Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Bin son v trc tip ging dy: Thy Trn nh Thit (TT)
Ti liu lu hnh ni b, nghim cm cc hnh vi sao chp, in n di mi hnh thc !
18
Mt khc c hai phn t ru th to ra mt phn t ete v mt phn t H 2O do s mol H2O lun bng s mol
1,2
0,2 mol. (p n D)
ete, suy ra s mol mi ete l
6
Nhn xt: Chng ta khng cn vit 6 phng trnh phn ng t ru tch nc to thnh 6 ete, cng khng cn tm
CTPT ca cc ru v cc ete trn. Nu cc bn xa vo vic vit phng trnh phn ng v t n s mol cc ete
tnh ton th khng nhng khng gii c m cn tn qu nhiu thi gian.
V d 3: Cho 12 gam hn hp hai kim loi Fe, Cu tc dng va vi dung dch HNO 3 63%. Sau phn ng thu
c dung dch A v 11,2 lt kh NO2 duy nht (ktc). Tnh nng % cc cht c trong dung dch A.
A. 36,66% v 28,48%.
B. 27,19% v 21,12%.
C. 27,19% v 72,81%.
D. 78,88% v 21,12%.
Hng dn gii
Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
1 63 100
12
46 0,5 89 gam.
63
t nFe = x mol, nCu = y mol ta c:
56x 64y 12
x 0,1
3x 2y 0,5
y 0,1
0,1 242 100
%m Fe( NO3 )3
27,19%
89
0,1 188 100
%m Cu ( NO3 )2
21,12%. (p n B)
89
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi ho tr (I) v mui cacbonat ca
kim loi ho tr (II) trong dung dch HCl. Sau phn ng thu c 4,48 lt kh (ktc). em c cn dung dch thu
c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 13 gam.
B. 15 gam.
C. 26 gam. D. 30 gam.
Hng dn gii
M2CO3 + 2HCl
2MCl + CO2 + H2O
R2CO3 + 2HCl
2MCl2 + CO2 + H2O
4,88
n CO2
0,2 mol
22,4
Tng nHCl = 0,4 mol v n H 2O 0,2 mol.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
23,8 + 0,436,5 = mmui + 0,244 + 0,218
mmui = 26 gam. (p n C)
V d 5: Hn hp A gm KClO3, Ca(ClO2)2, Ca(ClO3)2, CaCl2 v KCl nng 83,68 gam. Nhit phn hon ton A ta
thu c cht rn B gm CaCl2, KCl v 17,472 lt kh ( ktc). Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 360 ml dung dch
K2CO3 0,5M (va ) thu c kt ta C v dung dch D. Lng KCl trong dung dch D nhiu gp 22/3 ln lng
KCl c trong A. % khi lng KClO3 c trong A l
A. 47,83%.
B. 56,72%.
C. 54,67%.
D. 58,55%.
Hng dn gii
3
to
KCl
O2
(1)
KClO3
2
to
CaCl
2
3O 2
(2)
Ca(ClO3 )2
o
83,68 gam A Ca(ClO2 )2 t
CaCl
2
2O 2 (3)
CaCl
CaCl2
2
KCl ( A )
KCl ( A )
123
h2 B
n O2 0,78 mol.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
mA = mB + m O 2
mB = 83,68 320,78 = 58,72 gam.
Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 0,18 mol K2CO3
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
CaCl2 K 2CO3
Hn hp B 0,18 0,18
KCl
( B)
m KCl ( B) m B m CaCl2 ( B)
CaCO
3
2KCl (4)
0,36 mol hn hp D
KCl ( B)
29,8
122,5 49 gam.
74,5
49 100
%m KClO3 ( A )
58,55%. (p n D)
83,68
V d 6: t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) cn 1,904 lt O 2 (ktc) thu c CO2 v hi
nc theo t l th tch 4:3. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t khi ca A so vi khng kh nh hn 7.
A. C8H12O5. B. C4H8O2.
C. C8H12O3.
D. C6H12O6.
Hng dn gii
1,88 gam A + 0,085 mol O2 4a mol CO2 + 3a mol H2O.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
m CO2 m H 2O 1,88 0,085 32 46 gam
m KClO3
Ta c:
444a + 183a = 46 a = 0,02 mol.
Trong cht A c:
nC = 4a = 0,08 mol
nH = 3a2 = 0,12 mol
nO = 4a2 + 3a 0,0852 = 0,05 mol
0,1
0,2 mol
6,4
M R OH
32 Ru CH3OH.
0,2
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
meste + mNaOH = mmui + mru
1,6 100
11,8 gam Meste = 118 vC
13,56
R + (44 + 15)2 = 118 R = 0.
Vy cng thc cu to ca este l CH3OCOCOOCH3. (p n B)
V d 8: Thu phn hon ton 11,44 gam hn hp 2 este n chc l ng phn ca nhau bng dung dch NaOH
thu c 11,08 gam hn hp mui v 5,56 gam hn hp ru. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca 2 este.
A. HCOOCH3 v C2H5COOCH3,
B. C2H5COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5.
C. HCOOC3H7 v C2H5COOCH3.
D. C B, C u ng.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc trung bnh tng qut ca hai este n chc ng phn l RCOOR .
RCOOR + NaOH
RCOONa + ROH
11,44
11,08
5,56 gam
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
MNaOH = 11,08 + 5,56 11,44 = 5,2 gam
5,2
n NaOH
0,13 mol
40
11,08
M RCOONa
85,23 R 18,23
0,13
5,56
M R OH
42,77 R 25,77
0,13
11,44
M RCOOR
88
0,13
meste =
V d 10: Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe 2O3 t nng. Sau khi kt
thc th nghim thu c B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng s cho hp th vo dung dch Ba(OH) 2
d th thu c 9,062 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng Fe2O3 trong hn hp A l
A. 86,96%. B. 16,04%.
C. 13,04%.
D.6,01%.
Hng dn gii
0,04 mol hn hp A (FeO v Fe2O3) + CO 4,784 gam hn hp B + CO2.
CO2 + Ba(OH)2 d
BaCO3 + H2O
n CO2 n BaCO3 0,046 mol
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
%mFeO =
5,52
%Fe2O3 = 86,96%. (p n A)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP S DNG NH LUT BO TON KHI
LNG
01. Ha tan 9,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu c 7,84 lt kh X (ktc) v
2,54 gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z. Lc b cht rn Y, c cn cn thn dung dch Z thu c lng mui khan l
A. 31,45 gam. B. 33,99 gam. C. 19,025 gam. D. 56,3 gam.
02. Cho 15 gam hn hp 3 amin n chc, bc mt tc dng va vi dung dch HCl 1,2 M th thu c 18,504
gam mui. Th tch dung dch HCl phi dng l
A. 0,8 lt.
B. 0,08 lt.
C. 0,4 lt.
D. 0,04 lt.
03. Trn 8,1 gam bt Al vi 48 gam bt Fe2O3 ri cho tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong iu kin khng c
khng kh, kt thc th nghim lng cht rn thu c l
A. 61,5 gam. B. 56,1 gam.
C. 65,1 gam.
D. 51,6 gam.
04. Ha tan hon ton 10,0 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi (ng trc H trong dy in ha) bng dung dch
HCl d thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c lng mui khan l
A. 1,71 gam. B. 17,1 gam.
C. 13,55 gam.
D. 34,2 gam.
05. Nhit phn hon ton m gam hn hp X gm CaCO 3 v Na2CO3 thu c 11,6 gam cht rn v 2,24 lt kh
(ktc). Hm lng % CaCO3 trong X l
A. 6,25%.
B. 8,62%.
C. 50,2%. D. 62,5%.
06. Cho 4,4 gam hn hp hai kim loi nhm I A hai chu k lin tip tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 4,48
lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui tan. Tn hai kim loi v khi lng m l
A. 11 gam; Li v Na.
B. 18,6 gam; Li v Na.
C. 18,6 gam; Na v K.
D. 12,7 gam; Na v K.
07. t chy hon ton 18 gam FeS 2 v cho ton b lng SO2 vo 2 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,125M. Khi lng
mui to thnh l
A. 57,40 gam. B. 56,35 gam. C. 59,17 gam.
D.58,35 gam.
08. Ha tan 33,75 gam mt kim loi M trong dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c 16,8 lt kh X (ktc) gm hai kh
khng mu ha nu trong khng kh c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 17,8.
a) Kim loi l
A. Cu.
B. Zn.
C. Fe.
D. Al.
b) Nu dng dung dch HNO3 2M v ly d 25% th th tch dung dch cn ly l
A. 3,15 lt.
B. 3,00 lt.
C. 3,35 lt. D. 3,45 lt.
09. Ho tan hon ton 15,9 gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Al, Mg v Cu bng dung dch HNO 3 thu c 6,72 lt kh
NO v dung dch X. em c cn dung dch X thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 77,1 gam. B. 71,7 gam.
C. 17,7 gam.
D. 53,1 gam.
10. Ha tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe 2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml axit H 2SO4 0,1M (va ). Sau phn
ng, hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c khi lng l
A. 6,81 gam. B. 4,81 gam.
C. 3,81 gam.
D. 5,81 gam.
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
1. A
6. B
2. B
7. D
3. B
8. a-D, b-B
4. B
9. B
5. D
10. A
Phng php 2
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
56
x + 3y + 2z = 0,04 mol
(2)
Nhn hai v ca (2) vi 3 ri tr (1) ta c:
x + y = 0,02 mol.
Mt khc:
2FeO + 4H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O
x
x/2
2Fe3O4 + 10H2SO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
y
y/2
x y 0,2
n SO2
0,01 mol
tng:
2
2
VSO2 224 ml. (p n B)
Vy:
V d 2: Thi t t V lt hn hp kh (ktc) gm CO v H2 i qua mt ng ng 16,8 gam hn hp 3 oxit: CuO,
Fe3O4, Al2O3 nung nng, phn ng hon ton. Sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn v mt hn hp kh v hi
nng hn khi lng ca hn hp V l 0,32 gam. Tnh V v m.
A. 0,224 lt v 14,48 gam.
B. 0,448 lt v 18,46 gam.
C. 0,112 lt v 12,28 gam.
D. 0,448 lt v 16,48 gam.
Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit trn l
CO + O
CO2
H2 + O H2O.
Khi lng hn hp kh to thnh nng hn hn hp kh ban u chnh l khi lng ca nguyn t Oxi trong cc
oxit tham gia phn ng. Do vy:
mO = 0,32 gam.
0,32
nO
0,02 mol
16
n CO n H 2 0,02 mol .
16,8 = m + 0,32
m = 16,48 gam.
Vhh (CO H 2 ) 0,02 22,4 0,448 lt. (p n D)
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
mO = 1,6 gam.
Khi lng cht rn cn li trong ng s l: 24 1,6 = 22,4 gam. (p n A)
V d 4: Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc X qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng. Sau khi phn ng
hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu c c t khi i vi hiro l 15,5.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,92 gam. B. 0,32 gam. C. 0,64 gam.
D. 0,46 gam.
Hng dn gii
o
CnH2n+1CH2OH + CuO t
CnH2n+1CHO + Cu + H2O
Khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim chnh l s gam nguyn t O trong CuO phn ng. Do nhn c:
0,32
0,02 mol
mO = 0,32 gam n O
16
C n H 2n 1CHO : 0,02 mol
Hn hp hi gm:
: 0,02 mol.
H 2O
Vy hn hp hi c tng s mol l 0,04 mol.
C M = 31
2
V d 6: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacbonxylic n chc cn va V lt O 2 ( ktc), thu c 0,3 mol
CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Gi tr ca V l
A. 8,96 lt.
B. 11,2 lt.
C. 6,72 lt.
D. 4,48 lt.
Hng dn gii
Axit cacbonxylic n chc c 2 nguyn t Oxi nn c th t l RO2. Vy:
n O ( RO2 ) n O (CO2 ) n O (CO2 ) n O ( H 2O)
0,12 + nO (p.) = 0,32 + 0,21
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
CO2 75% .
n CO 1
75
n CO ( p. ) n CO2
0,2 0,15 mol nCO d = 0,05 mol.
Mt khc:
100
Thc cht phn ng kh oxit st l do
CO + O (trong oxit st) CO2
Fe2O3. (p n B)
n CO2 y 0,15 3
V d 8: Cho hn hp A gm Al, Zn, Mg. em oxi ho hon ton 28,6 gam A bng oxi d thu c 44,6 gam hn
hp oxit B. Ho tan ht B trong dung dch HCl thu c dung dch D. C cn dung dch D c hn hp mui
khan l
A. 99,6 gam.
B. 49,8 gam.
C. 74,7 gam.
D. 100,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
Gi M l kim loi i din cho ba kim loi trn vi ho tr l n.
n
M +
O2
M2On
(1)
2
M2On + 2nHCl
2MCln + nH2O
(2)
n
4.n
Theo phng trnh (1) (2) HCl
O2 .
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng m O2 44,6 28,6 16 gam
Hn hp A
(mol).
Ho tan B bng dung dch HCl d thu c n H 2 0,028 mol.
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
a = 0,028 mol.
(1)
1
1
Theo u bi: n Fe3O4 n FeO n Fe2O3 d b c
(2)
3
3
Tng mB l: (56.a + 160.b + 72.c + 232.d) = 4,78 gam.
(3)
S mol nguyn t Fe trong hn hp A bng s mol nguyn t Fe trong hn hp B. Ta c:
nFe (A) = 0,01 + 0,032 = 0,07 mol
nFe (B) = a + 2b + c + 3d
a + 2b + c + 3d = 0,07
(4)
T (1, 2, 3, 4)
b = 0,006 mol
c = 0,012 mol
d = 0,006 mol. (p n A)
V d 10: Kh hon ton 24 gam hn hp CuO v FexOy bng H2 d nhit cao thu c 17,6 gam hn hp 2
kim loi. Khi lng H2O to thnh l
A. 1,8 gam.
B. 5,4 gam.
C. 7,2 gam. D. 3,6 gam.
Hng dn gii
mO (trong oxit) = moxit mkloi = 24 17,6 = 6,4 gam.
mO H2O 6,4 gam ; n H O 6,4 0,4 mol.
2
16
m H2O 0,4 18 7,2 gam. (p n C)
V d 11: Kh ht m gam Fe3O4 bng CO thu c hn hp A gm FeO v Fe. A tan va trong 0,3 lt dung dch
H2SO4 1M cho ra 4,48 lt kh (ktc). Tnh m?
A. 23,2 gam. B. 46,4 gam. C. 11,2 gam.
D. 16,04 gam.
Hng dn gii
Fe3O4 (FeO, Fe) 3Fe2+
n mol
n Fe trong FeSO4 n SO2 0,3 mol
4
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t Fe:
n Fe Fe3O4 n Fe FeSO4
3n = 0,3 n = 0,1
m Fe3O4 23,2 gam (p n A)
V d 12: un hai ru n chc vi H2SO4 c, 140oC c hn hp ba ete. Ly 0,72 gam mt trong ba ete em
t chy hon ton thu c 1,76 gam CO2 v 0,72 gam H2O. Hai ru l
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
C. C2H5OH v C4H9OH.
D. CH3OH v C3H5OH.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc tng qut ca mt trong ba ete l CxHyO, ta c:
0,72
0,72
mC
12 0,48 gam ; m H
2 0,08 gam
44
18
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
1. D
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. C
Phng php 3
BO TON MOL ELECTRON
Trc ht cn nhn mnh y khng phi l phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha - kh, mc d phng php
thng bng electron dng cn bng phn ng oxi ha - kh cng da trn s bo ton electron.
Nguyn tc ca phng php nh sau: khi c nhiu cht oxi ha, cht kh trong mt hn hp phn ng (nhiu
phn ng hoc phn ng qua nhiu giai on) th tng s electron ca cc cht kh cho phi bng tng s electron
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
10
m cc cht oxi ha nhn. Ta ch cn nhn nh ng trng thi u v trng thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha hoc
cht kh, thm ch khng cn quan tm n vic cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng. Phng php ny c bit l
th i vi cc bi ton cn phi bin lun nhiu trng hp c th xy ra.
Sau y l mt s v d in hnh.
V d 1: Oxi ha hon ton 0,728 gam bt Fe ta thu c 1,016 gam hn hp hai oxit st (hn hp A).
1. Ha tan hn hp A bng dung dch axit nitric long d. Tnh th tch kh NO duy nht bay ra ( ktc).
A. 2,24 ml.
B. 22,4 ml. C. 33,6 ml. D. 44,8 ml.
2. Cng hn hp A trn trn vi 5,4 gam bt Al ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm (hiu sut 100%). Ha tan hn
hp thu c sau phn ng bng dung dch HCl d. Tnh th tch bay ra ( ktc).
A. 6,608 lt. B. 0,6608 lt. C. 3,304 lt.
D. 33,04. lt
Hng dn gii
1. Cc phn ng c th c:
o
2Fe + O2 t
2FeO
(1)
o
2Fe + 1,5O2 t
Fe2O3
(2)
to
3Fe + 2O2
Fe3O4
(3)
Cc phn ng ha tan c th c:
3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
(4)
Fe2O3 + 6HNO3
2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O
(5)
3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3
9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14H2O
(6)
0
+3
+5
Ta nhn thy tt c Fe t Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe , cn N b kh thnh N+2, O20 b kh thnh 2O2 nn phng
trnh bo ton electron l:
0,728
3n 0,009 4
3 0,039 mol.
56
trong , n l s mol NO thot ra. Ta d dng rt ra
n = 0,001 mol;
VNO = 0,00122,4 = 0,0224 lt = 22,4 ml. (p n B)
2. Cc phn ng c th c:
o
2Al + 3FeO t
3Fe + Al2O3
(7)
o
2Al + Fe2O3 t
2Fe + Al2O3
(8)
to
8Al + 3Fe3O4
9Fe + 4Al2O3
(9)
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
(10)
n = 0,295 mol
VH2 0,295 22,4 6,608 lt. (p n A)
Nhn xt: Trong bi ton trn cc bn khng cn phi bn khon l to thnh hai oxit st (hn hp A) gm nhng
oxit no v cng khng cn phi cn bng 11 phng trnh nh trn m ch cn quan tm ti trng thi u v trng
thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha v cht kh ri p dng lut bo ton electron tnh lc bt c cc giai on
trung gian ta s tnh nhm nhanh c bi ton.
V d 2: Trn 0,81 gam bt nhm vi bt Fe2O3 v CuO ri t nng tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm thu c
hn hp A. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO3 un nng thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht)
ktc. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,224 lt.
B. 0,672 lt. C. 2,24 lt.
D. 6,72 lt.
Hng dn gii
Tm tt theo s :
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
11
Fe2O3 t o
tan hon ton
hn hp
A ha
VNO ?
dung dch HNO3
CuO
Thc cht trong bi ton ny ch c qu trnh cho v nhn electron ca nguyn t Al v N.
Al Al+3 + 3e
0,81
0,09 mol
27
v
N+5 + 3e
N+2
0,09 mol 0,03 mol
(nAl =nFe)
Fe
Cu(NO3 )2 :y mol
1,12 lt H 2
Chtr
nA
HCl d Z
]
(3kimloi)
2,8 gamcht rn khng tan B
Hng dn gii
8,3
0,1mol.
Ta c:
nAl = nFe =
83
t n AgNO3 x mol v n Cu( NO3 )2 y mol
108x + 64y = 28
(2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c:
x = 0,2 mol ; y = 0,1 mol.
0,2
0,1
C M AgNO3
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
12
V d 4: Ha tan 15 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi Mg v Al vo dung dch Y gm HNO 3 v H2SO4 c thu
c 0,1 mol mi kh SO2, NO, NO2, N2O. Phn trm khi lng ca Al v Mg trong X ln lt l
A. 63% v 37%.
B. 36% v 64%.
C. 50% v 50%.
D. 46% v 54%.
Hng dn gii
t nMg = x mol ; nAl = y mol. Ta c:
24x + 27y = 15.(1)
Qu trnh oxi ha:
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
Al Al3+ + 3e
x
2x
y
3y
Tng s mol e nhng bng (2x + 3y).
Qu trnh kh:
N+5 + 3e N+2
2N+5 + 2 4e 2N+1
0,3
0,1
0,8
0,2
+5
+4
+6
+4
N + 1e N
S + 2e S
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,1
Tng s mol e nhn bng 1,4 mol.
Theo nh lut bo ton electron:
2x + 3y = 1,4 (2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c: x = 0,4 mol ; y = 0,2 mol.
27 0,2
%Al
100% 36%.
15
%Mg = 100% 36% = 64%. (p n B)
V d 5: Trn 60 gam bt Fe vi 30 gam bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c cht rn A.
Ho tan A bng dung dch axit HCl d c dung dch B v kh C. t chy C cn V lt O 2 (ktc). Bit cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton. V c gi tr l
A. 11,2 lt.
B. 21 lt.
C. 33 lt.
D. 49 lt.
Hng dn gii
30
V n Fe n S
nn Fe d v S ht.
32
Kh C l hn hp H2S v H2. t C thu c SO2 v H2O. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh phn ng l Fe v S
nhng e, cn O2 thu e.
Nhng e:
Fe
Fe2+ + 2e
60
60
mol
2 mol
56
56
+4
S
S +
4e
30
30
mol
4
mol
32
32
Thu e: Gi s mol O2 l x mol.
O2 + 4e 2O-2
x mol 4x
60
30
Ta c: 4x 2 4 gii ra x = 1,4732 mol.
56
32
VO2 22,4 1,4732 33 lt. (p n C)
13
TN2: R1 v R2 trc tip nhng e cho N to ra N2. Gi x l s mol N2, th s mol e thu vo l
5
2 N + 10e N 02
10x x mol
Ta c:
10x = 0,15 x = 0,015
VN2 = 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lt. (p n B)
V d 7: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO 3 thu c hn hp kh gm 0,01
mol NO v 0,04 mol NO2. Tnh khi lng mui to ra trong dung dch.
A. 10,08 gam. B. 6,59 gam. C. 5,69 gam. D. 5,96 gam.
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: t x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al.
Nhng e:
Thu e:
Cu = Cu + 2e
x x 2x
5
Mg = Mg + 2e
y y 2y
5
Al = Al + 3e
z z 3z
4
N + 3e = N (NO)
N + 1e = N (NO2)
0,03 0,01
0,04 0,04
Ta c:
2x + 2y + 3z = 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07
v 0,07 cng chnh l s mol NO3
Khi lng mui nitrat l:
1,35 + 620,07 = 5,69 gam. (p n C)
Cch 2:
Nhn nh mi: Khi cho kim loi hoc hn hp kim loi tc dng vi dung dch axit HNO 3 to hn hp 2 kh NO
v NO2 th
n HNO3 2n NO2 4n NO
n HNO3 2 0,04 4 0,01 0,12 mol
nH2O 0,06mol
0,3
0,1
0,2
+5
+2
+5
Nhn e:
N + 3e N
N + 1e N+4
3x x
y y
Tng ne cho bng tng ne nhn.
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
14
Mt khc:
3x + y = 0,5
30x + 46y = 192(x + y).
x = 0,125 ; y = 0,125.
Vhh kh (ktc) = 0,125222,4 = 5,6 lt. (p n C)
V d 9: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan ht hn hp X trong dung
dch HNO3 (d), thot ra 0,56 lt ( ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,52 gam. B. 2,22 gam. C. 2,62 gam.
D. 2,32 gam.
Hng dn gii
m gam Fe + O2 3 gam hn hp cht rn X HNO3 d
0,56 lt NO.
Thc cht cc qu trnh oxi ha - kh trn l:
Cho e:
Fe Fe3+ + 3e
m
3m
mol e
56
56
Nhn e:
O2
+ 4e
2O2 N+5 + 3e
N+2
3 m
4(3 m)
mol e
0,075 mol 0,025 mol
32
32
3m
4(3 m)
=
+ 0,075
56
32
m = 2,52 gam. (p n A)
V d 10: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A v B ng trc H trong dy in ha v c ha tr khng i trong cc
hp cht. Chia m gam X thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Ha tan hon ton trong dung dch cha axit HCl v H2SO4 long to ra 3,36 lt kh H2.
- Phn 2: Tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht).
Bit cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 3,36 lt.
C. 4,48 lt.
D. 6,72 lt.
Hng dn gii
t hai kim loi A, B l M.
n
- Phn 1:
M + nH+
Mn+ + H 2
(1)
2
- Phn 2:
3M + 4nH+ + nNO3 3Mn+ + nNO + 2nH2O
(2)
+
Theo (1): S mol e ca M cho bng s mol e ca 2H nhn;
Theo (2): S mol e ca M cho bng s mol e ca N+5 nhn.
Vy s mol e nhn ca 2H+ bng s mol e nhn ca N+5.
2H+ + 2e H2
v
N+5 + 3e N+2
0,3 0,15 mol
0,3 0,1 mol
15
n NO 0,1 mol
%VNO 25%
%VNO2 75%
v Fe 3e Fe3+
N+5 + 3e N+2
N+5 + 1e N+4
3x x
0,3 0,1
0,3 0,3
Theo nh lut bo ton electron:
3x = 0,6 mol x = 0,2 mol
0,12
mol.
HNO3 (bkh)
Nhn nh mi: Kim loi nhng bao nhiu electron th cng nhn by nhiu gc NO3 to mui.
n HNO3 ( to mui ) n.e ( nh ng) n.e ( nhn) 0,04 0,4 0,44 mol.
Do :
0,56
0,28M. (p n A)
2
V d 13: Khi cho 9,6 gam Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch H 2SO4 m c, thy c 49 gam H2SO4 tham gia phn
ng, to mui MgSO4, H2O v sn phm kh X. X l
A. SO2
B. S
C. H2S
D. SO2, H2S
Hng dn gii
Dung dch H2SO4 m c va l cht oxi ha va l mi trng.
Gi a l s oxi ha ca S trong X.
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
S+6 + (6-a)e S a
0,4 mol
0,8 mol
0,1 mol 0,1(6-a) mol
49
0,5 (mol)
Tng s mol H2SO4 dng l :
98
S mol H2SO4 dng to mui bng s mol Mg = 9,6 : 24 = 0,4 mol.
S mol H2SO4 dng oxi ha Mg l:
0,5 0,4 = 0,1 mol.
Ta c: 0,1(6 a) = 0,8 x = 2. Vy X l H2S. (p n C)
V d 14: a gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian s chuyn thnh hn hp A c khi lng l 75,2
gam gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Cho hn hp A phn ng ht vi dung dch H 2SO4 m c, nng thu c
6,72 lt kh SO2 (ktc). Khi lng a gam l:
A. 56 gam. B. 11,2 gam. C. 22,4 gam.
D. 25,3 gam.
Hng dn gii
a
S mol Fe ban u trong a gam: n Fe
mol.
56
HNO3
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
16
75,2 a
mol.
32
Fe Fe3 3e
a
3a
mol
mol
56
56
3a
mol
56
Qu trnh kh:O2 + 4e 2O2
SO42 + 4H+ + 2e
T (2), (3) n echo 4n O2 2n SO2
(1)
S mol e nhng: n e
(2)
SO2 + 2H2O
(3)
75,2 a
3a
2 0,3
32
56
a = 56 gam. (p n A)
V d 15: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp A gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO3 d c 1,12 lt NO v NO2 (ktc) c khi
lng mol trung bnh l 42,8. Tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l:
A. 9,65 gam B. 7,28 gam
C. 4,24 gam
D. 5,69 gam
Hng dn gii
Da vo s ng cho tnh c s mol NO v NO2 ln lt l 0,01 v 0,04 mol. Ta c cc bn phn ng:
NO3 + 4H+ + 3e
NO + 2H2O
+
NO3 + 2H + 1e
NO2 + H2O
Nh vy, tng electron nhn l 0,07 mol.
Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al c trong 1,35 gam hn hp kim loi. Ta c cc bn phn ng:
Cu Cu2+ + 2e Mg Mg2+ + 2e Al Al3+ + 3e
2x + 2y + 3z = 0,07.
Khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l:
m = m Cu( NO3 )2 + m Mg( NO3 )2 + m Al( NO3 )3
4
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
17
06. Ha tan ht 4,43 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO3 long thu c dung dch A v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp
hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59 gam trong c mt kh b ha thnh mu nu trong khng kh. Tnh
s mol HNO3 phn ng.
A. 0,51 mol.
B. A. 0,45 mol. C. 0,55 mol. D. 0,49 mol.
07. Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp gm ba kim loi bng dung dch HNO3 thu c 1,12 lt hn hp kh D (ktc)
gm NO2 v NO. T khi hi ca D so vi hiro bng 18,2. Tnh th tch ti thiu dung dch HNO 3 37,8% (d =
1,242g/ml) cn dng.
A. 20,18 ml. B. 11,12 ml.
C. 21,47 ml.
D. 36,7 ml.
08. Ha tan 6,25 gam hn hp Zn v Al vo 275 ml dung dch HNO3 thu c dung dch A, cht rn B gm cc kim
loi cha tan ht cn nng 2,516 gam v 1,12 lt hn hp kh D ( ktc) gm NO v NO 2. T khi ca hn hp D so
vi H2 l 16,75. Tnh nng mol/l ca HNO3 v tnh khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch sau phn
ng.
A. 0,65M v 11,794 gam.
B. 0,65M v 12,35 gam.
C. 0,75M v 11,794 gam.
D. 0,55M v 12.35 gam.
09. t chy 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh ng O 2 thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm Fe 2O3, Fe3O4 v Fe. Ha tan
hon ton lng hn hp A bng dung dch HNO 3 thu c V lt hn hp kh B gm NO v NO 2. T khi ca B so
vi H2 bng 19. Th tch V ktc l
A. 672 ml.
B. 336 ml.
C. 448 ml. D. 896 ml.
10. Cho a gam hn hp A gm oxit FeO, CuO, Fe 2O3 c s mol bng nhau tc dng hon ton vi lng va l 250
ml dung dch HNO3 khi un nng nh, thu c dung dch B v 3,136 lt (ktc) hn hp kh C gm NO 2 v NO c t
khi so vi hiro l 20,143. Tnh a.
A. 74,88 gam. B. 52,35 gam. C. 61,79 gam.
D. 72,35 gam.
p n cc bi tp vn dng
1. B
6. D
2. B
7. C
3. A
8. A
4. B
9. D
5. C
10. A
Phng php 4
S DNG PHNG TRNH ION - ELETRON
lm tt cc bi ton bng phng php ion iu u tin cc bn phi nm chc phng trnh phn ng di
dng cc phn t t suy ra cc phng trnh ion, i khi c mt s bi tp khng th gii theo cc phng trnh
phn t c m phi gii da theo phng trnh ion. Vic gii bi ton ha hc bng phng php ion gip chng
ta hiu k hn v bn cht ca cc phng trnh ha hc. T mt phng trnh ion c th ng vi rt nhiu
phng trnh phn t. V d phn ng gia hn hp dung dch axit vi dung dch baz u c chung mt phng
trnh ion l
H+ + OH
H2O
hoc phn ng ca Cu kim loi vi hn hp dung dch NaNO3 v dung dch H2SO4 l
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3
3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O...
Sau y l mt s v d:
V d 1: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO) vi s mol mi cht l 0,1 mol, ha tan ht vo dung dch Y gm
(HCl v H2SO4 long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO3)2 1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi
ngng thot kh NO. Th tch dung dch Cu(NO3)2 cn dng v th tch kh thot ra ktc thuc phng n no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt.
B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt.
C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt.
D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp 0,1 mol Fe2O3 v 0,1 mol FeO thnh 0,1 mol Fe3O4.
Hn hp X gm: (Fe3O4 0,2 mol; Fe 0,1 mol) tc dng vi dung dch Y
Fe3O4 + 8H+ Fe2+ + 2Fe3+ + 4H2O
0,2
0,2
0,4 mol
+
2+
Fe + 2H Fe + H2
0,1
0,1 mol
Dung dch Z: (Fe2+: 0,3 mol; Fe3+: 0,4 mol) + Cu(NO3)2:
3Fe2+ + NO3 + 4H+ 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O
0,3
0,1
0,1 mol
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
18
1
V d 2: Ha tan 0,1 mol Cu kim loi trong 120 ml dung dch X gm HNO 3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M. Sau khi phn ng
kt thc thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc).
Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,344 lt. B. 1,49 lt.
C. 0,672 lt.
D. 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
n HNO3 0,12 mol ;
n H 2SO4 0,06 mol
n H 0,24 mol v n NO 0,12 mol.
Tng:
3
0,06 mol
Sau phn ng: 0,01 (d) (ht)
0,06 (d)
V d 4: Ha tan ht hn hp gm mt kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th trong nc c dung dch A v c
1,12 lt H2 bay ra ( ktc). Cho dung dch cha 0,03 mol AlCl3 vo dung dch A. khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 0,78 gam. B. 1,56 gam. C. 0,81 gam.
D. 2,34 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phn ng ca kim loi kim v kim loi kim th vi H2O:
n
M + nH2O
M(OH)n + H 2
2
T phng trnh ta c:
n OH 2n H 2 = 0,1mol.
Dung dch A tc dng vi 0,03 mol dung dch AlCl3:
Al3+ + 3OH
Al(OH)3
Ban u:
0,03
0,1 mol
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
19
Phn ng:
0,03 0,09
n OH ( d ) = 0,01mol
0,03 mol
H+ d
Phn ng: 0,045 0,12 0,03 mol
+
Ag + Br
AgBr
t:
nNaCl = x mol ; nNaBr = y mol
mAgCl + mAgBr = m AgNO3( p. )
m Cl m Br m NO
58,5 36 100
= 27,84%. (p n B)
58,5 36 103 53
V d 7: Trn 100 ml dung dch A (gm KHCO 3 1M v K2CO3 1M) vo 100 ml dung dch B (gm NaHCO 3 1M v
Na2CO3 1M) thu c dung dch C.
Nh t t 100 ml dung dch D (gm H 2SO4 1M v HCl 1M) vo dung dch C thu c V lt CO 2 (ktc) v dung
dch E. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 ti d vo dung dch E th thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 82,4 gam v 2,24 lt.
B. 4,3 gam v 1,12 lt.
C. 43 gam v 2,24 lt.
D. 3,4 gam v 5,6 lt.
Hng dn gii
Dung dch C cha:
HCO3 : 0,2 mol ; CO32 : 0,2 mol.
n H = 0,3 mol.
Dung dch D c tng:
Nh t t dung dch C v dung dch D:
CO32 + H+
HCO3
0,2 0,2 0,2 mol
HCO3 + H+
H2O + CO2
Ban u:
0,4
0,1 mol
Phn ng:
0,1 0,1
0,1 mol
D:
0,3 mol
Chn x = 36, y = 53
%m NaCl
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
20
0,3 mol
2+
2
Ba + SO4
BaSO4
0,1
0,1 mol
VCO2 = 0,122,4 = 2,24 lt.
n Cl = 0,5 mol.
Ta thy
Mg2+ + H2
3
Al + 3H+
Al3+ + H2
2
+
n H (p ) 2n H2
H ht.
Mg0 + 2H+
(1)
(2)
3+
Al
+
3OH
Al(OH)3
(5)
kt ta t ln nht th s mol OH kt ta ht cc ion Mg2+ v Al3+. Theo cc phng trnh phn ng (1),
(2), (4), (5) ta c:
n H = n OH = 0,78 mol
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
21
c 2 mol ion H+
1 mol H2
+
vy 0,475 mol H 0,2375 mol H2
n H ( d ) = 0,5 0,475 = 0,025 mol
0,025
H
= 0,1 = 101M pH = 1. (p n A)
0,25
V d 10: (Cu 40 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Thc hin hai th nghim:
1) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra V1 lt NO.
2) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5 M thot ra V2 lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l
A. V2 = V1.
B. V2 = 2V1. C. V2 = 2,5V1. D. V2 = 1,5V1.
Hng dn gii
3,84
n H 0,08 mol
0,06 mol
n Cu
64
TN1:
Ban u:
Phn ng:
TN2:
Tng:
H+ phn ng ht
0,03 0,08 0,02
0,02 mol
V1 tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.
nCu = 0,06 mol ; n HNO3 = 0,08 mol ; n H 2SO4 = 0,04 mol.
n H = 0,16 mol ;
n NO = 0,08 mol.
3
0,04 mol
22
0,01 mol
0,15
VH2SO4
0,15
NO3 + 4H+ + 3e
NO + 2H2O
(2)
4 0,1
0,1
+
2NO3 + 10H + 8e
N2O + 5H2O
(3)
10 0,05
0,05
T (1), (2), (3) nhn c:
n HNO3 p n H = 2 0,15 4 0,1 10 0,05 = 1,2 mol. (p n D)
V d 14: Cho 12,9 gam hn hp Al v Mg phn ng vi dung dch hn hp hai axit HNO 3 v H2SO4 (c nng) thu
c 0,1 mol mi kh SO2, NO, NO2. C cn dung dch sau phn ng khi lng mui khan thu c l:
A. 31,5 gam. B. 37,7 gam. C. 47,3 gam. D. 34,9 gam.
Hng dn gii
Ta c bn phn ng:
2NO3 + 2H+ + 1e
NO2 + H2O + NO3
(1)
0,1
0,1
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
23
4NO3 + 4H+ + 3e
3 0,1
2
+
2SO4 + 4H + 2e
SO2 + H2O + SO42
0,1
0,1
T (1), (2), (3) s mol NO3 to mui bng 0,1 + 3 0,1 = 0,4 mol;
s mol SO42 to mui bng 0,1 mol.
(3)
+
2NO3 + 10H + 8e
N2O + 5H2O
0,08
0,4
0,04
n HNO3 n H 0,88 mol.
0,88
a
0,22 M.
4
S mol NO3 to mui bng 0,88 (0,08 + 0,08) = 0,72 mol.
Khi lng mui bng 10,71 + 0,72 62 = 55,35 gam. (p n B)
V d 16: Ha tan 5,95 gam hn hp Zn, Al c t l mol l 1:2 bng dung dch HNO 3 long d thu c 0,896 lt
mt sn shm kh X duy nht cha nit. X l:
A. N2O
B. N2
C. NO
D. NH4+
Hng dn gii
Ta c:
nZn = 0,05 mol; nAl = 0,1 mol.
Gi a l s mol ca NxOy, ta c:
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Al Al3+ + 3e
0,05
0,1
0,1
0,3
+
xNO3 + (6x 2y)H + (5x 2y)e NxOy + (3x 2y)H2O
0,04(5x 2y)
0,04
24
Phng php 5
S DNG CC GI TR TRUNG BNH
y l mt trong mt s phng php hin i nht cho php gii nhanh chng v n gin nhiu bi ton ha hc v
hn hp cc cht rn, lng cng nh kh.
Nguyn tc ca phng php nh sau: Khi lng phn t trung bnh (KLPTTB) (k hiu M ) cng nh khi
lng nguyn t trung bnh (KLNTTB) chnh l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp, nn n c tnh theo cng
thc:
tngkhil nghnh p(tnhtheogam)
M
.
tngsmolccchttronghnh p
M n M 2 n 2 M 3 n 3 ... M i n i
M 1 1
(1)
n1 n 2 n 3 ...
ni
trong M1, M2,... l KLPT (hoc KLNT) ca cc cht trong hn hp; n1, n2,... l s mol tng ng ca cc cht.
Cng thc (1) c th vit thnh:
n
n
n
M M1. 1 M 2 . 2 M 3 . 3 ...
ni
ni
ni
M M1x1 M 2 x 2 M 3x 3 ...
(2)
trong x1, x2,... l % s mol tng ng (cng chnh l % khi lng) ca cc cht. c bit i vi cht kh th x 1,
x2, ... cng chnh l % th tch nn cng thc (2) c th vit thnh:
M V M 2 V2 M 3V3 ... M i Vi
M 1 1
(3)
V1 V2 V3 ...
Vi
trong V1, V2,... l th tch ca cc cht kh. Nu hn hp ch c 2 cht th cc cng thc (1), (2), (3) tng ng
tr thnh (1), (2), (3) nh sau:
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
25
M1n1 M 2 (n n1 )
(1)
n
trong n l tng s s mol ca cc cht trong hn hp,
M M1x1 M 2 (1 x1 )
(2)
trong con s 1 ng vi 100% v
M V M 2 (V V1 )
M 1 1
(3)
V
trong V1 l th tch kh th nht v V l tng th tch hn hp.
T cng thc tnh KLPTTB ta suy ra cc cng thc tnh KLNTTB.
Vi cc cng thc:
C x H yO z ; n1 mol
M
C x H yO z ; n 2 mol
ta c:
- Nguyn t cacbon trung bnh:
x
x1n1 x 2 n 2 ...
n1 n 2 ...
y1n1 y 2 n 2 ...
n1 n 2 ...
v i khi tnh c c s lin kt , s nhm chc trung bnh theo cng thc trn.
V d 1: Ha tan hon ton 2,84 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi phn nhm II A v thuc hai chu
k lin tip trong bng tun hon bng dung dch HCl ta thu c dung dch X v 672 ml CO2 ( ktc).
1. Hy xc nh tn cc kim loi.
A. Be, Mg.
B. Mg, Ca. C. Ca, Ba.
D. Ca, Sr.
2. C cn dung dch X th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 2 gam.
B. 2,54 gam. C. 3,17 gam. D. 2,95 gam.
Hng dn gii
1. Gi A, B l cc kim loi cn tm. Cc phng trnh phn ng l
ACO3 + 2HCl ACl2 + H2O + CO2
(1)
BCO3 + 2HCl
BCl2 + H2O + CO2
(2)
(C th gi M l kim loi i din cho 2 kim loi A, B lc ch cn vit mt phng trnh phn ng).
Theo cc phn ng (1), (2) tng s mol cc mui cacbonat bng:
0,672
n CO2
0,03 mol.
22,4
Vy KLPTTB ca cc mui cacbonat l
2,84
M
94,67 v
M A,B 94,67 60 34,67
0,03
V thuc 2 chu k lin tip nn hai kim loi l Mg (M = 24) v Ca (M = 40). (p n B)
2. KLPTTB ca cc mui clorua:
M muiclorua 34,67 71 105,67 .
Khi lng mui clorua khan l 105,670,03 = 3,17 gam. (p n C)
63
65
V d 2: Trong t nhin, ng (Cu) tn ti di hai dng ng v 29Cu v 29 Cu . KLNT (xp x khi lng trung
bnh) ca Cu l 63,55. Tnh % v khi lng ca mi loi ng v.
A. 65Cu: 27,5% ; 63Cu: 72,5%.
B. 65Cu: 70% ; 63Cu: 30%.
C. 65Cu: 72,5% ; 63Cu: 27,5%.
D. 65Cu: 30% ; 63Cu: 70%.
Hng dn gii
65
Gi x l % ca ng v 29Cu ta c phng trnh:
y
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
26
x = 0,275
65
Vy: ng v Cu chim 27,5% v ng v 63Cu chim 72,5%. (p n C)
V d 3: Hn hp kh SO2 v O2 c t khi so vi CH4 bng 3. Cn thm bao nhiu lt O2 vo 20 lt hn hp kh
cho t khi so vi CH4 gim i 1/6, tc bng 2,5. Cc hn hp kh cng iu kin nhit v p sut.
A. 10 lt.
B. 20 lt.
C. 30 lt.
D. 40 lt.
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: Gi x l % th tch ca SO2 trong hn hp ban u, ta c:
M = 163 = 48 = 64.x + 32(1 x)
x = 0,5
Vy: mi kh chim 50%. Nh vy trong 20 lt, mi kh chim 10 lt.
Gi V l s lt O2 cn thm vo, ta c:
64 10 32(10 V)
M 2,5 16 40
.
20 V
Gii ra c V = 20 lt. (p n B)
Cch 2:
Ghi ch: C th coi hn hp kh nh mt kh c KLPT chnh bng KLPT trung bnh ca hn hp, v d, c th xem
khng kh nh mt kh vi KLPT l 29.
Hn hp kh ban u coi nh kh th nht (20 lt c M = 163 = 48), cn O2 thm vo coi nh kh th hai, ta c
phng trnh:
48 20 32V
M 2,5 16 40
,
20 V
Rt ra V = 20 lt. (p n B)
V d 4: C 100 gam dung dch 23% ca mt axit n chc (dung dch A). Thm 30 gam mt axit ng ng lin
tip vo dung dch ta c dung dch B. Trung ha 1/10 dung dch B bng 500 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M (va )
ta c dung dch C.
1. Hy xc nh CTPT ca cc axit.
A. HCOOH v CH3COOH.
B. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.
C. C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH.
D. C3H7COOH v C4H9COOH.
2. C cn dung dch C th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 5,7 gam.
B. 7,5 gam. C. 5,75 gam.
D. 7,55 gam.
Hng dn gii
1. Theo phng php KLPTTB:
1
23
m RCOOH
2,3 gam,
10
10
1
30
m RCH 2COOH
3 gam.
10
10
2,3 3
M
53 .
0,1
Axit duy nht c KLPT < 53 l HCOOH (M = 46) v axit ng ng lin tip phi l CH 3COOH (M = 60). (p
n A)
2. Theo phng php KLPTTB:
V Maxit = 53 nn M mui = 53+ 23 1 75 . V s mol mui bng s mol axit bng 0,1 nn tng khi lng mui
bng 750,1 = 7,5 gam. (p n B)
V d 5: C V lt kh A gm H2 v hai olefin l ng ng lin tip, trong H 2 chim 60% v th tch. Dn hn
hp A qua bt Ni nung nng c hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton kh B c 19,8 gam CO 2 v 13,5 gam H2O.
Cng thc ca hai olefin l
A. C2H4 v C3H6.
B. C3H6 v C4H8.
C. C4H8 v C5H10.
D. C5H10 v C6H12.
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
27
Hng dn gii
t CTTB ca hai olefin l C n H 2n .
cng iu kin nhit v p sut th th tch t l vi s mol kh.
Hn hp kh A c:
n Cn H2 n 0,4 2
.
n H2
0,6 3
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng v nh lut bo ton nguyn t t chy hn hp kh B cng chnh l
t chy hn hp kh A. Ta c:
3n
C n H 2n +
O2
n CO2 + n H2O
(1)
2
2H2 + O2
2H2O
(2)
Theo phng trnh (1) ta c:
n CO2 n H2O = 0,45 mol.
0,45
n Cn H 2 n
mol.
n
13,5
n H 2O
Tng:
= 0,75 mol
18
n H 2O ( pt 2) = 0,75 0,45 = 0,3 mol
n H 2 = 0,3 mol.
Ta c:
n C n H2 n
n H2
0,45
2
0,3 n 3
n = 2,25
28
12x + y = 42,33
Bin lun:
x
1
2
3
4
y
30,33
18,33
6,33
<0
Ch c nghim khi x = 3. B, C phi c mt ru c s nguyn t H < 6,33 v mt ru c s nguyn t H > 6,33.
Vy ru B l C3H7OH.
C 2 cp nghim: C3H5OH (CH2=CHCH2OH) v C3H7OH
C3H3OH (CHCCH2OH)
v C3H7OH (p n C)
V d 8: Cho 2,84 gam hn hp 2 ru n chc l ng ng lin tip nhau tc dng vi mt lng Na va
to ra 4,6 gam cht rn v V lt kh H2 ktc. Tnh V.
A. 0,896 lt. B. 0,672 lt.
C. 0,448 lt.
D. 0,336 lt.
Hng dn gii
t R l gc hirocacbon trung bnh v x l tng s mol ca 2 ru.
1
ROH + Na RONa + H 2
2
x
x mol
x
.
2
R 17 x 2,84
Ta c:
Gii ra c x = 0,08.
R 39 x 4,6
0,08
VH2
22,4 0,896 lt. (p n A)
Vy :
2
V d 9: (Cu 1 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH nm 2007)
Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4 lt dung dch Br 2 0,5M.
Sau khi phn ng hon ton, s mol Br2 gim i mt na v khi lng bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. Cng thc phn t
ca 2 hirocacbon l
A. C2H2 v C4H6.
B. C2H2 v C4H8.
C. C3H4 v C4H8.
D. C2H2 v C3H8.
Hng dn gii
4,48
n hh X
0,2 mol
22,4
n Br2 banu 1,4 0,5 0,7 mol
n Br2 p.ng
0,7
= 0,35 mol.
2
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
29
Khi lng bnh Br2 tng 6,7 gam l s gam ca hirocabon khng no. t CTTB ca hai hirocacbon mch h l
C n H 2n 22a ( a l s lin kt trung bnh).
Phng trnh phn ng:
CnH2n22a + aBr2
CnH2n22aBr2a
0,2 mol 0,35 mol
0,35
a
= 1,75
0,2
6,7
14n 2 2a
n = 2,5.
0,2
Do hai hirocacbon mch h phn ng hon ton vi dung dch Br 2 nn chng u l hirocacbon khng no. Vy
hai hirocacbon l C2H2 v C4H8. (p n B)
V d 10: Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ancol A v B ta c hn hp Y gm cc olefin. Nu t chy
hon ton X th thu c 1,76 gam CO2. Khi t chy hon ton Y th tng khi lng H2O v CO2 to ra l
A. 2,94 gam. B. 2,48 gam. C. 1,76 gam.
D. 2,76 gam.
Hng dn gii
Hn hp X gm hai ancol A v B tch nc c olefin (Y) hai ancol l ru no, n chc.
t CTTB ca hai ancol A, B l CnH2n1OH ta c cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
3n
C n H 2n 1OH +
O2
nCO2 + (n 1)H 2O
2
H 2SO 4
C n H 2n 1OH 170
C n H 2n + H2O
o
C
(Y)
3n
C n H 2n +
O2
nCO2 + n H 2O
2
Nhn xt:
- Khi t chy X v t chy Y cng cho s mol CO2 nh nhau.
- t chy Y cho n CO2 n H2O .
Vy t chy Y cho tng
m CO2 m H2O 0,04 (44 18) 2,48 gam. (p n B)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEP PHNG PHP TRUNG BNH
01. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp hai axit cacboxylic l ng ng k tip thu c 3,36 lt CO 2 (ktc) v
2,7 gam H2O. S mol ca mi axit ln lt l
A. 0,05 mol v 0,05 mol.
B. 0,045 mol v 0,055 mol.
C. 0,04 mol v 0,06 mol.
D. 0,06 mol v 0,04 mol.
02. C 3 ancol bn khng phi l ng phn ca nhau. t chy mi cht u c s mol CO 2 bng 0,75 ln s mol
H2O. 3 ancol l
A. C2H6O; C3H8O; C4H10O.
B. C3H8O; C3H6O2; C4H10O.
C. C3H8O; C3H8O2; C3H8O3.
D. C3H8O; C3H6O; C3H8O2.
03. Cho axit oxalic HOOCCOOH tc dng vi hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, ng ng lin tip thu c 5,28
gam hn hp 3 este trung tnh. Thy phn lng este trn bng dung dch NaOH thu c 5,36 gam mui. Hai
ru c cng thc
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
C. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.
D. C4H9OH v C5H11OH.
04. Nitro ha benzen c 14,1 gam hn hp hai cht nitro c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 45 vC. t chy
hon ton hn hp hai cht nitro ny c 0,07 mol N2. Hai cht nitro l
A. C6 H5NO2 v C6H4(NO2)2.
B. C6 H4(NO2)2 v C6H3(NO2)3.
C. C6 H3(NO2)3 v C6H2(NO2)4.
D. C6 H2(NO2)4 v C6H(NO2)5.
05. Mt hn hp X gm 2 ancol thuc cng dy ng ng c khi lng 30,4 gam. Chia X thnh hai phn bng
nhau.
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
30
2. C
7. D
3. A
8. B
4. A
9. B
5. C
10. C
Phng php 6
TNG GIM KHI LNG
Nguyn tc ca phng php l xem khi chuyn t cht A thnh cht B (khng nht thit trc tip, c th b qua
nhiu giai on trung gian) khi lng tng hay gim bao nhiu gam thng tnh theo 1 mol) v da vo khi
lng thay i ta d dng tnh c s mol cht tham gia phn ng hoc ngc li. V d trong phn ng:
MCO3 + 2HCl MCl2 + H2O + CO2
Ta thy rng khi chuyn 1 mol MCO3 thnh MCl2 th khi lng tng
(M + 235,5) (M + 60) = 11 gam
v c 1 mol CO2 bay ra. Nh vy khi bit lng mui tng, ta c th tnh lng CO2 bay ra.
Trong phn ng este ha:
CH3COOH + ROH CH3COOR + H2O
th t 1 mol ROH chuyn thnh 1 mol este khi lng tng
(R + 59) (R + 17) = 42 gam.
Nh vy nu bit khi lng ca ru v khi lng ca este ta d dng tnh c s mol ru hoc ngc li.
Vi bi tp cho kim loi A y kim loi B ra khi dung dch mui di dng t do:
- Khi lng kim loi tng bng
mB (bm) mA (tan).
- Khi lng kim loi gim bng
mA (tan) mB (bm).
Sau y l cc v d in hnh:
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
31
V d 1: C 1 lt dung dch hn hp Na 2CO3 0,1 mol/l v (NH4)2CO3 0,25 mol/l. Cho 43 gam hn hp BaCl 2 v
CaCl2 vo dung dch . Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc ta thu c 39,7 gam kt ta A v dung dch B.
Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong A.
A. %mBaCO3 = 50%, %mCaCO3 = 50%.
B. %mBaCO3 = 50,38%, %mCaCO3 = 49,62%.
C. %mBaCO3 = 49,62%, %mCaCO3 = 50,38%.
D. Khng xc nh c.
Hng dn gii
Trong dung dch:
Na2CO3 2Na+ + CO32
(NH4)2CO3
2NH4+ + CO32
2+
BaCl2
Ba + 2Cl
CaCl2
Ca2+ + 2Cl
Cc phn ng:
Ba2+ + CO32
BaCO3
(1)
2+
2
Ca + CO3
CaCO3
(2)
Theo (1) v (2) c 1 mol BaCl 2, hoc CaCl2 bin thnh BaCO3 hoc CaCO3 th khi lng mui gim (71 60) =
11 gam. Do tng s mol hai mui BaCO3 v CaCO3 bng:
43 39,7
= 0,3 mol
11
m tng s mol CO32 = 0,1 + 0,25 = 0,35, iu chng t d CO32.
Gi x, y l s mol BaCO3 v CaCO3 trong A ta c:
x y 0,3
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (I) v mt mui cacbonat
ca kim loi ho tr (II) bng dung dch HCl thy thot ra 4,48 lt kh CO 2 (ktc). C cn dung dch thu c sau
phn ng th khi lng mui khan thu c l bao nhiu?
A. 26,0 gam. B. 28,0 gam. C. 26,8 gam.
D. 28,6 gam.
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol mui cacbonat to thnh 1 mol mui clorua cho nn khi lng mui khan tng (71 60) = 11 gam, m
n CO2 = nmui cacbonat = 0,2 mol.
Suy ra khi lng mui khan tng sau phn ng l 0,211 = 2,2 gam.
Vy tng khi lng mui khan thu c l 23,8 + 2,2 = 26 gam. (p n A)
V d 3: Cho 3,0 gam mt axit no, n chc A tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH. C cn dung dch sau phn
ng thu c 4,1 gam mui khan. CTPT ca A l
A. HCOOH
B. C3H7COOH
C. CH3COOH
D. C2H5COOH.
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol axit n chc to thnh 1 mol mui th khi lng tng (23 1) = 22 gam, m theo u bi khi lng
mui tng (4,1 3) = 1,1 gam nn s mol axit l
3
1,1
naxit =
= 0,05 mol. Maxit =
= 60 gam.
0,05
22
t CTTQ ca axit no, n chc A l CnH2n+1COOH nn ta c:
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
32
14n + 46 = 60 n = 1.
Vy CTPT ca A l CH3COOH. (p n C)
V d 4: Cho dung dch AgNO3 d tc dng vi dung dch hn hp c ha tan 6,25 gam hai mui KCl v KBr thu
c 10,39 gam hn hp AgCl v AgBr. Hy xc nh s mol hn hp u.
A. 0,08 mol. B. 0,06 mol. C. 0,03 mol.
D. 0,055 mol.
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol mui halogen to thnh 1 mol kt ta
khi lng tng: 108 39 = 69 gam;
0,06 mol
khi lng tng: 10,39 6,25 = 4,14 gam.
Vy tng s mol hn hp u l 0,06 mol. (p n B)
V d 5: Nhng mt thanh graphit c ph mt lp kim loi ha tr (II) vo dung dch CuSO 4 d. Sau phn ng
khi lng ca thanh graphit gim i 0,24 gam. Cng thanh graphit ny nu c nhng vo dung dch AgNO 3 th
khi phn ng xong thy khi lng thanh graphit tng ln 0,52 gam. Kim loi ha tr (II) l kim loi no sau y?
A. Pb.
B. Cd.
C. Al.
D. Sn.
Hng dn gii
t kim loi ha tr (II) l M vi s gam l x (gam).
M + CuSO4 d
MSO4 + Cu
C M gam kim loi tan ra th s c 64 gam Cu bm vo. Vy khi lng kim loi gim (M 64) gam;
0,24.M
Vy:
x (gam) =
33
Zn + CuSO4
ZnSO4 + Cu
(1)
2,5x 2,5x
2,5x mol
Fe + CuSO4
FeSO4 + Cu
(2)
x x
x x mol
T (1), (2) nhn c gim khi lng ca dung dch l
mCu (bm) mZn (tan) mFe (tan)
x = 0,4 mol.
Vy:
mCu (bm ln thanh km) = 642,50,4 = 64 gam;
mCu (bm ln thanh st) = 640,4 = 25,6 gam. (p n B)
V d 9: (Cu 15 - M 231 - TSC - Khi A 2007)
Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO 3 thu c 7,28 gam mui ca axit hu c.
Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l
A. CH2=CHCOOH.
B. CH3COOH.
C. HCCCOOH.
D. CH3CH2COOH.
Hng dn gii
t CTTQ ca axit hu c X n chc l RCOOH.
2RCOOH + CaCO3
(RCOO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O
C 2 mol axit phn ng to mui th khi lng tng (40 2) = 38 gam.
x mol axit
(7,28 5,76) = 1,52 gam.
5,76
72 R = 27
2,35a
Ta c t l: 0,04
a = 80 gam. (p n C)
100
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
34
V d 11: Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dung dch CuSO 4, sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy
khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch Pb(NO 3)2, sau mt thi gian thy khi
lng tng 7,1%. Xc nh M, bit rng s mol CuSO4 v Pb(NO3)2 tham gia 2 trng hp nh nhau.
A. Al.
B. Zn.
C. Mg.
D. Fe.
Hng dn gii
Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, M l nguyn t khi ca kim loi, x l s mol mui phn ng.
M
+
CuSO4
MSO4 + Cu
M (gam) 1 mol
64 gam, gim (M 64)gam.
0,05.m
x mol
gim
gam.
100
0,05.m
x = 100
(1)
M 64
M + Pb(NO3)2 M(NO3)2 + Pb
M (gam) 1 mol
207, tng (207 M) gam
7,1.m
x mol
tng
gam
100
7,1.m
x = 100
(2)
207 M
0,05.m
7,1.m
T (1) v (2) ta c:
=
(3)
100
100
M 64
207 M
T (3) gii ra M = 65. Vy kim loi M l km. (p n B)
V d 12: Cho 3,78 gam bt Al phn ng va vi dung dch mui XCl3 to thnh dung dch Y. Khi lng cht
tan trong dung dch Y gim 4,06 gam so vi dung dch XCl3. xc nh cng thc ca mui XCl3.
A. FeCl3.
B. AlCl3.
C. CrCl3.
D. Khng xc nh.
Hng dn gii
Gi A l nguyn t khi ca kim loi X.
Al
+
XCl3 AlCl3 + X
3,78
= (0,14 mol) 0,14
0,14 mol.
27
Ta c :
(A + 35,53)0,14 (133,50,14) = 4,06
Gii ra c: A = 56. Vy kim loi X l Fe v mui FeCl3. (p n A)
V d 13: Nung 100 gam hn hp gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng i c 69 gam
cht rn. Xc nh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht tng ng trong hn hp ban u.
A. 15,4% v 84,6%.
B. 22,4% v 77,6%.
C. 16% v 84%.
D. 24% v 76%.
Hng dn gii
Ch c NaHCO3 b phn hy. t x l s gam NaHCO3.
o
2NaHCO3 t
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
C nung
168 gam
khi lng gim: 44 + 18 = 62 gam
x
Ta c:
x = 84 gam.
x
31
Vy NaHCO3 chim 84% v Na2CO3 chim 16%. (p n C)
V d 14: Ha tan 3,28 gam hn hp mui CuCl2 v Cu(NO3)2 vo nc c dung dch A. Nhng Mg vo dung
dch A cho n khi mt mu xanh ca dung dch. Ly thanh Mg ra cn li thy tng thm 0,8 gam. C cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Tnh m?
A. 1.28 gam. B. 2,48 gam. C. 3,1 gam.
D. 0,48 gam.
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
35
Hng dn gii
Ta c:
mtng = mCu mMg phn ng = m Cu2 m Mg2 3,28 m gc axit m Mg2 0,8
36
Sau mt thi gian ngi ta ly l kim loi ra khi dung dch, ra nh. Nhn thy khi lng l kim
loi c ngm trong mui ch tng thm 19%, khi lng l kim loi kia gim 9,6%. Bit rng, trong hai phn
ng trn, khi lng cc kim loi b ha tan nh nhau.
Hy xc nh tn ca hai l kim loi ang dng.
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
01. B
02. D.
03. B.
04. A.
05. Fe2O3. 06. VCO = 8,512 lt ; %nFe = 46,51% ; %nFeO = 37,21% ;
07. a) 6,4 gam CuSO4 v 9,12 gam FeSO4.
b) mKL = 12,68 gam ; VNO2 26,88 lt.
08. Thanh Cu sau phn ng c mAg (bm) = 43,2 gam v mCu (cn li) = 128 gam.
09. Cd2+
10. Cd
%n Fe2O3 16,28%.
Phng php 7
QUI I HN HP NHIU CHT V S LNG CHT T HN
Mt s bi ton ha hc c th gii nhanh bng cc phng php bo ton electron, bo ton nguyn t, bo ton
khi lng song phng php quy i cng tm ra p s rt nhanh v l phng php tng i u vit, c th
vn dng vo cc bi tp trc nghim phn loi hc sinh.
Cc ch khi p dng phng php quy i:
1. Khi quy i hn hp nhiu cht (hn hp X) (t ba cht tr ln) thnh hn hp hai cht hay ch cn mt cht ta
phi bo ton s mol nguyn t v bo ton khi lng hn hp.
2. C th quy i hn hp X v bt k cp cht no, thm ch quy i v mt cht. Tuy nhin ta nn chn cp cht no
n gin c t phn ng oxi ha kh nht n gin vic tnh ton.
3. Trong qu trnh tnh ton theo phng php quy i i khi ta gp s m l do s b tr khi lng ca cc
cht trong hn hp. Trong trng hp ny ta vn tnh ton bnh thng v kt qu cui cng vn tha mn.
4. Khi quy i hn hp X v mt cht l FexOy th oxit FexOy tm c ch l oxit gi nh khng c thc.
V d 1: Nung 8,4 gam Fe trong khng kh, sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn X gm Fe, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4, FeO.
Ha tan m gam hn hp X vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c 2,24 lt kh NO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 11,2 gam. B. 10,2 gam. C. 7,2 gam.
D. 6,9 gam.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hai cht Fe v Fe2O3:
Ha tan hn hp X vo dung dch HNO3 d ta c
Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
0,1
0,1 mol
3
S mol ca nguyn t Fe to oxit Fe2O3 l
8,4 0,1 0,35
0,35
n Fe
n Fe2O3
56
3
3
32
m X m Fe m Fe2O3
Vy:
0,1
0,35
56
160 = 11,2 gam.
3
3
Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO v Fe2O3:
FeO + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O
0,1
0,1 mol
mX
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
37
2Fe O 2
0,1
4Fe 3O2
0,15 mol
ta c:
0,05
2FeO
0,1 mol
2Fe2O3
0,025 mol
mol.
56 3x 2y
y 7
Vy cng thc quy i l Fe6O7 (M = 448) v
0,1
n Fe6O7
= 0,025 mol.
36 2 7
0,4
0,4 mol
0,8
49,6 gam
Fe2 (SO4 )3
3H 2O
Fe2O3 3H 2SO4
0,05
0,05 mol
Vy:
a)
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
38
1,6
m Fe ( trong Fe2O3 )
2 = 0,02 mol
160
0,2
0,4 mol
+
2+
Fe + 2H
Fe + H2
0,1
0,1 mol
Dung dch Z: (Fe2+: 0,3 mol; Fe3+: 0,4 mol) + Cu(NO3)2:
3Fe2+ + NO3 + 4H+
3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O
0,3
0,1
0,1 mol
39
A. 0,01.
B. 0,04.
C. 0,03.
D. 0,02.
Hng dn gii
8,96
nFe
0,16mol
56
Quy hn hp A gm (FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3) thnh hn hp (FeO, Fe2O3) ta c phng trnh:
2Fe + O2 2FeO
x
x
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
y
y/2
3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
x 10x/3
x/3
Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O
y/2
3y
H phng trnh:
x y 0,16
x 0,06 mol
10x
y 0,1 mol
3 3y 0,5
0,06
n NO
0,02 mol. (p n D)
3
Phng php 8
S NG CHO
Bi ton trn ln cc cht vi nhau l mt dng bi tp hay gp trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng cng nh
trong cc thi kim tra v thi tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng. Ta c th gii bi tp dng ny theo nhiu cch
khc nhau, song vic gii loi dng bi tp ny theo phng php s ng cho theo tc gi l tt nht.
Nguyn tc: Trn ln hai dung dch:
Dung dch 1: c khi lng m1, th tch V1, nng C1 (nng phn trm hoc nng mol), khi lng ring
d1.
Dung dch 2: c khi lng m2, th tch V2, nng C2 (C2 > C1 ), khi lng ring d2.
Dung dch thu c: c khi lng m = m1 + m2, th tch V = V1 + V2, nng C (C1 < C < C2) v khi lng
ring d.
S ng cho v cng thc tng ng vi mi trng hp l:
a. i vi nng % v khi lng:
C1
| C2 - C |
m1 C 2 C
(1)
C
m 2 C1 C
C2
| C1 - C |
b. i vi nng mol/lt:
CM1
V1 C2 C
` | C2 - C |
(2)
C
V2 C1 C
CM2
| C1 - C |
c. i vi khi lng ring:
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
40
d1
d
| d2 - d |
V1 C2 C
V2 C1 C
(3)
d
|d -d|
Khi s dng s2 ng1 cho cn ch :
- Cht rn coi nh dung dch c C = 100%
- Dung mi coi nh dung dch c C = 0%
- Khi lng ring ca H2O l d = 1g/ml.
Sau y l mt s v d s dng phng php s ng cho trong tnh ton cc bi tp.
V d 1: thu c dung dch HCl 25% cn ly m1 gam dung dch HCl 45% pha vi m2 gam dung dch HCl
15%. T l m1/m2 l
A. 1:2.
B. 1:3.
C. 2:1.
D. 3:1.
Hng dn gii
p dng cng thc (1):
m1 45 25 20 2
. (p n C)
m 2 15 25 10 1
V d 2: pha c 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l (C = 0,9%) cn ly V ml dung dch NaCl 3% pha vi
nc ct. Gi tr ca V l
A. 150 ml. B. 214,3 ml. C. 285,7 ml.
D. 350 ml.
Hng dn gii
Ta c s :
V1 (NaCl) 3
| 0,9 - 0 |
0,9
V
(H
O)
| 3 - 0,9 |
0
2
2
0,9
500 = 150 ml. (p n A)
V1 =
2,1 0,9
V d 3: Ha tan 200 gam SO3 vo m2 gam dung dch H2SO4 49% ta c dung dch H2SO4 78,4%. Gi tr ca m2
l
A. 133,3 gam. B. 146,9 gam. C. 272,2 gam. D. 300 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng:
SO3 + H2O
H2SO4
98 100
100 gam SO3
= 122,5 gam H2SO4.
80
Nng dung dch H2SO4 tng ng 122,5%.
Gi m1, m2 ln lt l khi lng ca SO3 v dung dch H2SO4 49% cn ly. Theo (1) ta c:
49 78,4
m1
29,4
44,1
200 = 300 gam. (p n D)
29,4
Br v
81
35
Br . Thnh phn % s
81
35
Br l
A. 84,05.
Hng dn gii
Ta c s ng cho:
nguyn t ca
79
35
81
35
B. 81,02.
C. 18,98.
Br (M 81)
D. 15,95.
79,319 79 0,319
A 79,319
81 (M 79)
%Br
0,319
35 Br
79
% 35 Br 1,681
79
35
81 79,319 1,681
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
41
0,319
100% = 15,95%. (p n D)
1,681 0,319
V d 5: Mt hn hp gm O2, O3 iu kin tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 18. Thnh phn % v th tch
ca O3 trong hn hp l
A. 15%.
B. 25%.
C. 35%.
D. 45%.
Hng dn gii
p dng s ng cho:
VO
M 48
32 36
M 18 2 36
48 36
VO3 VO4 1M 32
VO2 12 3
81
% 35
Br
1
100% = 25%. (p n B)
3 1
V d 6: Cn trn hai th tch metan vi mt th tch ng ng X ca metan thu c hn hp kh c t khi
hi so vi hiro bng 15. X l
A. C3H8.
B. C4H10.
C. C5H12.
D. C6H14.
Hng dn gii
p dng s ng cho:
VCH4 M 16
M 2 30
M 15 2 30
VM2 M
M2
16 30
VCH
M
2
2 30
4
M2 30 = 28
VM2
14
1
%VO3
M2 = 58
14n + 2 = 58 n = 4.
Vy: X l C4H10. (p n B)
V d 7: Thm 250 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200 ml dung dch H 3PO4 1,5M. Mui to thnh v khi lng
tng ng l
A. 14,2 gam Na2HPO4 ; 32,8 gam Na3PO4.
B. 28,4 gam Na2HPO4 ; 16,4 gam Na3PO4.
C. 12 gam NaH2PO4 ; 28,4 gam Na2HPO4.
D. 24 gam NaH2PO4 ; 14,2 gam Na2HPO4.
Hng dn gii
n
0,25 2 5
1 NaOH
2
C:
n H3PO4 0,2 1,5 3
to ra hn hp 2 mui: NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4.
S ng cho:
Na 2 HPO 4
n1 2
1
n
5
3
5
1
n2 1
2
3
3
n Na 2 HPO4 2n NaH 2 PO4
NaH PO
n Na 2HPO4 2 2 4
n NaH2 PO 4 1
M:
5
2
3
3
42
(p n C)
n NaH2PO4 0,1120 12 gam
V d 8: Ha tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO 3 v BaCO3 bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 448 ml kh CO 2
(ktc). Thnh phn % s mol ca BaCO3 trong hn hp l
A. 50%.
B. 55%.
C. 60%.
D. 65%.
Hng dn gii
0,488
3,164
n CO2
= 0,02 mol M
= 158,2.
22,4
0,02
p dng s ng cho:
BaCO3 (M1 197)
100 158,2 58,2
M 158,2
CaCO3 (M 2 58,2
100)
197 158,2 38,8
%n BaCO3
100% = 60%. (p n C)
58,2 38,8
V d 9: Cn ly bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO 4.5H2O v bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO4 8% pha thnh 280
gam dung dch CuSO4 16%?
A. 180 gam v 100 gam.
B. 330 gam v 250 gam.
C. 60 gam v 220 gam.
D. 40 gam v 240 gam.
Hng dn gii
CuSO 4 .5H 2O
123
1 160
44 2 4 43 Ta coi CuSO4.5H2O nh l dung dch CuSO4 c:
250
160 100
64%.
250
Gi m1 l khi lng ca CuSO4.5H2O v m2 l khi lng ca dung dch CuSO4 8%.
Theo s ng cho:
(m1 ) 64
8 16 8
16
64 16 48
m1 8 (m
1 2) 8
.
m 2 48 6
Mt khc
m1 + m2 = 280 gam.
Vy khi lng CuSO4.5H2O l:
280
1 = 40 gam
m1 =
1 6
v khi lng dung dch CuSO4 8% l:
m2 = 280 40 = 240 gam. (p n D)
V d 10: Cn bao nhiu lt axit H2SO4 (D = 1,84) v bao nhiu lt nc ct pha thnh 9 lt dung dch H 2SO4 c
D = 1,28 gam/ml?
A. 2 lt v 7 lt.
B. 3 lt v 6 lt.
C. 4 lt v 5 lt.
D. 6 lt v 3 lt.
Hng dn gii
Ta c s ng cho:
H 2O :
1
|1,84 1,28 | 0,56
1,28
H 2SO4 : 1,84
|1,28 1| 0,28
VH2O
0,56
2
VH2SO4 0,28 1
C% =
Cn phi ly
1
9 3 lt H2SO4 (d = 1,84 g/ml) v 6 lt H2O. (p n B)
1 2
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
43
65
29
Cu l
A. 73,0%.
B. 34,2%.
C.32,3%. D. 27,0%.
04. Cn ly V1 lt CO2 v V2 lt CO c c 24 lt hn hp CO 2 v CO c t khi hi i vi metan bng 2. Gi
tr ca V1 (lt) l
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 6.
D. 8.
05. Thm 150 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120 ml dung dch H 3PO4 1M. Khi lng cc mui thu c trong dung
dch l
A. 10,44 gam KH2PO4 ; 8,5 gam K3PO4.
B. 10,44 gam K2HPO4 ; 12,72 gam K3PO4.
C. 10,44 gam K2HPO4 ; 13,5 gam KH2PO4.
D. 13,5 gam KH2PO4 ; 14,2 gam K3PO4.
06. Ha tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO 3 v MgCO3 bng dung dch HCl (d) thu c 0,672 lt kh iu
kin tiu chun. Thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO3 trong hn hp l
A. 33,33%.
B. 45,55%.
C. 54,45%.D. 66,67%.
07. Lng SO3 cn thm vo dung dch H2SO4 10% c 100 gam dung dch H2SO4 20% l
A. 2,5 gam.
B. 8,88 gam.
C. 6,66 gam.
D. 24,5 gam.
o
d
=0,8g/m
l
d
1
g ml .
08. Dung dch ru etylic 13,8 c d (g/ml) =?. Bit C2H5OH(ng.cht)
; H 2O
A. 0,805.
B. 0,8 55.
C. 0,972. D. 0,915.
09. Ha tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO 3 long thu c hn hp kh NO v N 2O c t khi so vi H 2 bng
16,75. T l th tch kh trong hn hp l
A. 2 : 3.
B. 1 : 2.
C. 1 : 3.
D. 3 : 1.
10. T 1 tn qung hematit A iu ch c 420 kg Fe. T 1 tn qung manhetit B iu ch c 504 kg Fe. Hi
phi trn hai qung trn vi t l khi lng (m A : mB) l bao nhiu c 1 tn qung hn hp m t 1 tn qung
hn hp ny iu ch c 480 kg Fe.
A. 1 : 3.
B. 2 : 5.
C. 2 : 3.
D. 1 : 1.
p n cc s bi tp vn dng:
1. B
6. A
2. C
7. B
3. D
8. C
4. C
9. D
5. B
10. B
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
44
Phng php 9
CC I LNG DNG KHI QUT
Trong cc kim tra v thi tuyn sinh theo phng php trc nghim chng ta thy rng s lng cu hi v bi
tp kh nhiu v a dng bao trm ton b chng trnh ha hc ph thng. Rt nhiu cc phng php, cc dng
bi c bn c bit n. Sau y l mt s v d v dng bi tm mi lin h khi qut gia cc i lng
thng xut hin trong trong cc thi tuyn sinh i hc.
V d 1: (Cu 11 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na 2CO3 ng thi khuy u, thu c V lt kh (
ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch X thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia
V vi a, b l
A. V = 22,4(a b).
B. V = 11,2(a b).
C. V = 11,2(a + b).
D. V = 22,4(a + b).
Hng dn gii
Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na2CO3 ta c phng trnh:
HCl + Na2CO3
NaHCO3 + NaCl
(1)
b
b
b mol
HCl + NaHCO3
NaCl + CO2 + H2O
(2)
(a b)
(a b) mol
Dung dch X cha NaHCO3 d do HCl tham gia phn ng ht,
NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 d
CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O
Vy:
V = 22,4(a b). (p n A)
V d 2: (Cu 13 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Clo ho PVC thu c mt polime cha 63,96% clo v khi lng, trung bnh 1 phn t clo phn ng vi k mt
xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l
A. 3.
B. 6.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Hng dn gii
Mt phn t Clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC theo phng trnh:
CH CH 2
CH CH 2
CH CH
|
|
+ kCl2 xtto
|
|
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
k
nk
Do:
%mCl = 63,96%
%mC,H cn li = 36,04%.
35,5 (n k) 35,5 2 k
63,96
Vy
=
27 (n k) 26 k
36,04
n
= 3. (p n A).
k
V d 3: (Cu 21 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl3 vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt ta th cn c t l
A. a : b = 1 : 4.
B. a : b < 1 : 4.
C. a : b = 1 : 5.
D. a : b > 1 : 4.
Hng dn gii
Trn a mol AlCl3 vi b mol NaOH thu c kt ta th
Al3 3OH
Al(OH)3
AlO
2 2H 2O
Al(OH)3 OH
Al3 4OH
AlO
2 2H 2O
a
kt ta tan hon ton th
4 mol
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
45
n OH
n Al3
b
4.
a
b
<4
a
a : b > 1 : 4. (p n D)
V d 4: (Cu 37 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO 2. Mt khc, trung ha a mol Y cn va 2a mol
NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l
A. HOOCCH2CH2COOH.
B. C2H5COOH.
C. CH3COOH.
D. HOOCCOOH.
Hng dn gii
- t a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO2 axit hu c Y c hai nguyn t C trong phn t.
- Trung ha a mol axit hu c Y cn dng 2a mol NaOH axit hu c Y c 2 nhm chc cacboxyl (COOH).
Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l HOOCCOOH. (p n D)
V d 5: (Cu 39 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Dung dch HCl v dung dch CH3COOH c cng nng mol/l, pH ca hai dung dch tng ng l x v y. Quan
h gia x v y l (gi thit, c 100 phn t CH3COOH th c 1 phn t in li)
A. y = 100x. B. y = 2x.
C. y = x 2.
D. y = x + 2.
Hng dn gii
pHHCl = x
[H+]HCl = 10x
pH CH3COOH y [H ]CH3COOH 10 y
Ta c:
HCl
H+ + Cl
10x 10x (M)
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COO
100.10y 10y (M).
Mt khc:
[HCl] = [CH3COOH]
10x = 100.10y y = x + 2. (p n D)
V d 6: (Cu 53 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
thu ly Ag tinh khit t hn hp X (gm a mol Al 2O3, b mol CuO, c mol Ag 2O), ngi ta ho tan X bi dung
dch cha (6a + 2b + 2c) mol HNO3 c dung dch Y, sau thm (gi thit hiu sut cc phn ng u l 100%)
A. c mol bt Al vo Y.
B. c mol bt Cu vo Y.
C. 2c mol bt Al vo Y.
D. 2c mol bt Cu vo Y.
Hng dn gii
Ha tan hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3
Al2O3 + 6HNO3
2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O
a
6a
2a mol
CuO + 2HNO3
Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
b 2b
b mol
Ag2O + 2HNO3
2AgNO3 + H2O
c 2c
2c mol
Dung dch HNO3 va . Dung dch Y gm 2a mol Al(NO3)3, b mol Cu(NO3)2, 2c mol AgNO3. thu Ag tinh
khit cn cho thm kim loi Cu vo phng trnh
Cu + 2AgNO3
Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
c mol 2c
Vy cn c mol bt Cu vo dung dch Y. (p n B)
V d 7: (Cu 32 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO 4 v b mol NaCl (vi in cc tr, c mng ngn xp). dung dch sau
in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l (bit ion SO 42 khng b in phn
trong dung dch)
Vy c kt ta th
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
46
A. b > 2a.
B. b = 2a.
C. b < 2a.
D. 2b = a.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh in phn dung dch
CuSO4 + 2NaCl pdd Cu + Cl2 + Na2SO4
(1)
a
2a mol
Dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng sau phn ng (1) th dung dch NaCl cn
d v tip tc b in phn theo phng trnh
pdd
mngngn
2NaCl + 2H2O
2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
(2)
Vy:
b > 2a. (p n A)
Ch : Tng t cng cu hi trn chng ta c th hi:
+ dung dch sau in phn c mi trng axit th iu kin ca a v b l.
A. b > 2a.
B. b = 2a.
C. b < 2a.
D. a = 2b.
+ dung dch sau in phn c kh nng ha tan kt ta Al(OH)3 th iu kin ca a, b l
A. b > 2a.
B. b < 2a.
C. b 2a.
D. b 2a.
V d 8: t chy hon ton a mol mt anehit X (mch h) to ra b mol CO 2 v c mol H2O (bit b = a + c). Trong
phn ng trng gng, mt phn t X ch cho 2 electron. X thuc dy ng ng anehit
A. no, n chc.
B. khng no c hai ni i, n chc.
C. khng no c mt ni i, n chc.
D. no, hai chc.
Hng dn gii
Trong phn ng trng gng mt anehit X ch cho 2e X l anehit n chc bi v:
1
RCHO RCOONH 4
trong : C+1 2e C+3.
t cng thc phn t ca anehit n chc X l CxHyO ta c phng trnh
y 1
y
CxHyO + x O2
xCO2 +
H2O
4 2
2
a.y
a
a.x
mol
2
(b mol) (c mol)
a.y
Ta c:
b = a + c ax = a +
y = 2x 2.
2
Cng thc tng qut ca anehit n chc X l C xH2x2O c dng Cx1H2(x1)1CHO l anehit khng no c mt lin
kt i, n chc. (p n C)
V d 9: Cng thc phn t ca mt ancol A l CnHmOx. cho A l ancol no th m phi c gi tr
A. m = 2n.
B. m = 2n + 2.
C. m = 2n 1.
D. m = 2n + 1.
Hng dn gii
Theo phng php ng nht h s: Cng thc tng qut ca ancol no l C nH2n+2-x(OH)x hay CnH2n+2Ox. Vy m =
2n+2. (p n B)
V d 10: Hi t l th tch CO2 v hi nc (T) bin i trong khong no khi t chy hon ton cc ankin.
A. 1 < T 2.
B. 1 T < 1,5.
C. 0,5 < T 1.
D. 1 < T < 1,5.
Hng dn gii
CnH2n-2
nCO2 + (n 1)H2O
iu kin: n 2 v n N.
n
1
n CO2
.
1
T=
= n 1
1
n H 2O
n
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
47
n = 2 T = 2 l gi tr ln nht.
Vy: 1 < T 2. (p n A)
V d 11: t chy 1 mol aminoaxit NH2(CH2)nCOOH phi cn s mol O2 l
2n 3
6n 3
6n 3
2n 3
.
.
.
.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2
2
4
4
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh t chy amino axit l
6n 3
2n 3
H2N(CH2)nCOOH +
O2
(n + 1)CO2 +
H2O
4
2
(p n C)
V d 12: Mt dung dch hn hp cha a mol NaAlO2 v a mol NaOH tc dng vi mt dung dch cha b mol
HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l
A. a = b.
B. a = 2b.
C. b = 5a.
D. a < b < 5a.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
(1)
a mol a mol
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O
Al(OH)3 + NaCl
(2)
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
(3)
NaAlO2 + 4HCl
AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O
(4)
a mol 4a mol
iu kin khng c kt ta khi nHCl 4n NaAlO2 + nNaOH = 5a. Vy suy ra iu kin c kt ta:
nNaOH < nHCl < 4n NaAlO2 + nNaOH
48
1
H2
2
2Al + 6H2O + 2NaOH
Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2
t s mol Na v Al ban u ln lt l x v y (mol).
Na + H2O
NaOH +
(1)
(2)
x 3x
mol H2.
2 2
V1 = V2.
TN2: x < y trong TN1 (1) Al d, TN2 (2) Al tan ht n H 2 (TN 2) n H2 (TN 2) .
V2 > V1.
Nh vy (x,y > 0) th V2 V1. (p n D)
V d 15: Mt bnh kn cha V lt NH3 v V lt O2 cng iu kin. Nung nng bnh c xc tc NH 3 chuyn ht
thnh NO, sau NO chuyn ht thnh NO2. NO2 v lng O2 cn li trong bnh hp th va vn ht trong nc
thnh dung dch HNO3. T s V V l
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
xt
4NH3 + 5O2 t o
4NO + 6H2O
V 5V/4
V
2NO + O2
2NO2
V V/2 V
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O
4HNO3
5V V
V V
4
2
5V V
V
V = 4 V
= 2. (p n B)
4
2
V
V d 16: Cht X c khi lng phn t l M. Mt dung dch cht X c nng a mol/l, khi lng ring d
gam/ml. Nng C% ca dung dch X l
a.M
d.M
10a
a.M
A.
.
B.
.
C.
.
D.
.
10d
10a
M.d
1000d
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 lt dung dch cht X:
nX = a mol mX = a.M
a.M.100
mdd X =
= 1000d
C%
a.M
C% =
. (p n A)
10d
V d 17: Hn hp X c mt s ankan. t chy 0,05 mol hn hp X thu c a mol CO 2 v b mol H2O. Kt lun
no sau y l ng?
A. a = b.
B. a = b 0,02.
C. a = b 0,05.
D. a = b 0,07.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc tng qut ca 1 s ankan l C x H 2x 2
3x 1
C x H 2x 2 +
O2
x CO2 + (x 1) H2O
2
0,5
0,05 x 0,05 (x 1) mol
0,05x a
a = b 0,05. (p n C)
0,05(x 1) b
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
49
n H 0,08 mol
0,06 mol
n Cu
64
TN1:
3
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3
3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
u bi:
0,06 0,08
0,08
H+ phn ng ht
Phn ng:
0,03 0,08 0,02
0,02 mol
V1 tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.
TN2:
nCu = 0,06 mol ; n HNO3 0,08 mol ; n H 2SO4 0,04 mol.
Tng n H = 0,16 mol ; n NO = 0,08 mol.
3
3Cu + 8H + 2NO3
3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
u bi:
0,06 0,16
0,08
Cu v H+ phn ng ht
Phn ng:
0,06 0,16 0,04
0,04 mol
V2 tng ng vi 0,04 mol NO.
Nh vy V2 = 2V1. (p n B)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP CC I LNG DNG TNG QUT
01. Dung dch A c a mol NH4+, b mol Mg2+, c mol SO42 v d mol HCO3. Biu thc no biu th s lin quan gia
a, b, c, d sau y l ng?
A. a + 2b = c + d.
B. a + 2b = 2c + d.
C. a + b = 2c + d.
D. a + b = c+ d.
02. Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol dung dch AgNO 3. a v b c quan h nh th no thu c dung
dch Fe(NO3)3 duy nht sau phn ng?
A. b =2a.
B. b a.
C. b=3a. D. b a.
03. Dung dch A cha cc ion Na+: a mol; HCO3: b mol; CO32: c mol; SO42: d mol. to ra kt ta ln nht
ngi ta dng 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng x mol/l. Lp biu thc tnh x theo a v b.
ab
ab
A. x = a + b. B. x = a b.
C. x =
.
D. x =
.
0,2
0,1
04. Dung dch X cha a mol NaAlO2. Khi thm vo dung dch X b mol hoc 2b mol dung dch HCl th lng kt ta
a
sinh ra u nh nhau. T s c gi tr bng
b
A. 1.
B. 1,25.
C. 1,5.
D. 1,75.
05. Oxi ha mt lng Fe thnh hn hp X gm FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3 cn a mol Oxi. Kh hon ton hn hp X thnh
a
Fe cn b mol Al. T s
c gi tr bng
b
A. 0,75.
B. 1.
C. 1,25. D. 1,5.
06. C mt lng anehit HCHO c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau, mi phn cha a mol HCHO.
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 /NH3 thu c m gam Ag.
- Phn 2: Oxi ha bng Oxi thnh HCOOH vi hiu sut 40% thu c dung dch A. Cho A tc
m
dng vi dung dch AgNO3 /NH3 thu c m gam Ag. T s
c gi tr bng
m
A. 0,2.
B. 0,4.
C. 0,6.
D. 0,8.
07. A l axit cha ba nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cho 0,015 mol A tc dng vi dung dch cha a mol
Ba(OH)2 thu c dung dch B. Ngi ta nhn thy:
Nu a = 0,01 mol th dung dch B lm qu tm.
+
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
50
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
1. B
6. D
2. C
7. D
3. C
8. C
4. B
9. A
5. A
10. D
Phng php 10
T CHN LNG CHT
Trong mt s cu hi v bi tp trc nghim chng ta c th gp mt s trng hp c bit sau:
- C mt s bi ton tng nh thiu d kin gy b tc cho vic tnh ton.
- C mt s bi ton ngi ta cho di dng gi tr tng qut nh a gam, V lt, n mol hoc cho t l th tch hoc
t l s mol cc cht...
Nh vy kt qu gii bi ton khng ph thuc vo cht cho. Trong cc trng hp trn tt nht ta t chn mt
gi tr nh th no cho vic gii bi ton tr thnh n gin nht.
Cch 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t, phn t hoc mt mol hn hp cc cht phn ng.
Cch 2: Chn ng t l lng cht trong u bi cho.
Cch 3: Chn cho thng s mt gi tr ph hp chuyn phn s phc tp v s n gin tnh ton.
Sau y l mt s v d in hnh:
Cch 1: CHN 1 MOL CHT HOC HN HP CHT PHN NG
V d 1: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ha tr n bng mt lng va dung dch H 2SO4 9,8% ta thu
c dung dch mui sunfat 14,18%. M l kim loi g?
A. Cu.
B. Fe.
C. Al.
D. Zn.
Hng dn gii
Chn 1 mol mui M2(CO3)n.
M2(CO3)n
+
nH2SO4
M2(SO4)n + nCO2 + nH2O
C (2M + 60n) gam 98n gam (2M + 96n) gam
98n 100
m dd H2SO4
1000n gam
9,8
m ddmui m M2 (CO3 )n m dd H2SO4 m CO2
51
C%dd mui
2M 96 100 14,18
2M 1016n
M = 28.n n = 2 ; M = 56 l ph hp vy M l Fe. (p n B)
V d 2: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 10% th thu c dung
dch mui c nng 10,25%. Vy x c gi tr no sau y?
A. 20%.
B. 16%.
C. 15%.
D.13%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol CH3COOH:
CH3COOH + NaOH
CH3COONa + H2O
60 gam 40 gam
82 gam
60 100
m dd CH3COOH
gam
x
40 100
m ddNaOH
400 gam
10
60 100
82 100
m dd mui
400
gam.
x
10,25
x = 15%. (p n C).
V d 3: (Cu 1 - M 231 - Khi A - TSC 2007)
Khi ha tan hiroxit kim loi M(OH)2 bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 20% thu c dung dch mui
trung ho c nng 27,21%. Kim loi M l
A. Cu.
B. Zn.
C. Fe.
D. Mg.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol M(OH)2 tham gia phn ng
M(OH)2 + H2SO4
MSO4 + 2H2O
C (M + 34) gam 98 gam (M + 96) gam
98 100
m dd H2SO4
490 gam
20
M 96 100
m dd MSO4 M 34 490
27,21
M = 64 M l Cu. (p n A)
V d 4: Hn hp X gm N2 v c H2 c t khi hi so vi H 2 bng 3,6. Sau khi tin hnh phn ng tng hp c
hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 4. Hiu sut phn ng tng hp l
A. 10%.
B. 15%.
C. 20%.
D. 25%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp X, ta c:
mx = M X = 7,2 gam.
t n N 2 a mol , ta c:
28a + 2(1 a) = 7,2
a = 0,2
n N 2 0,2 mol v n H 2 0,8 mol H2 d.
N2
3H2
xt, t o
p
2NH3
Ban u:
Phn ng:
Sau phn ng:
0,2
0,8
x
3x
2x
(0,2 x) (0,8 3x)
2x
nY = (1 2x) mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c mX = mY
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
52
mY
MY
nY
1 2x
7,2
8
x = 0,05.
0,05 100
25% . (p n D)
0,2
V d 5: Hn hp A gm mt Anken v hiro c t khi so vi H 2 bng 6,4. Cho A i qua niken nung nng c
hn hp B c t khi so vi H2 bng 8 (gi thit hiu sut phn ng xy ra l 100%). Cng thc phn t ca anken
l
A. C2H4.
B. C3H6.
C. C4H8.
D. C5H10.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp A gm (a mol CnH2n v (1a) mol H2)
Ta c:
14.n.a + 2(1 a) = 12,8
(1)
Hn hp B c M 16 14n (vi n 2) trong hn hp B c H2 d
o
CnH2n + H2 Ni, t
CnH2n+2
Ban u:
a mol (1a) mol
Phn ng:
a a
a mol
Sau phn ng hn hp B gm (1 2a) mol H2 d v a mol CnH2n+2. tng nB = 1 2a.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c mA = mB
m
12,8
n B B 1 2a
a = 0,2 mol.
MB
16
Thay a = 0,2 vo (1) ta c 140,2n + 2(1 0,2) = 12,8
n = 4 anken l C4H8. (p n C)
V d 6: Oxi ha C2H5OH bng CuO nung nng, thu c hn hp cht lng gm CH 3CHO, C2H5OH d v H2O
c M = 40 vC. Hiu sut phn ng oxi ha l
A. 25%.
B. 35%.
C. 45%.
D. 55%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol C2H5OH. t a mol C2H5OH b oxi ha. Vy a l hiu sut ca phn ng oxi ha ru.
o
C2H5OH + CuO t
CH3CHO + H2O + Cu
Ban u:
1 mol
Oxi ha:
a mol
a mol a mol
Sau phn ng: (1 a) mol C2H5OH d
a mol a mol
46(1 a) 44a 18a
M
40
1 a
N2
3H2
xt, t o
p
Ban u:
0,4
0,6
Phn ng:
0,08 0,60,4
0,16 mol
Sau phn ng: 0,32
0,36
0,16 mol
Tng:
nY = 0,32 + 0,36 + 0,16 = 0,84 mol;
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: mX = mY.
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
53
12,4
14,76 gam . (p n C)
0,84
V d 8: Phng in qua O2 c hn hp kh O2, O3 c M 33 gam. Hiu sut phn ng l
A. 7,09%.
B. 9,09%.
C. 11,09%.
D.13,09%.
Hng dn gii
3O2 TL
2O3
Chn 1 mol hn hp O2, O3 ta c:
n O2 a mol n O3 1 a mol .
15
32a 48 1 a 33 a
mol O 2
16
15 1
n O3 1
mol
16 16
1 3 3
n O2 boxiho mol
16 2 32
3
100
32
9,09% . (p n B)
Hiu sut phn ng l:
3 15
32 16
V d 9: Ho tan hon ton mt lng kim loi R ha tr n bng dung dch H 2SO4 long ri c cn dung dch sau
phn ng thu c mt lng mui khan c khi lng gp 5 ln khi lng kim loi R ban u em ho tan. Kim
loi R l
A. Al.
B. Ba.
C. Zn.
D. Mg.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol kim loi ng vi R (gam) tham gia phn ng.
2R + nH2SO4
R2(SO4)n + nH2
2R 96n
C R (gam)
gam mui
2
2
Vy: R = 24 (Mg). (p n D)
MY
CxHy + x O2
xCO2 + H2O
4
2
y
y
1 mol x mol
x mol
mol
4
2
M Z 19 2 38
(n CO2 ) 44
38
Nu c thc mc
xin
lin
h
theo
s my6 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
(n ) 32
O2
54
n co2
n o2
1
1
y
8x = 40 y.
4
x = 4, y = 8 tho mn p n C.
V d 11: A l hn hp gm mt s hirocacbon th kh, B l khng kh. Trn A vi B cng nhit p sut
theo t l th tch (1:15) c hn hp kh D. Cho D vo bnh kn dung tch khng i V. Nhit v p sut trong
bnh l toC v p atm. Sau khi t chy A trong bnh ch c N 2, CO2 v hi nc vi VCO2 : VH 2O 7 : 4 a bnh v
toC.
p sut trong bnh sau khi t l p1 c gi tr l
47
p.
A. p1
B. p1 = p.
48
16
3
C. p1 p.
D. p1 p.
17
5
Hng dn gii
y
y
t A:
CxHy + x O2
xCO2 + H 2O
4
2
x 10 x
Vy:
y
3
7
8
4
x= ; y=
3
3
x : y 2 7 : 4
V nhit v th tch khng i nn p sut t l vi s mol kh, ta c:
p1 7 3 4 3 12 47
47
p. (p n A)
p1
p
1 15
48
48
x
3,75 mol v n H 2O
3,375 mol .
t X A n CO2
2
44
18
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
55
1
A thu c (3,75 3) = 0,75 mol CO2 v (3,375 2,5) = 0,875 mol H2O.
2
t chy A thu c n CO2 1,5 mol v n H 2O 1,75 mol .
v n H 2O n CO2 A thuc loi ankan, do :
t
3n 1
O2
nCO
2 n 1 H 2O
2
n
1,5
n = 6 A l C6H14. (p n D)
n 1 1,75
C n H 2n 2
n CO2
n H 2O
b) t B thu c (3 1,5) = 1,5 mol CO2 v (2,5 1,75) = 0,75 mol H2O
nC
1,5
1
Nh vy
cng thc tng qut ca B l (CH)n v X khng lm mt mu nc Brom nn B
n H 0,75 2 1
thuc aren B l C6H6. (p n B)
c) V A, B c cng s nguyn t C (6C) m lng CO2 do A, B to ra bng nhau (1,5 mol) nA = nB.
18
19
C6H14 +
O2
6CO2 + 7H2O
2
15
C6H6 +
O2
6CO2 + 3H2O
2
y
y
C x H y x O2
xCO
2
H 2O
t D:
4
2
t n C6 H14 n C6 H 6 b mol ta c:
86b + 78b = 82
b = 0,5 mol.
t 82 gam hn hp X thu c:
n CO2 0,5 6 6 6 mol
n H 2O 0,5 7 3 5 mol
56
V d 14: X l hp kim gm (Fe, C, Fe3C), trong hm lng tng cng ca Fe l 96%, hm lng C n cht l
3,1%, hm lng Fe3C l a%. Gi tr a l
A. 10,5.
B. 13,5.
C. 14,5.
D. 16.
Hng dn gii
Xt 100 gam hn hp X ta c mC = 3,1 gam, m Fe3C = a gam v s gam Fe tng cng l 96 gam.
12a
m C trong Fe3C 100 96 3,1
180
a = 13,5. (p n B)
V d 15: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO 3 (phn cn li l tp cht tr) mt thi gian thu
c cht rn Y cha 45,65 % CaO. Tnh hiu sut phn hy CaCO3.
A. 50%.
B. 75%.
C. 80%.
D. 70%.
Hng dn gii
Chn mX = 100 gam m CaCO3 80 gam v khi lng tp cht bng 20 gam.
o
CaCO3 t
Phng trnh: 100 gam
CaO
+
CO2
(hiu sut = h)
56 gam
44 gam
56.80
44.80
.h
.h
Phn ng:
80 gam
100
100
Khi lng cht rn cn li sau khi nung l
44.80.h
m X m CO2 100
.
100
56 80
45,65
44 80 h
h
100
100
100
100
Nu c thc mc xin lin h theo s my 094.997.6666 hoc Email: thietcadic@gmail.com hay facebook: Cadic Thiet
57