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Citation

Issue Date

Performance Tests of a Centrifugal Pump

Fukusako, Shoichiro; Arie, Mikio

= Bulletin of the Faculty of
Engineering, Hokkaido University, 49: 45-58
1968-09-25

DOI

Doc URL

http://hdl.handle.net/2115/40894

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bulletin (article)

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49_45-58.pdf

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Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

PerformaneeTestsofaCentrifugalPump
ShoichiroFUKUsAKO
and

MikioARIE

Abstract

Theresultsofperformancetestsofacentrifugalpumpinthecavitationregion
werepresentedintermsofthevariationinheaddrivingpowerandeflicieneyThe
effectofairleakageinthesuctionsystemwasalsoexaminedltwasfoundinthe

presentexperimentsthattheexistenceofaprerotationshoweditseffectofim

provingthecavitationperformanceofapump

1lntroduction

Thepresentpaperpresentssomeexperimentalresultsontheperformancetest
ofacentrifugalpumpinstalledinthesystemofacavitationtunnelrecentlycon

structedattheFluidMechanicsLaboratoryoftheHolkaidoUniversity
Cavitationcharacteristicsofthepumpwerefirstexaminedintermsofthe
reductionoftotalheaclandefficiencyaswellasatrendofincreasingthedriving

shafthorsepowerinthecavitationregionunderaconstantloadofdischarge
quantlty
Itisgenerallyacceptedthesedaysthatanintroductionofacertainamount
ofairtotheupperpartofthedrafttubeofareactiontypeofturbinediminishes

unfavorablefeaturesofthecavitationphenomenaOntheotherhandtheleakage

ofairinthesuctionsystemofapumpcausesconsiderab1ehindranceinthe
maintainanceofitsfunctioninraisingliquidtotherequirecllevelWithspecial
regarcltothistheinfiuenceofairleakageinthesuctionsystemontheperform

anceofthepumpwasexaminedasasecondstepltwasdemonstratedthatair

leakageisinvariablyaccompaniedbyanunfavorableeffectwhichresultsina
dropinheadanincreaseintherequiredshafthorsepowerwhichleadstoalow
eringofefliciency

Finallytheprerotationatthesuctioneyeoftheimpellerwasestimatedbasecl

onanidealve1ocitytriangleattheinletofthevanetoinvestigatetherelation
betweencavitationcharacteristicsandtlievaluteofprerotation

Themajorityoftheresultswereprepareclinacceptabledimensionlessforms
forthepurposeofprovidingmaterialforthemodelstudyofapump
TheoriginalpaperwasresentedattheJapanUSSeminaronSimilitudeinFluidMech

anicsatThelowalnstituteofHyclraulicsResearchUniversityoflowalowaCityon
September251967
FacultyofEngineeringHokkaidoUniversitySapporoJapan

46

ShoichiroFUKusAKoandMikioARIE

Nomenclature

Ga

flowrateofairgrfsec

Giv

flowrateofwaterkgsec

totalheadofpumpmAq

Ha

totalheadofpumpwhenairisintroducedintothesuctionsystem
mAq

netpositivesuctiveheadmAq

shafthorsepowerhorsepower

capacityofpumpm3sec

accelerationofgravitymsec2

revolutionofimpellerrpm

densityoffluidkgsec2m

77

efliciencyofpumpr2H75N

Z1

peripheralvelocityattheinletmsec

Zt2

peripheralvelocityattheexitofimpellermsec

averacrevelocityoffluiclinsuctionpipemsec

capacitycoeflicientdefineclattheinletvozti

ipft

fiowrateratiobetweenairandwaterGG

capacitycoethcientforthemixedliquidofwateranclair

gT

headcoefficientHu2g

gba

headratioHH

shafthorsepowercoefficieRtNiPA2u75

suctionspecificspeed

ZExperimenta1apparatus

AschematicviewofthecirculationtypeofwatersystemisgiveninFig1

toshowthearrangementofwatertankcentrifugalpumptobetestedelectric

dynamometervacuumpumppipelinesandmanometersThecapacityoftankis
663m3whichissuthcienttofillthetapwateravailableatthelaboratoryforthe

wholesystemThewaterlevelinthetankwascarefullywatchedtomaintain
afreesurfaceinsuchawaythatthevacuumpressurethereevacuatedbyawet

typevacuumpumpcouldbeadjustecltogivevariousvaluesoftlienetpositive

suctionheadtothepumpBaMeplatesareprovidedinthetankinorderto
avoidthedirectinfiowofthecavitationbubblesintothesuctionsystemThe
specificationsofthe150mmsinglesuctiontypeofcentrifugalpumpareH7m
Q28m3minn960rpmandnmm3sec476Theshroudofimpeller

andthecasingcoveratthesuctionsideweretransparentsothatthecavitation
bubblesinimpellercoulclbeobservedbytheaidofastroboscopicflashlight

ThemaindimensionsoftheimpellerareshowninTableAllpressureswere

readonthemercurycoumnsofvariousmanometersandthecapacityofpump
wasmeasuredonanorificemeterFig2showsthemaindimensionsofthe
impellertested

47

PerformanceTestsofaCentrifugalPump

MOVACUUMPUP

1860

ou

ORFCE

BAFFIiE
PULTE

il

DELIVERYVAVE

o
o

68tiI

TAeHOEEWERiMESMPUMP
250
EECRCDYNAMOEER

Fig1Aschematicviewofexperimentalapparatus
Table1Meandimensionsoftheimpellertestecl
existdiameter

12700mm

innerdicmeterglllg111StaSiiShrOd

Die1520mm
Dl1OOOmm

urjdthofexist

b2450mm

widthatinlet

bi650mm

vaneangleattheexist

2200

hd

2530

32027
3925

numberofvane

ij45
i
slxhympe

ttt

@ttttttttl

@GDqD
ocLA

l
E

i
l
Fig2

oo

9QT

Dimensionofimpeller

48

ShoichiroFuKusAKoandMikioARIE

3Cavitationperformance
Sixseriesofexperimentswerefirstundertakenfordifferentconstantspeeds
of70080090010001100and1200rpmbychangingthedischargequantity

toexaminethenatureofsimilarityinperformancecurvesinthecavitationfree
regionofpracticaloperationTheresultsareplottedinFig3intermsofhead

coefficientcapacitycoeMcientpowercoefficientandpumpethciencyAsmaybe

O6

sO

O5

O06

e8

O4

O05

Oe5

6Cb

on

Oe2

O1

O04

Zkaps

e
e
o

700pe

800
900
1000

00

MOO

1200

ee

O02

Oo
o

Fig3

ool

Oel

Oe2

005
Oo4

HeadcapacitypowercapacStyandeesciencycapacitycurves
innormaioperation

seeninthisfigurethesimilarityofperformancecanbeacceptedforvariousspeeds

ofpumpnowselectedThereforeanyfurtherresultstobeobtainedforthese

pumpspeedsbychangingtheparameterconcerneclwasexpectedtoshowthe
effectofthisparticularparameter

Thecavitationanditseffectonthefunctionofapumpmaybedefinedin

severalwaystheproductionofcavitationbubblessomewhereinsiclethepump
thegenerationofcavitationsoundandvibrationthedegreeofcavitationerosion
onthematerialthedropinheadandcapacityetcHoweverthereisnodoubt

thatthevalueofsuctionheadgovernsalargerpartoftheinitiationofthese
cavitationfeaturesFig4aandFig4baregivetoillustratethechangeof

PerformahceTestsofaCentrifugalPump

49

15O

HmAq

10

110

10

90

O8

70

O6

50

O4

02

4O
oo

10205040

50607O
HsvmAq

90

NiHP
80

D
70

60
1

5O

OO1020504050607O
HsvAq
b

FigzltDefinitionofthechacraccteristicpointsincavitationregion
100rpm2325331itsec

characteristicsbasedontheinterestsofmechaRicalperformanceofthepump
obtainablebyloaclingthesamecapacityofdischargeforaconstaBtspeedof
impellerandbychangingonlythesuctionheadforthepurposeofclearlyexag
geratingtheeffectofcavitationFig4aisaplotofheaclagainstvarious
valuesofnetpositivesuctionheadAsmaybeseeninthisfiguretheheadstarts

toloweratAwhenthesuctionheaclincreasestoacertainvalueandfinallyit
fallssuddenlyatBwherethepumpfailstoliftwateranymoreSinceallthe
operatingparametrsexceptthesuctionheadarekeptconstantAHmaybecon
sideredtobetheheadlossduetocavitationlnthesamewaytheshafthorse

powerbeginstoincreaseatCinFig4bandattainsitsmaximumvalueat
DandthepumpefficiencybeginstodecreaseatEANinFig4bmaybe
consideredtobetheincreaseofshafthorsepowerduetocavitationinthesame
wayasAHAseriesofexperimentswereundertakentorevealthegeneraltrend
ofthesecharacteristicpojntsforfourdifferentspeedsof9001000100and
1200rpmTheexperimentsfor700and800rpmarediscardedbecausethese

50

ShoichiroFUKusAlscoandMikioARIE

150
Hm

150

17469litee

19808
22819
26227

110

29e157
32359

55eO77

90

37641

70

50
oo

10

20

5eO

40

50

607O
HvAq

Fig5

HeadTINPSHrelationn200rpm

100

mat37641litsec

NlHP

5077

52159

90

2915

26e227

80

22p819
19808

70

1764

6O
oo

10

2eO

30

4eO

50

60

70

HmAq
Fig6

ShafthorsepoxverNPSHrelationn200rpm

characteristicpointscouldnotclearlybedetecteetinthepresentinstallationThe
resultsfor200rpmareshowninFigs56and7asanexample

Twocharacteristicnatureswerefounclintheseexperimentsinthecavitation

regionproducedbydecreasingthenetpositivesuctionheadOneisadecrease
intotalheadAHinFig4athatgivesthelossofpowerANhwtraHQ75in

thecavitationregionancltheotherisanincreaseinshafthorsepowerinclicated

bydNinFig4bThesumofthesetwopowersdNimaybeconsideredto
bethelossofpowerduetocavitation

51

PerformanceTestsofaCentrifugalPump

10
Q76411itsec35077

@2159

O8

O6

Q29157Lisec262272281919808

O4

O2

@17469

oo
oo

10

20

5eO

40

Z5O

6e7o
HsmAq

Fig7

EfficiencyNPSHrelationn1200rpm

O008
ANI

A75

O1427
01259
01644
01890
0217

O006

02527
02712

O004

O002
o

oooo
Qo

O2

O4

O6

O8

1012

14

Hsvu2g

FigDimensionlessplotofpowerlossvsNPSHn1200rpm

112L11i3NcH275

whereANispositivewhenitincreasesandr2AH75ispositivewhenit
decreasesThepowerlossofcavitationthuscomputedforn1200rpmis
showninFig8asanexampleltmaybeseeninthisfigurethatthelossin
thecavitationregionshowsatrendtoincreasewiththedecreaseofthenetposi

tivesuctionheadvLThentheloadofdischargeispositivelykeptconstantThis
factmaybeunclerstoodintwoways

52

ShoichiroFulusAIoandMilcioARIE

aTheproductionofcavitationbubblesresultedinanincreaseofthe
apparentspecificvolumeofthefiuidandhencethevelocitytrianglesattheinlet

andexitoftheimpellerweredeformedtobeaccompaniedbyareductionofthe
hydraulicefllciency

blnsofarasinsistanceoftheexperimentaltechniqueofkeepingthedis

chargeofthepumpconstanttheincrementofthepowerexceedingthedropin

headmustbeconsumedinsomewaydirectlyrelatedwiththeproductionof
cavitationbubbles
2000

10000

1000d
11000
1200e

5000

1000ct

sv

1100e
l200e

500

ngOOp0

n900rpm0

2000
1000

200

500

O510152025

O2

Hsvu2g

O506O7

O4

Hsvu92g

aThepointwheretheheadbeging
todropA

bThepointwherethe

pupingacion

spsB

sv

2000
1000

n900rpm0

1000rpd

sy

10000

BS4

n900rpm0

5000

1000

2000

llOOe
1200e

1100rpmc

500

1200rpme

1000
200
O5

10

152025
Hu2g

500
O4O6O810121416
Hu2g

cThepointwheretheshaftborsepower
beginstoincreaseC

dThepointwheretheshafthorsepover
attainsitmaximumvalueD

2000
n900rpm

1000
500

1000

100

1200

200
O5

10

152025
Hsvu2g

eThepointwheretheeffieieney
beginstolowerE
Fig9

Suctionspecificspeedvscharacteristicpoints

9PerformanceTestsofftcCentrifugalPump53
Perhapsthesetwoprocessesofenergydissipationmaybecombinedtogether
toincreasethelossofpowerinthecavitationregionw1ththedecreaseofthe
netpositivesuctionhead
ThedistributionofthecharacteristicpointsindicatedbyABCDandEis

shownnFig90naplaneofdimensionlessnetposiesuctionhead2
andsuctionspecispeed27sincethecharacteristpontsonthe

characteristicsiRthecavitationregionrepresentedbyABCDandEarefairly

welldistributeclrespectivelyononecurveasmaybeseeninthesefiguresthe

modeoftheplotsmaybeusefulintheestimationofthelimitingvalueofthe
suctionheighttobegiventoacentrifugalpump

4Bectofairleakageinthesuctiohsystemof

acentrifugalpumponitsperformance

Fig10showsaschematicviewoftheairinjectioncleviceatthesuction

pipeThirteenholesof4mmdiameterweredrMeclastheairinjectionportsin
abrasstubeof98mmdiameterinsertedinothesuctionpipealongitsdiameter

Theclischargeloadandthespeedofthepumpwereagainkeptconstantasinthe
previouscaseofcavitationtestanclacertainamountofconstantweightofair

wasgiventhroughtheseholesfromthesurroundingatrnosphereintothepump
foreachseyiesofexperimentstomeasurethetotalheadandthedrivinghorse
powerforvariousvaluesofsuctionhead
Theexperimentalresultsobtaineclforn200rpmaresbowninFigs11

2ancl3asexampleswithrespecttothevariationsofheadshafthorsepower

andediciencyrespectivelyTherelationbetweentheheadratioHHandthe

69

ORIFICE
10

ARSUPPLY
4

Fig10Airinjectiondevice

54

10

ShoichiroFUKusAIOandMikioARIE

15O

HmAq
150

110

G oooogs
a
O079

0147
0185

90

0255

70

0399
0480
0546
0629

24

0754

50
oo

10

20

50

40

50

60

70

HsvmAq
Fig11

HeadNPSHrelationwithairinjection
n1200rpmGv29157kgsec

10O

Ga78808gsec

NiHp

O147
90

80

Ga89sec
024
0599
0480
0546
0629

70

60
oo

10

205040506O

70

HsmAq

Fig12

PowerIXTPSHrelationwithairinjection
7tun200rpmGzv2957kgsec

weightratioofairandvLTaterGIGisplottedfornnt200rpmtoshowthe

effectofairleakageonpumpcharacteristicsTheintroductionofairinthesuc

tionsystemshowsnosignofimprovingthenatureofcavitationatleastonthe

characteristicsofapumpHoweveritcanclearlybeseenthateventhesame
quantityofairleakagegivesadifferentvalueofeffectonthepumpperformance

dependingonthevalueofthenetpositivesuctionheadrequiredThisresult
mustbecausedbythedifferenceinvolumeoccupiedbytheairbubbleswhen
thesuctionheadislargetheairbubblesmaybeconsideredtoexpandunderthe

11

55

PerforrnanceTestsofaCentrifugalPurnp

O7
Ga

W898gsec

O14

O6

bO

Ga8Ellggsec

O5
O24

0599
0480
0546
0629
0754

O4

O5
oo

205040506O

10

70

HsvmAg

EcaciencyNPSHrelationwithairinjection

Fig13

n1200rpmGv2957kgsec

1owpressureofthesurroundingwater
TheheadratHobtainedinthepresentinvestigationisgivennFigs

14and5toshowtheeffectofairleakageonapumpperformanceinapiotof

HvsGGvandnGHvsAsmaybeseeninthls

figuretheeffectofairleakageinthesuctionsystemofacentrifugalpurnpcan

begivenratherpertnentlyinacustomarlyacceptabledlmensionlessformSince
alltheparameterstodescribethepumpoperationwlthanarleakagearetaklen
intoconsderatonthlsmannerofexpressingthecharacteristicsofapumpcanbe

usedfortheestimationofpressuredropwhenamixtureofairandwateris

pumped
100

HaH

glsv625mAq

90

554

80

47

9P

70

60
60

284
16
1481 66
194

50

40

262

248

54S

318X535

30

O005

OOIO

OOG5

O020

O025

GaGw
F914

Headratiovsfiowrateration12eOrpm
Gv29157kgsec

O050

56

12

ShoichiroFuKusAKoandMikioARIE

150

o
e
el

120

sv

oee

100

e
eg oe
e

014

O210

008

eeo

80

eee @o

60

40

OOOI

O00

O002

O004

O005

O006

am

Fig15

zGHHaH

VSPSa7ie

5Qualitativenatureoftheeffectofprerotationoncavitation
characteristicsofacentrifugalpump

Anlmpellerofpumpisusuallydesignedtogiveai900atitsratedcapacity

sothattheflowoffluidontothevanewouldnothavethecomponetofprerota
tionfromthestandpointofanethcientmomentumtransmissionbetweentheimpeller
andfluidHoweverthereexistsacertainamountofprerotationwhentheoper

atingpointdeviatesfromthedesignpointaswillbeexpectedonthevelocity
triangleatthelnletoftheimpellerthecomponentofprerotationisinthe
directionoftherotationoftheimpelerwhenthecapacityislessthantherated

dischargeanditisinthereversedirectionwhenthedischargedemandexceeds
DESGNPOINMFORCAPACPY

OPERAPNGPONr FORSMALERCAPACPY

ClCl1

wlcF
FORASMAERCAPACIPY

U1

THANRATEDDISCHARGE

uT
c1

L1COMPONENOFPRE
PRIEROTAorZONltLIHENTHE

DISCHARGESESSEHANDESGNCAPACITY
Fig16Velocitytriangleattheinlet

13

57

PerforrnanceTestsofaCentrifugalPump

10

10

O9

O9

rO8

eNNgoo

7e

O7

oS

8
P

ta

O6

O6

O5

O5

O4
O5

O4

to

02

15 2025

OJ

Hu2g

O4O5O6
Hu2g

athepointwheretheheadbeginsto

brhepointwherethepumpingaction

dropA

stopsB

10

10

rO9

gos

kNgoo

Z8

O7

O7

O6

O6

O5

O5

O4

O4

e1Ob
1

O710152025

O710

15

20

25

Hu2g

Hvu29

cMhepointwheretheshafthorsepower
beginstoincreaseC

dThepontwheretheefficiency
beginstolowerE

Fig17Effectofprerotationoncharacteristicpointsincavitationregion

theratedcapacityasisshowninFig16Theexistenceofthesetypesofpre

rotationcaneasilybedetectedbyanobservationofthefiowintransparentsuction

pipeSincetheremightoccuracertainamountofshocklossattheinletwhen
theoperatingpointisdifferentfromthedesignpointaquantitativeconsideration

oftheprerotationcannotbeexpectedinthepresentexperimentHowever
aqualitativeeffectofprerotationonthepumpperformanceisderivablewhenthe
componentofshockvelocityattheinletisneglected
Byconstructingthevelocityrangleattheinlettheperipheralcomponentof

inflowciwasestimatedforeachseriesofexperimentsandtheresultsareshown

indimensionlessforminFig17toshowtherelationswiththecharacteristic
pointsABCandEoncavitationperformanceAsmaybeseeninthisfigure

theincreaseofprerotationresultsinamovementofthecharacteristicpointsto
asmallervalueofthenetpositivesuctionheadThereforeitmaybepermissible
toconcludethattheexistenceofaprerotationintheclirectionofuihasatrend

toimprovethecavitationperformanceofanimpellerofapump

58

ShoichiroFuKusAIoandMikioARIE

References
1

KrisamFNeueErkenntnisseinKreiselpumpenbauVD1ZVol953201953

KasaiTandTakamatsuYStudiesofcavitationaspectandsuctionperformanceof
centrifugalpumps3rd4thand5threportsGnJapaneseTransSMEVol291294
1963

MinamiSKawaguchiKandHommaTExperimentalstudyoncavitationincentri
fugalpumpimpellersinJapaneseJourJSMEVol628811959

GongerGACAtheoryofcavitationflowincentrifugalpumpinducerTransASME
Vol6329194

WislicenusGFTeststandforcentrifugalandpropelerpumpTransASMEVoi
646191942

SiebrechtWUntersuchungenttberRegelungtheoretischeundwirklicheF6rderh6hevon
KreiselpumpenVD1ZVol30871930

14