Skin

expanded extremities of hair

follicles
penetrated deeper into the
dermis
each is concave at its end
its concavity is occupied by
vascular connective tissue
called hair papilla (dermal
papilla)
sustains hair follicle
arrector pili
a band of smooth
muscle that connects
the undersurface of hair
follicle to the superficial
part of the dermis
innervated by
sympathetic nerve
fibers
its contraction causes
the hair to move into a
more vertical position
it also compresses
sebaceous glands and
extrude its secretion
the pull of this muscle
causes dimpling on the
skin surface
gooseflesh
distributed all over the body
except
lips
palms of the hands
sides of the fingers
glans penis
clitoris
labia minora
internal surface of the
labia majoria
soles & sides of the
feet
sides of the toes
3. sebaceous glands
o secretion: sebum
an oily material that helps
preserve the flexibility of the
hair
oils the surface epidermis
around the mouth of the follicle
o location: sloping undersurface of the
follicles & lie within the dermis

2 parts:
o Epidermis
Superficial layer
A stratified epithelium whose
cells become flattened as they
mature and rise into the surface
Extremely thick: (to withstand
the wear & tear that occurs in
these regions)
palms of hands
soles of the feet
o Derims
Deep layer
Composed of
Connective tissue
with many blood
vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves
Shows considerable variation in
thickness in different parts of
the body
Tending to be thinner
on the anterior than on
the posterior surface
Thinner in women than
men
Connected to the underlying
deep fascia or bones by
superficial facia
(subcutaneous tissue)

Skin creases
- Folding of skin
- Ex.
o Skin over joints
o Palms
o Anterior surface of wrist joints
- At these sites, the skin is thinner than
elsewhere
- Is firmly tethered to underlying structures by
strong bands of fibrous tissue
Skin appendages
1. Nails
o Keratinized plates on the dorsal
surfaces of the tips of the fingers & toes
o Root nail proximal edge of the nail
o Surrounded & overlapped by folds of
skin nail folds
o Nail bed found on the surface of the
skin under the nail
2. Hair follicles
o Invaginations of the epidermis into the
dermis
o Lie obliquely to the skin surface
o Hair bulbs

4. Sweat glands
o Long, spiral, tubular glands distributed
over the surface of the body
o Exceptions:
Red margins of the lips
Nail beds

o
o
o

Glans penis
Clitoris
Extend through the thickness of the
dermis
Their extremities may lie in the
superficial fascia
Most deeply penetrating structures
of all the epidermal appendages

Clinical notes

Skin infections:
Paronychia infection bet. nail & nail folds
Boil infection of sebaceous glands & hair
Follicle
Carbuncle
o staphylococcal infection of the
superficial fascia
o frequently occurs in the nape of the
neck
o usually starts as an infection of a hair
follicle or group of hair follicles
Sebaceous cyst
- obstruction of the mouth of the sebaceous gland
- may be caused by damage from a comb or by
infection
- occurs most frequently on the scalp

State of shock
- exhibits pale & gooseflesh
- results in the ov eractivity of sympathetic
system which causes vasoconstriction of dermal
arterioles and contraction of arrector pili muscle
Skin Burns
Skin Grafting
Fascia
- 2 types:
o Superficial fascia
A mixture of loose areolar &
adipose tissue
Unites the dermis to the
underlying deep fascia
Has numerous bundles of
collagen fibers
Palms of the hands
Soles of the feet
Scalp
Back of the neck
No adipose tissue
Eyelids
Auricle of the ear
Penis
Scrotum
Clitoris
o Deep fascia
Membranous layer of
connective tissue that invests

muscles and other deep

structures
Neck well defined layers
Thorax & abdomen merely a
thin film of areoler tissue
covering the aponeuroses &
muscles
Limbs forms definite sheath
around muscles & etc.
Forms fibrous septa
extend from the deep
surface of the
membrane, bet. groups
of muscles and in many
places
divide the interior of the
limbs into
compartments
joints: may be considerably
thickened to form restraining
bands retinacula
fxn: hold underlying
tendons in position /
serve pulleys around
which tendons may
move

Classes of synovial joint

Plane Joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condyloid joint
Ellipsoid joint
Saddle joint
Ball & socket joint

Description
Apposed articular surfaces
are flat or almost flat
Resemble hinge on a door

Movement
Slide on one another

A central bony pivot is

surrounded by a bonyligamentous ring
2 distinct convex surfaces
that articulate with 2
concave surfaces
Elliptical convex surfaces
articulate with elliptical
concave surfaces
Articular surfaces are
reciprocally concavoconvex

Rotation

Flexion, extension

Flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, &
small amount of rotation
Flexion, extension
Abduction, adduction
No rotation
Flextion, extension
Abduction, Adduction
Rotation
Flexion, extension
Abduction, adduction
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
Circumduction

Example
Sternoclavicular joints
Acromioclavicular joints
Elbow joints
Knee joints
Ankle joints
Atlantoaxial joint
Radioulnar joints
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Knuckle joints
Wrist joint
Carpometacarpal joint of the
thumb
Shoulder joints
Hip joints

BLOOD VESSELS
3 types:
o Arteries
o Veins
o Capillaries

1. ARTERIES
- Transport blood from the heart and distribute it
to various tissues of the body through branches
- Arterioles smallest arteries (d = <0.1mm)
- Anastomosis joining of branches of arteries
Anatomic end arteries
o Are vessels whose terminal branches
do not anastomose with branches of
arteries supplying adjacent areas
Functional end arteries
o Are vessels whose terminal branches
do anastomose with those of adjacent
arteries, but the caliber of the
anastomosis is insufficient to keep the
tissue alive should one of the arteries
become blocked
2. VEINS
- Are vessels that transport blood back to the
heart
- Many of them posses valves
- Venules smallest veins
- Tributaries
o smaller veins
o unite to form larger veins, which
commonly join with one another to form
venous plexuses
o venae comitantes
veins that accompany mediumsize deep arteries
o portal vein
where veins leaving the G.I.
tract converge before entering
to the heart
this vein breaks up again into
diminishing size and ultimately
join the capillary-like vessel
sinusoids
portal system
o a system of vessels interposed bet. 2
capillary beds
3. CAPILLARIES
- microscopic vessels in form of network
connecting the arterioles to the venules
SINUSOIDS
- resemble capillaries in that they are thin-walled
blood vessels

but they have an irregular cross diameter & are

wider than capillaries
location:
o bone marrow
o spleen
o liver
o some endocrine glands

Arteriovenous anastomoses
- direct connections between the arteries and
veins without intervention of capillaries
- ex.
o Fingers
o Toes
-

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Essentially a drainage system
No circulation

1. LYMPHATIC TISSUE
2. LYMPHATIC VESSELS
1. Lymphatic Tissue
- A type of connective tissue that contains large
number of lymphocytes
- Structures:
o Thymus
o Lymph nodes
o Spleen
o Lymphatic nodules
- Is essential for the immunologic defenses of the
body against bacteria & viruses
2. Lymphatic vessels
- Are tubes that assist the cardiovascular system
in the removal of tissue fluids from the tissue
spaces of the body
- They return the tissue fluid to the blood
- Found in all tissues of the body except
o CNS
o Eyeball
o Internal ear
o Epidermis
o Cartilage
o Bone
- Have beaded appearance due to the
presence of numerous valves along their course
Lymph
- A name given to tissue fluid once it entered the
lymphatic vessel
Lymph capillaries
- Are a network of fine vessels that drain lymph
from the tissues
Lymph capillaries

Small lymph vessels

Unite

Large lymph vessels

Lymph node
- Lymph must pass through this before it is
returned to the bloodstream
Afferent lymph vessels
- Carry lymph to a lymph node

Efferent lymph vessels

- Transport lymph away from a node
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Central NS
o Composed of large #s of nerve cells &
their processes (neurons) supported by
neuroglia
Dendrites short processes
of cell body
Axons long processes of
cell body
o Interior: organized into
Gray matter
nerve cells embedded
in neuroglia
nerve fibers (axons)
embedded in neuroglia
White matter
2. Peripheral NS
a. 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Leave the brain & pass to the
foramina in the skull
All are distributed in the head &
neck except the Xth (vagus
nerve) supplies the structures
in thorax & abdomen
b. 31 pairs of spinal nerves & their
associated ganglia
Pass through intervertebral
formamina in the vertebral
column

8 cervical nerves 7 cervical

vertebrae
12 lumbar nerves
5 thoracic nerves
5 sacral nerves
1 coccygeal nerve 4
coccygeal vertebrae
Each is connected to the spinal
cord by 2 roots:
Anterior root
o Consists of
bundles of nerve
fibers (efferent
Nerve fibers)
carrying nerve
impulses away
from the CNS
Posterior root
o Consists of
bundles of
nerve fibers
(afferent nerve
fibers) that
carry impulses
to the CNS

2 divisions based on function

o Somatic NS voluntary activities
o Autonomic NS involuntary activities