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4-1
Figure 4-2. Relation between texture and porosity. (a) Well-sorted sedimentary deposit having
high porosity; (b) poorly sorted sedimentary deposit having low porosity; (c) well-sorted
sedimentary deposit consisting of pebbles that are themselves porous, so that the deposit as a
whole has a very high porosity; (d) well-sorted sedimentary deposit whose porosity has been
diminished by the deposition of mineral matter in the interstices; (e) rock rendered porous by
solution; (f) rock rendered porous by fracturing (Meinzer, 1923).
Porosity can be determined in a couple of ways in laboratory. One method is to take a known
volume of sediment and dry it in an oven at 105 C until it reaches a constant weight. This
removes moisture in the sample, but not water in the mineral structure. The dried sample is then
added to a known volume of water, and the resulting increase in volume as determined by the
increased water level represents the volume of the sediment itself (no voids). The volume of
sediment plus voids is determined from the height of the sediment and the cross-sectional area of
the chamber to which the sediment is added in the previous step. The volume of the voids is then
found by difference. This method of determining porosity is called volumetric method.
Alternatively, if one determines the bulk density of the sediment, one can calculate its porosity.
The bulk density (b) represents the density of the sediment including its voids. Recall that
density is mass over volume, and the volume used in bulk density is the volume of sediment plus
voids, or R.E.V.:
M
b = 3 sed
(4-2)
LR.E .V
In contrast, the particle density (s) does not include the voids, but represents the density of the
rock itself:
M
s = 3sed
(4-3)
Lsed
For most rock and soil, the particle density is 2.65 gcm-3.
Looking at the units above, one can see that b/s gives the volume of sediment per volume of
R.E.V.:
4-2
b
M sed L3sed
L3sed
=
=
s L3R.E .V . M sed L3R.E .V .
(4-4)
b L3R.E .V .
L3
L3
= 3
3 sed = 3voids
s LR.E .V . LR. E .V . LR. E .V .
(4-5)
5-30
21-41
0-40
0-40
0-40
CRYSTALLINE ROCKS
Fractured crystalline rocks
Dense crystalline rocks
Basalt
Weathered granite
Weathered gabbro
0-10
0-5
3-35
34-57
42-45
4-3
Grain-Size Distribution
The grain-size distribution expresses the percent of the sediment mass that is finer than a given
grain size, as shown in Figure 4-3 below.
d60
d10
(4-6)
A sediment with Cu less than 4 is well sorted. If Cu is more than 6, the sediment is poorly
sorted.
Specific Yield
Specific yield (Sy) is the volume of water that drains from a saturated rock or sediment by
gravity, relative to the total volume of the rock:
4-4
Sy =
L3yield
L3R. E .V .
(4-7)
The water retained by the rock or sediment is called pendular water, and the ratio of this
volume to the total volume of the rock is called the specific retention (Sr).
L3yield
L3pendular
L3voids
Sr = n S y = 3
= 3
LR. E .V . L3R. E .V .
LR. E .V .
(4-8)
Greater specific yields are obtained from medium to coarse sediments. Ranges of specific yield
for a variety of sedimentary rocks are given in Table 4-2 below.
Table 4-2. Specific yields in percent for sedimentary rocks.
Specific Yield
Material
Maximum
Minimum
Average
Clay
5
0
2
Sandy clay
12
3
7
Silt
19
3
18
Fine sand
28
10
21
Medium sand
32
15
26
Coarse sand
35
20
27
Gravelly sand
35
20
25
Fine gravel
35
21
25
Medium gravel
26
13
23
Coarse gravel
26
12
22
Permeability
The porosity of earth materials is known to vary, for example, clays have high porosity relative
to mixtures of sand and gravel (Table 4-1). Although porosity is an important parameter in terms
of characterizing void space in an earth material, the porosity does not describe the ability of the
rock or sediment to transmit water.
The ability of water to be transmitted through a rock or sediment is termed permeability.
Permeability depends on the interconnectedness of the pore spaces rather than the porosity
itself. For example, clays have high porosity, but the pores in clays are not well connected. As a
result, clays do not transmit water well, and hence have low permeability. In contrast, sand and
gravel mixtures may have lower porosity than clays, but the pores in the mixtures are well
connected and can transmit water easily. Therefore, sand and gravel mixtures have high
permeability.
4-5