Charging Air Conditioners With the Superheat

Method
September 14, 2001

The dire rami cations of under- and overcharging an air conditioner or

heat pump were covered last month ("Using the Superheat Method to
Charge A/C Systems," The News, Aug. 13, page 1). The rst installment

also contained a basic explanation of what superheat is and what it tells you about the condition of
the evaporator coil. Let me summarize the most important point: Superheat can be a very good
indicator of how much refrigerant is in the evaporator coil of an air conditioner or heat pump in the
cooling mode. In this installment I will explain what knowing the condition of the evaporator coil
has to do with charging an air conditioner properly.
First, we have to talk about metering devices. A metering device is essentially a restrictor in the
liquid line just upstream of the evaporator. Its primary purpose is to create a pressure drop in the
liquid refrigerant circuit so that the evaporator can be operated at a nominal pressure of 68.5 lb
(only on paper), while the high side can be maintained at a much higher pressure. Without the
metering device there would be no pressure drop, which would disable the refrigerant cycle
completely.

METERING DEVICES
There are two basic types of metering devices: active metering devices and passive metering devices
(also called xed metering devices).
An active metering device, such as a thermal expansion valve (TXV), actively regulates the
superheat of the evaporator. TXVs control the rate of refrigerant ow to match the load conditions
under which the system is operating.
A passive metering device, such as a capillary tube or an ori ce, does not have direct control over
the rate of refrigerant ow and so has no direct control over superheat.

When evaluating the refrigerant charge of an air conditioner or heat pump in cooling mode, there
are two things you must know: what kind of refrigerant the machine uses, and what kind of cooling
metering device it has. TXVs and xed devices cause the system to behave in different ways, so
knowing the type of metering device a system uses is absolutely necessary for an effective
evaluation of the charge.
Let me address TXV systems rst. Systems with TXV cooling metering devices do not lend
themselves to charging by superheat. When the system is operating with a moderately incorrect
charge, the expansion valve adjusts for this and continues to maintain the correct superheat (10o to
14o F). This means you have to use other symptoms, the most important of which is subcooling, to
analyze the state of the refrigerant charge.
(Note: For those of you who asked for more clari cation about the use of superheat in an expansion
valve system, this topic will be discussed when the weather begins to warm up next spring.)
Even though TXV systems do not lend themselves to charging by superheat, capillary tube and
ori ce systems do. As a matter of fact, these xed metering device systems by their nature are easy
to charge by superheat. In a xed metering device system, the superheat is controlled by the
pressure differential across the metering device.

PRESSURE SENSITIVITY
You may have noticed, while working on a system, that as the load increases, the high-side pressure
goes up much faster than the low-side pressure; as the load decreases, the high-side pressure drops
faster than the low-side pressure.
As the load changes on a system, the differential between the low-side pressure and the high-side
pressure changes. The change in pressure differential across the xed metering device forces the
refrigerant into the evaporator at differing rates. Because of the variable ow rate of the refrigerant
into the evaporator, the superheat constantly changes with varying load conditions. This also makes
it an excellent indicator of refrigerant charge.
(By the way, because the pressure differential across the metering device is also affected by, among
other things, coil cleanliness, evaporator and condenser air ow, and internal refrigerant system
malfunctions, superheat is also sensitive to these things. This is a double-edged sword for the
technician; in order to use superheat to evaluate a refrigerant charge effectively, the system must
be otherwise trouble-free.)

Superheat is also an excellent tool for diagnosing these other problems, but that's for another
article. To keep this article manageable, I will refer to a system with no problems other than
refrigerant charge variables.
Now let's get down to the nitty gritty. How can you use superheat to charge or evaluate the charge
of a xed-ori ce metering device system in the cooling mode?

Figure 1. A suction gauge; note the inner rings on the face. One of them will give the boiling
temperature of R-22 at any given pressure.

HOW TO USE SUPERHEAT

Here it is in a snapshot.
1. Determine what the superheat is supposed to be at current load conditions.
2. Determine the actual superheat of the machine.
3. Compare the required superheat to the actual superheat and draw a conclusion as to what
condition the system is in.
I'm going to use an R-22 system in this example. To determine the required superheat, you must
know the three load conditions under which the system is operating. You must know the ambient
temperature entering the outdoor coil.
The indoor drybulb temperature (IDDB) and indoor wetbulb temperature (IDWB) are indicators of
how much moisture is in the indoor air. These readings must be taken while the system is operating.
The indoor readings should be taken as close to the inlet of the evaporator coil as humanly possible.

If you haven't taken wetbulb temperatures before, it's easy. Place a small amount of tissue paper
over the temperature probe of your thermometer and wet it. While operating the system in cooling,
place the probe in the return airstream. As the water evaporates out of the wet tissue, the
temperature of the probe will begin to drop. Within a couple of minutes, the temperature will quit
dropping. Once the temperature stabilizes, this is the wetbulb temperature.
Let's say the load conditions under which our example system is operating are 90o ambient, 75o
IDDB, 67o IDWB. Now all you have to do to determine the required superheat is to plug these three
load conditions into a superheat chart. The chart would say that the machine should be operating at
13o superheat under those load conditions.
Now that you know what the superheat should be (how much refrigerant should be in the
evaporator), you're ready to check the actual superheat on the system to see if it matches the
required superheat.
You will need two pieces of information to determine the superheat of the system: the temperature
at which the liquid refrigerant is boiling inside the evaporator, and the temperature of the
refrigerant exiting the evaporator coil. The easiest way to determine the boiling temperature inside
the evaporator is to look on your suction gauge.
As you can see in Figure 1, there are inner rings on the face of the gauge. One of these rings will tell
you the boiling temperature of R-22 at any given pressure. For example, if the needle is pointing at
a pressure of 70 lb, it will cross the R-22 temperature ring at about 41o. No matter what the suction
pressure is on any system you are servicing, the corresponding boiling temperature is always
available at a glance. To determine the temperature of the refrigerant as it exits the evaporator,
attach a thermometer probe to the suction line.
On package and split system machines, I attach the probe downstream of all the components in the
suction line but just upstream of the compressor (Figure 2). Let's say the suction pressure on our
system is 75 lb. Looking at the suction gauge, we can tell that the boiling temperature of the liquid
refrigerant in the evaporator is 44o. If the temperature of the gases in the suction line is 64o, that
means the refrigerant gas has increased in temperature 20o. In other words, the actual superheat of
the system is 20o. The chart says the system should be operating at 13o superheat.
The conclusion we can draw from this is that there is not enough liquid refrigerant in the
evaporator, so after the liquid boils off into a gas, it picks up more heat than it is supposed to before
leaving the evaporator because there is more evaporator for it to travel through.

Figure 2. Probe attachment location for package and split system machines, downstream of all the
components in the suction line and upstream of the compressor.

CHARGING BY SUPERHEAT
What I'm saying is, if the actual superheat of the system is higher than the required superheat, the
system is undercharged. If the actual superheat of the system is lower than the required superheat,
the system is overcharged.
Here are some general hints about charging by superheat:
Where to attach the suction temperature probe for superheat readings on air conditioners can
be hotly debated in the eld. For those of you who disagree with me about this, peace be with
you. We would need another article just to debate this, so let me just make a couple of
comments. Where you locate the thermometer to measure suction gas temperature can
depend on whether you are charging a system or troubleshooting a refrigerant circuit
problem. If we could just get everyone to use the superheat method, then we could worry
about exactly where they were attaching their probe.
It's important to remember that to measure superheat, you need the suction gas temperature,
not the suction line temperature. To get this, you must insulate the suction line thoroughly so
that the line will reach suction gas temperature.
Another thing to remember is that the temperature probe must be tight to the copper pipe.
Attaching the probe to the suction line with tape, Velcro, or bubble gum is unacceptable. The
probe needs to be very tight. I use a nylon wire tie. A quality temperature clamp is also good.
While you are charging a system, load conditions will change before charging is complete,
particularly for the indoor load. You must recheck the load and required superheat before you
pull your tools off the system to make sure you actually have the system charged properly.

PRESSURE CHARTS
As mentioned earlier, there are a lot of other things that can impact the superheat on a xed
metering device system. Because of this, it's best to use the system's pressure charts (if they have
not been appropriated), to cross check your progress with superheat charging. This will help to turn
up any problems in the system that you may not be aware of.
If, when you get the system's superheat correct, the pressures are seriously out of whack, the
machine has another problem.
Each manufacturer publishes its own superheat chart for use with its machines. There are slight
differences between these charts. (Note: I'm con icted as to whether to recommend using my chart
or the factory charts. Normally I tend to recommend that technicians use factory everything; they
don't pay those engineers good money for nothing. But in this case, it really is a judgment call.)
The problem with many (not all) factory superheat charts is that they assume a 50% indoor relative
humidity. This makes them somewhat inaccurate if the actual indoor humidity is higher or lower
than 50%. Which chart you use is probably not as important as the fact that you are aware of the
discrepancies.
If you think this information can help you - and it can - apply it immediately. The biggest pitfall I
see with my students is that they wait too long to start using the information. If you're like me, you
have to "get your hands dirty" to cement the stuff into your brain.
Once you've got superheat under your belt, it will be time to move on to using subcooling
measurements. More on that in my next article.

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