Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1 TP HP - MNH - NH X
1.1
1.2
1.3
TP HP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1
Cc khi nim m u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
Tch Descartes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MNH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
NH X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1
Khi nim nh x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2
nh v nh ngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3
n nh-ton nh-song nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4
nh x ngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.5
nh x hp-nh x thu hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 TP HP S THC
2.1
2.2
TIN HA TP HP S THC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1
Cc tin i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2
Cc tin th t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
2.1.3
15
Mt s kt qu quan trng
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
2.2.1
17
2.2.2
Cc tnh cht c bn ca tp hp cc s hu t Q . . . . . .
19
MC LC
MC LC
3 GII HN CA DY S
3.1
3.2
3.3
24
CC KHI NIM C BN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
3.1.1
DY S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
3.1.2
DY S N IU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
3.1.3
DY S B CHN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
3.1.4
DY S HI T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
3.1.5
DY S C GII HN V CC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
CC TNH CHT C BN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
3.2.1
LUT GI TR TUYT I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
3.2.2
LUT TH T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
3.2.3
LUT S HC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
3.2.4
LUT NGHCH O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3.2.5
NH L HI T N IU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3.2.6
MT S GII HN C BN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
DY CON-DY CAUCHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
3.3.1
DY CON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
3.3.2
DY CAUCHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
4 GII HN CA HM S
4.1
39
CC KHI NIM C BN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
4.1.1
LN CN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
4.1.2
IM GII HN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
4.1.3
IM C LP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
4.1.4
HM S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
4.1.5
40
4.2
CC TNH CHT C BN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
4.3
GII HN MT PHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
4.4
HM S LIN TC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
4.4.1
CC KHI NIM C BN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
4.4.2
HM S LIN TC TRN MT ON
. . . . . . . . . .
46
4.4.3
HM S LIN TC U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
KHI NIM O HM
52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
MC LC
MC LC
5.2
O HM CP CAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
5.3
CC NH L GI TR TRUNG BNH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
5.3.1
nh l Fermat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
5.3.2
nh l Rolle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
5.3.3
nh l Cauchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
5.3.4
nh l Lagrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
5.4
QUY TC L HPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
5.5
58
5.5.1
58
5.5.2
58
6.2
64
6.1.1
64
6.1.2
Tng Riemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
6.1.3
67
6.1.4
nh l c bn ca Gii tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
69
6.2.1
69
6.2.2
72
7 CHUI S-CHUI HM
7.1
7.2
64
77
CHUI S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
7.1.1
Cc khi nim c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
7.1.2
Cc du hiu hi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
CHUI HM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
7.2.1
Hi t im - Hi t u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
7.2.2
ng dng ca s hi t u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
iii
MC LC
iv
MC LC
Chng 1
TP HP - MNH - NH
X
1.1
1.1.1
TP HP
Cc khi nim m u
1.1. TP HP
1.1.2
CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X
iI
i=1
i=1
1.1.3
CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X
1.2. MNH
A (B C) = (A B) (A C).
d) Tnh cht i ngu De Morgan:
( Ai )c = (Ai )c ;
i
( Ai )c = (Ai )c .
i
1.1.4
Tch Descartes
1.2
1.2.1
MNH
Khi nim mnh
1.2.2
2 l s hu
1.2. MNH
CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X
1.2.3
CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X
1.3. NH X
1.3
1.3.1
NH X
Khi nim nh x
1.3. NH X
CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X
V d 1.3.1
1.3.2
nh v nh ngc
1.3.3
n nh-ton nh-song nh
Cho nh x f : X Y .
nh x f c gi l n nh nu x, x0 X, x 6= x0 f (x) 6= f (x0 ) (hoc
tng ng f (x) = f (x0 ) x = x0 ).
nh x f c gi l ton nh nu f (X) = Y , tc l y Y, x X : y = f (x).
nh x f c gi l song nh nu n va l n nh va l ton nh.
6
CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X
1.3. NH X
V d 1.3.4 Xt li cc nh x V d 1.3.1.
- f1 l n nh v vi hai s t nhin m, n ty , n2 = m2 n = m. Tuy nhin
f1 khng l ton nh v f1 (N) l tp con thc s ca N.
- D thy f2 l song nh.
- R rng f3 khng phi l n nh v f3 (2) = f3 (3) = 2. Tuy nhin f3 l ton
nh v vi s t nhin n bt k, ta c f3 (2n1 ) = n.
1.3.4
nh x ngc
1.3.5
nh x hp-nh x thu hp
1.3. NH X
CHNG 1. TP HP - MNH - NH X
BI TP CUI CHNG 1
1) Chng minh cc tnh cht nu mc 1.1.3.
2) Cho cc tp hp A, B, C. Chng minh:
a) A (B\A) =
b) A (B\A) = A B
c) (A B) (A\B) = A
d) A\(B\C) = (A\B) (A C)
e) Ac B c = B c v B A khi v ch khi A = B.
3) Cho A, B l cc tp con ca X v C, D l cc tp con ca Y . Chng minh:
a) (A C) (B D) = (A B) (C D).
b) (A C) (A D) = A (C D).
c)* (A C) (B D) (A B) (C D). Cho v d ch ng thc khng xy ra.
4) Bng cch lp bng gi tr logic 0 v 1, hy chng minh Mnh 1.2.2.
5) Xt p, q l cc mnh trong V d 1.2.1. Hy pht biu v xt tnh ng, sai
ca cc mnh sau y: p q, p q, p q, p, p q, p q.
6) Trong cc pht biu di y, pht biu no l mnh . Hy nu tnh ng, sai
ca tng mnh .
a) k Z : k 2 k 0.
b) z Z, r Q : z 2 rz + r 1.
Chng 2
TP HP S THC
2.1
TIN HA TP HP S THC
Tp hp cc s thc R l mt tp hp trn c:
Mt php ton cng + : R R R cho tng ng mi cp s thc (x, y) vi
mt s thc x + y.
Mt php ton nhn : R R R cho tng ng mi cp s thc (x, y) vi
mt s thc x y.
Mt quan h th t trn R.
Ngoi ra, cc php ton cng, php ton nhn v quan h th t nu trn tha mn
cc tin sau y.
2.1.1
Cc tin i s
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
2.1.2
Cc tin th t
11
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
o li, nu 0 < x1 th theo phn thun va chng minh, ta suy ra 0 < (x1 )1 = x.
c) Gi s 0 < z. Khi p dng phn c) ca H qu 2.1.6 ta c ngay: x < y
xz < yz.
o li, nu xz < yz th cng theo phn c) ca H qu 2.1.6 ta c xzz 1 < yzz 1
(do 0 < z nn 0 < z 1 ). Suy ra x < y.
2
Cc tp hp sau rt thng gp trong R.
nh ngha 2.1.9 Mt tp con I ca R c gi l mt khong nu n c mt
trong cc dng di y vi a v b l cc s thc no .
[a, b] := {x R : a x b};
[a, ) := {x R : a x};
(, a] := {x R : x a};
(, a) := {x R : x < a};
(, ) := R.
Trong phn tip theo, ta s ch ra rng tp hp cc s hu t Q c th c nhng"
vo tp hp cc s thc R theo ngha c mt n nh t Q vo R sao cho n nh
ny bo ton cc php cng, php nhn v quan h th t trn Q. Do ta s xem
Q nh l mt tp con ca R.
Ta xt nh x f : Q R, r 7 r 1, 1 R, xc nh bi
0,
khi r = 0
{z + 1} = n1, khi r = n N
|1 + 1 +
n ln
r1=
(1) + (1) + + (1) = m1, khi r = n Z\(N {0})
|
{z
}
(m)
ln
(m1)(n1)1 ,
khi r = m
n , n 6= 0, m, n Z.
Nhn xt 2.1.10 a) T cch xc nh nh x nh trn, ta d dng chng minh kt
qu sau: vi mi s nguyn m v n ta lun c (m1)(n1) = (mn)1 v m1 + n1 =
(m + n)1.
p
1 = (p1)(q1)1 ,
b) Nu m
n = q , trong m, n, p, q Z v n, q 6= 0 th (m1)(n1)
tc l quy tc f ng l mt nh x. Tht vy, ta c (m1)(n1)1 = (p1)(q1)1
(m1)(n1)1 (n1)(q1) = (p1)(q1)1 (n1)(q1) (m1)(q1) = (p1)(n1) (mq)1 =
(np)1 (ng do mq = np).
13
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
a) f (r + s) = f (r) + f (s),
b) f (rs) = f (r)f (s),
c) Nu r < s th f (r) < f (s).
Chng minh: a) Gi s r =
m
n,
s = pq . Khi r + s =
mq+np
nq .
Do
x, nu x 0
x, nu x < 0.
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
|xy| = |x||y| v xy = |x|
|y| .
2.1.3
15
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
2.2
2.2.1
Mt s kt qu quan trng
Cc nguyn l c bn trn tp cc s t nhin N
17
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
2
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
2.2.2
Cc tnh cht c bn ca tp hp cc s hu t Q
19
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
2x + 1
<2
m
2 khng phi l s hu t.
m
1
m1
a
a+ <b
n
n
n
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
2
br .
2
n
V d 2.2.13 Cho E = r Q : 0 < r < 2 . Chng minh rng: sup E = 2.
Vy sup E = 2.
2
Ch : V d 2.2.13 cng ch ra rng Q khng tha mn tin y (Nguyn
l Supremum).
21
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
BI TP CUI CHNG 2
1) S dng cc tin t 1-9, chng minh rng vi mi x, y R ta c
a) x = (1)x
b) (x) = x
c) (1)(1) = 1
d) (x)(y) = xy
13
23
c)
n
P
(1)i i2 =
d)
i=1
n
Q
(1
+ +
i=2
e) Nu r +
1
)
i2
1
r
n3
n(n+1)
,
2
n N.
= (1 + 2 + + n)2 , n N.
(1)n n(n+1)
,
2
n+1
2n ,
n N.
n N, n 2.
l mt s nguyn th rn +
1
rn
cng l s nguyn, n N.
(1 + x + x2 )n
22
CHNG 2. TP HP S THC
13) Dng Nguyn l quy np ton hc, chng minh cc bt ng thc sau y:
a) Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz:
Cho cc s thc a1 , a2 , ..., an v b1 , b2 , ..., bn bt k. Khi ta c
n
X
k=1
!
a2k
n
X
k=1
!
b2k
n
X
!2
ak bk
k=1
a1 + a2 + + an
n a1 a2 an .
n
(Hng dn cu b): Ti bc quy np, gi s bt ng thc ng cho n s ty ,
chng minh bt ng thc ng cho 2n s ty trc ri dng kt qu ny
chng minh bt ng thc ng cho n + 1 s ty ).
14) a) Chng minh rng: nu E l tp con khc rng b chn di ca Z th E c
phn t nh nht.
b) Chng minh rng: vi mi s thc x, tn ti duy nht mt s nguyn k sao
cho x 1 < k x (ta gi s nguyn k l phn nguyn ca x, k hiu [x]).
23
Chng 3
GII HN CA DY S
3.1
3.1.1
CC KHI NIM C BN
DY S
3.1.2
DY S N IU
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
3.1.3
DY S B CHN
3.1.4
DY S HI T
25
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
2
3.1.5
DY S C GII HN V CC
nh ngha 3.1.10
Ta ni dy s (xn ) c gii hn l + nu vi mi s
thc M > 0, tn ti mt s t nhin N sao cho vi mi n N , ta c xn > M .
Khi ta vit lim xn = + hoc xn + khi n +.
Ta ni dy s (xn ) c gii hn l nu vi mi s thc M > 0, tn ti
mt s t nhin N sao cho vi mi n N , ta c xn < M . Khi ta vit
lim xn = hoc xn khi n +.
V d 3.1.11 Chng minh: lim n2 = +.
Li gii: Ly M > 0 ty . Theo Nguyn l Archimedes, tn ti s t nhin N sao
cho N > M . Khi vi mi n N , ta c
n2 n N > M.
2
3.2
CC TNH CHT C BN
nh l 3.2.1 Mi dy s hi t u l dy s b chn.
Chng minh: Gi s (xn ) l dy s hi t v s thc a. Vi = 1, ta c s t nhin
N sao cho |xn a| < 1, n N . Do
|xn | = |xn a + a| |xn a| + |a| < 1 + |a|, n N.
t M = |x1 | + |x2 | + + |xN 1 | + 1 + |a| th ta suy ra |xn | M, n N.
Vy dy (xn ) l dy b chn.
26
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
3.2.1
LUT GI TR TUYT I
3.2.2
LUT TH T
27
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
1
sin n
| .
n
n
V dy (0) v dy (1/n) u hi t v 0 nn theo Nguyn l kp ta suy ra lim sinn n =
0 v do lim sinn n = 0.
3.2.3
LUT S HC
lim xn
lim yn
= ab .
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
d) Nu x > 0 th x = x = v () x = x () = .
e) Nu x < 0 th x = x = v () x = x () = .
f)
= 0.
3.2.4
.
x
0 vi
x R.
LUT NGHCH O
3.2.5
NH L HI T N IU
Chng minh: Ta chng minh phn a), phn b) c chng minh tng t. Tht
vy, gi s (an ) l dy tng v b chn trn. Khi theo Nguyn l Supremum cho
tp hp s thc, sup an tn ti (hu hn). Gi a = sup an .
n
29
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
2
1
1
1
+
+ +
.
n+1 n+2
2n
1
1
1
n
+
+ +
=
1.
n+1 n+1
n+1
n+1
Dy l dy tng v
an+1 an =
1
1
1
1
1
+
0.
2n + 1 2n + 2 n + 1
2n + 1 2n + 2
1
, n 1.
an
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
3.2.6
MT S GII HN C BN
lim
n = 1.
3.3
3.3.1
DY CON-DY CAUCHY
DY CON
nh ngha 3.3.1
Cho dy s (an )nN v mt dy cc s t nhin (nk )kN
sao cho 1 n1 < n2 < n3 < . . . . Khi dy (ank )kN c gi l mt dy con
ca dy ban u (an )nN .
Gii hn (k c ) ca mt dy con (ank )kN c gi l gii hn ring
ca dy (an )nN .
Nhn xt 3.3.2 Bng quy np ta chng minh c nk k vi mi k N.
V d 3.3.3 Cho dy s (an ) vi an = (1)n .
Nu ly nk = 2k th ta c dy con (ank = a2k = 1)kN = 1, 1, 1, . . . .
Nu ly nk = 2k1 th ta c dy con (ank = a2k1 = 1)kN = 1, 1, 1, . . . .
Dy ny c hai gii hn ring l 1 v -1.
nh l 3.3.4 Dy s (an )nN hi t v s thc a nu v ch nu tt c cc dy
con (ank )kN ca n hi t v a.
GV. Trn Tr Dng
31
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
2
H qu sau y cho ta mt phng php ch ra mt dy s no khng hi t.
H qu 3.3.5 Gi s dy (an ) c hai dy con v hai dy ny hi t v cc gii hn
khc nhau. Khi (an ) l dy phn k.
nh l 3.3.6 Mi dy s (an ) u c mt dy con n iu (tng hoc gim).
Chng minh: Vi dy (an ) ta xt tp sau y:
S = {n N : am an , m > n} .
Khi ta c hai trng hp:
(i) S c v hn phn t. Ta xy dng dy cc s t nhin (nk ) bng quy np nh
sau
n1 = min S.
nk+1 = min(S\{n1 , n2 , . . . , nk }).
Khi (nk ) l dy tng ngt v ank+1 ank vi mi k N.
(ii) S c hu hn phn t. Khi tn ti N N sao cho
n N, m > n : am < an .
Ta xy dng dy cc s t nhin (nk ) bng quy np nh sau
n1 = N .
nk+1 = min{m N : m > nk v am < ank }.
Khi (nk ) l dy tng ngt v ank+1 < ank vi mi k N.
2
32
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
3.3.2
DY CAUCHY
33
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
1
22
1
32
+ +
1
.
n2
Li gii: Vi n, p N ta c
|sn+p sn | =
1
1
1
+
+ +
.
2
2
(n + 1)
(n + 2)
(n + p)2
Do ta suy ra
|sn+p sn |
1
1
1
+
+ +
.
n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
(n + p 1)(n + p)
+ +
=
.
n n+1
n+1 n+2
n+p1 n+p
n n+p
Vy
|sn+p sn |
1
1
1
.
n n+p
n
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
35
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
BI TP CUI CHNG 2
1) Trong mi dy s bn di, nu dy s c gii hn l L th vi > 0, hy tm
mt s t nhin N sao cho
n N |xn L| < .
a) xn =
b) xn =
c) xn =
d) xn =
n1
n+1
2n2 +1
n3 +n
1
+ n22 + + nn2
n2
1
1
1
1.2 + 2.3 + + n(n+1)
2n +1
3n +2
n( n + 1 n)
c) xn = n 3n + 4n + 2015n
b) xn =
d) xn =
e) xn =
f) xn =
n
+ n2n+2
n2 +1
(n+3)!+(n+1)!
(n+2)!(n+1)!
+ +
n
n2 +n
n
3 4 3 8 3... 2 3
1
xn
xn
= e.
n
b) xn = 1 + n + 1 n
36
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
a) x1 = 2, xn+1 = 2 + xn , n 1.
b) x1 = 5, xn+1 =
xn
2
+ 2, n 1.
37
CHNG 3. GII HN CA DY S
1
22
1
+ + n12
32
sin 1
2
n
+ sin
+ + sin
12
22
n2
cos 1
2
n
+ cos
+ + cos
2n
21
22
1 + 12 + 13 + + n1
a) xn = 1 +
1
2+xn , n
1.
Bi tp ln: Chng minh s tng ng ca nguyn l Supremum, nh l Weierstrass, nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass v tiu chun Cauchy.
38
Chng 4
GII HN CA HM S
4.1
4.1.1
CC KHI NIM C BN
LN CN
4.1.2
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
IM GII HN
4.1.3
IM C LP
4.1.4
HM S
4.1.5
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
Nh vy ta c
lim f (x) = b V Nb , U Na : f (X U ) V.
xa
xa
Khi a = +, b R th
lim f (x) = b > 0, M > 0, x X, x > M |f (x) b| < .
x+
Khi a R, b = + th
lim f (x) = + M > 0, > 0, x X, 0 < |x a| < f (x) > M.
xa
xa
V Nb , U Na : f (X U ) V.
Xt dy s bt k (xn ) X\{a}, lim xn = a, ta c N N sao cho xn X U vi
mi n N , v do f (xn ) V . Ni cch khc, ta chng minh lim f (xn ) = b.
o li, gi s khng c lim f (x) = b, tc l
xa
V Nb , U Na , f (X U ) 6 V.
Khi ng vi mi n N xt
(a 1/n; a + 1/n)\{a}, nu a R
U=
(n; +), nu a = +
(; n), nu a =
ta tm c xn X U v f (xn )
/ V vi mi n N. R rng ta c dy (xn )
X\{a}, lim xn = a nhng dy (f (xn )) khng c gii hn l b.
GV. Trn Tr Dng
41
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
2
4.2
CC TNH CHT C BN
xa
xa
xa
f) Nu lim f (x) = b th lim |f (x)| = |b|. c bit lim f (x) = 0 lim |f (x)| =
xa
0.
xa
xa
xa
xa
cc v phi u c ngha, ta c
lim [f (x) + g(x)] = b1 + b2 .
xa
lim [f (x)g(x)] = b1 b2 .
xa
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
lim (g f )(x) = c.
xa
2
Tng t nh i vi cc dy s hi t, ta cng c tiu chun sau mt hm
s c gii hn hu hn khi x a vi a hu hn, a = + hoc a = .
nh l 4.2.3 (Tiu chun Cauchy) Cho hm s f : X Y v a l mt im
gii hn ca X. Khi f (x) c gii hn hu hn khi x a R (tng ng a = +;
hoc a = ) nu v ch nu vi mi > 0, tn ti > 0 (tng ng M > 0) sao
cho vi mi x, x0 X, nu 0 < |x a| < v 0 < |x0 a| < (tng ng x > M v
x0 > M ; hoc x < M v x0 < M ) th ta c |f (x) f (x0 )| < .
Chng minh: Ta chng minh cho trng hp a hu hn. Cc trng hp cn li
tng t.
(Chiu thun) Gi s lim f (x) = b vi b R. Khi vi > 0 ty , tn ti > 0
xa
2
v |f (x0 ) b| <
2
2
GV. Trn Tr Dng
43
4.3
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
GII HN MT PHA
xa
xa+
xa
xa+
ii) Gii hn mt pha cng c cc tnh cht tng t nh gii hn hai pha, vi
ch l cc ln cn thng ca a s c thay bng cc khong (ar; a) hay (a; a+r).
nh l 4.3.5 Cho hm s f : X Y , a l im gii hn hai pha ca X. Khi
lim f (x) = b lim f (x) = lim f (x) = b
xa
xa
xa+
x0+
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
4.4
4.4.1
4.4. HM S LIN TC
HM S LIN TC
CC KHI NIM C BN
45
4.4. HM S LIN TC
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
f
g
(nu c mt ln
4.4.2
HM S LIN TC TRN MT ON
x[a;b]
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
4.4. HM S LIN TC
ca a, k hiu n a).
4.4.3
HM S LIN TC U
47
4.4. HM S LIN TC
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
2
1
+ |xnk c|.
nk
48
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
4.4. HM S LIN TC
BI TP CUI CHNG 4
1) a) Chng minh rng mi s thc u l im gii hn ca tp cc s hu t Q.
b) Cho E = x = n1 : n N . Tm cc im c lp ca E.
2) Vit cc nh ngha cho 6 trng hp cn li theo ngn ng bt ng thc trong
phn Nhn xt 4.1.10.
3) Tnh cc gii hn sau
2x 1
x
x 2 +1
x)
lim ln(1+e
x
x
a) lim
b)
c) lim [ x1 ]
x
d) lim 2 x1
x1
b) lim [x]
x
x0
c) lim x1 sin x1
x0
a) f (x) = lim
x2n 1
2n
n+ x +1
b) f (x) = lim
nx nx
x
x
n+ n +n
c) f (x) = lim
d) f (x) = lim
n+
1 + x2n
49
4.4. HM S LIN TC
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
d) f (x) = x, x [0; +)
15) Chng minh cc hm s sau khng lin tc u trn cc tp tng ng
a) f (x) = x2 + x, x R
b) f (x) = sin x2 , x R
c) f (x) = x1 , x (0; +)
d) f (x) = ln x, x (0; 1]
16)* a) Cho f : (a; b) R l hm s lin tc trn (a; b) sao cho lim f (x) v
xa+
lim f (x) tn ti hu hn. Chng minh f lin tc u trn (a; b). (Hng dn: dng
xb
nh l Cantor)
b) Cho f : (a; b) R l hm s n iu, b chn v lin tc trn (a; b). Chng
minh f lin tc u trn (a; b). (Hng dn: chng minh cc gii hn lim f (x) v
xa+
xb
50
CHNG 4. GII HN CA HM S
4.4. HM S LIN TC
51
Chng 5
KHI NIM O HM
h0
f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
f (x) f (x0 )
= lim
.
xx0
h
x x0
1
f 0 (x)
1
f 0 (f 1 (y))
1
f 0 (x)
1
,
1x2
1
1
1
=p
=p
.
2
cos x
1 y2
1 sin x
vi x (1; 1).
(arcsin x)0 =
1
,
1x2
vi x (1; 1).
1
(arccos x)0 = 1x
, vi x (1; 1).
2
(arctan x)0 =
1
,
1+x2
vi x R.
1
(arc cot x)0 = 1+x
2 , vi x R.
53
5.2. O HM CP CAO
5.2
O HM CP CAO
Ch l khi f c o hm ti cp n trn D th cc hm o hm cp k n 1
ca f u l cc hm lin tc trn D. Nu f (n) cng l hm lin tc trn D th ta
ni f thuc lp C n trn D, k hiu f C n (D).
Khi f c o hm mi cp trn D th tt c cc o hm ca f u lin tc trn
D. Trong trng hp ny ta ni f thuc lp C trn D, k hiu f C (D).
5.3
CC NH L GI TR TRUNG BNH
5.3.1
nh l Fermat
nh l 5.3.2 Nu hm s f t cc tr ti x0 v f kh vi ti x0 th f 0 (x0 ) = 0.
Chng minh: Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s f t cc i ti x0 . Khi tn
ti mt ln cn U = (x0 r; x0 +r) ca x0 sao cho vi mi x U ta c f (x) f (x0 ).
Do
f (x) f (x0 )
0, x (x0 ; x0 + r)
x x0
v
f (x) f (x0 )
0, x (x0 r; x0 ).
x x0
T y ta suy ra
f 0 (x0 ) = lim
f (x) f (x0 )
0
x x0
f 0 (x0 ) = lim
f (x) f (x0 )
0.
x x0
xx+
0
v
xx
0
Vy f 0 (x0 ) = 0.
2
Nhn xt 5.3.3 (i) Hm f (x) = x3 c f 0 (0) = 0 nhng f khng c cc tr ti
x = 0.
(ii) Hm f (x) = |x| t cc i ti x = 0 nhng f khng kh vi ti x = 0.
5.3.2
nh l Rolle
55
5.3.3
nh l Cauchy
f (b) f (a)
[g(x) g(a)]
g(b) g(a)
5.3.4
nh l Lagrange
nh l 5.3.6 Cho f l hm s lin tc trn on [a; b], kh vi trn (a; b). Khi
(a)
= f 0 (c).
tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f (b)f
ba
Chng minh: Chn g(x) = x v p dng nh l Cauchy.
2
Mt p dng quan trng ca nh l Lagrange l h qu sau y.
H qu 5.3.7 Cho hm s f kh vi trn (a; b). Khi ta c
(i) f l hm s tng trn (a; b) khi v ch khi f 0 (x) 0, x (a; b).
(ii) f l hm s gim trn (a; b) khi v ch khi f 0 (x) 0, x (a; b).
(iii) f l hm hng trn (a; b) khi v ch khi f 0 (x) = 0, x (a; b).
Chng minh: (i) Gi s f l hm s tng trn (a; b). Ly x0 (a; b) ty ta c
f 0 (x0 ) = lim
xx+
0
f (x) f (x0 )
0.
x x0
5.4
QUY TC L HPITAL
xc
xc
th
lim
f (x)
= L.
xc g(x)
Ni cch khc
f (x)
f 0 (x)
= lim 0
.
xc g(x)
xc g (x)
lim
f 0 (x)
g 0 (x)
f 00 (x)
g 00 (x) ,
e
+e
V d 5.4.3 a) lim e sinx
= lim e cos
x = 2.
x0
b) lim x ln x = lim
x0+
x0+
x0
ln x
1
x
1
x
1
x0+ x2
= lim
= lim (x) = 0.
x0+
f 0 (x)
g 0 (x) =
lim (1 + sinx x )
x+
lim f (x)
x+ g(x)
1 + cos x
= 1 theo
nguyn l kp.
GV. Trn Tr Dng
57
5.5
5.5.1
f 00 (x0 )
f (n) (x0 )
(xx0 )2 + +
(xx0 )n +O((xx0 )n )
2!
n!
khi x x0 .
S hng O((x x0 )n ) c gi l phn d Peano v c nh ngha l biu thc
n
0) )
sao cho O((xx
(xx0 )n 0 khi x x0 .
00
(x0 )
(x x0 )2 + + f
a thc T fn,x0 (x) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) + f 2!
c gi l a thc Taylor bc n ca f ti x0 .
xx0
(n) (x
n!
0)
(x x0 )n
5.5.2
f (n+1) (c)
(x x0 )n+1 ,
(n + 1)!
x0 )n+1 c gi l phn d
f (n+1) (c)
(x x0 )n+1 .
(n + 1)!
2
Khai trin Taylor ca cc hm s ng vi x0 = 0 c gi l khai trin Maclaurin. Di y l khai trin Maclaurin ca mt s hm s cp.
Hm ex vi x R:
x2
+ +
2!
x2
=1+x+
+ +
2!
ex = 1 + x +
xn
+ O(xn )
n!
xn
ex
+
xn+1 (0 < < 1).
n!
(n + 1)!
Hm ln(1 + x) vi x > 1:
x2 x3
xn
+
+ + (1)n1
+ O(xn )
2
3
n
x2 x3
xn
xn+1
=x
+
+ + (1)n1
+ (1)n
(0 < < 1).
2
3
n
(n + 1)(1 + x)n+1
ln(1 + x) = x
Hm sin x vi x R:
x3 x5
x2n+1
+
+ + (1)n
+ O(x2n+1 )
3!
5!
(2n + 1)!
x3 x5
x2n+1
x2n+3
=x
+
+ + (1)n
+
sin(x + (2n + 3) ).
3!
5!
(2n + 1)! (2n + 3)!
2
sin x = x
59
Hm cos x vi x R:
x2 x4
x2n
+
+ + (1)n
+ O(x2n )
2!
4!
(2n)!
x2 x4
x2n
x2n+2
=1
+
+ + (1)n
+
cos(x + (2n + 2) ).
2!
4!
(2n)! (2n + 2)!
2
cos x = 1
Hm (1 + x) vi x > 1, R:
(1 + x) = 1 + x +
vi quy c C0 = 1 v Ck =
60
( 1) 2
x + + Cn xn + O(xn )
2!
(1)...(k+1)
k!
khi k N.
BI TP CUI CHNG 5
1) Xt tnh kh vi ca cc hm s sau
a) y = | sin x|
b) y = x|x|
c) y = | x| sin x
2
x , nu x 0
d) y = 1/x
e
, nu x > 0
2
x , nu x Q
e) y =
x2 , nu x
/Q
2
x , nu x Z
f) y =
0, nu x
/Z
2) Cho hm s f : R R xc nh bi
2
x sin x1 , nu x 6= 0
f (x) =
0, nu x = 0
Chng t rng f kh vi trn R. Hm f c thuc lp C 1 trn R khng?
3) Cho hm s f : R R xc nh bi
( 1
2
x , nu x 6= 0
f (x) = e
0, nu x = 0
Chng t rng f C (R).
4) Cho hm s f : R R tha mn
|f (x) f (y)| M |x y| , x, y R
trong M > 0 v > 1 l cc hng s cho trc. Chng minh f l hm hng trn
R.
5) Cho D l mt tp m khc rng ca R. Nu f 0 (x) = 0 vi mi x D th ta c
th kt lun f l hm hng trn D hay khng?
6) Cho f, g kh vi trn R sao cho f (a) = g(a) v f (x) g(x), x R. Chng minh
f 0 (a) = g 0 (a).
7)* Cho f kh vi trn R sao cho f (x + sin x) f (x), x R. Chng minh rng
phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0 c v s nghim thc. (Hng dn: p dng nh l Fermat
ti cc x = k2)
GV. Trn Tr Dng
61
8)*(nh l Darboux) Cho f kh vi trn [a; b]. Gi s f 0 (a) < m < f 0 (b). Chng
minh rng tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f 0 (c) = m. (Hng dn: Xt hm s g(x) =
f (x) m(x a) th g t gi tr nh nht ti mt im trong (a; b))
9) Cho f, g lin tc trn on [a; b], kh vi trn (a; b) sao cho: f (a) g(a) v
f 0 (x) < g 0 (x) vi mi x (a; b). Chng minh rng: f (x) < g(x) vi mi x (a; b).
(Hng dn: p dng nh l Lagrange)
10) p dng nh l Lagrange, chng minh cc bt ng thc sau
a) | sin x sin y| |x y|, x, y R
b) | arctan x arctan y| |x y|, x, y R
c)
d)
x
1+x < ln(1 + x) <
ex > ex, x > 1.
x, x > 0
11) Cho hm s f kh vi trn (a; b) v f khng b chn trn (a; b). Chng minh f 0
cng khng b chn trn (a; b).
12) Cho hm s f kh vi trn (a; b) v hm o hm f 0 b chn trn (a; b). Chng
minh rng f lin tc u trn (a; b).
13) Cho hm s f kh vi trn (a; b).
a) Chng minh rng nu f 0 (x) > 0, x (a; b) th f l hm tng ngt trn (a; b).
Chiu ngc li c ng khng?
b) Chng minh f l hm tng ngt trn (a; b) khi v ch khi hai iu kin sau
c tha mn:
(i) f 0 (x) 0, x (a; b).
(ii) Khng tn ti khong (c; d) (a; b) sao cho f 0 (x) = 0, x (c; d).
14) Dng quy tc LHospital hy tnh cc gii hn sau
a
1
a) lim xxb 1
(b 6= 0).
x1
xsin x
b) lim tan
xx
c)
x0
lim ln(e+x)1
x
x
x0 e e
d) lim
x0
e) lim
x0
1
x2
1
x
f) lim x ln
x+
1
sin2 x
1
arcsin x
2 arctan x
g) lim xx
x0+
62
x+
rng lim f 0 (x) = lim f 00 (x) = 0. (Hng dn: Vit khai trin Taylor n cp 3
x+
x+
63
Chng 6
6.1.1
n
X
Mi (f )(xi+1 xi )
i=1
v
L(P, f ) =
n
X
mi (f )(xi+1 xi ).
i=1
P P
P P
trn [a; b] l
Zb
f (x)dx = inf U (P, f ) = sup L(P, f ) = I.
P P
P P
P P
P P
P P
65
2
< L(P1 ; f ) v
< L(P1 ; f ) L(P, f ) U (P, f ) U (P2 , f ) < I + .
2
2
P P
P P
Tht vy, ta ch l
L(P, f ) sup L(P, f ) inf U (P, f ) U (P, f ) < L(P, f ) + .
P P
P P
Do
inf U (P, f ) sup L(P, f ) < .
P P
P P
Vy
inf U (P, f ) = sup L(P, f ).
P P
P P
2
p dng nh l va pht biu trn ta chng minh c kt qu sau.
nh l 6.1.6 a) Nu f n iu trn [a; b] th f R([a; b]).
b) Nu f lin tc trn [a; b] th f R([a; b]).
6.1.2
Tng Riemann
n
X
f (ti )(xi+1 xi )
i=1
c gi l mt tng Riemann ca f ng vi P .
Ta c mt c trng quan trng v tnh kh tch thng qua tng Riemann nh
sau.
66
Hn na ta c
Rb
f (x)dx = I.
Ta xt v d sau y.
V d 6.1.8 Tnh
R1
xdx.
Li gii: V hm s f (x) = x lin tc trn [0; 1] nn kh tch trn [0; 1]. Ta chia u
[0; 1] thnh n on bng nhau bi cc im chia
0<
Khi nu chn ti =
i
n
2
n1
1
< < <
< 1.
n
n
n
th
S(P, f ) =
n
X
i=1
n
X
n+1
i
=
.
f (ti )(xi+1 xi ) =
2
n
2n
i=1
6.1.3
Zb
(c1 f (x) + c2 g(x))dx = c1
Zb
f (x)dx + c2
g(x)dx.
a
Zc
f (x)dx =
Zb
f (x)dx +
Rb
a
f (x)dx.
f (x)dx
Rb
g(x)dx.
67
Zb
f (x)dx|
|f (x)|dx.
a
Zb
f (x)g(x)dx = f (c)
g(x)dx.
a
6.1.4
nh l c bn ca Gii tch
6.2
6.2.1
f (x)dx
a
f (x)dx.
Vy
+
R
f (x)dx = lim
Rc
c+ a
Nu gii hn lim
Rc
c+ a
f (x)dx.
+
R
(hoc f kh tch trn [a; +)). Ngc li ta ni tch phn suy rng
f (x)dx hi t
a
+
R
f (x)dx phn
k.
GV. Trn Tr Dng
69
+
+
Z
Za
Z
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx +
f (x)dx
+
R
0
1
dx
1+x2
Rc
1
2 dx
c+ 0 1+x
= lim
= lim arctan c = 2 .
c+
1
dx
xp
F (c) =
a
+
R
f (x)dx hi t khi v ch
khi
Zc
F (c) =
f (x)dx
a
F (c) =
a
a
+
R
f (x)dx phn k th
+
R
f (x)dx phn k.
+
R
g(x)dx v
+
R
phn k.
b) Nu k = 0 th
+
R
g(x)dx hi t ko theo
c) Nu k = + th
+
R
f (x)dx hi t.
a
+
R
+
R
f (x)dx phn k.
1
+
R
1
( 2 arctan x)dx.
f (x)dx
a
71
+
R
f (x)dx| < .
c1
Ta c ngay h qu sau.
nh l 6.2.8 Gi s f Rloc ([a; +)). Khi nu
+
R
|f (x)|dx hi t th
+
R
f (x)dx
hi t.
Chng minh: p dng nh l 6.2.7 cho tch phn
+
R
|f (x)|dx v ch l
Zc2
|
Zc2
f (x)dx|
c1
|f (x)|dx.
c1
2
Ch l chiu ngc li ca nh l trn khng ng. Do ngi ta phn bit hai
trng hp sau.
Nu
+
R
+
R
|f (x)|dx hi t th ta ni
Nu
t.
6.2.2
+
R
a
f (x)dx hi t tuyt i.
|f (x)|dx phn k m
+
R
f (x)dx hi t th ta ni
+
R
f (x)dx bn hi
f (x)dx
a
Rb
f (x)dx. Vy
Rb
f (x)dx = lim
Rc
cb a
Rc
Nu gii hn lim
cb a
f (x)dx.
Rb
f (x)dx hi t (hoc
Rb
f (x)dx phn k.
Tng t ta cng c th nh ngha tch phn suy rng trn (a; b] nh sau:
Zb
Zb
f (x)dx = lim
f (x)dx.
ca+
b
b
Z
Z
Zb
Zc
f (x)dx f (x)dx = f (x)dx |f (x)|dx M (b c).
a
V d 6.2.11
R1
0
1
dx
1x2
= lim
Rc
c1 0
1
dx
1x2
= lim arcsin c = 2 .
c1
1
dx,
(x a)p
Zb
1
dx
(b x)p
73
b) Nu
Rb
f (x)dx phn k th
Rb
f (x)dx phn k.
xb g(x)
Khi ta c cc kt lun sau.
Rb
Rb
a) Nu k > 0 th g(x)dx v f (x)dx cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
a
b) Nu k = 0 th
Rb
g(x)dx hi t ko theo
c) Nu k = + th
Rb
f (x)dx hi t.
Rb
a
Rb
f (x)dx phn k.
Rb
a
|f (x)|dx hi t th
Rb
f (x)dx
hi t.
74
BI TP CUI CHNG 6
1) Tnh cc tch phn suy rng
+
R
1
a)
dx
x2 3x+2
b)
c)
d)
3
+
R
0
+
R
xex dx
0
+
R
arctan x
(1+x2 ) 2
dx
0
R1
0
R1
0
R1
ln xdx
dx
(2x) 1x
x ln2 xdx
a)
dx
3 7
b)
c)
d)
1
+
R
1
+
R
1
+
R
1
x 3x+2
(1 cos x2 )dx
1
1
x
x (e
cos x1 )dx
ln(x+1)
dx
x2
0
R1
0
x
dx
1x4
75
+
R
0
+
R
d)
e)
R
0
x
e
dx
x
1cos x
dx
x2
ln(sin x)
dx
x
0
+
R
0
ln(1+x)
xp dx
6) Chng minh
+
R
1
sin x
x dx
hi t nhng
+
R
1
Ra
0
dx
ln x x
sin x dx phn k.
x
+
R
b) t (p) =
n N.
76
+
R
Chng 7
CHUI S-CHUI HM
7.1
7.1.1
CHUI S
Cc khi nim c bn
an
n=1
n
X
ak .
k=1
P
P
an = S.
an v vit l
ca chui s
n=1
n=1
Nu S R th ta ni chui s
ta ni chui s
n=1
an phn k.
n=1
an = A v
n=1
an = B th
n=1
(an + bn ) = A + B
n=1
77
7.1. CHUI S
nu v phi xc nh.
b) Gi s chui s
an hi t v S. Ta gi Rn =
n=1
ak l phn d ca
k=n+1
P
an khng ph thuc vo hu hn cc s hng u
c) S hi t ca chui s
n=1
n=1
ak
k=n+1
hi t vi mi n N.
Kt qu bn di cho ta mt iu kin cn kim tra mt chui s hi t.
nh l 7.1.3 Nu chui s
an
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
sao cho n N, p N ta c
|Sn+p Sn | = |an+1 + an+2 + + an+p | < .
nh l 7.1.6 Nu chui s
|an | hi t th chui s
n=1
an hi t.
n=1
P
n=1
|an | v
an , vi ch l
n=1
7.1. CHUI S
|an | hi t th ta ni chui s
n=1
Nu chui s
an hi t tuyt i.
n=1
n=1
an hi t th ta ni
n=1
an bn
n=1
hi t.
Trong trng hp chui s c cc s hng khng m th ta c kt qu sau y v s
hi t ca chui s.
nh l 7.1.7 Chui
n=1
7.1.2
Cc du hiu hi t
bn hi
n=1
an hi t (tuyt i).
n=1
an hi t khi v ch khi
n=1
Nu k = 0 th chui s
bn hi t ko theo
n=1
Nu k = + th chui s
an hi t.
n=1
bn phn k ko theo
an phn k.
n=1
P
n=1
bn hi t.
n=1
n=1
Nu D < 1 th chui
an v lim an+1
an = D.
an hi t tuyt i.
n=1
Nu D > 1 th chui
an phn k.
n=1
79
7.2. CHUI HM
an v lim
p
n
|an | = C.
n=1
Nu C < 1 th chui
an hi t tuyt i.
n=1
Nu C > 1 th chui
an phn k.
n=1
V d 7.1.12 a) Chui
n=1
n!
nn
n
an+1
1
1
nn
= lim 1
= < 1.
D = lim
= lim
n
an
(n + 1)
n+1
e
b) Chui
P
n=1
nn
e2n
p
n
n
|an | = lim 2 = +.
e
R
P
[0; +). Khi ta c chui s
f (n) hi t khi v ch khi
f (x)dx hi t.
n=1
n=1
1
np
(1)n an , trong
n=1
(1)n an hi t.
n=1
V d 7.1.16 Chui
P
n=1
(1)n
n
gim tin v 0.
7.2
7.2.1
CHUI HM
Hi t im - Hi t u
X
f1 (x) + f2 (x) + + fn (x) + =
fn (x)
n=1
80
7.2. CHUI HM
l chui hm trn X.
Tng hu hn
Sn (x) = f1 (x) + f2 (x) + + fn (x) =
n
X
fk (x)
k=1
fn (x) trn X.
n=1
Nu ti x0 X chui s
n=1
fn (x).
n=1
Tp hp cc im hi t ca chui hm
fn (x) c gi l min hi t
n=1
fn (x)
n=1
n=1
n=1
fn (x) = S(x), x D.
n=1
Ni cch khc
n=1
Ta ni chui hm
n=1
u
fn (x) = S(x), x D nu
n=1
n=1
R rng nu chui hm
n=1
81
7.2. CHUI HM
nh l 7.2.1 Chui hm
n=1
an
n=1
fn (x) hi t u trn D.
n=1
P
n=1
V d 7.2.4 Xt chui hm
P
n=1
cos(nx)
.
n2
1 n
2n x .
Ta c
cos(nx)
1
n2 n2 , n N, x R.
M chui s
P
n=1
P
n=1
cos(nx)
n2
1
n2
hi t u trn R.
n=1
n=1
v
xn cn , n N, x [0; c]
v chui s
cn hi t.
n=1
n=1
7.2.2
ng dng ca s hi t u
P
cc hm (fn (x)) sang chui
fn (x). Hn na ta cn c th ly o hm hay ly
n=1
7.2. CHUI HM
n=1
n=1
Zb
X
f (x)dx =
fn (x) dx =
fn (x)dx.
a
n=1
n=1 a
P
(i) Tn ti x0 [a; b] sao cho
fn (x0 ) hi t.
n=1
(ii) Chui
P
n=1
Khi
n=1
mi x [a; b], tc l
X
n=1
!0
fn (x)
fn0 (x).
n=1
83
7.2. CHUI HM
BI TP CUI CHNG 7
1) Tm tng ca cc chui s sau
P
(1)n1
a)
2n1
b)
n=1
c)
n=1
d)
n=1
P
n=1
2n +3n
6n
2n1
2n
1
n(n+1)(n+2)
P
n=1
a2n v
P
n=1
cng hi t.
P
a)
|an bn |
b)
n=1
P
n=1
|an |
n
an hi t th
n=1
P
n=1
ngc li c ng khng?
4)* Cho (an ) l dy cc s dng gim, tin v 0 sao cho
an hi t. Chng minh
n=1
n=1
c)
n=1
d)
n=1
P
n=1
1
n
sin 2
n
2
arctan nn3 1
+1
1
ln 1 + tan n
n
6) Xt s hi t ca cc chui s sau
P
(n!)2
a)
(2n)!
n=1
84
c)
n=1
P
n=1
2n (n!)
nn
n1
n+1
n(n1)
2
(n+1)n
n n2
n=1 3 n
P
1
e)
n(ln n)p
n=1
P
1
f)
ln(n!)
n=1
d)
7.2. CHUI HM
vi p R
7) Xt s hi t ca cc chui an du sau
P
n+1
a)
(1)n n+2
b)
n=1
c)
n=1
d)
n=1
P
n=2
(1)n n2n+1
+n+2
(1)n
np ,
vi p R
(1)n
[n+(1)n ]p ,
vi p R
P
a)
nxn
b)
n=1
c)
n=1
d)
n=2
nenx
(1)n
2n1
1x
1+x
n
xn
n2
1
n=1 (1+ n )
P
1
a)
,xR
x2 +n3
b)
n=1
c)
n=1
d)
n=1
sin(nx)
,
4 4
x +n5
x
,
1+x2 n4
xR
x [0; +)
x3 enx , x [0; +)
n=1
85
7.2. CHUI HM
10) Dng phng php o hm hoc tch phn tng s hng, hy tnh cc tng sau
x3
x5
3 + 5 + ...
3
5
7
x x3 + x5 x7 . . .
2
4
x + x2! + x4! + . . .
x2
x3
x
1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + . . .
x + 2x2 + 3x3 + . . .
a) x +
b)
c)
d)
e)
7.2. CHUI HM
87
7.2. CHUI HM
MU
2
2
Cu 1: a) Tnh lim n3n+1 + n3n+2 + +
1
1
b) Tnh lim tan(sin
x .
x)
n2
n3 +n
x0
Cu 2: a) Cho hm s lin tc f : [0; 2 ] [0; 1]. Chng minh rng phng trnh
f (x) = cos x c t nht mt nghim trong [0; 2 ].
b) Chng minh hm s f (x) = x3 + x2 + x khng lin tc u trn R.
Cu 3: a) Xt tnh kh vi ca hm s f (x) =
x3 , nu x Q
.
x3 , nu x
/Q
x+
Cu 4: a) Tnh
R1
x ln xdx.
b) Tm p R sao cho
+
R
0
ex
xp dx
hi t.
Cu 5: a) Tm min hi t D ca chui hm
P
n=1
P
n=1
88
1
n
x
1+x2
n
1
n
x
1+x2
n
hi t u trn D.