SLAB

Slab Thickness
(1) One way slab
Based on thumb rule:
Edge Condition
Simply Supported slab
Continuous slab

Overall slab thickness

40 to 50 mm / metre span
40 mm/ metre of span

Based on L/d ratio :

Support condition
Simply Supported slab
Continuous slab
(2)

L/d

ratio
25
30

Two way slab :

Based on thumb rule:

Edge Condition
Simply Supported slab
Continuous slab

Overall slab thickness

40 mm / metre span
35 mm/ metre of span

Based on L/d ratio :

Case 1:
2

For span Lx up to 3.50 m and Live Load up to 3.0 KN/m

Support condition
L/d ratio
Simply Supported slab
28
Continuous slab
32

Case 2:
For span Lx > 3.50 m and Live load > 3.0 KN/m

Support condition
Simply Supported slab
Continuous slab

L/d

ratio
25
30

(3) Cantilever slab :

Based on thumb rule:
D= 110 mm to 150 mm/ metre of span at support.
Do= 50 mm up to span 1.20 m & 75 mm above 1.50 m at free end.
Based on L/d ratio:
L/ d ratio = 9 to 11
(4) Flat slab
Based on thumb rule:
(i)
(ii)

Flat slab without drop = 350 mm / metre

Flat slab with drop
= 285 mm / metre

Based on L/d ratio :

Flat slab without drop and without column capital = L/28
Flat slab with drops and columns with capital
Longer span

= L/35 where L is the

(5) Grid Floor :

Based on thumb rule:
Panel up to 2.0 m width = 80 mm thick
Panel above 2.0 m width =100 mm thick
Based on L/d ratio :
Simply supported two way grid panels = l/25

TABLE

MAXIMUM SPAN FOR ONEWAY SLABS WITH

RESPECT TO TOTAL DEPTH
Total Depth of
slab

100 mm(4)

Simply
supported
slab
2.03 m

Maximum Permissible Span for

One edge
Both ends
Continuous
Continuous
2.44 m

2.84 m

Cantilever slab

1.02 m

115 mm(4)
125 mm(5)

( 6- 8)

( 8- 0)

( 9- 4)

( 3- 4)

2.29 m
( 7- 6)

2.74 m
( 9- 0)

3.20 m
( 10- 6)

1.14 m
( 3- 9)

2.54 m
( 8- 4)

3.05 m
( 10- 0)

3.56 m
( 11- 8)

1.27 m
( 4- 2)

138 mm(5)

2.79 m
( 9- 2)

3.35 m
( 11- 0)

3.91 m
( 12- 10)

1.40 m
( 4- 7)

150 mm(6)

3.05 m
( 10- 0)

3.66 m
( 12- 0)

4.27 m
( 14- 0)

1.52 m
( 5- 0)

162.5 mm(6)

3.30 m
( 10- 10)

3.96 m
( 13- 0)

4.62 m
( 15- 2)

1.65 m
( 5- 5)

175 mm(7)

3.56 m
( 11- 8)

4.27 m
( 14- 0)

4.98 m
( 16- 4)

1.78 m
( 5- 10)

187.5 mm(7)

3.81 m
( 12- 6)

4.57 m
( 15- 0)

5.33 m
( 17- 6)

1.91 m
( 6- 3)

L/20

L/24

L/28

L/10

Reference

Where L = effective span of slab.

TABLE 1.5
MOMENT OF RESISTANCE AND AREA OF STEEL FOR SLAB
Fy 415
Over
all
slab
thick
ness

100
110
115
120
125

M20

M25

M30

M35

M40

Mr

Ast

Mr

Ast

Mr

Ast

Mr

Ast

Mr

Ast

17.66
22.36
24.91
27.60
30.43

763
859
907
954
1002

14.58
19.41
22.08
24.93
27.95

775
895
954
1014
1073

10.35
14.90
17.49
20.29
23.29

716
859
930
1002
1073

-14.61
17.39
20.41
23.67

--918
1002
1085
1169

---8.83
11.18

-----763
859

130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250

33.40
39.74
46.64
49.56
57.23
65.46
74.23
83.56
91.42
101.74
112.62
124.05
136.02

1050
1145
1240
1279
1374
1469
1565
1660
1737
1832
1947
2023
2118

31.14
38.04
45.63
53.05
61.95
71.54
81.82
92.79
102.06
114.28
127.18
140.77
155.06

1133
1252
1372
1479
1598
1718
1837
1956
2052
2171
2290
2409
2529

26.50
33.53
41.40
49.19
56.66
68.89
79.99
91.91
102.05
115.46
129.70
144.77
160.67

1145
1288
1431
1560
1703
1846
1990
2133
2247
2390
2533
2677
2820

27.17
34.90
43.59
52.24
62.77
74.27
86.73
100.15
111.59
126.76
142.89
159.99
178.05

1252
1419
1586
1737
1904
2071
2238
2405
2538
2705
2872
3039
3206

13.80
19.87
27.05
34.45
43.72
54.10
65.58
78.17
89.03
103.60
119.28
136.06
153.95

NOTE:1.
2.
3.

4.

The cover for various exposures are assumed as per clause

of IS
456-2000.
For arriving the effective cover, 10 mm dia is assumed for 100 to150 mm
thickness, 12 mm dia is assumed for 160 to 200 mm thickness and 16 mm
dia is assumed for over 200 mm thickness of slab.
The moment of resistance is calculated using the formula Mr=0.138 fck b
d2 where fck=characteristic strength of concrete
b=1000 mm;
d= Effective depth of slab
=Overall slab thickness- clear cover+1/2 dia. Of main bar
The value of Ast is calculated using the formula
Ast=p0 b d fck/fy. For RTS Fe 415, p0=0.198.

BEAM
Maximum Span of beams carrying Live Load up to 4 KN/m2
Support
Condition
Rectangular
section
Flanged section

Simply
Supported
6.0 m
10.0 m

Fixed/Continuous

Cantilever

8.0 m

3.0 m

12.0 m

5.0 m

954
1145
1336
1508
1699
1889
2080
2271
2424
2615
2805
2996
3187

Relation between Slab & Beam

Slab depth
D in inches

Beam
Depth h

4
4
5
5
6
6
7

Maximum Span of beams

Simply
One End
Both End
supported
Continuous Continuous

12

16

18-6

21-0

14

18-8

21-7

24-6

16

21-4

24-9

28-0

18

24-0

27-7

31-5

18

24-0

27-9

31-6

20

26-9

30-10

33-0

22

29-4

34-0

38-6

h x 16
12

h x 18.5
12

h x 21
12

Reference

Where h is depth of beam in inches.

Beam depth based on L/d ratio

Span in metres
3 to 4 m
5 to 10 m
> 10 m

Loading Type
Light
Medium
Heavy

Note :
1. Singly Reinforced beam :
Rectangular section = 100 mm/ m span.

L/d ratio
15 to 20
12 to 15
12

Flanged beam
= 80 mm/m span
Cantilever beam
= 120 to 150 mm/ m span.
2. Doubly Reinforced beam : 2 D of Singly reinforced section.
3

TABLE
MOMENT OF RESISTANCE FOR RECTANGULAR BEAM OF 230 MM
WIDTH FOR GRADE M15 TO M30
Beam
M15
M20
M25
M30
depth
Mr
Ast
Mr
Ast
Mr
Ast
Mr
Ast
D in
mm

250

25.05

394

33.40

525

41.74

657

50.09

788

300

37.73

484

50.30

645

62.88

806

75.45

967

52.99

573

70.66

764

88.32

955

105.98

1146

350

400

70.85

663

94.46

884

118.08

1104

141.69

1325

450

89.13

743

118.84

991

148.54

1239

178.25

1487

500

111.90

833

149.20

1110

186.49

1388

223.79

1666

550

137.25

922

183.01

1230

228.76

1537

274.51

1845

600

159.40

994

212.54

1325

265.67

1657

318.81

1988

650

189.42

1084

252.56

1445

315.70

1806

378.84

2167

700

222.02

1173

296.03

1564

370.03

1955

444.04

2346

750

257.21

1263

342.95

1684

428.68

2104

514.42

2525

800

294.99

1352

393.32

1803

491.65

2254

589.98

2704

900

378.31

1531

504.41

2042

630.51

2552

756.61

3063

1000

457.26

1684

609.68

2245

762.11

2806

914.53

3367

Note:1.

Mr = 0.138 fck b d2 in KN.m

2.

Ast = Mr
0.87 fy jd

3.

For

D > 500 mm add 1 of 8 or 10 mm extra bar.

4.

For

D > 900 mm add 2 of 8 or 10 mm extra bars on each side face as

in mm2

skin reinforcement.

TABLE
SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS REINFORCEMENT
PERCENTAGE Pt
K = Mu/bd2
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46

M20
0.085
0.090
0.096
0.102
0.108
0.113
0.119
0.125
0.131

M25
0.084
0.090
0.096
0.101
0.107
0.113
0.119
0.124
0.130

M30
0.084
0.090
0.095
0.101
0.107
0.113
0.118
0.124
0.130

M35
0.084
0.090
0.096
0.101
0.107
0.112
0.118
0.124
0.129

M40
0.084
0.090
0.095
0.101
0.106
0.112
0.118
0.124
0.129

0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90

0.137
0.143
0.149
0.155
0.160
0.166
0.172
0.178
0.184
0.190
0.196
0.202
0.208
0.215
0.221
0.227
0.233
0.239
0.245
0.251
0.257
0.264

0.136
0.142
0.148
0.153
0.159
0.165
0.171
0.177
0.183
0.189
0.195
0.201
0.205
0.212
0.218
0.224
0.230
0.236
0.242
0.248
0.254
0.261

0.135
0.141
0.147
0.153
0.159
0.164
0.170
0.176
0.182
0.188
0.194
0.199
0.205
0.211
0.217
0.223
0.229
0.235
0.241
0.247
0.253
0.259

0.135
0.141
0.147
0.152
0.158
0.164
0.170
0.175
0.181
0.187
0.193
0.199
0.204
0.210
0.216
0.222
0.228
0.234
0.239
0.245
0.251
0.257

0.135
0.141
0.146
0.152
0.158
0.164
0.169
0.175
0.181
0.186
0.192
0.198
0.204
0.210
0.215
0.221
0.227
0.233
0.239
0.244
0.250
0.256

TABLE
SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS REINFORCEMENT
PERCENTAGE Pt
K = Mu/bd2
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.10

M20
0.270
0.276
0.282
0.289
0.296
0.301
0.308
0.314
0.320
0.327

M25
0.267
0.273
0.279
0.285
0.291
0.297
0.303
0.309
0.318
0.322

M30
0.264
0.270
0.276
0.282
0.288
0.295
0.301
0.307
0.313
0.319

M35
0.263
0.269
0.275
0.281
0.287
0.293
0.299
0.305
0.311
0.317

M40
0.262
0.268
0.274
0.280
0.285
0.291
0.297
0.303
0.309
0.315

1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.62

0.333
0.340
0.346
0.353
0.359
0.366
0.372
0.379
0.385
0.392
0.399
0.405
0.412
0.419
0.425
0.432
0.439
0.446
0.452
0.459
0.466
0.473
0.480
0.487
0.494
0.501

0.328
0.334
0.341
0.347
0.353
0.359
0.366
0.372
0.378
0.385
0.391
0.397
0.404
0.410
0.417
0.423
0.429
0.436
0.442
0.449
0.455
0.462
0.469
0.475
0.482
0.488

0.325
0.331
0.337
0.343
0.349
0.355
0.362
0.368
0.374
0.380
0.386
0.392
0.399
0.405
0.411
0.417
0.424
0.430
0.436
0.443
0.449
0.455
0.462
0.468
0.474
0.481

0.323
0.329
0.335
0.341
0.347
0.353
0.359
0.365
0.371
0.377
0.383
0.389
0.395
0.401
0.407
0.414
0.420
0.426
0.432
0.438
0.444
0.451
0.457
0.463
0.469
0.476

0.321
0.327
0.333
0.339
0.345
0.351
0.357
0.363
0.369
0.375
0.381
0.387
0.393
0.399
0.405
0.411
0.417
0.423
0.429
0.435
0.441
0.447
0.453
0.460
0.466
0.472

TABLE
SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS REINFORCEMENT
PERCENTAGE Pt
K = Mu/bd2
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96

M20
0.508
0.515
0.522
0.529
0.536
0.543
0.550
0.557
0.565
0.572
0.579
0.587
0.594
0.601
0.609
0.616
0.624

M25
0.495
0.502
0.508
0.515
0.522
0.528
0.535
0.542
0.548
0.555
0.562
0.569
0.576
0.583
0.589
0.596
0.603

M30
0.487
0.493
0.500
0.506
0.513
0.519
0.526
0.532
0.539
0.545
0.552
0.558
0.565
0.571
0.578
0.585
0.591

M35
0.482
0.488
0.494
0.501
0.507
0.513
0.519
0.526
0.532
0.538
0.545
0.551
0.558
0.564
0.570
0.577
0.583

M40
0.478
0.484
0.490
0.497
0.503
0.509
0.515
0.521
0.527
0.534
0.540
0.546
0.552
0.559
0.565
0.571
0.578

1.98
2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18
2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.30
2.32
2.34

0.631
0.639
0.646
0.654
0.651
0.669
0.677
0.684
0.692
0.700
0.708
0.716
0.723
0.731
0.739
0.747
0.755
0.764
0.772

0.610
0.617
0.624
0.631
0.638
0.645
0.652
0.659
0.666
0.674
0.681
0.688
0.695
0.702
0.710
0.717
0.724
0.731
0.739

0.598
0.604
0.611
0.618
0.625
0.631
0.638
0.645
0.651
0.658
0.665
0.672
0.679
0.685
0.692
0.699
0.706
0.713
0.720

0.590
0.596
0.603
0.609
0.615
0.622
0.628
0.635
0.642
0.648
0.655
0.661
0.668
0.674
0.681
0.688
0.694
0.701
0.707

0.584
0.590
0.596
0.603
0.609
0.615
0.622
0.628
0.635
0.641
0.647
0.654
0.660
0.667
0.673
0.679
0.686
0.692
0.699

TABLE
SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS REINFORCEMENT
PERCENTAGE Pt
K = Mu/bd2
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48
2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58
2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68
2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78
2.80

M20
0.780
0.788
0.796
0.805
0.813
0.821
0.830
0.838
0.847
0.855
0.864
0.873
0.861
0.890
0.899
0.908
0.917
0.926
0.935
0.944
0.953
---

M25
0.746
0.753
0.761
0.768
0.776
0.783
0.791
0.796
0.806
0.813
0.821
0.829
0.836
0.844
0.852
0.859
0.867
0.875
0.883
0.891
0.898
0.906
0.914

M30
0.727
0.734
0.741
0.748
0.755
0.762
0.769
0.776
0.783
0.790
0.797
0.804
0.811
0.818
0.825
0.833
0.840
0.847
0.854
0.862
0.869
0.876
0.883

M35
0.714
0.721
0.727
0.734
0.741
0.748
0.754
0.761
0.768
0.775
0.781
0.788
0.795
0.802
0.809
0.816
0.822
0.829
0.836
0.843
0.850
0.857
0.864

M40
0.705
0.712
0.718
0.725
0.731
0.738
0.744
0.751
0.758
0.764
0.771
0.777
0.784
0.791
0.797
0.804
0.810
0.817
0.824
0.831
0.837
0.844
0.851

2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88
2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98
3.00
3.02
3.04
3.06

--------------

0.922
0.930
0.938
0.946
0.954
0.963
0.971
0.979
0.987
0.995
1.004
1.012
1.020

0.891
0.898
0.906
0.913
0.920
0.928
0.935
0.943
0.950
0.958
0.965
0.973
0.981

0.871
0.878
0.885
0.892
0.899
0.906
0.913
0.920
0.927
0.934
0.942
0.949
0.956

0.857
0.864
0.871
0.878
0.884
0.891
0.898
0.905
0.912
0.919
0.925
0.932
0.939

TABLE
SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS REINFORCEMENT
PERCENTAGE Pt
K = Mu/bd2
3.08
3.10
3.12
3.14
3.16
3.18
3.20
3.22
3.24
3.26
3.28
3.30
3.32
3.34
3.36
3.38
3.40
3.42
3.44
3.46
3.48
3.50
3.52
3.54

M20
-------------------------

M25
1.029
1.037
1.046
1.054
1.063
1.071
1.080
1.089
1.097
1.106
1.115
1.124
1.132
1.141
1.150
1.159
1.168
1.177
1.186
1.196
-----

M30
0.988
0.996
1.003
1.011
1.019
1.027
1.034
1.042
1.050
1.058
1.066
1.073
1.081
1.089
1.097
1.105
1.113
1.121
1.129
1.137
1.145
1.153
1.162
1.170

M35
0.963
0.970
0.977
0.985
0.992
0.999
1.006
1.014
1.021
1.028
1.036
1.043
1.050
1.058
1.065
1.073
1.080
1.087
1.095
1.102
1.110
1.117
1.125
1.133

M40
0.946
0.953
0.960
0.967
0.974
0.981
0.988
0.995
1.002
1.009
1.016
1.023
1.030
1.037
1.044
1.051
1.058
1.065
1.072
1.079
1.086
1.094
1.101
1.108

3.56
3.58
3.60
3.62
3.64
3.66
3.68
3.70
3.72
3.74
3.76
3.78
3.80
3.82

---------------

---------------

1.178
1.188
1.194
1.203
1.211
1.219
1.228
1.236
1.245
1.253
1.262
1.270
1.279
1.287

1.140
1.148
1.155
1.163
1.171
1.178
1.186
1.194
1.201
1.209
1.217
1.225
1.233
1.240

1.115
1.122
1.130
1.137
1.144
1.151
1.159
1.166
1.173
1.181
1.188
1.195
1.203
1.210

TABLE
SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS REINFORCEMENT
PERCENTAGE Pt
K=
Mu/bd2
3.84
3.86
3.88
3.90
3.92
3.94
3.96
3.98
4.00
4.02
4.04
4.06
4.08
4.10
4.12
4.14
4.16
4.18
4.20
4.22
4.24
4.26

M20

M25

M30

M35

-----------------------

-----------------------

1.296
1.305
1.313
1.322
1.331
1.339
1.348
1.357
1.366
1.375
1.384
1.393
1.402
1.411
1.420
1.429
1.438
------

1.248
1.256
1.264
1.272
1.280
1.288
1.296
1.304
1.312
1.320
1.328
1.336
1.344
1.352
1.361
1.369
1.377
1.385
1.394
1.402
1.410
1.418

M40
1.217
1.225
1.232
1.240
1.247
1.255
1.262
1.270
1.277
1.285
1.292
1.300
1.307
1.315
1.323
1.330
1.338
1.346
1.353
1.361
1.369
1.377

4.28
4.30
4.32
4.34
4.36
4.38
4.40
4.42
4.44
4.46
4.48
4.50
4.52
4.54
4.56
4.58
4.60
4.66
4.72
4.80
4.86

----------------------

----------------------

----------------------

1.427
1.435
1.444
1.452
1.461
1.469
1.478
1.486
1.495
1.503
1.512
1.520
1.529
1.538
1.547
1.555
1.564
1.591
1.618
1.654
1.681

1.384
1.392
1.400
1.408
1.416
1.423
1.431
1.439
1.447
1.455
1.463
1.471
1.479
1.487
1.495
1.503
1.511
1.535
1.560
1.593
1.618

COLUMNS
1.

The spacing of columns shall be such that the span of the beam is
not less than 2.5M nor greater than 10.0M. Spans of 4 M to 6 M
give normal sizes of beams. Single bay Portal frames may be
adopted for spans ranging from 6.0m to 12.0m. The spacing of
frame may vary from 3.50m to 4.0m.

2.

Columns are having width equal to width of wall or beam. Usually

9. Depth may be taken as 9, 12, 15,18, 21, 24 and so on in
multiples of 3.

3.

Projections of columns outside the wall should be avoided as far as

possible.

4.

The columns should be so oriented that the depth of column should

be perpendicular to the major axis of bending.
b
D

XX

Major axis of bending

YY

Minor axis of bending

1r to axis of bending

11 to axis of bending

5. When the effective length of column in one plane is greater than that in
the orthogonal plane, the greater dimensions shall be in the plane,
having larger effective length so as to reduce leff/D ratio to increase
the load carrying capacity of the column.
COLUMN TRIAL SECTION
1. The column section can be assumed by any one of the method:
(a)
Based on Load requirement:
Ag (Gross area) required = 80 to 100 mm2 per every 1KN ultimate
load carried by the column depending on the grade of concrete
used.
Ac= C.s. are of column
D= large dimension of column =Ac/b
b=width of column.
For 600KN ultimate load, area required= 80x 600 =48000 mm2
If b=230mm, D=48000/230=209mm say 230mm.
Size of column is 230 x 230mm.
(b)
Based on tributary load carried by the column:
Area required is mm2/m2 of area covered by the column
Grade of concrete
M15
M20
M25

External column

Internal column

2500

1800

2000

1500

1800

1200

For example for 3 storeyed building interior column with M20 concrete
with 3m by 4m grid

Area required = (3 storey) x tributary area (3x4)x 1500 mm2

=54000mm2
Assuming width of column b=230 mm
Depth required
D = 54000/230 =235mm say 300mm
The size of column to be adopted is 230 x 300 mm.
(c) Rough guidance for load carrying capacity of column:
Load carried by concrete =
4t for M15, 5t for M20 and 6t for M25 for 100 cm2 of concrete area.
Load carried by steel (for each bar)

12mm rod =2.03t; 16mm=3.62t; 20mm= 5.65t; 25mm=8.83t

28mm=11.08t; 32mm=14.47t
Total load= load carried by concrete+ load carried by steel
E.g 230 x 230 with 4 Nos. 12mm rod for M20 ={(23x23)/100}x 5t
+(4 x 2.03) =34.57t.
This is the minimum capacity that the column can safely carried.
(d) Estimation of Load on column by thumb rule:
Column Position
Interior column
Side or end column
Corner column

Residential
building
1.2t/m2
1.7t/m2
2.2t/m2

Office/commercial
building
1.4t/m2
1.9t/m2
2.4t/m2

Add 2t/m2 for Staircase Portion.

Size of column assumed based on loads
Load (tons)

Column size
(mm)

Up to 45 t
46 to 80 t
81 to 110 t
111 to 150 t
151 to 195 t
Above 195 t
(c)

230 x 230
230 x 450 or 300x 300
230 x 600
300 x 600 or 230 x 750
300 x 750 or 450 x 450
300 x 830

Based on thumb rule :

(i)Based on height or span of the beam

Column depth is 3 to 5% of total height of building

For example 8 storeyed building with 3m height

The depth of column is (8x3=24m )x3/100= 0.72m say 750mm.
If the beam span is 4.5m, along transverse direction,
width (b) = 1/12 of span of beam
b= 1/12x4.50 =0.375m say 380 mm.
Column size to be adopted = 380 x 750 mm.
(ii)Based on storey/ span of beam
If building height is 3 storeys or less:
If beam span is < 6m, D=300mm;
If beam span is between 6.0 to 9m, D=350mm
If the beam span is more than 12.0m, D=400mm.

If the building height is 4 to 9 storeys:

If beam span is < 6m,

D=400mm;

If beam span is between 6.0 to 9m,

D=500mm

If the beam span is more than 12.0m,D=600mm

(d)

Based on Load and moment:

Assume 2% of C.S area for fy=250N/mm2

(i)

If the line of action of the eccentric load is outside

c.s area =Pu/0.4 fck

(ii) If the line of action of the eccentric load is inside (within the
section)
c.s. area =Pu/0.45fck
Example:
Pu=2460KN; Mu=91KNM; fck=20N/mm2 ;fy=415N/mm2
Calculate eccentricity of load =Mu/Pu
=91/2460= 0.037m
Assume that line of action of axial load is inside the section and check
this later.
c.s area required =2460x103 /0.45x20x106

=0.273m2
If one dimension is 460mm, the other needs to be =0.273/0.46=0.59m
say 0.60m
Section is 460mm x 600mm
Area of steel reinforcement= 0.02x0.273x(250/415)x106
=3289.16 mm2

TABLE C 1
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT SQUARE
COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
size
BXD
(mm)
230X23
0

300x30
0

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

12

4
8
4
4
4
8
4
4
4
4
8
4
4

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25

Pitch
(mm)

0.85

Dia
(mm
)
6

190

293

363

433

16
12
20
16
12
16
25
20
16
16

1.52
1.71
2.37
2.37

6
6
6
6

230
190
230
190

357
376
439
439

427
445
508
508

496
514
577
577

3.03
3.71
3.89

6
8
6

230
230
230

502
568
585

571
635
653

639
703
720

0.89

250

505

624

743

12
20
16

1.00
1.40
1.40

6
6
6

190
300
190

523
589
589

642
707
707

761
825
825

400x40
0

4
8
4
4
4
8
8

12
16
25
20
16
20
16

4
4
4
12
8
16
4
4
12
8
16
12

25
20
16
16
20
16
25
20
20
25
20
25

1.79
2.18
2.29

6
8
6

250
300
250

652
716
734

770
833
851

888
951
968

2.79
1.00

6
6

300
300

815
930

932
1141

1049
1353

1.23
1.29

8
6

300
250

997
1014

1208
1225

1418
1436

1.51
1.57
2.01
2.01

6
6
6
8

250
300
300
300

1078
1096
1223
1223

1288
1306
1432
1432

1498
1516
1641
1641

2.36
2.45
3.14
3.68

6
8
6
8

300
300
300
300

1325
1351
1551
1708

1533
1559
1758
1913

1741
1767
1964
2119

TABLE C 1 (continued)
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT SQUARE
COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
size
BXD
(mm)
450x45
0

500x50
0

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

25

12
4
8
4
4
12
8
8
8
12
8

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25

Pitch
(mm)

0.97

Dia
(mm
)
8

300

1166

1434

1701

16
28
20
25
20
20
25
28
32
16

1.19
1.21
1.24
1.59

6
8
6
8

300
300
300
300

1247
1254
1265

1514
1521
1532
1660

1781
1788
1799
1925

1.86
1.94
2.43
3.18
0.96

6
8
8
8
6

300
300
300
300
300

1493
1522
1702
1978
1435

1758
1787
1966
2239
1765

2023
2052
2229
2500
2096

20

1.00

300

1453

1783

2113

8
4
4
16
12
8
20
16
12
20
16

22
25
20
16
20
25
16
20
25
20
25

1.22
1.29

6
8

300
300

1553
1585

1882
1914

2212
2243

1.29
1.51
1.57
1.61
2.01
2.36
2.51
3.14

6
6
8
6
6
8
6
8

300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300

1585
1685
1712
1730
1911
2070
2138
2424

1914
2013
2040
2058
2238
2396
2463
2747

2243
2341
2368
2386
2565
2721
2788
3069

Note : Clear cover assumed : 40 mm for M15 and M20

45 mm for M25
Effective cover = clear cover + diameter of ties + half the
dia of
the main bar
The columns are designed for minimum eccentricity of 20
mm

TABLE C 2
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT
RECTANGULAR COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
size
BXD
(mm)
230X30
0

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

12

4
8
6
4
4
4
8
6
4
4

16
12
16
20
16
12
16
20
25
20

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25

Pitch
(mm)

0.98

Dia
(mm
)
6

190

399

499

581

1.17
1.31
1.75
1.82
1.82

6
6
6
6
6

230
190
230
230
190

422
440
495
504
504

513
531
585
594
594

604
622
676
684
684

2.33
2.73
2.84
2.99

6
6
8
6

230
230
230
230

568
618
631
650

657
707
721
739

747
797
810
829

230X35
0

4
8
4

16
20
16

8
6
4
4
4
4
4
8
6
4
8
6

3.64
1.00

6
6

230
230

732
468

820
574

909
681

12
16
20
16
12
20
16
16
20
25
20

1.12
1.50
1.56
1.56

6
6
6
6

190
230
230
190

486
541
550
550

592
647
655
655

698
752
761
761

1.82

230

588

693

798

2.00
2.34
2.44
3.12

6
6
8
6

230
230
230
230

614
664
678
778

768
783
882

824
873
888
985

25

3.67

230

858

961

1065

TABLE C 2 (continued)
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT
RECTANGULAR COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
size
BXD
(mm)
230X38
0

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

16

8
6
4
4
4
8
6
4
4
4
8

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25

Pitch
(mm)

0.92

Dia
(mm
)
6

230

495

611

726

12
16
20
16
12
16
20
25
20
16

1.03
1.38
1.44
1.44

6
6
6
6

190
230
230
190

513
568
578
578

628
693
693

744
798
808
808

1.84
2.16
2.25
2.36

6
6
8
6

230
230
230
230

641
692
706
724

756
806
820
837

870
920
934
951

20

2.87

230

805

918

1031

230X40
0

6
4

25
16

3.37
0.87

8
6

230
230

884
513

996
635

1109
756

8
6
4
4
4
8
6
4
4
4
8
6

12
16
20
16
12
16
20
25
20
16
20
25

0.98
1.31
1.37
1.37

6
6
6
6

190
230
230
190

532
587
597
597

653
708
718
718

774
829
839
839

1.75
2.05
2.13
2.24

6
6
8
6

230
230
230
230

660
710
723
742

781
830
843
862

901
950
964
982

2.73
3.2

6
8

230
230

824
902

943
1021

1062
1139

TABLE C 2 (continued)
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT
RECTANGULAR COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
size
BXD
(mm)
230X45
0

230X50
0

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

12

10
6
4
4
12
8
6
10
4
4
8
8
10

12
16
16
12
12
16
20
16
20
16
20
25
12

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25

Pitch
(mm)

0.87

Dia
(mm
)
6

190

577

714

851

1.09
1.17
1.21

6
6
6

190
230
230

619
834
641

755
770
777

892
906
914

1.31
1.55
1.82
1.94
1.99

6
6
6
6
6

190
230
230
230
230

660
705
756
778
788

796
841
891
842
923

932
977
1027
1049
1058

2.42
3.79
0.98

6
8
6

230
230
190

870
1125
664

1005
1258
816

1139
1391
968

6
4
4
12
8
6
10
4
4
12
8
4
4
12
8

16
16
12
12
16
20
16
20
16
16
20
25
20
20
25

1.05
1.09

6
6

230
190

674
687

831
839

982
991

1.18
1.40
1.64
1.75
1.79

6
6
6
6
6

190
230
230
230
230

706
752
802
825
833

858
903
953
976
984

1009
1054
1104
1126
1135

2.10
2.18
2.80

6
6
8

230
230
230

898
915
1044

1048
1065
1194

1198
1215
1342

3.28
3.42

6
8

230
230

1144
1173

1292
1321

1441
1469

TABLE C 2 (continued)
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT
RECTANGULAR COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
size
BXD
(mm)
230X53
0

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

10

12

6
4
4
12
8
6
10
4
4
12
4
4
8
8
12

16
16
12
12
16
20
16
20
16
16
25
20
20
25
20

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25

Pitch
(mm)

0.93

Dia
(mm
)
6

190

693

854

1015

0.99
1.03

6
6

230
190

706
715

867
876

1028
1037

1.11
1.32
1.55
1.65
1.69

6
6
6
6
6

190
230
230
230
230

733
779
830
852
861

894
940
990
1012
1021

1054
1100
1150
1172
1181

1.98
2.64

6
8

230
230

925
1071

1085
1230

1244
1388

2.06
3.22
3.09

6
8
6

230
230
230

943
1199
1171

1102
1357
1328

1261
1514
1486

230X60
0

10

12

0.82

190

757

940

1122

6
4
4
12
8
6
10
4
4
12
8

16
16
12
12
16
20
16
20
16
20
25

0.87
0.91

6
6

230
230

770
780

952
962

1135
1144

0.98
1.17
1.37
1.46
1.49

6
6
6
6
6

190
230
230
230
230

797
845
895
917
925

979
1027
1076
1099
1106

1162
1209
1258
1280
1287

2.73
2.85

6
8

230
230

1235
1265

1414
1444

1593
1623

TABLE C 2 (continued)
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT
RECTANGULAR COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
size
BXD
(mm)
230X68
0

230X75
0

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

4
4
12
8
6
10
4
4
8
8
12
8

16
12
12
16
20
16
20
16
20
25
20
16

10
4
4
8

16
20
16
20

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25

Pitch
(mm)

0.80

Dia
(mm
)
6

230

853

1059

1266

0.87
1.03
1.21
1.29
1.32

6
6
6
6
6

190
230
230
230
230

872
918
969
992
1000

1079
1124
1175
1197
1206

1286
1331
1381
1403
1412

1.61
2.38
2.41
0.93

6
8
6
6

230
230
230
230

1082
1301
1309
981

1287
1504
1513
1209

1493
1708
1716
1437

1.17
1.19

6
6

230
230

1056
1062

1283
1290

1511
1517

1.46

230

1147

1373

1600

300X35
0

12
8
8

20
25
12

2.18
2.28
0.86

6
8
6

230
230
190

1372
1403
584

1597
1628
723

1822
1853
861

6
4
4
4
8
6

16
20
16
12
16
20

1.15
1.20
1.20

6
6
6

230
230
190

639
649
649

777
787
787

916
925
925

1.53
1.79

6
6

230
230

711
761

849
898

987
1036

TABLE C 2 (continued)
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT
RECTANGULAR COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
size
BXD
(mm)

300X38
0

300X40

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

4
4
4
8
6
6

25
20
16
20
25
16

4
4
8
4
4
4
8
6
4
4
8
6

16
12
16
25
20
16
20
25
25
20
25
16

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25

Pitch
(mm)

1.87
1.96

Dia
(mm
)
8
6

230
230

776
793

913
931

1051
1068

2.39
2.81
1.05

6
8
6

230
230
230

875
955
673

1012
1091
823

1148
1227
974

1.10

190

683

834

984

1.41
1.72
1.80

6
8
6

230
230
230

748
812
828

897
961
977

1047
1110
1127

2.20
2.58
2.82

6
8
8

230
230
230

911
989
1039

1060
1138
1187

1208
1286
1334

3.44
1.00

8
6

230
230

1167
699

1314
857

1461
1016

300X45
0

4
4
8
4
4
4
8
6
4
4
8
4
4

5
1.04
7
1.34
1.63
1.72

16
12
16
25
20
16
20
25
25
20
25
16
12

190

708

866

1025

6
8
6

230
230
230

772
835
854

929
992
1011

1087
1150
1169

2.09
2.45
2.68

6
8
8

230
230
230

935
1013
1063

1092
1169
1219

1248
1325
1375

3.27
0.93

8
6

230
190

1192
768

1347
946

1501
1124

TABLE C 2 (continued)
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT
RECTANGULAR COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
size
BXD
(mm)
300X45
0

300X50
0

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

16

4
4
12
8
12
8
6
4
4
12
8
6
10
4
4

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25

Pitch
(mm)

1.19

Dia
(mm
)
6

230

831

1009

1187

20
16
16
20
20
25
16

1.53

230

915

1092

1269

1.79
1.86
2.79
2.91
0.80

6
6
6
8
6

230
230
230
230
250

978
995
1223
1252
818

1155
1172
1398
1427
1016

1332
1349
1573
1602
1214

16
12
12
16
20
16
20
16

0.84

250

829

1027

1225

0.90
1.07
1.26
1.34
1.37

6
6
6
6
6

190
250
250
250
250

845
891
943
965
973

1042
1089
1140
1162
1170

1241
1287
1338
1359
1367

300X53
0

12
8
4
4
12
8
8

16
20
25
20
20
25
16

1.61
1.67
2.15

6
6
8

250
250
300

1038
1054
1185

1235
1251
1381

1432
1448
1576

2.51
2.62
1.01

6
8
6

300
300
250

1283
1313
927

1478
1508
1137

1673
1702
1347

12
8
12
8
12

16
20
20
25
25

1.52
1.58
2.37
2.47
3.70

6
6
6
8
8

250
250
250
300
300

1074
1092
1319
1348
1703

1283
1300
1526
1555
1907

1492
1509
1733
1762
2111

TABLE C 2 (continued)
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT
RECTANGULAR COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
size
BXD
(mm)
300X60
0

300X68
0

300X70
0

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

16

12
8
12
12
12

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25

Pitch
(mm)

0.89

Dia
(mm
)
6

300

1011

1248

1486

16
20
20
25
16

1.34
1.40
2.09
3.27
1.18

6
6
6
8
6

300
300
300
300
300

1157
1177
1402
1788
1253

1394
1414
1637
2020
1521

1631
1650
1872
2252
1790

8
8
12
12
12

20
25
25
28
16

1.23
1.92
2.89
3.62
1.15

6
8
8
8
6

300
300
300
300
250

1271
1526
1885
2155
1278

1540
1793
2149
2418
1555

1808
2060
2414
2680
1832

8
12
8
12

20
20
25
25

1.20
1.79
1.87
2.80

6
6
8
8

300
300
300
300

1221
1522
1552
1906

1574
1797
1827
2179

1850
2072
2102
2451

300X75
0

300X84
0

8
8
12

28
32
16

2.35
3.06
1.07

8
8
6

300
300
250

1735
2005
1337

2008
2277
1633

2382
2548
1930

8
16
12
16
12
16
12

20
16
20
20
25
25
16

1.12
1.43
1.68
2.23
2.62
3.49
0.96

6
6
6
6
8
8
6

300
250
300
300
300
300
250

1357
1484
1586
1810
1969
2324
1447

1654
1779
1881
2103
2261
2614
1780

1950
2075
2175
2397
2553
2903
2112

12
8
12
8

20
28
25
32

1.50
1.95
2.34
2.55

6
8
8
8

300
300
300
300

1694
1894
2077
2173

2025
2229
2406
2501

2355
2558
2734
2828

TABLE C 3
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT
CIRCULAR COLUMNS
STEEL: Fe 415
Column
dia
(mm)
230

300

380

400

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
8
6
12
8
8

12
12
16
16
12
12
16
16
20
12
16
16
20
20
25
20
16
20

1.63
2.18
2.9
3.87
0.96
1.28
1.71
2.28
2.67
0.80
1.06
1.42
1.66
2.22
2.60
3.32
1.28
2.00

Dia
(mm
)
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
6
6
6

Pitch
(mm)
150
150
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
250
200
200
200

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25
289
330
385
458
406
447
502
575
625
618
672
746
795
910
988
1137
794
958

344
385
439
511
499
540
595
667
717
768
821
895
944
1058
1136
1283
960
1123

398
439
492
564
593
633
687
759
809
918
971
1044
1098
1206
1283
1429
1125
1287

8
8
8
8
8
8

450

25
28
16
20
25
28

3.13
3.92
1.01
1.58
2.47
3.1

8
8
6
6
8
8

250
250
200
200
250
250

1216
1396
928
1092
1349
1530

1378
1557
1137
1301
1555
1736

1541
1718
1347
1509
1762
1941

TABLE C 3 (continued)
STANDARD DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADED SHORT
CIRCULAR COLUMNS
STEEL Fe 415
Column
dia
(mm)
500

600

CONCRETE

Main Steel

Lateral Ties

No.

Dia
(mm)

8
12
8
8
12
8
12
8
8
12

20
20
25
28
25
20
20
25
28
25

1.28
1.92
2.00
2.51
3.00
0.89
1.33
1.39
1.74
2.08

Dia
(mm
)
6
6
8
8
8
6
6
8
8
8

Pitch
(mm)
200
200
250
250
250
200
200
250
250
250

M15, M20, M25

Safe load carrying capacity
of Column (KN)
M15
M20
M25
1241
1469
1498
1679
1854
1587
1813
1844
2023
2198

1500
1726
1754
1934
2109
1961
2185
2215
2394
2567

1758
1983
2011
2190
2362
2335
2557
2587
2764
2936

Note:
Clear cover assumed : 40 mm for M15 and M20
45 mm for M25
Effective cover = clear cover + diameter of ties + half the
dia of
the main bar
The load arrived above are for circular ties

For helical ties the above load shall be multiplied by 1.05

DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
1.

Minimum depth of foundation as per IS 1080-1982 is 500mm from

Ground Level.

2.

As per Rankines theory

Minimum depth of foundation =p/w (1-sin /1+sin ) 2
where p=gross bearing capacity
w =density of soil
=angle of response of soil

3.

But in practice, the foundation depth is kept at 0.90m or even more.

4.

It is customary practice to place the foundation of a simple footing

at a minimum depth of 1.50m from GL or at least 1.50 times the
width of footing. In cold climates the depth is Kept at a minimum of
1.50m below surface because of possible frost action.

5.

For building of six storeyed or more, it may be kept at 1.5m to

2.0m. For tall isolated Structures, like water towers, the foundation
depth may be at 3.0m also.

6.

A few practical requirements also may have to be considered while

deciding the depth of foundation such as the existing foundation of
nearby building, the possible influence of future expansion etc. If
the height of building is more, the horizontal forces acting on the
building such as wind force are large. As a thumb rule, minimum
depth of foundation may be selected as 5% to 10% of the height of
building.

7.

Where the moisture content may vary and cause shrinkage, the
depth must be considered
with the minimum moisture content
variation(1.50m to 2.0m).In case of black cotton soils of expansive
nature, the zone of movement may be as deep as 3.0m to 3.50m.
This is why ,the under reamed piles in expansive clays are taken to
minimum depth of 3.50m.

ISOLATED FOOTIGS

In the case of framed buildings with columns located on reasonably firm

soil, it is generally sufficient to provide separate independent footings for
each of the columns. Such a footing is referred to as isolated footing.
Isolated footings may be of the shape square, rectangular, or circular in
plan. Rectangular footings are provided for rectangular columns. Square
footings are used for square or circular columns. Circular footings are used
for circular columns.
I

SELECTION OF ISOLATED FOOTINGS:

Isolated spread footing is preferable for framed structure i.e. (GF + 3)
ultimate storey, with good soil in nature i.e. SBC of soil greater than 150
KN/m2 on consideration of cost and execution convenience subject to other
design consideration. In case of soils like compact gravelly soils,
weathered disintegrated soft

rocks, rocks, broken rocks having good

bearing capacity. In case of soils like compact gravelly soils, weathered

disintegrated soft

rocks, rocks, broken rocks having good bearing

capacity.
If the soil is weak in strength, with SBC < 150 KN /m 2 ,the spreading
area is required covering 60% of the soil area and closer spacing between
the footings will occur. For other conditions, isolated footing is not
appropriate. Hence other type of foundations such as strip footing or raft
foundation may be tried and adopted.
The type of foundations to be provided depends on the following factors:
(i) Bearing capacity of the soil
(ii) Type of Loads
(iii) Type of Structure
(iv) Economy
(v) Permissible differential settlement

2.

TYPES OF ISOLATED FOOTING:

The footing may be a Pad footing or a sloped footing or stepped
footing

It

may

be

axially

loaded

or

eccentrically

loaded.

When footing is casted, a straight width of 50 to 75 mm on all four sides of the

column is made to facilitate the seating of formwork for column.

In sloped

footing a Pedestal is sometimes used to have economy in footing design. The

Pedestal has the following advantages:

(i)

It reduces effective cantilever of footing and thus reduces the bending

moment and shear.

(ii)

It gives larger width to resist the bending moment.

(iii)

It gives larger perimeter while checking two way shear.

Pedestal is casted after casting the footing. Usually the concrete mix used

in footing is M20 grade. However the column may have higher grade of concrete.
The concrete mix of Pedestal shall be that used in column. To facilitate casting of
the Pedestal, 75 mm straight length at top of footing is casted. While using
Pedestal, width of resisting bending moment may be taken as width of Pedestal
+ 150 mm.
3.

SELECTION OF TYPE OF FOOTING:

Pad footings are suitable only for small footings with overall depth being
restricted to say, 300mm. These footings are commonly used in practice
for reasons of ease in design and construction. The quantity of concrete
( about 25% to 45%) and steel required is much more in Pad footings than
the sloped footing and therefore they are uneconomical. The only
convenience obtained in Pad footing is that the labour required is less and
the concreting can be done easily.

For footings of intermediate size, sloped footings with slope starting from
D/2 away from the edge of column are quite suitable. This type is quite
economical giving concrete and steel quantities quite reasonable in
comparison with other types. This type is easy to design as well as to
execute. This type is recommended for most individual footings

encountered in buildings with overall depth greater than 300 mm. The
depth at free end of footing may be kept at 150 mm the specified
minimum given by the Code. The depth (D) of this type of footing is kept
the same as that for footings of uniform depth.
For large-sized footings, sloped footings with the slope starting from the
edge of column or stepped footings are preferred to other types, as these
give the least quantities for concrete and steel consumption. The stepped
footings give the least steel quantity, while the sloped footing give the
least concrete quantity. The depth for these types of footings works out to
be about 20% more than that for footings of uniform depth. Stepped
footings are a little cumbersome in construction, while the sloped footings
are easier in execution, albeit a little more labour-intensive than the
footings of uniform depth.
4. DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Design of foundation involves two aspects, viz., soil design and structural
design.
Soil design includes :
(1)

Determination of depth of foundation D f which depends on some

practical criteria and soil strata.

(2)

Determination of allowable bearing pressure of soil at the level

Df which depends on the properties of soil at and below that level.

(3)

Determination of plan dimensions of the footing which depends on

geometry of the structure, the loads on the column and allowable
bearing pressure of soil.

(4)

Determination of upward soil pressure on the footing.

Structural design includes:

(1)

the design of footing, i.e., concrete and reinforcements. Footings are

designed for flexure and shear (both one way and two way action),
bearing and bond, mainly due to the soil pressure from the soffit of the
slab. The design is more or less similar to that of beams and two way
slabs supported on columns. Additional design considerations being the
transfer of force from the column to the footing and also safety against
sliding and overturning when horizontal forces are acting on the
structure. Since footings are buried below the ground level, deflection
control is not important but crack widths should be limited to 0.3 mm,
with general detailing requirements and it is desirable to provide a clear
cover of 75 mm for protection of main reinforcements especially under
aggressive environment.

(2)

The maximum pressure on the soil should not exceed the allowable soil
pressure i.e., SBC

(3)

The settlement of footings shall be nearly uniform as possible.

To

minimize the differential settlement, the footings are proportioned to

get equal soil pressure under each column. This is done by providing
footing area very near to the required area considering SBC of soil. If
under one column, the exact required area of footing is provided and

for another column in the same structure, a larger area than required is
provided, the soil pressure under both the columns is different which
may lead to differential settlement. This is usually avoided.

(4)

The centre of gravity of loads and c.g. of footing should coincide (if
they do not coincide, a moment will be induced in footing)

(5)

For calculating the base size of the footing, the loadings with partial
safety load factor f ]=1.0 should be considered. (For arriving base area
working load should be considered). For calculating bending moment
ultimate should be considered after arriving the base area.

(6)

When loads are being transferred from column to the footing below, the
face of the columns will be subjected to maximum bending moment.
Thus for calculation of moment, maximum moment at the face of the
column has to be considered.

(7)

When the footing is subjected to one way bending, the footing will be
sensitive to vertical shear and if the when the footing is subjected to
two way bending, the footing will be sensitive to punching shear.

(8)

Maximum vertical shear in a footing will be at a distance of effective

depth of the footing from face of the column .

(9)

Maximum punching shear

will occurs at around the column

at a

perimeter half the effective depth away from face of the column.
(10)

When the section of the footing suddenly changes, vertical planes at

those location will be critically stressed. At these locations care should
be taken to provide sufficient development length. In addition to these

locations, sufficient development length has to be provided at all planes

where the bending moment is critical.
(11)

If the load transferred from the column to the foundation below is

tensile, the tensile stress will be resisted by the steel reinforcement
provided. If the compressive loads are transferred they will be resisted
by bearing between column and footing.

4.

PRACTICAL DIMENSIONS:
(i)

Size of footing : 1000 mm to 3000 mm in multiples of 250 mm.

(ii)

Maximum depth near column face:

500 to 1000 mm in multiples of 50 mm.
Depth of footing can be calculated using any one of the following
approximate methods.
(a)

Thumb rule based on projection of footing

Depth of footing D =650 x a where
a= projection of footing from face of column in metres
and D is in mm.

(b) Thumb rule based on side of the footing for Fe 415 / Fe

500 steel.
Net upward soil pressure
in t / m2
5
10
15
20
25
30

D / A value
1/7
1/5.5
1/5.0
1 /4.5
1 /4.0
1 /3.50

Note :
1)

Increase 20% for sloped and stepped footing.

2)

p = Net upward pressure in t / m2

D = Overall depth of footing in cm.

A = Average side of footing in cm.

3)

Minimum depth at the edges =200 mm

(150 mm according to IS 456-2000)

(iii)

Minimum Dia. of bar : 8 RTS

Preferable

: 10 RTS

Thumb rule:

(iv)

Up to 2.0 m width

: use 10 RTS

Up to 3.0 m width

: use 12 RTS

Above 3.0 m width

: use 16 RTS

Minimum reinforcement :
Not less than 0.15% of c.s area for mild steel &
0.12% when HYSD bars are used.

(v)

Maximum spacing of bar : 200 mm

(180 mm for Tor 40 as per IS 456-2000)

(vi)

Minimum depth of foundation: 500 mm from G.L.

( As per I.S. 1080-1962)
Minimum depth of foundation as per Rankine s theory
d = p / {1- sin / 1+ sin }

Where p = gross bearing capacity (SBC )

= density of soil.
= angle of repose of soil.
But in practice, the foundation depth is kept at 0.90m or even more.
It is customary practice to place the foundation of a simple footing at a
minimum depth of 1.50 m from ground level or at least 1.50 times the width

of footing. In cold climates the depth is kept at a minimum of 1.50 m below

surface because of possible frost action.

For building of six storey or more, it may be kept at 1.5m to 2.0m. For tall
isolated

Structures, like water towers, the foundation depth may be at

3.0m also.
A few practical requirements also may have to be considered while
deciding the depth of foundation such as the existing foundation of nearby
building, the possible influence of future expansion etc. If the height of
building is more, the horizontal forces acting on the building such as wind
force are large. As a thumb rule, minimum depth of foundation may be
selected as 5% to 10% of the height of building.
Where the moisture content may vary and cause shrinkage, the depth
must be considered

with the minimum moisture content variation(1.50m to

2.0m).In case of black cotton soils of expansive nature, the zone of

movement may be

as

deep as 3.0m to 3.50m. This is why ,the under

reamed piles in expansive clays are taken to

minimum depth of 3.50m.

TABLE FS-1
SQUARE FOOTING FOR SQUARE COLUMN
SBC : 75 KN/ m2
Load in
KN

CONCRETE: M15, M20.

Size of
footing in
m
LxB

Least lateral
dimension
of column in
mm

STEEL: Fe 415

Depth of
footing in
mm
D
Do

Reinforcemen
t in each
direction

100

1.20 x 1.20

300

250

250

5- 10 #

150

1.50 x 1.50

300

300

200

7- 10 #

200

1.70 x 1.70

300

350

200

9- 10 #

250

1.90 x 1.90

400

350

200

11- 10 #

300

2.10 x 2.10

400

400

200

13- 10 #

350

2.30 x 2.30

400

450

200

11- 12 #

400

2.40 x 2.40

400

500

200

13- 12 #

450

2.60 x 2.60

400

550

200

15- 12 #

500

2.70 x 2.70

400

600

300

17- 12 #

550

2.90 x 2.90

400

600

300

18- 12 #

600

3.00 x 3.00

400

650

300

20- 12 #

650

3.10 x 3.10

400

700

300

22- 12 #

700

3.20 x 3.20

400

750

300

24- 12 #

750

3.30 x 3.30

400

750

300

25- 12 #

800

3.50 x 3.50

400

800

300

16- 16 #

TABLE FS-1
SQUARE FOOTING FOR SQUARE COLUMN
SBC : 100 KN/ m2
Load in
KN

Size of
footing in m
LxB

CONCRETE: M15, M20.

STEEL: Fe 415

Least lateral
Depth of
dimension of
footing in mm
column in mm
D
Do

Reinforcement
in each
direction

100

1.10 x 1.10

300

200

200

5- 10 #

150

1.30 x 1.30

300

250

200

6- 10 #

200

1.50 x 1.50

300

300

200

8- 10 #

250

1.70 x 1.70

400

300

200

9- 10 #

300

1.90 x 1.90

400

350

200

11- 10 #

350

2.00 x 2.00

400

400

200

11- 10 #

400

2.10 x 2.10

400

400

200

14- 10 #

450

2.30 x 2.30

400

450

200

16- 10 #

500

2.40 x 2.40

400

500

200

16- 10 #

550

2.50 x 2.50

400

500

200

13- 12 #

600

2.60 x 2.60

400

550

200

14- 12 #

650

2.70 x 2.70

400

550

200

16- 12 #

700

2.80 x 2.80

400

600

200

16- 12 #

750

2.90 x 2.90

400

650

200

17- 12 #

800

3.00 x 3.00

400

650

200

18- 12 #

850

3.10 x 3.10

500

650

200

20-12 #

900

3.20 x 3.20

500

650

200

20-12 #

950

3.30 x 3.30

500

650

200

13-16 #

1000

3.40 x 3.40

500

700

200

13-16 #

SQUARE FOOTING FOR SQUARE COLUMN

SBC : 125 KN/ m2
Load in
KN
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000

CONCRETE: M15, M20.

Size of
footing in m
LxB
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40

STEEL: Fe 415

Least lateral
Depth of
dimension of
footing in mm
column in mm
D
Do
300
200
200
300
250
200
300
300
200
400
300
200
400
350
200
400
400
200
400
400
200
400
450
200
400
500
200
400
500
200
400
550
200
400
550
200
400
600
200
400
650
200
400
650
200
500
650
200
500
650
200
500
650
200
500
700
200

Reinforcement
in each
direction
5- 10 #
6- 10 #
8- 10 #
9- 10 #
11- 10 #
11- 10 #
14- 10 #
16- 10 #
16- 10 #
13- 12 #
14- 12 #
16- 12 #
16- 12 #
17- 12 #
18- 12 #
20-12 #
20-12 #
13-16 #
13-16 #

SQUARE FOOTING FOR SQUARE COLUMN

SBC : 150 KN/ m2
Load in
KN
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600

Size of
footing in m
LxB
0.90 x 0.90
1.10 x 1.10
1.20 x 1.20
1.40 x 1.40
1.50 x 1.50
1.60 x 1.60
1.70 x 1.70
1.90 x 1.90
1.90 x 1.90
2.00 x 2.00
2.10 x 2.10
2.20 x2.20
2.30 x2.30
2.40 x 2.40
2.50 x 2.50
2.50 x 2.50
2.60 x 2.60
2.70 x 2.70
2.70 x 2.70
2.90 x 2.90
3.00 x 3.00
3.10 x 3.10
3.20 x 3.20
3.40 x 3.40
3.50 x 3.50

CONCRETE: M15, M20.

STEEL: Fe 415

Least lateral
Depth of
dimension of
footing in mm
column in mm
D
Do
300
200
200
300
250
200
300
300
200
400
300
200
400
300
200
400
350
200
400
350
200
400
350
200
400
400
200
400
400
200
400
450
200
400
500
200
400
550
200
400
550
200
400
600
200
400
600
200
400
650
200
400
650
200
500
650
200
500
650
200
500
700
200
500
750
200
500
750
200
600
750
200
600
750
200

Reinforcement
in each
direction
5- 10 #
5- 10 #
5- 10 #
7- 10 #
9- 10 #
9- 10 #
12- 10 #
14- 10 #
11- 12 #
11- 12 #
11- 12 #
13- 12 #
13- 12 #
16- 12 #
16- 12 #
17-12 #
17-12 #
19-12 #
20-12 #
13-16 #
13-16 #
14-16 #
16-16 #
17-16 #
19-16 #

SQUARE FOOTING FOR SQUARE COLUMN

SBC : 200 KN/ m2
Load in
KN
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000

Size of
footing in m
LxB
0.80 x 0.80
0.90 x 0.90
1.10 x 1.10
1.20 x 1.20
1.30 x 1.30
1.40 x 1.40
1.50 x 1.50
1.60 x 1.60
1.70 x 1.70
1.80 x 1.80
1.90 x 1.90
2.00 x 2.00
2.00 x 2.00
2.10 x 2.10
2.10 x 2.10
2.20 x 2.20
2.30 x 2.30
2.30 x 2.30
2.40 x 2.40
2.50 x 2.50
2.60 x 2.60
2.70 x 2.70
2.80 x 2.80
2.90 x 2.90
3.00 x 3.00
3.10 x 3.10
3.20 x 3.20
3.30 x 3.30
3.40 x 3.40

CONCRETE: M15, M20.

STEEL: Fe 415

Least lateral
Depth of
dimension of
footing in mm
column in mm
D
Do
300
200
200
300
250
200
300
300
200
400
300
200
400
300
200
400
350
200
400
350
200
400
400
200
400
400
200
400
400
200
400
450
200
400
450
200
400
500
200
400
500
200
400
550
200
400
550
200
400
600
200
500
650
200
500
650
200
500
650
200
500
650
200
500
650
200
500
700
200
600
700
200
600
700
200
700
750
200
700
800
200
700
750
200
700
750
200

Reinforcement
in each
direction
4- 10 #
4- 10 #
5- 10 #
5- 10 #
7- 10 #
7- 10 #
10- 10 #
10- 10 #
13- 10 #
16- 10 #
16- 10 #
17- 10 #
17- 10 #
15- 12 #
13- 12 #
16-12 #
16-12 #
16-12 #
18-12 #
11-16 #
11-16 #
14-16 #
14-16 #
16-16 #
16-16 #
16-16 #
19-16 #
19-16 #
21-16 #

SQUARE FOOTING FOR SQUARE COLUMN

SBC : 250 KN/ m2
Load in
KN
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000

Size of
footing in m
LxB
0.70 x 0.70
0.80 x 0.80
1.00 x 1.00
1.10 x 1.10
1.20 x 1.20
1.30 x 1.30
1.40 x 1.40
1.40 x 1.40
1.50 x 1.50
1.60 x 1.60
1.70 x 1.70
1.70 x 1.70
1.80 x 1.80
1.90 x 1.90
1.90 x 1.90
2.00 x 2.00
2.00 x 2.00
2.10 x 2.10
2.10 x 2.10
2.20 x 2.20
2.30 x 2.30
2.40 x 2.40
2.50 x 2.50
2.60 x 2.60
2.70 x 2.70
2.80 x 2.80
2.80 x 2.80
2.90 x 2.90
3.00 x3.00

CONCRETE: M15, M20.

STEEL: Fe 415

Least lateral
Depth of
dimension of
footing in mm
column in mm
D
Do
300
200
200
300
250
200
300
300
200
400
300
200
400
300
200
400
350
200
400
350
200
400
400
200
400
400
200
400
450
200
400
450
200
400
450
200
400
500
200
400
500
200
400
500
200
400
550
200
400
600
200
500
600
200
500
600
200
500
600
200
500
600
200
500
650
200
500
650
200
600
600
200
600
600
200
600
600
200
600
600
200
700
700
200
700
750
200

Reinforcement
in each
direction
4- 10 #
4- 10 #
4- 10 #
5- 10 #
6- 10 #
6- 10 #
8- 10 #
8- 10 #
10- 10 #
10- 10 #
13- 10 #
14- 10 #
14- 10 #
17- 12 #
13- 12 #
13-12 #
14-12 #
13-12 #
14-12 #
15-12 #
16-12 #
19-12 #
13-16 #
13-16 #
13-16 #
15-16 #
15-16 #
16-16 #
16-16 #

UNDER REAMED PILES

I

REFERENCE : IS 2911 (PART III ) 1980

2.

UNDER-REAMED PILE :
If a short bored pile is provided with one, two or three bulbs, to provide
anchorage and / or to increase the bearing load, it is known as the underreamed pile. Due to their enlarged based they provide anchorage to
structures founded on expansive soils, carry higher loads in comparison to
uniform diameter bored piles and offer high uplift resistance. This type of
pile is particularly useful in swelling soils like black cotton soils.
3. SUITABILITY :
The choice of the pile is governed by site conditions, economics and time
considerations. Under-reamed Piles are generally adopted in locations,
where soft / loose soils occur at top and relatively compact layers are
available at lower elevations. Best use is made of the existence of such
compact soil layers by resisting the bulb ( at the bottom of the Pile Stem )
so that an increased bearing capacity ( Point Bearing ) of the pile is
obtained. Under- reamed Piles are also used in locations where the top
soils are of high swelling and high shrinking type in which case the bulbs
are rested at a depth well below the zone of variation of moisture content.
In case of expansive soils 9e.g) black cotton soils or filled up soils,
under- reamed piles with bulbs provide a good anchorage. It is found that
provision of bulbs in the under-reamed piles increases the lateral load
capacity of piles.
Under-reamed Compaction Piles:

For loose to medium sandy and silty soils, bored compaction piles
should be used since in such piles, the compaction process increases the
load bearing capacity of piles.
Under-reamed compaction piles are basically cast-in-situ concrete
piles having one or more bulbs. These combine the advantage of both the
bored and driven piles.
4. CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS:
General equipments required (a) Auger (b) Under- reamed (c) Boring
Guide (d) General tools like cutting tools, extension rods and general
T & P.
Boring is usually done by manual earth auger, handled

by tripod hoist.

Three men can easily advance 3.5 m of a hole of dia. up to 30

cm. in about 6 hours, in normal conditions.
For Piles larger than 3.5 m and / or of the dia. larger than 37.5 cm.
stem diameter, a tripod is required.
After reaching the desired depth, the bore is enlarged with a special
under- reaming tool. It consists of two collapsible cross- blades with a
bucket at the bottom to collect the scrapped soil. The under-reamer is
lowered in the bore hole and rotated with progressively increasing
diameter. The scraped soil collected in the bucket is lifted up and
disposed off from time to time. In sandy soils, the bore hole is to be kept
filled with drilling mud if lowering is to be done under water. After the
under-reamer is formed, boring is further advanced. Bottom spreads are
made with tools. Piles should be concreted soon after boring, under the
supervision of a qualified person. Pre- fabricated reinforcement cage is
inserted in the hole and concrete of suitable workability (M20), slump 70
to 150 mm is poured down through a funnel. For under water

construction, concrete of higher slump should be placed by displacement

method using Tremie Pipe (not less than 150 mm diameter)

5. DESIGN ASPECTS:
(1)

Minimum length of Pile below ground level =3.0 m.

(2)

Minimum diameter of Stem (D) in mud

(3)

For strata consisting of harmful constituents such as sulphate

=250 mm.

diameter =300 mm.

(4)

Bulb diameter (Du)

=2 to 3 times diameter

Preferable

= 2.5 times diameter

(5)

Thickness of bulb

=D

(6)

Maximum spacing of bulbs:

(7)

Piles up to 300 mm dia.

=1.5 Du

Piles greater than 300 mm dia

=1.25 Du

Minimum depth of top most bulb

=2 Du or 1750 mm for

expansive soils.
(8)

Location of bottom most bulb from toe = Bucket length +0.55D

Bucket length (l ) for 200 to 250 mm dia. = (40 5 ) cm.
300 mm dia. = (45 5 ) cm.
375 mm dia. = (50 5 ) cm.
400 mm dia. = (55 5 ) cm.
450 mm dia. = (65 5 ) cm.
500 mm dia. = (70 5 ) cm.

(9)

Number of bulbs in a Pile

= Maximum 2 (Restricted)

In case the site is such that the depth of fill is more and water
table is high, as far as possible choose single under- reamed
Pile.

If, on the other hand, the water table at the site is low and the
depth of fill is less, choose single or double under-reamed
depending upon the load capacity required. In case of double
under-reamed pile, the first under- ream should be 2 times the
bulb dia. or 1.75 m below G.L.
(10) Spacing of Piles : Maximum spacing of Piles =2 Du.
Maximum spacing of piles in load bearing structure should not
exceed 3 m to limit size of grade beam.
(11) Location of Piles :
Piles are provided on the corners of the buildings and wall
junctions. For intermediate piles, they should be arranged in
such a way that the doors and windows openings lie centrally as
far as possible.
For the structures with columns (e.g) multistoreyed complex
etc., the piles should be first laid for columns and then for walls.
The maximum spacing between two piles in a beam and pile
construction should not normally exceed 3 m.
(12)

Mix: Minimum M20 concrete and minimum cement content

shall

be 400 kg/m3 in all conditions.

M15 concrete with minimum cement content 350 kg/m 3 shall

be used for without provision for under water concreting and
non-aggressive sub soil conditions.
(13)

Reinforcement:

Longitudinal reinforcement:
Ast = Tension / st
Minimum steel = 0.4% of c.s. area of stem for M.S. rod
=0.3% of c.s. area of stem for HYSD bars.

Transverse Reinforcement :
(i)

6 mm dia. M.S. circular stirrups at a spacing not more

than stem dia or 300 mm whichever is less.

(ii)

For piles of lengths exceeding 5 m and dia. exceeding

375 mm use 8 stirrups.

(14)

Clear cover :
Minimum clear cover to reinforcement
Sides =40 mm (normal);75 mm in case of sulphate presence.
Bottom =75 to 100 mm.

6. ULTIMATE CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILES:

(1)

From soil properties

(2)

From load test (as per I.S.2911 (Part IV)-1985).

(3)

From Table 1 of I.S. 2911 (Part III)-1980.

7. APPLICATION OF UNDER-REAMED PILES:

Under- reamed piles are useful for both in expansive clays as well as
in loose to medium no-expansive soils. It has been established that underreamed piles combine safety, economy and speed in construction, especially
in expansive soils. Under-reamed piles are used for following structures:
(i)

Residential buildings.

(ii)

Industrial sheds, workshops, godowns.

(iii)

Machine foundations.

(iv)

Retaining walls, boundary walls, fences

(v)

Anchors, reaction frames.

(vi)

Transmission line towers and pole footings

(vii)

Water tanks, silos and bins, cooling towers

(viii)

Bench marks, international boundary posts.

8. LIMITATIONS OF UNDER-REAMED PILES:

Under-reamed Pile foundation can be used in expansive soil strata and in
other soils where the bore and bulb can be supporting or by mud fluids.
In certain cases it is found that the upper most layer consists of medium
to stiff consistency clay up to 1.50m to 2.0 m and beneath it very very
soft consistency clay (bitter like nature) to considerable depth. In such
cases the under-reamed pile foundation cannot be used.
Under-reamed piles in expansive soils is one of the widely used
solutions, but it cannot be considered the best. Failures of structures
supported on under-reamed piles have been reported. As such, it cannot
be treated as a fool-proof method.
Important Note:For determining the N value the average may be taken up to a depth
equal to the bulb diameter below the pile toe.
9. DRAW BACK:
(i)

Under-reamed piles are suitable generally only for

structures contributing low loads (20 t to 40 t).

(ii)

Because of the presence of unreinforced portion of

concrete in the under-ream bulb, there is a chance
of failure of concrete by shear in the bulb portion.
Hence the design engineer must carefully select the
sizes of the pile while proposing under-reamed
piles. Further concreting of under-reamed piles shall
be done by tremie only since

GW displacement

during concreting must not be allowed.

TABLE F-3
STRIP FOOTING

CONCRETE GRADE M 20

STEEL GRADE

Fe 415

SBC OF SOIL : 100 KN/m2

Overhang on
each side A
in mm

Depth of footing at
Face of
Free end Do
support D
in mm
in mm

Reinforcement
Main rod @
Distributor
bottom layer @ top layer
3 Nos 8 #

375

300

150

8 # 200

500

300

150

8 # 200

4 Nos 8 #

600

375

150

8 # 200

5 Nos 8 #

750

450

150

10 # 175

4 Nos 10 #

900

450

150

10 # 125

6 Nos 10 #

Overhang on
each side A
in mm
375

SBC OF SOIL : 150 KN/m2

Depth of footing at
Reinforcement
Face of
Free end Do Main rod @
Distributor
support D
in mm
bottom layer @ top layer
in mm
300
150
8 # 200
3 Nos 8 #

500

300

150

8 # 200

4 Nos 8 #

600

375

150

8 # 150

5 Nos 8 #

750

450

150

10 # 125

4 Nos 10 #

900

450

200

12 # 125

6 Nos 10 #

SBC OF SOIL : 200 KN/m2

Overhang on
Depth of footing at
Reinforcement
each side A Face of
Free end Do Main rod @
Distributor
in mm
support D
in mm
bottom layer @ top layer
in mm
375
300
150
8 # 200
3 Nos 8 #
500

375

150

8 # 150

4 Nos 8 #

600

450

150

8 # 125

5 Nos 8 #

750

600

150

10 # 150

4 Nos 10 #

900

600

200

12 # 150

6 Nos 10 #

Note :
1. The size of footing will be arrived based on SBC using formula
Load / SBC considering load/ metre width.
2. The main steel is provided at bottom layer along width of footing.
3. The distribution steel is provided on either side in overhang at top
layer along length of footing.
TABLE 1

SAFE LOAD FOR VERTICAL BORED CAST IN SITU UNDER-REAMED

PILES IN SANDY AND CLAYEY SOILS INCLUDING BLACK COTTON
SOILS
Dia.of piles

200
250

Du=
2.5D

Length in Longit
m
udinal

Rings

Safe Loads (KN)

Compression uplift
Load

Sin
gle
UR
3.5

Dou No.ble
DIa
UR
3.5 3 #10

6
mm
@
180

Singl
e UR

3.5

3.5

4 #10

3.5

3.5

Singl
e UR

80

Doub
le
UR
120

220

120

180

60

90

15

18

4#12

250

160

240

80

120

20

24

5#12

300

240

360

120

180

30

40

6#12

300

280

420

140

210

34

40

40

Dou Sin
ble
gle
UR
UR
60
10

Doub
le
UR
12

500
625

300

750

375

940

3.5

1000

3.5

3.7
5
4.0

400
450

1125

3.5

4.5

7 #12

300

350

625

175

256

40

48

500

1250

3.5

5.0

9 #12

300

420

630

210

315

45

54

NOTES TO TABLE 1 OF I.S.2911 (Part III) - 1980 :1.

This Table apply to both medium compact sandy soils (10

< N <30) and clayey soils of medium (4 < N < 8)
consistency including expansive soils.

2.

For dense sandy soil (N 30) and stiff clayey soils (N

8) , safe loads in compression and uplift may be increased
by 25%.

3.

For loose sandy (4 < N < 10) and soft clayey soils (2 < N
4) safe loads should be taken 0.75 times Table value.

4.

For very loose sandy soil (N 4) and very soft clayey soils
(N 2 ) the Table value should be reduced by 50%.

5.

For piles with bulb of twice stem dia, the table value
should be reduced by 15%.

6.

If the pile is full of sub soil water, safe load shall be

reduced by 25% as per clause B 1.6 given in Appendix B.

7.

If the spacing between piles is reduced by 1.5 times

instead 2 times the under seamed bulb dia. as per normal
requirements safe load shall be reduced by 10%

8.

If the under reamed bulb is 2 times pile dia. instead 2.5

times pile dia, safe load shall be reduced by 10% as per
clause 5.2.3.3.