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Question 1

Instruments:-Total Station
1. Telescope i. Image - Erect ii. Magnification 30X iii. Field of view 22m @ 1000 m iv.
Minimum focus distance 2.0 m v. Resolving power 2.5
2. Angle measurement i. Tilt compensation method dual axis ii. Tilt compensation range 3 iii.
Angle accuracy 2 horizontal and vertical iv. Displayed resolution (Least count) 1
3. Distance measurement i. Range (20 km visibility) 1500 m with 1 prism & 3000 m with
assembly of 3 prisms. ii. Accuracy (in static mode) (5 mm+3 ppm of distance) iii. Resolution
(Least count) 1 mm iv. Measurement time 5 s v. Prism Retro reflective type
4. Optical plummet i. Magnification 2.0 x ii. Focusing range 0.5 to 2 m iii. A small Bulls eye
Bubble on alidade. iv. Tow Electronic bubbles 30 sensitivity at right angles to each other on
display panel. v. One Circular Bubble on Tribrach. ContdP/2 - 25. Key board and display Alpha Numeric keyboard on both sides (identical). Display:1/4 VGA
(320*240 pixels), graphic LCD, colour, illumination, Touch screen Keyboard: (function keys,
alphanumeric keys), Angle display: 360 , 360 decimal. Readable under field light conditions.
Marking on keys are clear and non-removable. Graph of entire survey displayed on screen of
Total Station with Zoom & Pan facility.
6. Pressure & Temperature sensors In built Temperature & pressure Sensors for
measurement and display of instant atmospheric temperature and pressure in SI system of unit.
7. Accessories Total station should have following original accessories showing companys
mark on it in strong carrying case with Data Transfer Cable. Data Transfer Software. Two
rechargeable Batteries, One Charger, One CD containing Instruction Manual. Two Single prism
with Target Plate and one wooden stand Range, Two pole, Two display, Two Detachable
Tribrach, lens cover set, cleaning brush, cover of durable plastic, shock absorbing carrying case
with shoulder strap etc in complete.
8. Data storage (with pc-software for data retrieval, presentation and archiving) Capacity
10000 points on board memory or more SD Card/CF card slot with 256 MB or more
RS232/USB Interface
9. Focusing Mode: Three Focusing Mode viz. b) Auto Focus mode c) Power Focus mode d)
Manual Focus mode
10. Physical i. Weight 10 kg ii. Temperature range 0 to 55 C fully operational iii. Humidity 0
to 90% RH iv. Protection splash waterproof and dustproof
11. Power i. Batteries Li-ion rechargeable, no memory effect, during changing of batteries. ii.
Capacity 4 hours of continuous measuring iii. Battery charger, adaptor and cables iv. Recharge
time 2 hours v. Power supply 220 VAC 25%; 47 to 53Hz vi. Operating temperature 0 to 55
C vii. Humidity 0 to90% RH 12. Other features i. Tri axis Compensator (in addition to dual axis
correction in the (X) and (Y) direction, mechanical error in the instrument is corrected). ii. Range

under Normal Conditions:- Single Prism: 5000 to 7000m or more Distance Accuracy in Prism
Mode: a) Up to 10 meters: + (3mm+2ppmxD)mm b) From 10 meters: + (2mm+2ppmxD)mm
Distance Accuracy in Reflectorless Mode: c) Up to 300 meters:+(5mm+2ppmXD)mm

Advantages:
The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the conventional
1.

surveying instruments:
Field work is carried out very fast.

2.

Accuracy of measurement is high.

3.

Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.

4.

Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for temperature
and pressure are automatically made.

5.

Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-sections.
Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.
The advantages of the Total Station electronic surveying system are that it computes the
horizontal distance measured, average of multiple angles measured and average of the sloping
distance. As an electronic device, it is able to store all data collected in the field for later use.
Surveying used the same basic trigonometric equations for hundreds of years, but the Total
Station changed everything. Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) technology allows the Total
Station to find its position down to less than a meter of accuracy. Traditional means always
required a line of sight between the two points being measured. This could have been obscured
by trees, topography or many other factors. The station uses scanning electro-optical
technology to estimate distance and do calculations. It also has image capture technology that
can capture images from the survey sight for later use. The user can operate the station
remotely while at the target point. This gives greater flexibility In use of the station, and
increases surveyor productivity.
The station also collects data for later use and prevents data loss through wet notes and other
mishaps in the field. Data from the station can be downloaded via computer interface and kept
on a hard drive. The Total Station is a complete GPS land surveyor package.

Disadvantages:
-Vertical elevation accuracy not as accurate as using conventional
survey level and rod technique.
-Horizontal coordinates are calculated on a rectangular grid system.
However, the real world should be based on a spheroid and
rectangular coordinates must be transformed to geographic

coordinates if projects are large scale.


-Examples : highways, large buildings, etc.
-As with any computer-based application "Garbage in equals
Garbage out". However, in the case of inaccurate construction
surveys "Garbage in equals lawsuits and contractors claims for
extras."

Function:
Coordinate measurement
Coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be determined using the
total station as long as a direct line of sight can be established between the two points. Angles
and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the coordinates
(X, Y, and Z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station
position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation. To determine an absolute location a
Total Station requires line of sight observations and must be set up over a known point or with
line of sight to 2 or more points with known location.
For this reason, some total stations also have a Global Navigation Satellite System interface
which do not require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates. However, GNSS
measurements may require longer occupation periods and offer relatively poor accuracy in the
vertical axis.
Angle measurement
Most modern total station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of
extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass cylinders or discs within the
instrument. The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-second.
Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arcseconds.
Distance measurement
Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared carrier
signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and reflected
by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is
read and interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is determined by emitting
and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the
target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass corner cube prism
reflectors for the EDM signal. A typical total station can measure distances with an accuracy of
about 1.5 millimetres (0.0049 ft) + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 metres
(4,900 ft).[2]
Reflectorless total stations can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in color,
to a few hundred meters.
Data processing
Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance, horizontal angle, and
vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped to write these measurements to an
external data collector, such as a hand-held computer.
When data is downloaded from a total station onto a computer, application software can be
used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area.

Price:
-US $1000-2000
-RM4136.45-8272.90

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