
S hng O((x x0 )n ) c gi l phn d Peano v c nh ngha l biu thc
n
0) )
sao cho O((xx
(xx0 )n 0 khi x x0 .
00

(x0 )
(x x0 )2 + + f
a thc T fn,x0 (x) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) + f 2!
c gi l a thc Taylor bc n ca f ti x0 .

Chng minh: Ta cn chng minh L = lim

xx0

f (x)T fn,x0 (x)


(xx0 )n

(n) (x

n!

0)

(x x0 )n

= 0. Tht vy, ch gii

hn cn tnh l mt dng v nh 00 nn ta c th p dng quy tc L Hpital


tnh gii hn . kh hon ton dng v nh ta cn o hm n 1 ln t s v
mu s ca gii hn cn tnh. Khi ta s thu c gii hn sau y
f (n1) (x) f (n1) (x0 ) f (n) (x0 )(x x0 )
.
xx0
n!(x x0 )
lim

R rng gii hn cui cng ny bng 0 theo nh ngha ca f (n) (x0 ). Vy L = 0.


2

5.5.2

Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Lagrange

nh l 5.5.2 Cho hm s f kh vi n cp n + 1 trn mt ln cn U ca x0 . Khi


vi mi x U ta lun c
f (x) = T fn,x0 (x) +

f (n+1) (c)
(x x0 )n+1 ,
(n + 1)!

vi c l mt s nm gia x v x0 , tc l c = x0 + (x x0 ) vi 0 < < 1.


(n+1)

S hng f (n+1)!(c) (x x0 )n+1 =


Lagrange.

f (n+1) (x0 +(xx0 ))


(x
(n+1)!

x0 )n+1 c gi l phn d

Chng minh: Ly x U ty v x 6= x0 , ta t u(x) = f (x) T fn,x0 (x) v


v(x) = (x x0 )n+1 . Vi k = 0, 1, . . . , n ta lun c
u(k) (x0 ) = 0, v (k) (x0 ) = 0, v v (k) (x) 6= 0 vi mi x 6= x0 .
58

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

5.5. KHAI TRIN TAYLOR

p dng nh l Cauchy cho hai hm u, v trn khong I1 gia x0 v x, ta tm c


x1 I1 sao cho
u(x)
u(x) u(x0 )
u0 (x1 )
=
= 0
.
v(x)
v(x) v(x0 )
v (x1 )
Tng t, p dng nh l Cauchy cho hai hm u0 , v 0 trn khong I2 gia x0 v x1 ,
ta tm c x2 I2 I1 sao cho
u0 (x1 )
u0 (x1 ) u0 (x0 )
u00 (x2 )
=
=
.
v 0 (x1 )
v 0 (x1 ) v 0 (x0 )
v 00 (x2 )
p dng nh l Cauchy lin tip, cui cng ta tm c xn+1 In+1 I1 sao cho
f (n+1) (xn+1 )
u0 (x1 )
u00 (x2 )
u(n+1) (xn+1 )
u(x)
=
= 0
= 00
= = (n+1)
.
v(x)
v (x1 )
v (x2 )
(n + 1)!
v
(xn+1 )
Chn c = xn+1 th c l mt s nm gia x v x0 v
f (x) = T fn,x0 (x) +

f (n+1) (c)
(x x0 )n+1 .
(n + 1)!
2

Khai trin Taylor ca cc hm s ng vi x0 = 0 c gi l khai trin Maclaurin. Di y l khai trin Maclaurin ca mt s hm s cp.
Hm ex vi x R:
x2
+ +
2!
x2
=1+x+
+ +
2!

ex = 1 + x +

xn
+ O(xn )
n!
xn
ex
+
xn+1 (0 < < 1).
n!
(n + 1)!

Hm ln(1 + x) vi x > 1:
x2 x3
xn
+
+ + (1)n1
+ O(xn )
2
3
n
x2 x3
xn
xn+1
=x
+
+ + (1)n1
+ (1)n
(0 < < 1).
2
3
n
(n + 1)(1 + x)n+1

ln(1 + x) = x

Hm sin x vi x R:
x3 x5
x2n+1
+
+ + (1)n
+ O(x2n+1 )
3!
5!
(2n + 1)!
x3 x5
x2n+1
x2n+3

=x
+
+ + (1)n
+
sin(x + (2n + 3) ).
3!
5!
(2n + 1)! (2n + 3)!
2

sin x = x

GV. Trn Tr Dng

59

5.5. KHAI TRIN TAYLOR

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

Hm cos x vi x R:
x2 x4
x2n
+
+ + (1)n
+ O(x2n )
2!
4!
(2n)!
x2 x4
x2n
x2n+2

=1
+
+ + (1)n
+
cos(x + (2n + 2) ).
2!
4!
(2n)! (2n + 2)!
2

cos x = 1

Hm (1 + x) vi x > 1, R:
(1 + x) = 1 + x +

vi quy c C0 = 1 v Ck =

60

( 1) 2
x + + Cn xn + O(xn )
2!

(1)...(k+1)
k!

khi k N.

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

5.5. KHAI TRIN TAYLOR

BI TP CUI CHNG 5
1) Xt tnh kh vi ca cc hm s sau
a) y = | sin x|
b) y = x|x|
c) y = | x| sin x
 2
x , nu x 0
d) y = 1/x
e
, nu x > 0
 2
x , nu x Q
e) y =
x2 , nu x
/Q
 2
x , nu x Z
f) y =
0, nu x
/Z
2) Cho hm s f : R R xc nh bi
 2
x sin x1 , nu x 6= 0
f (x) =
0, nu x = 0
Chng t rng f kh vi trn R. Hm f c thuc lp C 1 trn R khng?
3) Cho hm s f : R R xc nh bi
( 1
2
x , nu x 6= 0
f (x) = e
0, nu x = 0
Chng t rng f C (R).
4) Cho hm s f : R R tha mn
|f (x) f (y)| M |x y| , x, y R
trong M > 0 v > 1 l cc hng s cho trc. Chng minh f l hm hng trn
R.
5) Cho D l mt tp m khc rng ca R. Nu f 0 (x) = 0 vi mi x D th ta c
th kt lun f l hm hng trn D hay khng?
6) Cho f, g kh vi trn R sao cho f (a) = g(a) v f (x) g(x), x R. Chng minh
f 0 (a) = g 0 (a).
7)* Cho f kh vi trn R sao cho f (x + sin x) f (x), x R. Chng minh rng
phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0 c v s nghim thc. (Hng dn: p dng nh l Fermat
ti cc x = k2)
GV. Trn Tr Dng

61

5.5. KHAI TRIN TAYLOR

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

8)*(nh l Darboux) Cho f kh vi trn [a; b]. Gi s f 0 (a) < m < f 0 (b). Chng
minh rng tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f 0 (c) = m. (Hng dn: Xt hm s g(x) =
f (x) m(x a) th g t gi tr nh nht ti mt im trong (a; b))
9) Cho f, g lin tc trn on [a; b], kh vi trn (a; b) sao cho: f (a) g(a) v
f 0 (x) < g 0 (x) vi mi x (a; b). Chng minh rng: f (x) < g(x) vi mi x (a; b).
(Hng dn: p dng nh l Lagrange)
10) p dng nh l Lagrange, chng minh cc bt ng thc sau
a) | sin x sin y| |x y|, x, y R
b) | arctan x arctan y| |x y|, x, y R
c)
d)

x
1+x < ln(1 + x) <
ex > ex, x > 1.

x, x > 0

11) Cho hm s f kh vi trn (a; b) v f khng b chn trn (a; b). Chng minh f 0
cng khng b chn trn (a; b).
12) Cho hm s f kh vi trn (a; b) v hm o hm f 0 b chn trn (a; b). Chng
minh rng f lin tc u trn (a; b).
13) Cho hm s f kh vi trn (a; b).
a) Chng minh rng nu f 0 (x) > 0, x (a; b) th f l hm tng ngt trn (a; b).
Chiu ngc li c ng khng?
b) Chng minh f l hm tng ngt trn (a; b) khi v ch khi hai iu kin sau
c tha mn:
(i) f 0 (x) 0, x (a; b).
(ii) Khng tn ti khong (c; d) (a; b) sao cho f 0 (x) = 0, x (c; d).
14) Dng quy tc LHospital hy tnh cc gii hn sau
a

1
a) lim xxb 1
(b 6= 0).
x1

xsin x
b) lim tan
xx

c)

x0
lim ln(e+x)1
x
x
x0 e e

d) lim

x0

e) lim

x0

1
x2

1
x

f) lim x ln
x+

1
sin2 x

1
arcsin x

2 arctan x

g) lim xx
x0+

h) lim (tan x)cos x


x 2

62

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 5. PHP TNH VI PHN

5.5. KHAI TRIN TAYLOR

15)* Dng khai trin Maclaurin ca hm ex , chng minh e l s v t.


16) Vit khai trin Maclaurin ca cc hm s sau n cp 10, t hy tnh f (9) (0).
a) f (x) = x2 sin x
b) f (x) = (x + x3 )ex
17)* Cho f C 3 (R). Gi s lim f (x) = a R v lim f 000 (x) = 0. Chng minh
x+

x+

rng lim f 0 (x) = lim f 00 (x) = 0. (Hng dn: Vit khai trin Taylor n cp 3
x+

x+

cho hm f vi phn d Lagrange)


18)* Cho f C 2 ([0; 1]) sao cho f (0) = f (1) = 0 v |f 00 (x)| M, x (0; 1). Chng
minh rng |f 0 (x)| M
2 , x [0; 1]. (Hng dn: Vit khai trin Taylor n cp 2
cho hm f vi phn d Lagrange ti 0 v 1)

GV. Trn Tr Dng

63

Chng 6

PHP TNH TCH PHN


6.1

TCH PHN RIEMANN

6.1.1

Khi nim tch phn Riemann

nh ngha 6.1.1 Mt phn hoch P ca on [a; b] l mt tp hu hn


{x1 , x2 , . . . , xn+1 } sao cho a = x1 < x2 < < xn+1 = b. Tp hp tt c cc
phn hoch ca [a; b] c k hiu l P[a;b] hay n gin hn l P khi khng cn lm
r on [a; b].
Cho P, Q P. Ta ni Q mn hn P nu P Q.
Gi s f : [a; b] R l mt hm s b chn v P = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn+1 } l mt
phn hoch ca [a; b]. Vi mi i t 1, 2, . . . , n, ta t
Mi (f ) = sup{f (x) : x [xi ; xi+1 ]}
v
mi (f ) = inf{f (x) : x [xi ; xi+1 ]}.
Ta nh ngha
U (P, f ) =

n
X

Mi (f )(xi+1 xi )

i=1

v
L(P, f ) =

n
X

mi (f )(xi+1 xi ).

i=1

U (P, f ) v L(P, f ) ln lt c gi l tng Darboux trn v tng Darboux


di ca f trn on [a; b] ng vi phn hoch P .
Gi M = sup{|f (x)| : x [a; b]}. R rng, vi mi phn hoch P , U (P, f ) v L(P, f )
b chn v
M (b a) L(P, f ) U (P, f ) M (b a).
64

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

6.1. TCH PHN RIEMANN

Ta c kt qu sau y v cc tng Darboux.


nh l 6.1.2 Gi s P, Q P. Khi ta c cc khng nh sau.
(i) Nu P Q th L(P, f ) L(Q, f ) U (Q, f ) U (P, f ).
(ii) L(P, f ) U (Q, f ).
(iii) sup L(P, f ) inf U (P, f ).
P P

P P

Chng minh: (i) Bi tp.


(ii) V P, Q P nn P Q cng l mt phn hoch. Theo (i) ta suy ra
L(P, f ) L(P Q, f ) U (P Q, f ) U (Q, f ).
(iii) Hin nhin theo (ii).
2
nh ngha 6.1.3 Ta ni f kh tch Riemann trn [a; b], k hiu f R([a; b])
nu inf U (P, f ) = sup L(P, f ) = I. Khi ta nh ngha tch phn Riemann ca f
P P

P P

trn [a; b] l
Zb
f (x)dx = inf U (P, f ) = sup L(P, f ) = I.
P P

P P

V d 6.1.4 a) Hm s f (x) = 1 trn [a; b] c U (P, f ) v L(P, f ) u bng b a


vi mi phn hoch P ca on [a; b]. Vy
Zb
1dx = inf U (P, f ) = sup L(P, f ) = b a.
P P

P P

b) Hm s Dirichlet khng kh tch Riemann trn bt k on [a; b] no v


U (P, f ) = b a v L(P, f ) = 0 vi mi phn hoch P ca on [a; b].
nh l sau y cho ta mt c trng tng ng v tnh kh tch.
nh l 6.1.5 f R([a; b]) khi v ch khi vi mi  > 0, tn ti mt phn hoch
P sao cho
U (P, f ) L(P, f ) < .
Chng minh: Gi s f R([a; b]). Khi ta c
inf U (P, f ) = sup L(P, f ) = I.

P P

GV. Trn Tr Dng

P P

65

6.1. TCH PHN RIEMANN

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

Do , vi mi  > 0, tn ti hai phn hoch P1 v P2 sao cho I


U (P2 ; f ) < I + 2 . t P = P1 P2 ta c
I


2

< L(P1 ; f ) v



< L(P1 ; f ) L(P, f ) U (P, f ) U (P2 , f ) < I + .
2
2

Vy U (P, f ) L(P, f ) < .


Ngc li, gi s vi mi  > 0, tn ti mt phn hoch P sao cho
U (P, f ) L(P, f ) < .
Ta cn chng minh
inf U (P, f ) = sup L(P, f ).

P P

P P

Tht vy, ta ch l
L(P, f ) sup L(P, f ) inf U (P, f ) U (P, f ) < L(P, f ) + .
P P

P P

Do
inf U (P, f ) sup L(P, f ) < .

P P

P P

Vy
inf U (P, f ) = sup L(P, f ).

P P

P P

2
p dng nh l va pht biu trn ta chng minh c kt qu sau.
nh l 6.1.6 a) Nu f n iu trn [a; b] th f R([a; b]).
b) Nu f lin tc trn [a; b] th f R([a; b]).

6.1.2

Tng Riemann

Gi s f : [a; b] R l mt hm s b chn v P = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn+1 } l mt phn


hoch ca [a; b]. Ta gi (P ) l di ln nht trong s cc di ca cc on
[xi ; xi+1 ], i t 1, 2, . . . , n.
Nu trn mi on [xi ; xi+1 ], i t 1, 2, . . . , n ta chn ra mt s ti [xi ; xi+1 ] th
ta ni phn hoch P c nh du, v tng di y
S(P, f ) =

n
X

f (ti )(xi+1 xi )

i=1

c gi l mt tng Riemann ca f ng vi P .
Ta c mt c trng quan trng v tnh kh tch thng qua tng Riemann nh
sau.
66

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

6.1. TCH PHN RIEMANN

nh l 6.1.7 f R([a; b]) khi v ch khi tn ti mt s thc I tha mn iu kin:


Vi mi  > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi phn hoch P ca [a; b] vi (P ) < ,
vi mi cch nh du P , ta u c |S(P, f ) I| < .
Nu f tha mn iu kin c pht biu nh trn th ta cn vit l
lim S(P, f ) = I.
(P )0

Hn na ta c

Rb

f (x)dx = I.

Ta xt v d sau y.
V d 6.1.8 Tnh

R1

xdx.

Li gii: V hm s f (x) = x lin tc trn [0; 1] nn kh tch trn [0; 1]. Ta chia u
[0; 1] thnh n on bng nhau bi cc im chia
0<
Khi nu chn ti =

i
n

2
n1
1
< < <
< 1.
n
n
n

th

S(P, f ) =

n
X
i=1

n
X
n+1
i
=
.
f (ti )(xi+1 xi ) =
2
n
2n
i=1

Khi (P ) = n1 0 th n + v S(P, f ) 21 . Gii hn ny khng ph thuc vo


cch chia [0; 1] v cch chn cc im ti v gii hn chnh l tch phn cn tm.

6.1.3

Cc tnh cht c bn ca tch phn xc nh

nh l 6.1.9 Cho f, g kh tch trn [a; b]. Khi ta c cc khng nh sau.


(i) Vi c1 , c2 R ta c c1 f + c2 g kh tch trn [a; b] v
Zb

Zb
(c1 f (x) + c2 g(x))dx = c1

Zb
f (x)dx + c2

g(x)dx.
a

(ii) Vi a < c < b ta c f kh tch trn cc on [a; c] v [c; b]. Ngoi ra


Zb

Zc
f (x)dx =

Zb
f (x)dx +

(iii) Nu f (x) g(x) vi mi x [a; b] th

Rb
a

GV. Trn Tr Dng

f (x)dx.

f (x)dx

Rb

g(x)dx.

67

6.1. TCH PHN RIEMANN

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

V tnh kh tch ca hm hp ta c kt qu sau.


nh l 6.1.10 Gi s f : [a; b] [c; d] kh tch trn [a; b], g : [c; d] R lin tc
trn [c; d]. Khi g f kh tch trn [a; b].
c bit nu f, g kh tch trn [a; b] th f g v |f | kh tch trn [a; b], hn na
Zb
|

Zb
f (x)dx|

|f (x)|dx.
a

Nhn xt 6.1.11 Trong nh l trn, nu thay iu kin lin tc bi iu kin g


kh tch trn [c; d] th khng m bo g f kh tch trn [a; b].
nh l 6.1.12 nh l gi tr trung bnh cho tch phn Cho hm s f, g
kh tch trn [a; b], m f (x) M v g(x) 0 vi mi x [a; b]. Khi tn ti
[m; M ] sao cho
Zb
Zb
f (x)g(x)dx = g(x)dx.
a

Ngoi ra, nu c thm f lin tc trn [a; b] th tn ti c [a; b] sao cho


Zb

Zb
f (x)g(x)dx = f (c)

g(x)dx.
a

c bit vi g(x) = 1 v f lin tc trn [a; b] th tn ti c [a; b] sao cho


Zb
f (x)dx = (b a)f (c).
a

6.1.4

nh l c bn ca Gii tch

Cho hm s f kh tch trn [a; b] th ta bit rng f kh tch trn on [a; x] vi mi


Rx
x [a; b]. Do hm s F (x) = f (x)dx xc nh trn on [a; b].
a

nh l 6.1.13 (i) Nu f kh tch trn [a; b] th F lin tc trn [a; b].


(ii) Nu f lin tc trn [a; b] th F kh vi trn [a; b] v F 0 (x) = f (x) vi mi
x [a; b].
nh l c bn ca Gii tch l kt qu sau y (thng c gi l cng
thc Newton-Leibniz).
68

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

6.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG

nh l 6.1.14 (i) Nu f lin tc trn [a; b] th tn ti mt nguyn hm F ca f


trn [a; b] (tc l F 0 (x) = f (x) vi mi x [a; b]). Hn na nu G l mt nguyn
hm bt k ca f trn [a; b] th ta lun c
Zb
f (x)dx = G(b) G(a).
a

(ii) Nu f kh tch trn [a; b] v f c mt nguyn hm F no trn [a; b] th


Zb
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a).
a

6.2

TCH PHN SUY RNG

phn trc ta xy dng khi nim tch phn xc nh vi cc cn ly tch phn


hu hn cho cc hm s b chn. Nhiu ng dng trong thc t cn n vic tnh
tch phn vi cc cn v hn hoc hm s ly tch phn khng b chn. Cc tch
phn m rng ny c gi l cc tch phn suy rng.

6.2.1

Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn

Gi Rloc ([a; +)) l tp hp cc hm s xc nh trn [a; +) v kh tch trn mi


on hu hn [a; c]. Khi vi f Rloc ([a; +)) ta c mt hm s
Zc
F (c) =

f (x)dx
a

xc nh trn [a; +).


nh ngha 6.2.1 Cho f Rloc ([a; +)). Gii hn (nu c) ca hm s F (c) =
Rc
f (x)dx khi c + c gi l tch phn suy rng ca f trn [a; +), k hiu
a
+
R

f (x)dx.

Vy

+
R

f (x)dx = lim

Rc

c+ a

Nu gii hn lim

Rc

c+ a

f (x)dx.

f (x)dx hu hn ta ni tch phn suy rng

+
R

(hoc f kh tch trn [a; +)). Ngc li ta ni tch phn suy rng

f (x)dx hi t

a
+
R

f (x)dx phn

k.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

69

6.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

Tng t ta cng c th nh ngha cc tch phn suy rng trn (; a] v (; +)


nh sau:
Za
Za
f (x)dx = lim
f (x)dx
c

+
+
Z
Za
Z
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx +
f (x)dx

nu php tnh v phi xc nh.


V d 6.2.2

+
R
0

1
dx
1+x2

Rc

1
2 dx
c+ 0 1+x

= lim

= lim arctan c = 2 .
c+

V d quan trng sau y c s dng nhiu trong thc hnh.


V d 6.2.3 Cho a > 0. Khi
+
Z

1
dx
xp

hi t khi v ch khi p > 1.


S hi t ca tch phn suy rng khi f (x) 0.
Gi s f Rloc ([a; +)) v f (x) 0 vi mi x [a; +). Khi hm s
Zc
f (x)dx

F (c) =
a

l hm s tng trn [a; +). Do tch phn suy rng

+
R

f (x)dx hi t khi v ch

khi

Zc
F (c) =

f (x)dx
a

l hm s b chn trn, tc l tn ti s dng M sao cho


Zc
f (x)dx M, c [a; +).

F (c) =
a

Da vo nhn xt trn, ta chng minh c cc nh l so snh di y.


70

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

6.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG

nh l 6.2.4 Gi s f, g Rloc ([a; +)) sao cho 0 f (x) g(x) vi mi x


[a; +). Khi
+
+
Z
Z
0
f (x)dx
g(x)dx.
a

c bit ta c cc kt lun sau.


+
+
R
R
a) Nu
g(x)dx hi t th
f (x)dx hi t.
b) Nu

a
+
R

f (x)dx phn k th

+
R

f (x)dx phn k.

nh l 6.2.5 Gi s f, g Rloc ([a; +)) sao cho 0 f (x) v 0 g(x) vi mi


x [a; +) v
f (x)
lim
= k (0 k +).
x+ g(x)
Khi ta c cc kt lun sau.
a) Nu k > 0 th cc tch phn

+
R

g(x)dx v

+
R

f (x)dx cng hi t hoc cng

phn k.
b) Nu k = 0 th

+
R

g(x)dx hi t ko theo

c) Nu k = + th

+
R

f (x)dx hi t.

a
+
R

g(x)dx phn k ko theo

+
R

f (x)dx phn k.

Cc nh l so snh s c chng minh trong gi l thuyt. Trong thc hnh ta


+
+
R
R 1
thng so snh
f (x)dx vi tch phn
xp dx.
a

V d 6.2.6 Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng sau:


+
R x
a)
dx.
1+x2
b)

1
+
R
1

( 2 arctan x)dx.

S hi t ca tch phn suy rng khi f (x) c du ty .


Trong trng hp f (x) c du ty , s tn ti gii hn hu hn ca hm s
Zc
F (c) =

f (x)dx
a

GV. Trn Tr Dng

71

6.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

khi c + c suy ra t tiu chun Cauchy v s tn ti gii hn hu hn ca


hm s.
nh l 6.2.7 Gi s f Rloc ([a; +)). Khi

+
R

f (x)dx hi t khi v ch khi

vi mi  > 0, tn ti A>0 sao cho vi mi c2 > c1 > A ta lun c


Zc2
|F (c2 ) F (c1 )| = |

f (x)dx| < .
c1

Ta c ngay h qu sau.
nh l 6.2.8 Gi s f Rloc ([a; +)). Khi nu

+
R

|f (x)|dx hi t th

+
R

f (x)dx

hi t.
Chng minh: p dng nh l 6.2.7 cho tch phn

+
R

|f (x)|dx v ch l

Zc2
|

Zc2
f (x)dx|

c1

|f (x)|dx.
c1

2
Ch l chiu ngc li ca nh l trn khng ng. Do ngi ta phn bit hai
trng hp sau.
Nu

+
R

+
R

|f (x)|dx hi t th ta ni

Nu
t.

6.2.2

+
R
a

f (x)dx hi t tuyt i.

|f (x)|dx phn k m

+
R

f (x)dx hi t th ta ni

+
R

f (x)dx bn hi

Tch phn suy rng ca hm s khng b chn

Gi Rloc ([a; b)) l tp hp cc hm s xc nh trn [a; b) v kh tch trn mi on


[a; c], a c < b. Khi nu f Rloc ([a; b)) th hm s
Zc
F (c) =

f (x)dx
a

xc nh trn [a; b). Nu f khng b chn trn [c; b) vi mi a c < b th ta gi b l


im bt thng.
72

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

6.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG

nh ngha 6.2.9 Cho f Rloc ([a; b)). Gii hn (nu c) ca hm s F (c) =


Rc
f (x)dx khi c b c gi l tch phn suy rng ca f trn [a; b), k hiu
a

Rb

f (x)dx. Vy

Rb

f (x)dx = lim

Rc

cb a

Rc

Nu gii hn lim

cb a

f (x)dx.

f (x)dx hu hn ta ni tch phn suy rng

Rb

f (x)dx hi t (hoc

f kh tch trn [a; b)). Ngc li ta ni tch phn suy rng

Rb

f (x)dx phn k.

Tng t ta cng c th nh ngha tch phn suy rng trn (a; b] nh sau:
Zb

Zb
f (x)dx = lim

f (x)dx.

ca+

Nhn xt 6.2.10 Nu mt hm s f b chn v kh tch Riemann trn [a; b] th n


cng kh tch trn [a; b) theo ngha suy rng nh trn. Ngoi ra tch phn suy rng
v tch phn xc nh ca f l trng nhau. Tht vy, gi M = sup |f (x)|, ta c
axb

b
b

Z
Z
Zb
Zc



f (x)dx f (x)dx = f (x)dx |f (x)|dx M (b c).






a

Cho c b ta c ngay nhn xt trn.

V d 6.2.11

R1
0

1
dx
1x2

= lim

Rc

c1 0

1
dx
1x2

= lim arcsin c = 2 .
c1

V d quan trng sau y c s dng nhiu trong thc hnh.


V d 6.2.12 Cho b > a. Khi cc tch phn
Zb
a

1
dx,
(x a)p

Zb

1
dx
(b x)p

hi t khi v ch khi p < 1.


Tng t nh trng hp tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn, i vi tch phn suy
rng ca hm s khng b chn ta cng c cc kt qu tng t v s hi t. Chng
hn ta c cc kt qu sau y cho trng hp cn b l im bt thng.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

73

6.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

nh l 6.2.13 Gi s f, g Rloc ([a; b)) sao cho 0 f (x) g(x) vi mi x


[a; b). Khi
Zb
Zb
0 f (x)dx g(x)dx.
a

c bit ta c cc kt lun sau.


Rb
Rb
a) Nu g(x)dx hi t th f (x)dx hi t.
a

b) Nu

Rb

f (x)dx phn k th

Rb

f (x)dx phn k.

nh l 6.2.14 Gi s f, g Rloc ([a; b)) sao cho 0 f (x) v 0 g(x) vi mi


x [a; b) v
f (x)
= k (0 k +).
lim

xb g(x)
Khi ta c cc kt lun sau.
Rb
Rb
a) Nu k > 0 th g(x)dx v f (x)dx cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
a

b) Nu k = 0 th

Rb

g(x)dx hi t ko theo

c) Nu k = + th

Rb

f (x)dx hi t.

Rb
a

g(x)dx phn k ko theo

Rb

f (x)dx phn k.

nh l 6.2.15 Gi s f Rloc ([a; b)). Khi nu

Rb
a

|f (x)|dx hi t th

Rb

f (x)dx

hi t.

74

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

6.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG

BI TP CUI CHNG 6
1) Tnh cc tch phn suy rng
+
R
1
a)
dx
x2 3x+2
b)
c)
d)

3
+
R

0
+
R

xex dx

eax cos xdx (a > 0)

0
+
R

arctan x

(1+x2 ) 2

dx

2) Tnh cc tch phn suy rng


R1
dx
a) x+1
x
b)
c)
d)

0
R1

0
R1
0
R1

ln xdx
dx

(2x) 1x

x ln2 xdx

3) Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn sau


+
R
x+1

a)
dx
3 7
b)
c)
d)

1
+
R
1
+
R
1
+
R
1

x 3x+2

(1 cos x2 )dx
1
1
x
x (e

cos x1 )dx

ln(x+1)
dx
x2

4) Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn sau


R1
a) sinx2 x dx
b)

0
R1
0

x
dx
1x4

GV. Trn Tr Dng

75

6.2. TCH PHN SUY RNG


c)

+
R
0
+
R

d)

e)

R
0

CHNG 6. PHP TNH TCH PHN

x
e
dx
x

1cos x
dx
x2

ln(sin x)

dx
x

5) Tm p R sao cho cc tch phn sau y hi t


+
R xp
a)
1+x dx
b)

0
+
R
0

ln(1+x)
xp dx

6) Chng minh

+
R
1

sin x
x dx

hi t nhng

+
R
1

7) a) Chng minh rng I(a) =

Ra
0

dx
ln x x


sin x dx phn k.
x

hi t khi khi a < 1.

b) Tnh lim I(a) ln a.


a0+

8)* a) Chng minh rng

+
R

xp1 ex dx hi t khi v ch khi p > 0.

b) t (p) =
n N.

76

+
R

xp1 ex dx vi p > 0. Chng minh (n) = (n 1)! vi mi

GV. Trn Tr Dng

Chng 7

CHUI S-CHUI HM
7.1
7.1.1

CHUI S
Cc khi nim c bn

Cho dy s (an ). Ta gi tng v hn di y


a1 + a2 + + an + =

an

n=1

l mt chui s c s hng tng qut l an .


Ta gi tng ring th n ca chui s trn l tng hu hn sau y
Sn = a1 + a2 + + an =

n
X

ak .

k=1

nh ngha 7.1.1 Nu dy cc tng ring (Sn ) c gii hn l S th ta gi S l tng

P
P
an = S.
an v vit l
ca chui s
n=1

n=1

Nu S R th ta ni chui s
ta ni chui s

an hi t v S. Trong cc trng hp khc th

n=1

an phn k.

n=1

T nh ngha v tng ca mt chui s ta c ngay nhn xt sau.


Nhn xt 7.1.2 a) Nu

an = A v

n=1

an = B th

n=1

(an + bn ) = A + B

n=1

77

7.1. CHUI S

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM

nu v phi xc nh.
b) Gi s chui s

an hi t v S. Ta gi Rn =

n=1

ak l phn d ca

k=n+1

chui sau s hng th n. R rng Sn + Rn = S v do lim Sn = S nn lim Rn = 0.

P
an khng ph thuc vo hu hn cc s hng u
c) S hi t ca chui s
n=1

tin. Ni cch khc chui s

an hi t khi v ch khi chui phn d Rn =

n=1

ak

k=n+1

hi t vi mi n N.
Kt qu bn di cho ta mt iu kin cn kim tra mt chui s hi t.
nh l 7.1.3 Nu chui s

an
n=1

(an ) khng hi t v 0 th chui

hi t th lim an = 0. Ni cch khc nu dy


an phn k.

n=1

Chng minh: Do chui s

an hi t nn lim Sn = S R. Khi lim Sn1 = S

n=1

v lim an = lim(Sn Sn1 ) = 0.


2
V d 7.1.4 Chui s

q n hi t khi v ch khi |q| < 1.

n=1

p dng tiu chun Cauchy v s hi t cho dy s (Sn ) ta c khng nh sau.


nh l 7.1.5 Chui s

an hi t khi v ch khi vi mi  > 0, tn ti N N

n=1

sao cho n N, p N ta c
|Sn+p Sn | = |an+1 + an+2 + + an+p | < .
nh l 7.1.6 Nu chui s

|an | hi t th chui s

n=1

Chng minh: p dng nh l 7.1.5 cho cc chui

an hi t.

n=1

P
n=1

|an | v

an , vi ch l

n=1

|an+1 + an+2 + + an+p | |an+1 | + |an+2 | + + |an+p |.


2
Ch l chiu ngc li ca nh l 7.1.6 khng ng. Do ngi ta chia thnh
hai trng hp nh sau.
78

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM


Nu chui s

7.1. CHUI S

|an | hi t th ta ni chui s

n=1

Nu chui s

an hi t tuyt i.

n=1

|an | phn k v chui s

n=1

an hi t th ta ni

n=1

an bn

n=1

hi t.
Trong trng hp chui s c cc s hng khng m th ta c kt qu sau y v s
hi t ca chui s.
nh l 7.1.7 Chui

an (an 0 vi mi n N) hi t khi v ch khi dy cc

n=1

tng ring (Sn ) b chn trn.


Chng minh: Ch l an 0 vi mi n N nn (Sn ) l dy tng. Do (Sn ) hi
t khi v ch khi (Sn ) b chn trn.
2

7.1.2

Cc du hiu hi t

nh l 7.1.8 (Du hiu so snh): Nu |an | bn vi mi n N v


t th

bn hi

n=1

an hi t (tuyt i).

n=1

nh l 7.1.9 (Du hiu so snh dng gii hn): Gi s an 0 v bn 0 vi


mi n N v lim abnn = k. Khi ta c cc khng nh sau.
Nu 0 < k < + th chui s

an hi t khi v ch khi

n=1

Nu k = 0 th chui s

bn hi t ko theo

n=1

Nu k = + th chui s

an hi t.

n=1

bn phn k ko theo

nh l 7.1.10 (Du hiu D Alembert) Cho chui

an phn k.

n=1

P
n=1

bn hi t.

n=1

n=1

Nu D < 1 th chui





an v lim an+1
an = D.

an hi t tuyt i.

n=1

Nu D > 1 th chui

an phn k.

n=1

GV. Trn Tr Dng

79

7.2. CHUI HM

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM

nh l 7.1.11 (Du hiu Cauchy) Cho chui

an v lim

p
n
|an | = C.

n=1

Nu C < 1 th chui

an hi t tuyt i.

n=1

Nu C > 1 th chui

an phn k.

n=1

V d 7.1.12 a) Chui

n=1

n!
nn

hi t theo du hiu D Alembert v ta c




n
an+1
1
1
nn


= lim 1
= < 1.
D = lim
= lim

n
an
(n + 1)
n+1
e
b) Chui

P
n=1

nn
e2n

phn k theo du hiu Cauchy v ta c


C = lim

p
n
n
|an | = lim 2 = +.
e

nh l 7.1.13 (Du hiu tch phn) Cho hm s n iu f : [1; +)


+

R
P
[0; +). Khi ta c chui s
f (n) hi t khi v ch khi
f (x)dx hi t.
n=1

V d 7.1.14 Chng minh rng chui

n=1

1
np

hi t khi v ch khi p > 1.

nh l 7.1.15 (Du hiu Leibniz) Cho chui an du


(an ) l dy gim v tin v 0. Khi chui

(1)n an , trong

n=1

(1)n an hi t.

n=1

V d 7.1.16 Chui

P
n=1

(1)n
n

hi t theo du hiu Leibniz v dy s ( n1 ) l dy

gim tin v 0.

7.2
7.2.1

CHUI HM
Hi t im - Hi t u

Cho dy cc hm s (fn (x)) cng xc nh trn mt tp hp X R. Khi ta gi


biu thc

X
f1 (x) + f2 (x) + + fn (x) + =
fn (x)
n=1

80

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM

7.2. CHUI HM

l chui hm trn X.
Tng hu hn
Sn (x) = f1 (x) + f2 (x) + + fn (x) =

n
X

fk (x)

k=1

vi x X c gi l tng ring th n ca chui hm

fn (x) trn X.

n=1

Nu ti x0 X chui s

fn (x0 ) hi t (tng ng, phn k) th ta gi x0

n=1

l im hi t (tng ng, im phn k) ca chui hm

fn (x).

n=1

Tp hp cc im hi t ca chui hm

fn (x) c gi l min hi t

n=1

ca chui hm . Nh vy nu gi D l min hi t ca chui hm


th vi mi x D, chui s
chui hm

fn (x)

n=1

fn (x) s hi t v mt s S(x). Khi ta ni

n=1

fn (x) hi t tng im v hm s S(x) trn D, k hiu

n=1

fn (x) = S(x), x D.

n=1

Ni cch khc

fn (x) = S(x), x D x D,  > 0, N N, n N |Sn (x)S(x)| < .

n=1

Ta ni chui hm

fn (x) hi t u v hm s S(x) trn D, k hiu

n=1
u

fn (x) = S(x), x D nu

n=1

 > 0, N N, n N |Sn (x) S(x)| < , x D.


Mt cch tng ng, ta c

fn (x) = S(x), x D lim sup |Sn (x) S(x)| = 0.


xD

n=1

R rng nu chui hm

fn (x) hi t u v hm s S(x) trn D th chui

n=1

hm s hi t tng im v S(x) trn D nhng chiu ngc li khng ng.


GV. Trn Tr Dng

81

7.2. CHUI HM

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM

nh l 7.2.1 Chui hm

fn (x) hi t u v hm S(x) trn D khi v ch khi

n=1

 > 0, N N, m, n N, m N, n N |Sm (x) Sn (x)| < , x D.


nh l 7.2.2 (Du hiu Weierstrass v s hi t u)
Gi s |fn (x)| an vi mi n N v vi mi x D. Khi nu chui s
hi t th chui hm

an

n=1

fn (x) hi t u trn D.

n=1

V d 7.2.3 Tm min hi t, hi t tuyt i ca chui hm

P
n=1

V d 7.2.4 Xt chui hm

P
n=1

cos(nx)
.
n2

1 n
2n x .

Ta c



cos(nx)
1


n2 n2 , n N, x R.
M chui s

P
n=1

P
n=1

cos(nx)
n2

1
n2

hi t nn theo du hiu Weierstrass ta suy ra chui hm

hi t u trn R.

V d 7.2.5 Chng minh chui hm

x3 enx hi t u trn [0; +).

n=1

V d 7.2.6 Chui ly tha

xn hi t u trn on [0; c] vi 0 c < 1 bt k

n=1

v
xn cn , n N, x [0; c]
v chui s

cn hi t.

n=1

Tuy nhin chui ly tha

xn khng hi t u trn [0; 1).

n=1

7.2.2

ng dng ca s hi t u

S hi t u s bo ton cc tnh cht kh tch, lin tc hay kh vi khi chuyn t

P
cc hm (fn (x)) sang chui
fn (x). Hn na ta cn c th ly o hm hay ly
n=1

tch phn tng s hng ca mt chui hm khi chui hi t u.


82

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM


nh l 7.2.7 Cho chui hm

7.2. CHUI HM

fn (x) hi t u v f (x) trn D. Khi nu vi

n=1

mi n N cc hm fn lin tc trn D th f cng lin tc trn D.


nh l 7.2.8 Cho chui hm

fn (x) hi t u v f (x) trn on [a; b]. Khi

n=1

nu vi mi n N cc hm fn kh tch trn [a; b] th f cng kh tch trn [a; b]. Hn


na ta c
!
Zb
Zb X

Zb
X
f (x)dx =
fn (x) dx =
fn (x)dx.
a

n=1

n=1 a

nh l 7.2.9 Gi s (fn (x)) l mt dy cc hm s kh vi trn [a; b] tha mn


cc iu kin sau:

P
(i) Tn ti x0 [a; b] sao cho
fn (x0 ) hi t.
n=1

(ii) Chui

P
n=1

Khi

fn0 (x) hi t u v mt hm g(x) trn [a; b].

fn (x) hi t u v mt hm f (x) trn on [a; b] v f 0 (x) = g(x) vi

n=1

mi x [a; b], tc l

X
n=1

GV. Trn Tr Dng

!0
fn (x)

fn0 (x).

n=1

83

7.2. CHUI HM

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM

BI TP CUI CHNG 7
1) Tm tng ca cc chui s sau

P
(1)n1
a)
2n1
b)

n=1

c)

n=1

d)

n=1

P
n=1

2n +3n
6n
2n1
2n
1
n(n+1)(n+2)

2) Chng minh rng nu cc chui s

P
n=1

a2n v

P
n=1

b2n hi t th cc chui s sau

cng hi t.

P
a)
|an bn |
b)

n=1

P
n=1

|an |
n

3) Chng minh rng nu chui s dng

an hi t th

n=1

P
n=1

a2n cng hi t. Chiu

ngc li c ng khng?
4)* Cho (an ) l dy cc s dng gim, tin v 0 sao cho

an hi t. Chng minh

n=1

rng lim nan = 0.


5) Xt s hi t ca cc chui s sau

P
a)
n2 + n n
b)

n=1

c)

n=1

d)

n=1

P
n=1

1
n

sin 2
n
2

arctan nn3 1
+1


1
ln 1 + tan n
n

6) Xt s hi t ca cc chui s sau

P
(n!)2
a)
(2n)!
n=1

84

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM


b)

c)

n=1

P
n=1

2n (n!)
nn
n1
n+1

n(n1)
2

(n+1)n
n n2
n=1 3 n

P
1
e)
n(ln n)p
n=1

P
1
f)
ln(n!)
n=1

d)

7.2. CHUI HM

vi p R

7) Xt s hi t ca cc chui an du sau

P
n+1
a)
(1)n n+2
b)

n=1

c)

n=1

d)

n=1

P
n=2

(1)n n2n+1
+n+2
(1)n
np ,

vi p R

(1)n
[n+(1)n ]p ,

vi p R

8) Tm min hi t, hi t tuyt i v bn hi t ca cc chui hm sau

P
a)
nxn
b)

n=1

c)

n=1

d)

n=2

nenx
(1)n
2n1

1x
1+x

n

xn
n2

1
n=1 (1+ n )

9) Dng du hiu Weierstrass chng minh cc chui hm sau hi t u trn min


cho

P
1
a)
,xR
x2 +n3
b)

n=1

c)

n=1

d)

n=1

sin(nx)

,
4 4
x +n5
x
,
1+x2 n4

xR

x [0; +)

x3 enx , x [0; +)

n=1

GV. Trn Tr Dng

85

7.2. CHUI HM

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM

10) Dng phng php o hm hoc tch phn tng s hng, hy tnh cc tng sau
x3
x5
3 + 5 + ...
3
5
7
x x3 + x5 x7 . . .
2
4
x + x2! + x4! + . . .
x2
x3
x
1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + . . .
x + 2x2 + 3x3 + . . .

a) x +
b)
c)
d)
e)

f) 1.2x + 2.3x2 + 3.4x3 + . . .


N TP CUI KHA
Chng 2:
Yu cu v l thuyt: Hiu v vn dng c cc phn sau.
Cc khi nim v cn trn, cn di, sup, inf ca mt tp hp.
Cc c trng tng ng ca sup, inf.
Nguyn l Supremum - Nguyn l Quy np Ton hc - Nguyn l Archimedes
- Tnh tr mt ca Q v Qc trong R
Yu cu v thc hnh: Gii c cc bi tp 8-12, 14.
Chng 3:
Yu cu v l thuyt: Hiu v vn dng c cc phn sau.
Dy hi t, dy c gii hn
Cc tnh cht v th t ca gii hn dy s, c bit l Nguyn l kp.
nh l hi t n iu Weierstrass.
Dy con v nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass.
Dy Cauchy v tiu chun Cauchy.
Yu cu v thc hnh: Gii c cc bi tp 1-4, 9-12, 14 v 19.
Chng 4:
Yu cu v l thuyt: Hiu v vn dng c cc phn sau.
Khi nim ln cn, im gii hn v im c lp.
nh ngha chung v gii hn hm s qua ngn ng ln cn, cc nh ngha
gii hn hm s qua ngn ng bt ng thc v ngn ng dy s.
86

GV. Trn Tr Dng

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM

7.2. CHUI HM

Khi nim hm s lin tc v c trng tng ng bng dy s hi t.


Khi nim hm s lin tc u v c trng tng ng bng dy s.
Cc nh l quan trng: nh l gi tr cc bin Weierstrass v nh l gi tr
trung gian.
Yu cu v thc hnh: Gii c cc bi tp 3-5, 7 (a v b), 10, 13-15, 18.
Chng 5:
Yu cu v l thuyt: Hiu v vn dng c cc phn sau.
Khi nim o hm v vi phn ca mt hm s trn mt tp m D.
Nhn xt 5.1.2.
nh ngha ca cc lp C n (D) v C (D).
Cc nh l gi tr trung bnh: Fermat v Lagrange.
Quy tc L Hpital.
Khai trin Taylor vi cc phn d Peano v Lagrange. Khai trin Maclaurin
cho mt s hm s cp c bn.
Yu cu v thc hnh: Gii c cc bi tp 1-2, 6, 9-10, 12-14, 16.
Chng 6:
Yu cu v l thuyt: Hiu v vn dng c cc phn sau.
Khi nim tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn.
Khi nim tch phn suy rng vi hm s di du tch phn khng b chn.
Cc du hiu so snh.
Du hiu hi t tuyt i.
Yu cu v thc hnh: Gii c cc bi tp 1-5.
Chng 7:
Yu cu v l thuyt: Hiu v vn dng c cc phn sau.
Chui s hi t v tiu chun Cauchy v s hi t ca chui s.
Cc du hiu hi t: So snh, Cauchy, D Alembert, Leibniz v tch phn.
Chui hm hi t im, chui hm hi t u.
Chng minh chui hm hi t u bng nh l Weierstrass v s hi t u.
Yu cu v thc hnh: Gii c cc bi tp 1, 5-9.
GV. Trn Tr Dng

87

7.2. CHUI HM

CHNG 7. CHUI S-CHUI HM

MU
 2
2
Cu 1: a) Tnh lim n3n+1 + n3n+2 + +


1
1
b) Tnh lim tan(sin

x .
x)

n2
n3 +n

x0

Cu 2: a) Cho hm s lin tc f : [0; 2 ] [0; 1]. Chng minh rng phng trnh
f (x) = cos x c t nht mt nghim trong [0; 2 ].
b) Chng minh hm s f (x) = x3 + x2 + x khng lin tc u trn R.

Cu 3: a) Xt tnh kh vi ca hm s f (x) =

x3 , nu x Q
.
x3 , nu x
/Q

b) Cho f C 2 (R). Gi s lim f (x) = a R v lim f 00 (x) = 0. Chng minh


x+

x+

rng lim f 0 (x) = 0.


x+

Cu 4: a) Tnh

R1

x ln xdx.

b) Tm p R sao cho

+
R
0

ex
xp dx

hi t.

Cu 5: a) Tm min hi t D ca chui hm

P
n=1

b) Chng minh chui hm

P
n=1

88

1
n

x
1+x2

n

1
n

x
1+x2

n

hi t u trn D.

GV. Trn Tr Dng

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