Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
&
MAINTENANCE
OF
SUBSTATION
Prepared By :- S.P. Gaopande
1
INDEX
PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION
4-5
3. MAIN EQUIPMENTS
4. COMMON TERMINOLOGY
5. LIGHTNING ARRESTER
8-9
6. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
10 - 17
7. ISOLATORS
18 - 19
8. CIRCUIT BREAKER
20 - 23
9. CAPACITORS
24 - 25
26 - 46
47 - 50
51 - 52
53 57
58
59 62
63 65
66 70
71 75
76 81
82 - 85
86 - 92
93 - 94
High Voltage
760 KV ..UHV
3
LA
BUS ISOLATOR
132 KV BUS
BUS ISOLATOR
BUS PT
HV CT OF TRAFO. (CT2)
HV SIDE CB
POWER TRANSFORMER
132 / 33 KV
LV CT OF TRAFO. (CT3)
LV SIDE CB
BUS ISOLATOR
33 KV BUS
BUS ISOLATOR
STATION
TRANSFORMER
FEEDER CT (CT4)
BUS PT
FEEDER CB
2) ONAF
3) OFAF
4) WTI
5) OTI
6) PRV
7) OSR
8) OLTC
9) RTCC
10) MOG
11) IDMT -
12) NO
13) NC
14) LILO
15) CRP
16) TTB
17) ACDB
18) DCDB
19) MB
20) AVR
Surge Counter
Lightning Arrester
8
Surge Counter
Testing: 1) IR Testing between Stack to stack & between each Stack to earth by suitable
megger.
2) Surge Counter Test - Apply 230V AC supply across the counter & check pointer
movement in clockwise direction.
Maintenance: 1) Insulator cleaning
2) Connections tightness
3) Checking of Earthing connections
4) Reading of leakage current on daily basis to be taken. If current shoots in red
zone, then that particular LA is to be replaced as early as possible.
2) INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
These transformers are minimum oil type & hermetically sealed. They are
expected to be maintenance free during their service life. They transform the high
current or high voltage connected to their primary windings to the standard low
values in the secondary that feed the metering and protection apparatus. It also
isolates the secondary circuits from very high voltages of power system.
From the application point of view, these are divided into mainly two
categories 1) Metering 2) Protection type.
Metering Type The specified performance of CT is to be maintained in the
range normally 5% to 120% of the rated current. The CT cores should be such
that it saturate at its instrument security factor (ISF) for safeguarding the
instrument from getting damaged under fault condition. The VT designed for
metering is required to perform as specified within the voltage range near to the
rated voltage normally 80% to 120% of the rated voltage.
Protection Type Main requirement of performance of protection class CTs is
that its cores should not get saturated below its Accuracy Limiting Factor (ALF) up
to, which the primary current should be faithfully transformed to the secondary,
maintaining the specified accuracy. During fault conditions, the primary of CT
carry very high current and the first few cycles of wave have the D.C. component,
which may sature the core. Behaviour of the cores in such condition should be
such as to avoid getting magnetized & to come to normalcy (demagnetised stage)
soon after clearing fault.
Outdoor Type Instrument Transformer These are used in Substations and
Power stations where high voltages are employed. While designing for their
performance, following factors should be considered.
A) Effect of atmosphere environment:-Use of porcelain insulators for external
isolation between Live and Ground. These insulators provide outer casing for all
the atmospheric conditions like rain, dust, chemical contamination, wind, sun, etc.
10
B) The insulation between primary & secondary windings has to be suitable for
withstanding the disturbance in the network system such as switching surges,
lightning surges, temporary over voltages, fault currents, over load currents, etc.
C) These transformers are normally oil filled with paper insulation and are
hermetically sealed to avoid ingression of moisture.
Instrument Transformer has the following major components:1) Primary Winding
2) Secondary Winding
3) Major Insulation
4) Insulator
5) Transformer Oil
6) Metal Tank
PT
CT
CT is connected in series with the supply line & PT is connected across the
supply line. The CT secondary should never be open circuited and no fuse should
be inserted. In a PT the secondary should never be short-circuited and a fuse is
used in PT secondary circuit.
11
12
13
CT Testing: 1) IR Testing
a) Primary to earth by 5 KV megger
b) Secondary each core to earth by 500 V megger
c) Primary to secondary by 5 KV megger
d) Secondary core to core by 500 V megger
2) Polarity Test - For carrying out this test, we require one 1.5 V cell, DC
analogue ammeter.
P1
P2
S1 +
S2
Analogue Ammeter
CELL
By making above connection, if there is positive deflection of ammeter, then
polarity is confirmed.
3) Ratio Test - Inject current in primary winding & measure induced secondary
current for different current readings and verify with CT Ratio.
4) Knee point check for PS class core - Inject 230 V variable AC voltage in
secondary core with ammeter in series. At certain stage, with 10% increase in
voltage, current shoots up almost 50%. This is the Knee point voltage. After
performing this test, Voltage is gradually reduced to Zero to demagnetise the CT.
5) Winding Resistance Test - Measure secondary winding resistance by microohm meter.
14
Xc
Phase Angle
V
If the capacitor is good or perfect, it will pass only capacitive or charging current
on application of voltage. Ideal capacitive current Ic leads voltage by 90. But in
practice, insulation has impurities & actual charging current vector departs from
the ideal Ic vector by a small angle () called the loss angle.
The loss angle () = 90 Power factor angle ()
Higher tan produces high dielectric loss that causes increase in temperature of
paper insulation. Increased value of Tan can be due to any of the following: a) Moisture in the insulation.
b) Contamination of oil.
c) Internal partial discharge.
CT Maintenance: a) Checking of Oil level & leakage, rectify the same immediately.
b) Checking of Insulation Resistance.
c) Power connection tightness.
d) Secondary connection tightness.
e) Cleaning of Bushings / Insulators.
f) Check the proper earthing of Body connection.
g) Check the earthing of CT Secondary core star points.
k) Check the working of stainless steel bellows.
l) Check the nitrogen pressure in case of Nitrogen filled CT.
15
16
PT Maintenance: a) Checking of oil level & leakage, rectify the same immediately.
b) Checking of Insulation Resistance.
c) Power connection tightness.
d) Secondary connection tightness.
e) Cleaning of Bushings / Insulators.
f) Check the proper earthing of Body connection.
g) Check the secondary fuse condition & replace if required by proper rating.
h) Check the working of stainless steel bellows.
i) Check the nitrogen pressure in case of Nitrogen filled PT.
17
18
Isolator Maintenance: 1) Checking of the male / female contacts for good condition and proper
connections.
2) Checking proper alignment of male & female contacts & rectify if required.
3) Cleaning of Insulators.
4) Lubrication of all moving parts on regular basis.
5) Tightness of all earthing connections.
6) In case of Isolator with Earth switch, check electrical and mechanical interlock
i.e. Isolator can be closed only when E/switch is in open condition & vice versa.
7) As Isolators are operated on No load, hence check the interlock with Circuit
Breaker, if provided i.e. Isolators can be operated when Breaker is in OFF
condition.
8) The motor operating mechanism box, in case of motor operated isolators,
should be checked for inside wiring, terminal connectors, etc.
9) Check the Panel indications i.e. semaphore & bulbs if provided (Isolator and
Earth switch - close and open condition) and rectify if required.
19
4) CIRCUIT BREAKER
Circuit Breaker is used to close or isolate the circuit in normal and abnormal
condition and to protect the electrical equipment against the fault. The parts of a
circuit breaker include
1) Poles with interrupter, support porcelain, arc quenching medium, etc.
2) Operating mechanism
3) Support structure
4) Control circuit
SF6 Circuit Breaker
The part of the breakers assembled in one phase is called a pole. A circuit
breaker suitable for three-phase system is called a triple pole circuit breaker. All
the three poles operate simultaneously. Each pole comprises one or more
interrupters or arc quenching chambers. The interrupter is mounted on support
insulators. The interrupter encloses a pair of fixed and moving contact. The
moving contact can be drawn apart by means of the operating mechanism. The
operating mechanism gives the necessary energy for opening and closing of
contacts of the breakers. The arc produced by the separation of current carrying
contacts is extinguished by a suitable medium.
20
When a fault occurs in the protected circuit, the relay connected to the CT
actuates and closes its contacts. D.C. current flows from the source in the trip
circuit. As the trip coil of the breaker is energized, the circuit breaker operating
mechanism is actuated & it operates for the opening operation automatically. The
spring in the operating mechanism is charged by electrically or manually. Breaker
auxiliary switches are mechanically attached with the operating mechanism of
breaker. The contact changeover takes place as per breaker operation. Auxiliary
contacts are used for breaker operation circuit, indication circuit, and trip circuit
supervision circuit.
The Circuit breakers are classified on the basis of arc extinction medium:
(i) Bulk Oil type
(ii) Minimum Oil type
(iii) Air Blast type
(iv) SF6 Gas type
(v) Vacuum type
In short, difference of individual breaker is listed below:
1) Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker Contacts are separated inside a steel tank filled
with transformer oil used for arc quenching.
2) Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker Contacts are separated in an insulated
housing (interrupter) filled with transformer oil used for arc quenching. In the case
of MOCBs after certain number of tripping, oil is to be replaced as recommended
by the manufacturer. After 2 to 3 times of oil replacement, or after certain numbers
of serious faults, it is necessary to overhaul the complete breaker.
3) Air Blast Circuit Breaker It utilizes high-pressure compressed air for arc
extinction.
21
4) SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker Sulphur-Hexa-fluoride gas is used for arc extinction
in this breaker. It is must to monitor the SF6 gas pressure inside the breaker pole
and check periodically the contact resistance of each pole or the travel of each
pole. This is helpful to prevent the problem of bursting of poles. The SF6 breaker
has an advantage that the rate of restricting voltage is zero & hence the burning of
male / female contacts is less. Operating mechanism is of two types: 1) Movement of contacts is controlled by spring mechanism. (Spring Operated)
2) Movement of contacts is controlled by air pressure. (Pneumatic operated)
5) Vacuum Circuit Breaker In this breaker, the contacts are housed inside a
permanently sealed vacuum interrupter. The arc is quenched as the contacts are
separated in high vacuum. For VCBs, the vacuum bottle is hermetically sealed
and as such no maintenance is required. However to ascertain the failure of
vacuum bottle, it is necessary to check the contact resistance of each pole or the
travel of each pole as specified by the manufacture. VCBs are generally used up
to 33 KV voltage systems.
Definition of Some Common Terms related with Circuit Breaker
a) Fault clearing time It is the time elapsed between the instant of the
occurrence of a fault and the instant of final arc extinction in the circuit breaker. It
is the sum of relay time and breaker time.
b) Relay time It is the time elapsed between the instant of occurrence of fault &
the instant of closure of relay contacts, i.e. closure of trip circuit.
c) Breaker time It is the time elapsed between the instant of closure of trip
circuit and the instant of final current zero.
d) Anti Pumping of a circuit breaker It blocks the repeat closing pulse when
breaker is already in closed condition.
22
closing followed by opening, t = 0.3 second for breaker to be used for rapid autoreclosure, T = 3 minute.
2) CO-t-CO
reclosure.
Maintenance of Circuit Breaker: a) Tightness of power connections & control wiring connections
b) Cleaning of Insulators
c) Lubrication of moving parts
d) Checking of contact resistance, close-open timing, Insulation resistance
e) Checking of gas pressure for SF6 circuit breaker (leakages if any)
f) Checking of air pressure for pneumatic operated breaker (leakages if any)
g) Checking of Controls, Interlocks & Protections like checking of pole discrepancy
system i.e. whether all three poles are getting ON OFF at the same time
h) Cleaning of Auxiliary switches by CTC or CRC spray and checking its operation
23
5) CAPACITOR BANK
In any power utility, maintaining stable power supply at proper voltage is always a
problem. Due to lot of inductive load, the reactive power flow takes place in the
system which results into lowering of system voltage and increase in
Transmission & Distribution losses. The HT capacitor provides an interim solution
in improving the power system stability, the voltage and power factor. HT
capacitor bank also compensate the losses occurring in the transmission lines.
Capacitor unit has one steel container, two bushings and several capacitor
elements enclosed in the unit. A single HV Capacitor may have a capacitance of 5
KVAr to 200 KVAr. Several identical units are mounted on Insulator racks and
connected in series parallel combination to obtain a High Voltage Capacitor Bank.
Before commissioning, megger the capacitor bank between phases and earth.
The megger reading for individual capacitor should not be less than 50 M. For
more than one unit in parallel, minimum acceptable megger value can be derived
by dividing 50 M by the number of units connected in parallel. Before switching
on capacitor, bus voltage, system incoming load current and power factor can be
noted. After energising, check that capacitor draws almost balance current in all
the 3 phases and is near to its rated value. Note the change in bus voltage, load
current and system power factor. Normally after capacitors are energised, there
will be little rise in bus voltage and some reduction in system load current and
improvement in power factor. In case load current increases instead of reducing, it
shows that capacitors connected are more than required for the load and in this
case the power factor shall be leading.
When Residual voltage factor (RVT) is used for unbalance protection, measure
open delta voltage, which should be negligible. In case, capacitors are connected
in double star with neutral CT, the current on the secondary side of neutral CT can
be measured, which should also be negligible.
24
25
6) POWER TRANSFORMER
Transformer is one of the most important equipments in a power transmission and
distribution system. It does stepping up or stepping down the voltage and transfer
power from one A.C. voltage to another A.C. Voltage at the same frequency.
Transformer has Primary & Secondary windings housed in main tank filled with
insulated oil. Oil is used for providing insulation as well as cooling of windings.
1) The capacity of Transformer is expressed in Volt-ampere (KVA / MVA)
2) The transformation ratio K (constant) = Vs/Vp = Ns/Np
Where Vp, Np denote primary voltage & turns respectively. And Vs, Ns denote
secondary voltage & turns respectively.
If K > 1, then transformer is called step-up transformer
If K < 1, then transformer is called step-down transformer
For an ideal transformer, Input VA = Output VA
i.e. Vp x Ip = Vs x Is or Is/Ip = Vp/Vs = 1/K (where Ip & Is are Primary and
secondary current respectively). Hence currents are in the inverse ratio of the
(voltage) transformation ratio.
26
Main fixtures of Power Transformer and their functions are listed below: a) Buchholz Relay - This relay is designed to detect transformer internal fault in
the initial stage to avoid major breakdown. Internal fault in transformer generates
gases by decomposition of oil due to heat & spark inside the tank. These gases
pass upward towards the conservator tank, trapped in the housing of the relay,
thereby causing the oil level to fall. The upper float rotates & switches contacts
close & thus giving alarm.
In case of a serious fault, gas generation is more, which causes operation of lower
float & trips the circuit breaker. The gas can be collected from a small valve at the
top of relay for Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA).
27
Checking the floats operation manually: a) Close the both valves. (From Transformer and main conservator side)
b) Drain oil from the buchholz relay.
c) Top float makes contact as the oil gets lowered and gives Alarm.
d) If oil is further drained, bottom float makes contact and gives trip signal.
After testing, both valves must be opened without fail and released the air from
relay. Alarm & Trip circuit can also checked by shorting contacts externally by link.
b) Oil Surge Relay - It is similar to Buchholz relay with some changes. It has only
one float & operates when oil surges reach and strike the float of OSR. It is used
with OLTC for detection of any damage or fault inside the tap changer and
prevents tap changer from damages in case of low oil level in OLTC tank.
Checking the float operation manually: a) This relay can be checked by pressing test switch provided on top side. Here
only one contact is provided which gives trip signal on operation of float. By
shorting contact externally by link, trip circuit can also be checked.
c) Explosion Vent - It consists of a bent pipe with bakelite diaphragm at both
ends. A protective wire mesh is fitted on the opening of transformer to prevent the
pieces of ruptured diaphragm from entering the tank. The wire mesh is also
provided at the upper end to protect upper diaphragm from any mechanical
damages. At the lower end, there is a small oil level indicator. When the lower
diaphragm ruptures due to excess internal pressure, the oil level rises in the vent
pipe & is visible through the indicator. In case the internal pressure developed is
not reduced to safe value after the bursting of lower diaphragm, upper diaphragm
gives away throwing the gas and oil outside and prevents further mechanical
damages.
28
d) Pressure Relief Valve - When the pressure in the tank rises above predetermined safe limit, this valve operates & performs the following functions: 1) Allows the pressure to drop by instantaneously opening the port.
2) Gives visual indication of valve operation by raising a flag.
3) Operates a micro switch, which gives trip command to breaker.
Checking the PRV operation manually: a) The operation of PRV can be done by lifting the plunger (Plunger operates
switch). By shorting contact externally by link, trip circuit can also be checked.
e) Oil Temperature Indicator - It is dial type thermometer, works on the vapour
pressure principle. The bulb, which is known as Probe is exposed to the
temperature to be measured, is connected by a length of flexible tubing to a
borden gauge tube, which is known as 'operating bellow'. This bellow is filled with
a volatile liquid. The change in bulb temperature causes change in the vapour
pressure of the liquid & pointer moving on a dial calibrated in degree centigrade
indicates the consequent movement of the operating bellow. It has two pair of
contacts, one for Alarm & another for Trip. In general, oil temperature alarm is set
at 80- 85 C and oil temperature tripping is set at 85- 90 C.
Checking the OTI operation manually: a) The operation of OTI can be checked by tilting the float position. The first float
S1 is used for alarm and another float S2 is for trip signal.
Alarm & Trip circuit can also checked by shorting contacts externally by link.
f) Winding Temperature Indicator - It is also similar to OTI but has some
changes. It consists of a probe fitted with 2 capillaries. Capillaries are connected
with two separate bellows (operating/compensating). These bellows are
connected with temperature indicator. Operating bellow is surrounded by heater
coil, which gets current from one WTI CT, when load on transformer increases,
corresponding current passes to the heater coil mounted on operating bellow. The
heater coil heats the operating bellow, which is filled with volatile liquid.
29
Due to this heat, vapour pressure of volatile liquid increases hence WTI shows
more temperature as compared to OTI. There are four mercury switches, 1
contact for Alarm, 2 for Trip circuit and 3 for cooler control and 4 as a spare.
In general, winding temperature alarm is set at 85- 90 C and winding
temperature tripping is set at 90- 95 C. The fan Auto ON operation is set at 60
C and Fan auto OFF is set at 55 C.
Checking the WTI operation manually: a) The operation of Winding Temperature Indicator can be done by tilting the float
position. The first float S1 is used for alarm and another float S2 is for trip signal.
Fan auto operation can also be checked by float movement. Alarm / Trip circuit
can also be checked by shorting contacts externally by link.
g) Conservator - As expansion and contraction occurs in transformer main tank,
consequently the same phenomena takes place in conservator as it is connected
to main tank through a pipe. Conservator communicates with the atmosphere
through a breather, incorporating a dehydrator, which is connected to the breather
pipe. Other end of this pipe opens at the top in the conservator, just below the
conservator upper wall.
h) Breather - This is a special air filter incorporating a dehydrating material,
called, Silica Gel. It is used to prevent the ingress of moisture and contaminated
air into conservator. It consists of an inner metal cylinder filled with silica gel. Both
ends of this cylinder are enclosed by wire mesh screen. This cylinder is enclosed
in an outer casing of cast iron. Casing has 2 parts. The upper part is cover; where
as lower part is attached with an oil seal. When transformer breathes in, the air
enters which passes into the oil seal. The contamination, if any, is observed in this
oil. Then air passes through silica gel, where the moisture, if any, is observed by
the silica gel and pure and dry air goes to conservator tank of transformer. Normal
colour of Silica Gel is blue. If it turns to pink, then Silica Gel is to be reactivated /
replaced by fresh Gel.
30
i) Oil Level Indicator - It is also known as magnetic oil gauge (MOG). It has a pair
of magnet. The metallic wall of conservator tank separates magnets without any
through hole. Magnetic field comes out and it is used for indication. This
eliminates any chances of leakage. The driving magnet rotates and acquires the
position corresponding to height of oil level, as it is linked with a float. The float is
hinged & swings up and down with oil level. This rise or fall rotates driving magnet
with the help of bevel gear and pinion. Follower (Driven) magnet moves
accordingly and operates a pointer & a cam. The pointer reads oil level & cam is
set to operate a mercury switch to give low oil alarm as per the oil position.
Checking the MOG operation manually: a) Operation of MOG can be done by tilting the float position which gives alarm
signal. Alarm circuit can also checked by shorting contacts externally by link.
j) Radiators - Small Transformers are provided with welded cooling tubes or
pressed sheet steel radiators. But large transformers are provided with detachable
radiators plus valves. For additional cooling, exhaust fans are provided on
radiators. The hot oil in main tank goes up and enters in the radiators. After
cooling in radiators, either by natural air or forced air, oil again goes to main tank
from the lower valve and circulates continuously.
k) Bushings It comprises a central conductor surrounded by graded insulation.
Bushing is necessary when a conductor is taken out through metallic tank or wall.
Oil filled bushing is used for 33 KV applications. For making bushing compact,
synthetic resin bonded condenser bushing is used for 33 and 66 KV applications.
For 132 KV & above voltages, oil impregnated paper condenser bushing is used.
It consists of a central conductor surrounded by alternate layers of insulating
paper & tin foil. The capacitor formed by alternate layers of tin foil and paper
insulation results in uniform electric stress distribution between conductor surface
and earthed flange. The bushing core is coated with suitable resin.
31
The assembly is enclosed in hollow porcelain and is provided with support flange
and top hood. The porcelain is filled with oil.
Creepage Distance (CD) It is the shortest distance between two conductive
parts along the surface of the insulating material. CD requirement depends upon
rated phase to ground voltage and degree of atmospheric pollution.
Degree of Pollution
Recommended Min. CD
1) Clean area
16 mm / KV
20 mm / KV
3) Industrial area
22 mm / KV
25 mm / KV
As soon as we insert handle, hand interlock switch opens out the electrical circuit
and no one can operate O.L.T.C. electrically.
RTCC (Remote tap change control cubicle) is used for tap changing by manually
or automatically through Automatic Voltage Relay (AVR) which is set +/- 5% of
110 Volt (Reference taken from secondary side PT voltage). During Auto tap
changing, Bell / Hooter will ring up thus gives information to substation operator
for tap changing.
Transition resistances are used in OLTC for avoiding momentarily interruption of
power supply during tap changing. At the time of tap changing, load current
passes through the transition resistances & no power interruption occurs during
tap changing.
Transformer Tap: - Tapping is provided in Primary winding. Hence by changing
the tapping, we can change secondary voltage as per requirement.
The transformer equation is: - V2/V1 = N2/N1
i.e. V2 = (N2 x V1)/N1
There is an Inverse relationship exists between secondary voltage & primary
turns. When primary turns are decreased i.e. Tap position is shifted from 3 to 4,
secondary voltage gets increased and if primary turns are increased i.e. Tap
position is shifted from 4 to 3, then secondary voltage gets decreased.
Parallel Operation of Transformers:
Before paralleling two or more transformers, the four principal characteristics of
those transformers should match as given below:
1) Same voltage ratio
2) Same percentage impedance
3) Same polarity
4) Same vector group
33
Load B = L x ( Z1 / Z1+Z2 )
So that A transformer will share only 1/3rd load & B transformer will share 2/3rd
load. Hence operating transformers in parallel, the output of the smallest
transformer should not be less than 1/3rd of the output of largest one.
When operating two transformers in parallel, one of the RTCC panels is kept on
Master mode and another one is kept on Follower mode so that simultaneously
tap changing is possible on both transformers. If transformers are not running
parallel, the control switch is kept on Independent Mode i.e. both transformers
taps can be separately changed.
Site Testing of Transformer:
1) Insulation Resistance Test
a) Between HV & Earth.
b) Between LV & Earth.
c) Between HV & LV by suitable range of megger.
2) Voltage Ratio Test - This test is essential to check the output or the secondary
voltage on each tap position. By virtue of this test the problems in the OLTC can
be easily detected. 3 Phase, 440 V LT supply is applied to the primary side of the
transformer and the output volts at the secondary side for each tap position is
measured. If any break in voltage reading is observed during change of tap
position, then there is some problem in that particular tap.
34
3) Magnetic Balance Test - This test is carried out to check the balancing of the
induced voltages in the windings & flux distribution. Transformer is kept on normal
tap position and 3 Phase, 440 V LT supply is applied to the primary windings as
given below:
1) YNyn0 Transformer: - First the voltage is applied between R & N. Voltage will
be induced in between YN and BN. Voltages are noted & will be observed that:
In Primary side: - V RN = V YN + V BN = 2/3 + 1/3
On Secondary side: - V rn = V yn + V bn = 2/3 + 1/3
If the voltage readings on secondary are observed as above, then it can be
assumed that the flux distribution is balanced & proper. If the magnetic balance is
not correct, readings will be different and typical noise will be observed. This will
indicate that there is some problem in the core of the transformer.
Again apply voltage to YN, the result will be:
In Primary side: - V YN = V BN + V RN = 1/2 + 1/2
On Secondary side: - V yn = V bn + V rn = 1/2 + 1/2
Similarly apply voltage to BN, the result will be:
In Primary side: - V BN = V YN + V RN = 2/3 + 1/3
On Secondary side: - V bn = V yn + V rn = 2/3 + 1/3
Note: - In case of Dyn11 Transformer, voltage is applied on primary side between
first R and Y terminals (R Phase winding), next Y and B terminals (Y Phase
winding), and B and R terminals (B Phase winding). Result will be same as
mentioned above for YNyno Transformer.
35
4) Vector Group Test - This test is carried out to check correctness of windings
connections. The Phase angle difference arises out of the internal connections of
the windings. A star / star transformer having the similar vector diagram for
primary and secondary side can be connected in two different ways internally.
In the first case there is 0 displacement between primary and secondary whereas
in the second case there is 180 displacement. In addition to this, a +30 or 30
displacement is possible in a 3 phase transformer when the vector diagram is
different i.e. delta/star OR star/delta type.
For parallel operation, secondaries must have same phase angle displacement
with respect to their primaries so that there may be no phase difference between
the terminals of the secondaries themselves.
A three-digit vector symbol is adopted to designate the vector group.
a) First letter in capital represents Primary winding connection - D: Delta & Y: Star
b) Second letter in small represents Secondary winding connection - d: Delta and
y: Star
c) Third digit represents the phase displacement between the primary and
secondary.
The convention employed is to describe it by the hour in a clock in which the HT
voltage is represented by the minute hand set to 12 o'clock position, and the LT
voltage is represented by the hour hand. Since 12 hours represents 360of a full
circle, each hour represents a 30 phase difference. Thus 0 represents no phase
difference, 1 stands for minus 30, 6 for 180 and 11 for plus 30 displacement
as referred to the standard counter clockwise vector rotation.
36
r
n
n
b
b
B
y
N
Primary
Secondary
Y
Vector Representation
b) V Bb = V Yy
2) Dyn11 Transformer: - Keep the transformer on normal tap position. Short R &
r of windings.
R,r
R
y
n
b
B
Y
Primary
Secondary
Vector Representation
b) V Yb = V Yy
37
38
7) Oil Test - The oil is used as insulation between windings & core and between
windings & tank. Without oil, the paper insulation of the windings could be
punctured early which in turn will result in failure of transformer. The oil facilitates
cooling of the windings and magnetic circuits. The oil protects windings and core
of transformer from the absorption of moisture. The test on oil is divided into two
different categories.
1) Physico chemical Testing: a) Density - It indicates the type of transformer oil whether paraffin base or
naphtha base.
b) Kinematics Viscosity - The oil should circulate freely in the equipment to
maximize heat transfer. A low viscosity oil fulfils this need. Viscosity of oil
increases because of oxidation taking place at all times. If viscosity increases by
15%, then oil needs replacement.
c) Flash Point Flash point is a minimum temperature at which oil will support
instantaneous combustion (flash) but before it burns continuously. Flash point of
new oil should be fairly high.
d) Pour Point - It is the indicator of the ability of oil to flow at cold operating
conditions. It is the lowest temperature at which the fluid will flow when cooled
under prescribed conditions.
e) Neutralization Value - This indicates the presence of combined acids i.e.
organic & inorganic. The degradation of oil gives rise to acidic compounds and
formation of sludge. The acidity is given by its neutralization value, which indicates
the total acidity and is evaluated by milligrams of KOH per gram of oil. Acidity
content in oil should be low.
39
40
41
Standard Values
60 KV (min.)
50 KV (min.)
40 KV (min.)
0.05
1 X 10 * 12 (-cm)
15 ppm (max.)
20 ppm (max.)
25 ppm (max.)
0.03 N/m (min.)
0.89 g/cu.cm (min.)
140C (max.)
- 6C (max.)
0.03 mg KOH/g
(max.)
------ Identification
White
Yellow
Grey
Black
Ratio Method used for Analysis of DGA results:-In this method three ratios of
gases are used. They are methane / hydrogen, ethylene / ethane, acetylene /
ethylene. If the ratio comes out more than one, it indicates abnormal deterioration
and less than one indicates normal aging.
Particulars
C2H2/C2H4
CH4/H2
C2H4/C2H6
b) 0.1 to 1.0
c) 1.0 to 3.0
42
Ratio Code
C2H2/C2H4
No Fault
Partial
Discharge of
low energy
density
Partial
Discharge of
high energy
density
Discharge of
low energy
Diagnosis
CH4/H2 C2H4/C2H6
0
0
0
1
0
0
Normal Aging
Discharge in gas filled
cavities due to incomplete
impregnation
1 to 2
1 to 2
Discharge of
high energy
Thermal fault of
low temp. less
than 150C
Thermal fault
temp. 150 to
300C
Thermal fault
temp. 300 to
700C
Thermal fault
temp. > 700C
43
44
45
46
47
5) Circuit Breaker control switch (TNC switch) is fitted on front. Normally switch is
on Normal (Centre) position. Handle is moved to the right or left to initiate close or
trip operations.
6) Indication lamps mounted for various purposes follow a standard colour code.
Red - C.B. or switch CLOSED
Green - C.B. or switch OPEN
White - Trip circuit healthy
Amber - Alarm indication i.e. CBs tripped on fault
7) Annunciation System It gives alarm in case of any abnormality in the system.
Alarm bell rings and appropriate facia lamp flashes ON & OFF. Substation
operator has to ACCEPT the signal by pressing a button, which silences the bell
and causes the lamp to show a steady light. After taking remedial action, the
operator RESETS the alarm circuit by pressing another push button, the lamp
being simultaneously extinguished.
48
Yellow
Blue
Black
Green
- Connections to earth
Grey
- Connections in D.C.circuit
Each wire should have a letter to denote its function. D.C. supply from +ve source
should bear odd number & from -ve source should bear even number.
CT Secondary Terminal S2 of all protection & metering cores are shorted in CT
junction box. Only one common wire of S2 along with S1 wires of all 3 phases
CTs are brought to CRP. Earthing of S2 wires is done at one end. (CRP end)
In substation, various drawings are available namely:
a) Wiring Drawing: The routing of wires from various equipments in a control and
relay panel is shown in this drawing. The route of the particular wire as per its
purpose of application can be traced easily while attending any faults in the
particular circuit.
For reading of drawing it should be kept in mind that drawing is prepared
when isolator & breaker positions are OFF & spring of the breaker mechanism is
in deenergised condition.
b) Schematic Drawing: This drawing is a representation of various circuits such
as metering, protection, control, indication, annunciation, etc. in a control and
relay panels.
49
50
8) STATION TRANSFORMER
This is a small distribution transformer located in the substation premises. It has
given protection through proper rating of D.O.Fuse. Incoming HT supply to the
transformer is tapped from LT bus of substation through Isolator. The output
voltage 440 Volt is terminated to ACDB through LT cables. The main purpose of
station transformer in substation is to provide auxiliary supply to various
equipments through A.C. Distribution Board (ACDB) via MCBs or Switch Fuse
units:
1) A.C. supply is used for battery charger, which converts A.C. to D.C. supply for
charging the batteries and parallel provides D.C. source for various controls of
substation equipments. In case of A.C. supply failure, batteries will take care of
D.C. supply continuity for equipments controls.
2) A.C. supply is used for OLTC for tap changing operation of transformer and
also cooling arrangement of transformer.
3) A.C. supply is used for spring charging mechanism of breakers.
4) A.C. supply is used for Office and Yard Illumination.
5) A.C. supply is used for Oil filtration, some miscellaneous welding work, and
Test supply for carrying out testing of various equipments in switchyard.
51
52
direction.
53
POWER TRIANGLE
Apparent Power
KVA (S)
Reactive Power
KVAr (Q)
Active Power
KW (P)
Power Factor = Cos = (Active Power) / (Apparent Power)
Active Power: The actual amount of power that produces the effective work is
called active or real power. It is measured in Watts.
Reactive Power: The power drawn by reactive load such as Capacitors and
Inductors in a system is called reactive power. It is measured in VAr (Volt amp
reactive).
Apparent Power: The total power demanded by the load is the product of current
and voltage. This power is referred as apparent power. It is measured in VA (Volt
amp).
54
SECURE MAKE
3 Phase 4 Wire Energy Meter
10
M1
L1
M2
L2
M3
L3
P
H
A
S
E
P
H
A
S
E
P
H
A
S
E
P
H
A
S
E
P
H
A
S
E
P
H
A
S
E
P
H
A
S
E
P
H
A
S
E
P
H
A
S
E
C
T
P
T
C
T
C
T
P
T
C
T
C
T
P
T
C
T
s
2
s
1
s
2
s
1
s
1
55
s
2
N
E
U
T
R
A
L
C1
P2
C2
P
Potential
Electrode
Electrode
(Earth Pit)
C
Current
Electrode
E is the earth pit electrode under measurement; P & C are two auxiliary electrodes
of 15-20 mm diameter and 40 cm long bars. The electrode C1 is planted at a
distance of approx. 25 metres from E and P1 is fixed centrally between E and C1.
One reading of Pit resistance is taken by rotating handle of earth tester. Two more
readings are taken by shifting P1 a distance of 3 metres on either side of its
central position. The value is the resistance of Electrode E to the earth.
e) Insulation Tester (Megger): - Insulation resistance between an insulated
conductor (part) and earth is checked by megger. Phase conductor is connected
to the terminal marked Line on the megger and the terminal marked Earth is
connected to the earth continuity conductor or an efficient earth. The handle is
turned to indicate a steady reading on the instrument. A megger, with its handle
being turned gently, should record zero when its two leads are touched together,
and read infinity when its leads are held apart.
56
57
21:
27:
49:
AC Circuit Breaker
59:
62:
63:
64R:
67:
67N:
75:
80:
DC Supervision Relay
86:
87:
Differential Relay
89:
94:
95:
96:
58
Probable Trouble
CT Circuits
Noise in CT
PT Circuits
Voltmeter not showing correct
reading
59
S/No.
2
Probable Trouble
D.C. Protection Circuits
Non tripping of breaker
- D.C. leakage
60
S/No.
5
Probable Trouble
D.C. Protection Circuits
Mal-operation of Relay
Spring charging motor does not - Either loose fitting of fuse and link
start
or blowing of fuse
- Loose connections
- Failure of A.C. or D.C. supply
- Misalignment or defective limit
switch of Spring charging mechanism
- Defective motor
Annunciation Circuits
Non working of Bell
- D.C. leakage
- Disturbance in aux. relay contacts
adjustment
61
S/No.
1
Probable Trouble
Indication Circuits
Lamp not indicating for breaker
ON-OFF position
62
Safety Electrical Clearances: Most of the equipments in a substation are provided with sufficient insulation from
breaking down. There is a need for assurance that the breakdown or flashover will
not occur to the operating personnel and some safe distance is to be maintained.
Clearances are broadly categorized as below.
a) Phase to earth clearance: - Equipment phase to earth clearance depends on
the type of insulation material used. While equipment bushings take care of
external clearances, the insulating material inside the equipment like oil, SF6, and
vacuum take care of earth clearance internally.
b) Phase to phase clearance: - It is the clearance between two conductors
charged electrically. Sufficient phase-to-phase clearance has to be provided in air
to prevent flash over & breakdown of air insulation. This clearance is one of the
factors in deciding bay width in substations.
c) Section clearance: - This clearance is required from point of safety to
operating personnel. It is distance between two sections of a substation that
enables a person to work on one section of a substation, in a safe manner, that
the phase to earth clearance is maintained between the live point and the
approach of the working personnel with sufficient margin.
d) Ground clearance: - It is a distance between ground level and bottom of any
insulator in an outdoor substation.
Standard Safe Clearances
Voltage (KV)
BIL (KVp)
Ph-Earth Clearance (Cm)
Ph-Ph Clearance (Cm)
Ph-Ground Clearance
(Mtr)
Section Clearance (Mtr)
33
KV
170
32
40
3.7
66 KV
110 KV
325
63
75
4.0
550
115
135
4.6
1050
240
210
5.5
1425
350
410
8.0
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.3
6.5
63
220 KV 400 KV
- 5.795 Metres
- 6.100 Metres
- 5.490 Metres
- 5.795 Metres
c) Elsewhere than along or across street :1. Below and up to 11 KV (Bare conductor)
- 4.575 Metres
- 3.965 Metres
3. Above 11 KV
- 5.185 Metres
4. EHV line
11- 66
KV
2.44
2.44
3.05
4.58
5.49
110 132
KV
3.05
3.05
3.05
4.58
5.49
64
220
KV
4.58
4.58
4.58
4.58
5.49
400 KV
5.49
5.49
5.49
5.49
5.49
Area
(Sq.Inch)
Rabbit
Dog
Coyote
Panther
Moose
0.050
0.100
0.125
0.200
0.500
6
6
26
30
54
3.35
4.72
2.54
3.00
3.53
65
1
7
7
7
7
3.35
1.57
1.90
3.00
3.53
Calculated
Current
D.C.
Resistance
(Ohm/Km)
Rating
with
1 mph
Wind
Speed
0.54490
0.27450
0.22140
0.13750
0.05517
200
305
380
510
880
Earthing for EHV Substation: One of the important aspects in the operation of the protective equipment is
proper earthing. By earthing, it means making a connection to the general mass of
the earth. Earthing also increases the reliability of the supply service as it helps to
provide stability of voltage conditions, prevent excessive voltage peaks during
disturbances and also as a means of providing a measure of protection against
lightning. For outdoor substation, a main earthing ring should be provided round
the substation which should be connected to all earth electrodes. The ring should
be laid so as to have shortest connection from transformers, circuit breakers etc.
Types of Earthing: - It can be divided into Neutral earthing & Equipment earthing.
a) Neutral Earthing deals with the earthing of system neutral to ensure that
neutral points are held at earth potential and return path is available to neutral
current.
Points to be earthed: Transformer neutral is to be earthed to two separate and
distinct earth electrodes interconnected with substation earth mat.
b) Equipment Earthing deals with earthing of non-current carrying parts of
equipments to ensure safety to personnel & protection against lightning.
Points to be earthed: All non-current carrying metallic parts of equipments,
structures, enclosures, overhead shielding wires, flanges of bushings, cores of
transformer, cable sheaths, earthed screens, pipes, portable appliances, fences,
doors, screens.
Common Earth System for Low and High Voltage Systems:
There should be common earth bus for both high and low voltage systems. If the
low voltage neutral is not connected to the common earth system but has a
separate earth bus, then there will be a difference of potential between the high
voltage and low voltage neutrals and there can exist a dangerous potential
gradient across earth surface which can endanger life.
66
With a low resistance earth bus and the neutrals connected to a common earth
system, there will be no danger to the low voltage system and advantages in
keeping everything in the station at a common potential above earth will outweigh
the disadvantages.
a) LA Earthing The earthing lead for any LA shall not pass through any iron or
steel pipe, but shall be taken as directly as possible from the LA to a separate
earth electrode interconnected with substation earth mat. Individual earth
electrodes should be provided for each station type lightning arrester, while for
distribution type lightning arrester, one electrode may be provided for a set of
lightning arresters.
b) Coupling Capacitors Earthing A separate earth electrode, generally a
driven rod or pipe, should be provided immediately adjacent to the structure
supporting the coupling capacitors of carrier current equipment. This earth should
be used for the high frequency equipment only.
c) Overhead Lines Earthing Overhead lines are earthed:
a) to eliminate danger from broken line conductors and insulators by ensuring the
operation of the protective control-gear under such conditions.
b) to discharge lightning strokes to earth.
c) to minimize inductive interference with the communication circuits.
One or more earth wires of G.I. are run along the power line (above the
conductors)
Some Common Definitions:
a) Earth Electrode: Any plate, pipe or rod embedded in the earth to obtain
effective electrical connection with general mass of the earth is known as Earth
Electrode.
67
3) Fault current: As the earthing system has to carry the earth currents, the maximum earth fault
current likely to flow in the system is considered for designing of earthing. A good
earthing system for substation can be designed using an earth mat which is
formed by a grid of horizontally buried conductors which serves to dissipate the
earth fault currents to earth, also as an equipotential bonding conductor system,
along with required number of vertical earth electrodes which are connected to the
points of earthing of various equipments, structures and also interconnected with
the horizontal earth mat. M.S. rods are generally used for the earthing of
substation.
Total Earth resistance of the station system must be below 3 ohms for low voltage
domestic system, below 0.5 ohms for low voltage and medium voltage substation, and below 0.1 ohm for 220 KV and 400 KV sub-station and power plants.
If value of Earth Pit resistance is found high, then it is to be treated to bring back
the value within the normal range.
Electric Shock:The effect of electric shock may be death
a) due to fibrillation of heart. i.e. damaging the heart to small pieces causing
stopping of breathing;
b) due to stopping of breathing action caused by blockade in the nervous system
causing respiration;
c) due to local overheating or burning of body.
The fibrillation of the heart is the most serious cause of death and there is no cure,
although there is possibility of rescuing a man who has suffered by the latter two
causes.
69
Cure of Shocks:When anyone gets a shock, the first and foremost duty of the observer is to break
the contact of the live mains and body either by switching off the main supply or
the body should be rolled away with a dry wooden stick. If a stick etc. is not at
hand, a dry piece of cloth should be used to detach the body from the live mains
or if that is not available the loose cloth such as coat or shirt of the victim should
be pulled with care without touching his body.
In most of the electric shocks, it is momentary and the contact with live wire is
imperfect, in such cases breath stops momentarily. But due to the shock the victim
becomes unconscious, stops breathing and his heart still beats, the most urgent
and immediate cure for this victim is that he should be given immediate artificial
respiration and it should be continued until the victim starts breathing normally. It
should be borne in mind that if the artificial respiration is stopped just after the
victim recovers, he is liable to become unconscious again. In such cases the
artificial respiration is to be continued for 6 to 8 hours. Method of artificial
respiration is displayed at every electric control room and substation.
Precautions against Shock:- Prevention is better than cure.
1) Try to avoid work on live mains which should be switched off before working. If
it is not possible to switch off the mains, be sure before working that your hands or
feet are not wet.
2) When working on high voltages, be sure that the floor is not conductor.
Concrete floors are dangerously conductive. When working on high voltage, try to
keep your left hand in the pocket i.e. avoid your left hand to get in contact with any
live conductor or metallic casing of an apparatus or metal pole or cross arms.
3) Do not work in such a place where your head is liable to touch the live mains
before making the circuit dead.
4) In order to rescue a person who has got an electric shock if there is no other
insulator available for rescuing, use your feet rather than hands.
70
PROTECTIVE RELAYS:
Relay is a device by which electrical circuit is indirectly controlled during a fault
condition. The purpose of relay is to operate the correct circuit breaker, so as to
disconnect only the faulty equipment from the system as quickly as possible, thus
minimising the trouble and damage caused by faults when they do occur.
Essential Qualities of Protection (Relay): 1) Reliability: - Protection scheme must operate, when the system condition calls
upon to do so. Failure in the trip and control circuit of the breaker can be
determined by continuous supervision arrangement (Trip circuit healthy lamps in
the panel)
2) Selectivity: - Protective system must be such that it should correctly select the
faulty section and cut off the same from the system without disturbing other
healthy sections.
3) Speed: - To avoid unnecessary damage to plant, protection must operate
quickly.
4) Stability: - The protection system should be stable and it must actuate from the
concerned signal only and not from any other similar signal.
Back Up Relaying: If due to some reason the primary relaying system fails to
operate, the back up relays must operate and isolate the faulty equipments.
Auto Reclosing Relays: These relays are used to reconnect the circuit so that if
the fault is of transient nature, the system is returned to normal operation. This
system is used mostly on overhead lines where 80 to 90% faults are of transient
nature. (lightning, birds passing near or through lines, tree branches, etc.)
71
Protected Zone - X KM
Station C
Station A
Station B
Station D
2) Over current & Earth Fault Relay: This Relay is made directional type & is a backup for Distance Relay.
Transformer Protection: 1) Differential Relay: - This Relay compares the currents in the windings of the
transformer through CTs whose ratios are such as to make their currents normally
equal. The polarities of the CTs are such as to make the current circulate without
going through the relay during load conditions and external faults. During internal
faults, the balance condition is disturbed and relay operates
P1
s1
P2
P2
s2
s2
P1
s1
PROTECTED ZONE
RELAY
73
2) Restricted Earth Fault Relay: -This protection helps easy and quick detection
of fault in the star connected winding of power transformer. The relay operates
whenever there is a fault in the tap changer or the star connected winding.
Normally the balance three-phase loads are feed through the transformer. There
is no current flow through the star point neutral to the earth in this normal
situation. One CT of similar ratio and the protection class is provided in neutral
side of the transformer which is used for matching / balancing the circulating
current through the main CTs in case of external faults.
HV REF PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMER
P1
P2
R
R
s1
s2
s1
s2
s1
s2
Y
N
B
s2
P2
s1
P1
Relay
3) Over current & Earth Fault Relay: This Relay is Non directional type having IDMT characteristic.
74
Feeder Protection: 1) Over current & Earth fault Relay: These Relays work on IDMT characteristic & are made directional and nondirectional as per requirement. Wiring Diagram of combined over current & earth
fault relay:COMBINED 3 OVER CURRENT ELEMENT + 1 EARTH FAULT ELEMENT
R Ph
P1
Y Ph
s1
C11
P1
P2
B Ph
s1
C31
s2
C51
P2
s2
P1
s1
P2
s2
C73
C71
R Ph
P1
P2
Y Ph
B Ph
s1
C11
P1
s1
P2
s2
C31
s2
C51
P1
s1
P2
s2
C31
C71
75
Relay Settings Calculations: Some common Formulae regarding Relay setting calculations: A) Plug Setting = It is the tapping connection of CT secondary winding
If CTR is 400 / 1 Amp & PS selected is 50%, then allowable current in CT
secondary is 200 Amp.
B) Plug Setting Multiplier = (Fault current flowing in CT secondary)/ (CTR x PS)
C) Time Setting Multiplier = (Actual time of operation)/(Time as per curve)
A Sample calculations of Relay settings is given below
250/1 A
R1
132 / 33 KV, 25 MVA, 10% Imp.
400/1 A
150/1 A
R5
R4
Load - 190 A
600/1 A
R3
132 KV Bus
33 KV Bus
250/1 A
R2
Load - 170 A
78
79
80
a)
b)
c)
33 KV Outgoing
Feeder # 1
O/Current
Relay
PS - 0.85
TMS 0.05
O/T 127 ms
PS - 0.70
TMS 0.11
O/T 380 ms
PS - 0.75
TMS 0.14
O/T 501 ms
PS - 1.0
TMS 0.10
O/T 1074 ms
2
a)
b)
c)
E/F Relay
PS - 0.20
TMS 0.05
O/T 110 ms
PS - 0.20
TMS 0.16
O/T 352 ms
PS - 0.20
TMS 0.23
O/T 506 ms
PS - 0.20
TMS 0.20
O/T 606 ms
81
132 KV Line
Feeder
Daily Operational Duties at SUBSTATION: The supervisor or operator on duty is responsible for following:
Daily Operational Watch:
1) Watch the hourly transformer temperature, load, etc. and they do not exceed
the permissible limit or the rating of all the equipment involved or connected in the
circuit.
2) Note down the hourly consumption / generation on the feeders as applicable.
3) When a feeder trips, its indication should be noted and entered in the relevant
register. VCB or SF6 CB controlling overhead lines can be charged after a 2-3
minutes of tripping as most of the problems are of transient nature. If the breaker
trips again, the feeder should be declared as faulty and message sent to
concerned person and patrolling arranged. In case of tripping of Transformer,
cause of the same is to be cleared before charging.
4) Always check and ensure that proper D.C. supply is available on the trip circuit.
For checking Trip circuit healthiness, Push button is provided on the CRP. Also on
Trip circuit supervision relay, Green LED shows the healthiness, and Red LED
shows unhealthiness. Take corrective actions accordingly if required.
5) Operate O.L.T.C. of Transformer and maintain voltage as required.
6) Ensure that batteries are in proper state of charge and have correct voltage and
charge rates and the same are to be checked every day.
Operating Instructions:
These shall be displayed in the substation at a suitable place. The operator will
perform the sequence of operation in accordance with these instructions. These
instructions should be either in English or Local language.
82
Consider that in sub-station there is one Main Bus & one Transfer Bus as
mentioned in following drawing:
Main Bus (Live)
Auxiliary Bus
89 A
89 A
89 C
89 C
52 B
52 T
BUS COUPLER
89 L
CT
TRANSFORMER
LOAD
Carrying out Maintenance of Transformer HV side Breaker without interruption
to load supply. One should follow the sequence as mentioned below:
a) First ensure that breaker of auxiliary bay is in OFF condition.
b) Close Isolators 89 A and 89 C of auxiliary bay.
c) Now close the Isolator 89 C of transformer bay.
d) Put control switch of transformer control panel on Intermediate position.
e) Close the auxiliary bay breaker.
83
f) Put Off the Transformer bay breaker. Put control switch on Transfer position.
Now auxiliary bay breaker will control all protections of transformer.
g) Open Isolators 89 A and 89 L of transformer bay. Carry out maintenance of
transformer bay breaker by taking shutdown permit & do the maintenance as per
safety practices.
Restoring the system without interruption to load supply.
a) Remove all tools & tackles. Also remove temporary earthing if provided from
working place. Return shutdown permit.
b) Close Isolators 89 A and 89 L of transformer bay.
c) Put control switch of transformer control panel on Intermediate position.
d) Close the transformer bay breaker.
e) Now open the auxiliary bay breaker. Then control switch is to be kept on normal
position as original.
f) Open Isolators 89 C of transformer bay.
g) Open Isolators 89 A and 89 C of auxiliary bay. Now auxiliary bay is dead.
Statistical: Keep records of followings on daily basis:
a) Maintenance logbook
b) Tripping events
c) OLTC operations of Transformers
d) Counter operations of breakers & LA
e) Recording of Gas pressure for SF6 circuit breaker and Air pressure for
pneumatic operated breakers
f) Oil leakage of Transformer, CT & PT, CB in case of OCB
g) Colour of Silica Gel in Transformer
h) Check the Batteries voltages and charger condition
84
Safety Rules:
1) Authorised persons of the substation should get themselves thoroughly familiar
with the layout of the substation, Incoming feeders, Outgoing feeders, etc. The
layout of the feeders should be displayed in the substation control room.
2) See that sufficient sets of earthing sets, hand gloves, ladders, etc. are always
kept at the substation in proper working order & can be safely used for such work.
3) Only authorised men take permits to work as per formats. While issuing permits
to others, proper earthing should be ensured. Danger notice Do not operate, men
at work should be affixed on the concerned dead feeder.
4) Fire fighting equipment, first aid box, etc. is maintained in proper condition. First
aid chart should be displayed in control room in English or Local language.
General:
1) All tripping at the substation should be reported. Also wrong tripping and nontripping should be reported to concerned superior.
2) Carry out maintenance as per ISO format or manufacturers standards. Ensure
to maintain History Register of each equipment at the substation. It should contain
information such as details of equipment, date of commissioning, preventative and
breakdown maintenance done, spares used if any.
3) Single line diagram should show the incoming lines, isolators, breakers,
transformers, LAs, CTs and PTs with their make, current rating, and rupturing
capacity.
4) Schematic diagram indicates the scheme of protection with CT ratio, type of
relays with setting available and actual settings.
85
Maintenance of Substation Equipments: Maintenance is defined as a combination of actions carried out to return a
equipment in or restore the equipment back to an acceptable condition.
Different types of maintenance being done on equipment are:
a) Breakdown maintenance
b) Preventive maintenance
c) Condition based monitoring
d) Reliability centred maintenance
a) Breakdown Maintenance: This maintenance is carried out when the
equipment fails. This maintenance may be appropriate for low value items.
However for costly substation equipments, it is not desirable to wait till the
breakdown of the equipment, as it costs more to the utility as well as availability of
power.
b) Preventive Maintenance: This maintenance is being mostly adopted by
almost all the utilities. In this type of maintenance, the equipments are inspected
at a predetermined period, which is based on past experience and also guidance
from the manufacturer of the equipment. This type of maintenance would require
specific period of shutdown. Maintenance is carried out as per the formats.
c) Condition Based Monitoring: This type of maintenance technique is adopted
to assess the condition of the equipment by carrying out some tests. Some of the
tests are done on on-line and some are done on off-line. However, this type of
maintenance would need sophisticated testing equipments and skills for analysing
the test results.
d) Reliability Centred Maintenance: This is the recent technique being adopted
in maintenance. Reliability centred maintenance policy is based on the life cycle
cost concept and the decision for replacement of the equipment is taken based on
techno-economic considerations. Its objective is to devise a system, which does
not need periodic maintenance and at the same time predict in advance possible
failures/problems of the equipments.
86
Items to be inspected
Inspection notes
Action required
Hourly
1
Load Amps
Voltage
Daily
1
2
Dehydrating Breather
Oil leakage
Reactive/replace
with new charge, if
it is pink, make up
oil in oil cup
Arrest leakages, if
any
Clean, adjust, or
replace as required
Take suitable
actions if required
Clean or replace if
required
Monthly
1
OLTC driving
mechanism
OLTC automatic
control
If faulty, take
suitable actions to
set it right
Quarterly
1
Insulation Resistance
Bushings
87
S/No.
Items to be inspected
Inspection notes
Action required
Quarterly
3
Take suitable
action to restore
quality of oil
Lubricate, check gear
Replace burnt or
box, examine contacts,
worn contacts or
check manual control and other parts
interlocks
Half Yearly
1
Oil cooler
Yearly
1
Oil in transformer
Gasket joints
Cable boxes
Relays, protection
circuits
Earth resistance
6
7
Temperature
Indication
Paint work
10
Diverter switches of
OLTC after 10,000
operations
88
S/No.
Items to be inspected
Inspection notes
Action required
2 Yearly
1
Oil conservator
Internal inspection
Buchholz relay
Mechanical inspection
Should be
thoroughly cleaned
Adjust floats,
switches, etc., as
required
3 Yearly or after
15,000 operations of
OLTC
Non-arcing selector
switch of OLTC
1 to 3 MVA
transformer (5 Yearly)
Overall inspection
including lifting of core &
coils
Wash by hosing
down with clean dry
oil, tighten all bolts,
coil clamping
screws
Overall inspection
including lifting of core &
coils
Wash by hosing
down with clean dry
oil, tighten all bolts,
coil clamping
screws
Note:
1) All maintenance test results and observations should be specifically recorded.
2) In case of anything abnormal occurring during service, the matter should be
reported to the manufacturer.
89
90
Periodicity
Daily
Daily
Daily
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Periodicity
Daily
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
91
Periodicity
Daily
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Periodicity
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
92
Periodicity
Daily
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Class of Fire
Foam
Extinguisher
Class A Fire
Suitable
2
3
4
Class B Fire
Class C Fire
Class D Fire
Suitable
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
Carbon Dioxide
Extinguisher
Not
recommended
except for small
surface fire
Suitable
Suitable
Not Suitable
Suitable
Dry Chemical
Powder
Extinguisher
Suitable
Suitable
Suitable
Special dry
powder
Suitable
Caution:1) Do not use Foam Fire Extinguisher on fires involving live electrical equipment
and metal.
2) Do not use CO2 Fire Extinguisher on big size fire. It is also not to be used on
metal fire. While extinguishing oil fire, precaution against flash back or re-ignition
is to be taken.
94