5th August 2016

Ashfield Boys High

School
Preliminary 2-unit
physics
Task 4 RESEARCH

By Maseer syed

Example 2
The coming of the wireless era will make war impossible because
it will make war ridiculous. Guglielmo Marconi.

What is wireless?
The term wireless is used for describing the use of radio waves,
microwaves, broadcasting, computer networking or other
communication using radio signals (without a wire or cables).
In early history around 490 B.C, the Athens only had a physical way
of exchanging messages by animals or horsemen to travel a deliver
the message for them. Only a few non-electrical communications at
that time such a smoke signal or flag signals in war. It was not until
1864 James Clerk Maxwell proved the existence of electromagnetic
waves then the era of wireless began. After 21 years in 1887 a man
named Heinrich Hertz sent and received wireless waves, using a
spark transmitter and a resonator receiver. In the start of World war
1 in the early 19s the start of the war had a great growth in the
development of communications intelligence, intercept technology,
cryptography. By the end of world war 2 the development of radio
technology this was the time when radios the telephone and many
wireless devices were getting invented and had a great impact on
society when people kept demanding for these resources which also
impacted on the jobs where more people demanded workers for this
field.

Facts/ Historical development

1946 Ackerman and Rappaport developed a radio control system
for guided missiles. Williams developed the radio frequency
spectrum analyser.
1962 G. Robert-Pierre Marie patented the wideband slot antenna.

British Post Office engineers

inspect Guglielmelli Marconi's
wireless telegraphy (radio)
equipment in 1897.
https://www.google.com.au/url?

sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj2td_gmv_NA
hUBjZQKHeUlBQUQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FHistory_of_radio&bvm=bv.127178174,d.cGc&psig=AFQjCNGHlqtkTd-I_UYZu1-6H9rKfJ4Mg&ust=1469006732915280

On 1903 A radio operator

receiving a wireless telegraphy
message using a radio wave
based Marconi magnetic
detector.
https://www.google.com.au/url?

sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiPiYe3m__NA
hUONpQKHSwnAVgQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FWireless_telegraphy&bvm=bv.127178174,bs.1,d.cGc&psig=AFQjCNEKg4DeeoQd0c7UfnboLL4olgYgA&ust=1469006931394730

First modern day wireless modem developed in 1980s.

https://www.google.com.au/url?

sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjw56TPnP_NAhUKo5QKHYxWArMQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%2Fwiki%2FDial-up_Internet_access&psig=AFQjCNFwF2zxWY75QcBEkZl1Ek9ad-qRBA&ust=1469007253570893

How does wireless work?

1Wireless works because an electromagnetic wave, passing
through the air at the speed of light, can create - or 'induce' - an
electrical signal in an aerial. If you can control this electromagnetic
wave, then you can use it to communicate or to broadcast
information. So in a radio system, information is sent from one place
- the transmitter - and picked up in another - the receiver - using an
electromagnetic wave to carry it.

https://www.google.com.au/url?
sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiDzYuetpDOAhUBp5QK
HTutCCkQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explainthatstuff.com
%2Fwirelessinternet.html&bvm=bv.128153897,d.dGo&psig=AFQjCNFZr6xCmqeG213xrYa6HyN1lk4XQ&ust=1469598222491115

Transmitters and receivers sit at each end of a wireless system,

using an aerial or antenna at each end. At the transmitter electric
signals leaves the antenna to create electromagnetic waves that
radiate outwards. At the receiver the electric waves create small
electric signals in the antenna that are picked up by an electric
circuit. The signal is very small and needs to be amplified before it
can be used. Longer wavelengths are picked up quicker and better
by longer ariels. Short wavelengths like the microwaves used in
mobile phone systems can be picked up by shorter aerials. There
are many natural sources of radio waves. But in the later part of the
19th century, scientists figured out how to electronically generate
radio waves using electric currents. 2 For example

1 How wireless works. http://www.connectedearth.com/Learningresources/Howitworks/Wireless/Howwirelessworks/index.htm

A TV remote controller sends control command information to your

TV, commanding it to go to the sports channel, or turn the sound up.
A remote garage door controller sends control command
information to a garage door, commanding it to open or close. A
wireless sound system sends audio information (music or TV sound)
to your wireless headphones or speakers. A wireless networkconnected laptop computer sends and receives packets of complex
data, allowing it to talk to other computers on the network cellular
phone system routes packets of telecommunications information
simultaneously on many channels in vast quantities.

Did the past wars used wireless?

The first ever radio communication also none as wireless was used
in wars. It was the advance in technology in world war 2 that
foundations for the technology used today. At first it was wired
cables that were carried by horses but the cables were useless as
they were on constant fire at or damaged by bombs. Later the army
soon discovered wireless communication but still it was
disadvantage your location became very visible to the enemy
forces. The arm had no other choice but to use radio commination
the because use of aircraft and tanks also posed new conundrums.
Initially hand signals or squares of white cloth laid out in preformed
patterns over the ground were used to communicate messages, but
this was cumbersome and unable to adapt quickly to changing
circumstances. 3According to Col Cunningham the impact of radio
changed the nature of warfare. "All of a sudden warfare had become
mobile and it was not possible to communicate with moving tanks
and aircraft without radio," he said. The evolution of
communications owes as much to the German Army and their ability
to hijack messages as it does to the ingenuity of the men who
invented and developed radio which the world has developed
through and use today.
2 The way we use radio communication. http://www.wireless-technologyadvisor.com/how-does-wireless-technology-work.html
3 The impact of radio communication http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales27894944

Telegraph equipment being used in France in 1914.

Communication equipment developed during World War One.

Both images form http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-27894944.

Is the world better without wireless?

4

To be happy in this world, first you need a cell phone and then you

need an airplane. Then you're truly wireless. Are we better off

without wireless most people dont think so as far as the first radio
communication to be created till today people love wireless.
Advantages of wireless
Wireless is way better that wire the main advantage is a wireless
network has over a wired is that you can move around freely within
the area of the network with their laptops, handheld devices and
get an internet connection. People are able to share files and other
resources with other devices that are connected to the network
without having to be cabled to a port. Also not having lots of cables
stuffed in one place to connect everything wireless makes it easier
to add extra devices to the network, as no new cabling is needed.
So are we better off without wireless lots of people dont think its
become our use in daily life style.
https://www.google.com.au/url?

sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwih9YG14pDOAhWCkZQKHaclCzgQjRwIBw&url=http%3A

4 Ted Turner https://turbofuture.com/computers/Wireless-Network-vs-WiredNetwork-Advantages-and-Disadvantages

%2F%2Fwww.tutorialspoint.com%2Farticles%2Fbenefits-of-wireless-routers&psig=AFQjCNFS05sOQ9n5qI0zQCPDkYcqP_72g&ust=1469610102416993

Example 1

Infar-red radiation

Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation so are radio

waves, ultra violet, x-ray and microwave. Infrared radiation is part
of the Em spectrum although much of it is unnoticed people
encounter most in everyday life even though it is invisible to the
human eye humans can still feel its heat. According to the
University of Tennessee there are three ways heat is transformed
one place to another one of them being Infrared radiation the other
two being convection and conduction. Everything that has a
temperature of 268 degrees emits infrared radiation. The sun gives
off half of its total energy as Infrared radiation, and much of its
visible light is absorbed and re-emitted as Infrared radiation.

Discovery
In 18000 British astronomer/musician called William Herschel
discovered Infrared radiation.5 In an experiment to measure the
difference in temperature between the colours in the visible
spectrum, he placed thermometers in the path of light within each
colour of the visible spectrum. He observed an increase in
temperature from blue too red, including an even warmer
temperature measurement just beyond the red end of the visible
spectrum.

Uses
6

Today, infrared technology has many exciting and useful

applications. In the field of infrared astronomy, new and fascinating

discoveries are being made about the Universe. Medical infrared
imaging is a very useful diagnostic tool. Infrared cameras are used
for police and security work as well as in firefighting and in the
military. Infrared imaging is used to detect heat loss in buildings
5 http://www.livescience.com/50260-infrared-radiation.html
6 http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/discovery.html

and in testing electronic systems. Infrared satellites have been used

to monitor the Earth's weather, to study vegetation patterns, and to
study geology and ocean temperatures. According to the
Environmental Protection Agency incandescent bulbs convert only
about 10 percent of their electrical energy input into visible light
energy; about 90 percent is converted to infrared radiation. Many
household appliances use Infrared Radiation such as heat lamp
toasters industrial heaters such as those used for drying and curing
materials use IR radiation to transmit heat. Another example is your
TV remote which sends out IR light-emitting diode to signal your TV.

Is Infrared radiation dangerous?

Most used answer is NO because We are immersed in infrared
radiation everyday at least from naturally occurring physical
processes. Any form of radiation including visible light or radio
waves could potentially be dangerous if highly concentrated into a
narrow beam of very high power.

Benefits of Infrared Radiation

7There are several advantages to detecting and studying infrared
radiation. Infrared is basically heat radiation. Infrared radiation
carries information about the temperature distribution of the
objects studied. Infrared can also penetrate, thick smoke, clouds
and dust. This makes infrared cameras very useful in search and
rescue and firefighting. Many lives have been saved by thermal
infrared cameras - finding people lost at night or at sea by detecting
their body heat, or finding people in a smoke filled building. Infrared
is widely used in the sciences in astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography and archaeology. It is used to inspect mechanical
and electrical systems, in animal studies, in medicine, navigation,
law enforcement, in the military as well as in food studies.

7
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ask_astronomer/faq/radiati
on.shtml

Scientific principle of Infrared Radiation

Infrared rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum a frequency
less than that of visible light and greater than that of most radio
waves, although there is some overlap. The name infrared means
below the red. It was discovered in 1800 by Sir William Herschel he
was attempting to determine the part of the visible spectrum with
the minimum associated heat in connection with astronomical
observations he was making. 8In 1847, A. H. L. FIEAust and J. B. L.
Foucault showed that infrared radiation has the same properties as
visible light, being reflected, refracted, and capable of forming an
interference pattern. Infrared radiation is typically produced by
objects whose temperatures above 10K; There are many
applications of infrared radiation. A number of these are analogous
to similar uses of visible light. Thus, the spectrum of a substance in
the infrared range can be used in chemical analysis much as the
visible spectrum is used.
Infrared radiation in which wavelengths lie in the range from about
1 micrometre to 1 millimetre. This radiation therefore has
wavelengths just a little longer than those of visible light and
cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Other source says something
different Infrared red wave has wavelengths range from c.75 106
cm to c.100,000 106 cm (0.0000750.1 cm).

Positive values of infrared radiation

Molecules absorb infrared radiation and ultimately convert it to
heat. Through heat most living things get its energy such as plants,
animals and humans as well. Even though you can see infrared
radiation you can use special sensors to detect IR. Through this
new types of studies came up such as Infrared Spectroscopy this
8 Development and principle
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/infrared+radiation

type of study is studied by examining how this occurs, we will not

only learn about how infrared radiation is absorbed, but we will also
learn about molecular structure and how the study of infrared
spectroscopy can provide information about the structure of
organic molecules. Infrared radiation is usually created or given off
by warm and hot objects. It is detected by its property of increasing
the thermal energy of objects.
The picture below shows
the various amounts of
infrared radiation given
off from an electric hair
dryer. The temperature
gauge on the side
indicates the
temperatures, by the
different colours. These
are not the real colours detected, but rather false colours used to
illustrate the different temperatures. 9Night sights use the heat
given off by objects and people to navigate in the darkness. These
sensors are also used to detect heat loss in buildings and by forest
rangers to spot the location of beginning forest fires.
Astronomers use infrared telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of
space that block off visible light.

9 Uses of IR radiation on living things http://www.school-forchampions.com/science/infrared.htm#.V6Bek49OKUk