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Chemical Reactions
Ionic Bond - an attraction
Chemical reactions involve the
between ions of opposite charge
that holds them together to formmaking or breaking of bonds between atoms
a stable molecule
Chemical energy occurs when
An attraction between
bonds between atoms are formed or broken
atoms in which one atom
during chemical reactions
loses electrons and another
atom gains electrons
Endergonic reaction
Antigen-Antibody reactions
(endo=within) a chemical reaction that
reactions in which molecules produced by theabsorb more energy than it releases; energy is
immune system (antibodies) combine with
directed inward
foreign substances (antigens) to combat
Exergonic reaction (exo=out)
infection
a chemical reaction that
Serves as bridges
A+B
AB
A , B reactant
AB - product
Arrow - indicates the direction
in which the reaction proceeds
Anabolic reaction /
anabolism pathways of
synthesis reactions in living
organisms
Decomposition reaction
reverse of a synthesis
To decompose means to
break down into smaller
parts
Bonds are broken
Water
One of the most abundant
Every water molecule is capable of
forming hydrogen bonds with nearby water
molecules
Strong attraction between water
Catabolic reaction /
catabolism - decomposition molecules
100 deg. Celsius (boiling point)
reactions that occur in living
Excellent dissolving medium or
organisms
solvent
Reactant or product in many chemical
Exchange reactions actually
reactions
part of synthesis and part of
Key reactant in the digestive
decomposition
processes of organisms
Also involved in synthetic reactions
Strong hydrogen bonding between
water molecules makes water an excellent
temperature buffer
AB
B
A+
AB + CD
+ BC
AD
A+B
AB
compound
pH - potential of hydrogen, ranges
Alcohol (-OH) hydrophilic and thus
from 0 14
attracts water molecules to it. This
calculation for a solutions pH : -log10 [H+]
attraction helps dissolve organic molecules
Acidic
containing hydroxyl groups
More H+
Carboxyl group (-COOH) source of
pH lower than 7
hydrogen ions, molecules containing it have
Basic
acidic properties
More OHAmino group (-NH2) functions as
bases
because they readily accept hydrogen
pH buffers compounds that help
ions
keep the pH from changing drastically
Sulfhydryl group (-SH) helps
Fungi best able to tolerate acidic
stabilize the intricate structure of many
proteins
conditions
Cyanobacteria prokaryotes, do well R remainder of the molecule ( R-OH)
in alkaline habitats
Macromolecules - very large
Propionibacterium acnes amolecules
and starches
energy storage
the same chemical formula but
Peptide Bonds
Peptide bonds bonds
between amino acids
Dipeptide - 2 amino acids
joined by a peptide bond
Tripeptide 3 amino acids
Peptide 4-9 amino acids
Polypeptide 10-2000 or
more amino acids
Levels of Protein Structure
Hydrogen bonding
between O or N atoms
that are part of the
polypeptides backbone
Tertiary structure overall 3D
structure of a polypeptide chain
Folding is not repetitive or
predictable
Involves several
interactions between
various amino acid side
groups in the polypeptide
chain
Hydrophobic interaction
helps contribute to
tertiary structure
H bonds between side
groups & ionic bonds
between oppositely
charged side groups, also
contribute to tertiary
structure
Disulfide bridges proteins that
contain the amino acid cysteine form
strong covalent bonds
Contains (-SH) sulfhydryl groups
and S of one cysteine molecule
bonds with another S of the other
(S-S) by removal of H atoms
Nucleic Acids
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod,
Maclyn McCarty (1944) discovered DNA
the substance which genes are made
Nucleoside combination of
purine or pyrimidine + pentose
sugar; no phosphate group
DNA
Single-stranded
Pentose sugar is a ribose
which has 1 more Oxygen atom
than deoxyribose
RNAs bases is URACIL (U)
instead of Thymine
Messenger RNA
(mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Nucleotides - 3 parts:
Nitrogen-containing base (cyclic
compounds that has C, H, N, O)
Adenine (A)
ATP
Thymine (T)
Cystosine (C )
Adenosine triphosphate principal
Gunaine (G)
energy-carrying molecule of all cells and is
Uracil (U)
indispensable to the life of the cell
A & G- double-ring