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,,,,RCSE 2012,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Hi Guys,
My MoCo exam is over...
Questions
1. AODV, CR-AODV
2. cognitive radio, channels, spectrum sensing techniques
3. MAC in Adhoc, explain all the mechanisms
4. Self Organization, stigmergy, double bridge experiment
5. SO in CR
6. Mobile IP, Tunnel Triangle problem
scored 1.7 in exam, 2.0 in seminar so 2.0

I got similar questions too:

- Problems due to multipath propagation (i said fading, but he asked for another problem)
- Binary Phase Shift Key and compare to QPSK
- Difference between 802.11b and 802.11e
- DiffServ, IntServ
- Is Intserv scalable and why?
- AODV and CR AODV
- Cognitive Radio basics
- Concept of Mobile IP, Tunneling, Encapsulation
- Detection of bad data transmission in TCP
- RED

MOCO...
1. Physical Layer.. fading .. cause of it? dffrnc b/w fast and slow fading ..
2. diffrnce between QPSK and BPSK, which one is better ..
3. Cognitive mac and adhoc mac ..
4. AODV and how in cognitive it would work..
5. Problems with TCP and self organization ..
6. Swarm intelligence and Double bridge experiment ..
7. Difference b/w 802.11e and 802.11b(MAC)
8. How AIFS works, how it ensures QOS for voice data ..
9. Cognitive and problems with cognitive mac ..
10. Sensing technique, explain one of them. Problem with sensing mechanisms.
11. Dffrnce b/w int and dff serve, Per hop behaviours ..
All of this in 20 minutes!
Result: 1 (in exam) plus a weak seminar makes it 1.3 overall!
All the best to remaining ones!

Problem in wireless transmission?

what is the worse case in multipath, ask me to give example? (ANS:face a wall, and the reflect
signal counteract with original one, final result is zero)
what is slow fading?
Ask me to show how CTS and RTS work step by step. (Do not forget the CTS is broadcase.)
MAC in 802.11e, and how it works, draw diagram (AIFS, content window).
Then so so many problems in TCP. (At least 5 minutes)
what is self organizaion, definition?
I got no ideas about TCP in the exam, when I come back home, I find that I did not download
the slide of this chapter. And did not review this chapter at all. Prof. just focus on that.... So bad.
Anyway 2.0 pass....
Goodluck!!!

MC!
Similar questions..
Problems on Physical Layer,
What is Fading, multipath propagation?
Difference between 802.11b and 802.11e,
QoS, Self Organization in MAC,
IntServ,
AODV in normal & CR.

oh my God so much questions from Prof.Thiel ..........at the end i pass exam.........
Remember one thing.......... plz ans short and precise ........ other wise thiel will ....... you....
All the best.........
Questions
1. physical layer problem(multi path propagation, draw signal at reciever end)
2. mac problems and solutions
3. how tcs know problem in link? how to control? what do u mean by dup ack? How to solve this
problem? Tcs S.O?
4. interserv? why diff C.W? how Qos works? what is the problem inside router? Data packets or
control packets?
5. link layer mobility? define 4 phases?
and lot of other small questions........
Lesson learned :
Ans to the point ..............................

1) Why we need MA schemes? MAC layer problems, explain 1 and its solution
2) Problems in physical layer?
3) What causes fading ? types and their causes?
4) SO in LTE
5) What are self orgainzing systems?
6) Difference between adhoc and CR Adhoc
7) How does communication takes place in transport layer? prob?
8) how do we know that the connection has prob in transport layer?
These were major questions and some small filler questions in between.
But both the professors are so cool, helping and cheerful. They tried to explain me the questions
in best possible way.

1: problems in wireless transmission(fading multipath prop.)

2) mac layer problems( hidden terminal and all)
3)how to get rid of hidden terminal problem?(maca)
4) diff bet 802.11b and 802.11e?(qos mechanisms)
also asked several questions on aifs which i wasnt able to answer properly
5) how qos mechanisms are applied in 802.11e?
6)RED concept in qos mechanisms(random early detection)
7) what is self-organisation and some examples protocols of it?
8) AODV.. is this routing self-organizing or not?
there were some other basic questions
Both professor were very jolly.. they were trying to hint if u were getting stuck where he think u
can answer after that.. he guesses very well if u know the concept completely or not.. based on
that he will hint u..
all the best to all..

mac protocol problems,

self organisation in mac,
difference between 802.11 standards,
mobile ip complete process,
qos intserv diff serv difference ,
whats tunneling?,
self organisation with ants,
what is cognitive radio ,
diff between cognitive and adhoc,
spectrum sensing process and methods of sensing,
qos in tcp,and
lots of teasers... Thats all i remember.
Both are cool and will help you.answer precisely to the question, no stories..

Hi guys, here are the questions Prof Theil asked me,

what are the problems in physical layer
EDCF and DCF comparison,
802.11b and 802.11e comparison,
cognitive Radio cycle,Specturm sensing and sharing,
applications of self organisation network,
how to acess channel in Adhoc Network,
he asked 6 different question from IntServe huh
acess machanism in 802.11,
diagram of DCF with RTS/CTS with extention,
mobile IP scenario,
How the Handover is done in GSM,
Tht's all Mr. Muhammad just asked me MAC Problem but Prof. Thiel asked so many questions i
really mean that if u don't answer he again ask same thing so whatever answer u'll give be
carefull about time.
TIP : Don't take him easy haha

mobile communication.....
1. what is 802.11e standard in QOS.
2. What is diffrence between EDCF and DCF
3. What are disadvantages of INTSERV ( i answered control msg overhead..but he expected
something else dont know )
4. explain 802.22 standard of cognitive radio.
5. is cognitive self organised.
6. he asked me to diffrentiate 802.11a , 802.11b ,802.11e standard ( i explained data rate,
operating frequency , applications and QOS but he said this is not what he was expecting ( and
started laughing ))
7. Hidden and exposed terminal problem
8. how to solve it
9. problems with IEEE 802.11 mac ( he said can u explain me mac of 802.11e ) standard .
10. Famous algorithm in MObility management ( what he was saying is Mobile IP .)
11. Explain the mechanism from FA to HA
12. what is diffrence between and normal routing
AND one question which was indirect but answer was IP in IP encapsulation...

So, MCN:
I was asked about MAC protocols, what is the problems, how we can solve it (also about Hidden,
Exposed node); MAC protocols in IEEE 802.11 (especially DCF); about Mobile IP (why we need
it, algorithm of work deeply); then about Ad-Hoc networks and AODV protocol (algorithm, fail
case); then Cognitive radio networks, applied it to Ad-Hoc scheme before; then QoS (problems,
idea, IntServ especially). I think this is all
If I remember more, I will post.
And good luck on exam!

..RCSE 2013.
AMCN
Topic selection: TCP/IP
What is the characteristic of tcp? End to end connection.
Tcp self organized ? Yes. How ? Give the details of S.O characterisitic.
How does tcp knows there is congestion control ? No ack by receiver.
What is the next step ? Retransmit upto n ack
What are the other ways of sensing some problem in the medium ? Dupack, timeout. How ?
Which one is better for the sender ? Dupack scenario becuz fast transmission can be done.
What are the components of a wired medium ? Routers and cables.
Other S.O protocol ? MACA
Then the game began..
Artemenko drew a C.R scenario in which the transmission range of s.u & p.u was overlapping.
He asked how s.u will transmit without interfering p.u? Overlay and underlay mechanisms.
Discussed them.. and at the end gave up..
Adhoc networks : multiple rendezvous parameters ? Different hoppinng seq. , seed, no. of
channels.. how it works ? Detail explained.. drew a scenario and asked how seeds are
exchanged initially & screwed me..
Comparison b/w dedicated control channel & M.R ? One channel is dedicated for rts/cts in D.C
loss of bandwidth.. M.R is better. But i gave up at the end in this scenario too. Dunno what he
was expecting
I was expecting to be flunk.. but got 2.3

MCom
Pick a Topic,
I choose Ad-Hoc(Got Screwed Nicely)
-->he drew some nodes and asked to explain Aodv
-->Hop Count, Sequence No etc...
-->Next Self Org (Had No Idea was he was expecting he asked i am an algorithm u are algorithm
and Alex is algorithm now What...? I said stigmergy he was Expecting that and i dont know how
cause i told about direct and Indirect Communication before but he said Not that )
-->He is very specific about Concepts and Protocols Nothing from Slides
asked protocols which are self Organised i told TCP,AODV(asked me to explained how)
and he asked More Protocols i told DCF and MAC Protocols
the he went Completely to Wlan/802.11 and asked about PCF and Polling concepts
Later came back to self org and asked if MAC is Self Organised(I explained the concepts in
Detail)
but still he is least bothered about Explanation he just wants one specific term
and later he asked me again i told RTS and CTS and he said Correct and Noted it Uffffffff...
and again Came back to DCF and asked how is it self organised....
Tip:Learn Self Org and try to relate it to all Chaps and Know at least one Chap
in Detail
All the Best Guys

AMCN
He let me chose a topic from the list of all the topics we did this year (nice move , don't know if
he will do that also in the future, as far as I know he didn't in the past).
I picked TCP/IP.
He asked how TCP nows that something went wrong (ack timeout, 3 dupacks). What to they
"reveal"? (Congestion or out of order segment reception). Is TCP self organized? (Yes because
there is no a central coordinator). Give an example of direct and indirect communication (direct:
ack, indirect: timeout).
In which other level 2 protocol can you find self organization (Aloha). How can we improve
aloha? (list all mac protocol until CSMA/CA, with RTC, CTS).
Now let's talk about cognitive radio networks, which are the step that the secondary user
perform? Artemenko drew some PU and SU, asked me how the SU can communicate without
disturbing PU (underlay) and some other strange question (the answer was: collaborative
detection).
Then we moved to Ad hoc networks, explain how multiple rendezvous work. Which parameters
are used in the hopping sequence function? (He wanted to hear: time, seed, starting point,
number of channel). How to they know each other seed? (They exchange it when they meet in
the same channel)
I was the last one that day so they wanted to make it short.
1,3 for the report/presentation, final grade 1,3 (so there might be some wrong answers in this
report).

ALERT !!!
Just had my mobile comm exam....
Instructions for the exam :
1. Professor will ask u to select the chapter on which u have strong grip. (I selected cognitive
radio which was my bad luck)
2. Dr. thiel and artemenko will ask u very conceptual from the chapter u selected.
3. Don't tell the answers if u are not so sure. (say next question)
4. answer only to the point, don't go deep (if u go deep, u will be in deep shit)
5. prepare self-organization chapter well, bcoz Thiel will relate some things with the chapter u
told him to ask.
6. Reply as fast as u can.
7. Thiel is much interested in Protocols.
At the end, good luck for ur exam !!!

Chap 1 : Wireless-transmission

What are the problems in physical layer

Problems in wireless transmission
For Both same answers (fading multipath prop and dispersion.)
All the problems like path loss, scattering et

signal strength decreases (at least) proportional to the square of the

distance
the sender would apply CS and CD, but the collisions happen at the
receiver
it might be the case that a sender cannot hear the collision, i.e., CD
does not work
furthermore, CS might not work if, e.g., a terminal is hidden

Diffrnce between QPSK and BPSK, which one is better ..

Chap 2 and 3 : Medium_access_schemes

I was asked about MAC protocols, what is the problems, how we can solve it (also about Hidden,
Exposed node);
MAC protocols-TDMA
Slotted ALOHA
Dynamic TDMA
Reservation ALOHA (R-ALOHA)
Mobile Slotted Aloha (MS-ALOHA)

what is the worst case in multipath, ask me to give example?

Face a wall, and the reflect signal counteract with original one, final result is zero

Ask me to show how CTS and RTS work step by step. (Do not forget the CTS is broadcase.)

what is slow fading?

Slow fading(Fast fading) is when Train passes by etc where it is not for long duration
where as long term fading is when buildings block signals that will remain there for long time

MAC problems and solutions

hidden and exposed terminals or near and far terminals present serious problems here
Solution is Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA)

What is Fading, multipath propagation? Together with the direct transmission from a sender to a
receiver, the propagation
effects like Scattering, Diffraction, Shadowing, Reflection lead to one of the most severe radio
channel impairments, called multi-path propagation.
quick changes in the received power are also called short-term fading
if these changes are too fast, such as driving on a highway through a city, the receiver cannot
adapt fast enough and the error rate of transmission increases dramatically. is the long-term
fading

Problems due to multipath propagation (i said fading, but he asked for another problem)
constructive and destructive interference, and phase shifting of the signal

Hidden and exposed terminal problem and how to solve it

A starts sending to B, C does not receive this transmission. C also wants to send something to B
and senses the medium. The medium appears to be free, the carrier sense fails. C also starts
sending causing a collision at B. But A cannot detect this collision at B and continues with its
transmission. A is hidden for C hidden terminals may cause collisions
Now consider the situation that B sends something to A and C wants to transmit data to some
other mobile phone outside the interference ranges of A and B. C senses the carrier and detects
that the carrier is busy (Bs signal). C postpones its transmission until it detects the medium as
being idle again. But as A is outside the interference range of C, waiting is not necessary. Causing
a collision at B does not matter because the collision is too weak to propagate to A. In this
situation, C is exposed to B.
To solve this we use Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA)

Physical Layer.. fading .. cause of it? dffrnc b/w fast and slow fading ..
In wireless communications, fading is deviation of the attenuation that a carrier-modulated
telecommunication signal experiences over certain propagation media.
In wireless systems, fading may either be due to multipath propagation, referred to
as multipath induced fading, or due to shadowing from obstacles affecting the wave
propagation, sometimes referred to as shadow fading.

MAC layer problems

hidden terminal and Exposed Terminal

How to get rid of hidden terminal problem?

Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA)

Why we need MA schemes?

Chap 10 : Self_Organization

what is self-organisation , definition and some examples protocols of it?

Self-organization is a process in which structure and functionality (pattern) at the global level of
a system emerge solely from numerous interactions among the lower-level components of a
system without any external or centralized control.
swarm intelligence and Ant ALgo

Swarm intelligence and Double bridge experiment ..

A computational technique for solving distributed problems inspired from biological examples
provided by
social insects such as ants, termites, bees, and wasps and by swarm, herd, flock, and shoal
phenomena such as fish shoals
An approach to controlling and optimizing distributed systems
Resilient, decentralized, self-organized technique Self Organization, stigmergy, double bridge
experiment self organisation in mac, applications of self organisation network, Problems with
TCP and self organization ..

self organisation with ants,

Chap 5: Ad_hoc_networks

Ad-Hoc networks and AODV protocol (algorithm, fail case);

Spontaneous federation of wireless devices

No infrastructure (base station / access point), no backbone
Devices can be mobile
Packet-based forwarding
Each device must serve as a router
Routes between devices can span multiple hops
Ad hoc networks are self organizing
No central components
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV)

MAC in Adhoc, explain all the mechanisms

Dedicated Control Channel( Here Separate Dedicated channel for Request)
Split Phase( Here first request are made and only later data is transferred)
Common Hopping Sequence (both data and request are sent at same time)

how to access channel in Adhoc Network, (Multiple Rendezvous)

Chap 9 : Cognitive_Radio_Networks

Cognitive MAC and ADHOC MAC

Cognitive MAC
Random Access MAC Protocols(random access for control packets and data)
Time Slotted MAC Protocols(Time synchronized control and data slots)
Hybrid MAC Protocols (Partially time slotted and partially random access)
ADHOC
Dedicated control channel
Split phase
Common hopping sequence
Multiple rendezvous

what is cognitive radio

A cognitive radio is an intelligent radio that can be programmed and configured dynamically.

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an adaptive, intelligent radio and network technology that can
automatically detect available channels in a wireless spectrum and change transmission
parameters enabling more communications to run concurrently and also improve radio
operating behaviour.

SO in CR
Spectrum opportunity: A band of frequencies that are not being used by the PU of that band at
a particular time in a particular geographic area

Spectrum sensing process and methods of sensing,

Cognitive Radio cycle, Spectrum sensing and sharing,
Sensing technique, explain one of them. Problem with sensing mechanisms. also asked several
questions on aifs
Cognitive radio, channels, spectrum sensing techniques
Cognitive and problems with cognitive MAC

Diff between cognitive and adhoc,

AODV, CR-AODV
Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing is a routing protocol for mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs) and other wireless ad hoc networks
AODV and how in cognitive it would work
AODV in normal & CR
AODV.. is this routing self-organizing or not?
Difference between ADHOC and CR ADHOC
Is cognitive self organised.
Cognitive radio networks, applied it to Ad-Hoc scheme before;

Chap 6 : Mobility_management (Mobile IP)

Link layer mobility? define 4 phases?

Link layer mobility management is responsible for the establishment of a radio link between the
MN and the new Access Point (AP)

4 Phases are
Recognizing the loss of the wireless connection
Search for and detection of a new adequate AP
Re-/Authentication with the new discovered AP
Re-/Association with the new discovered AP

Mobile IP
Mobile IP is currently the most promising solution for the mobility management of the Internet
A standard that allows users with mobile devices whose IP addresses are associated with one
network to stay connected when moving to a network with a different IP address. When a user
leaves the network with which his device is associated (home network) and enters the domain of
a foreign network, the foreign network uses the Mobile IP protocol to inform the home network
of a care-of address to which all packets for the user's device should be sent. Mobile IP is most
often found in wireless WAN environments where users need to carry their mobile devices
across multiple LANs with different IP addresses.

MOBILE IP (Slide 29)

mobile ip complete process,

Famous algorithm in Mobility management ( what he was saying is Mobile IP .)
one question which was indirect but answer was IP in IP encapsulation...
Tunnel Triangle problem
Encapsulation
mobile IP scenario
Triangular Routing (Slide 45) Message Swq Chart
How does communication takes place in transport layer? prob?
how do we know that the connection has prob in transport layer?
Mobile IP (why we need it, algorithm of work deeply);

what is tunnelling?
A technology that enables one network to send its data via another network's connections.
Tunnelling works by encapsulating a network protocol within packets carried by the second
network.

Chap 8 : QOS

5) how qos mechanisms are applied in 802.11e?

6)RED concept in qos mechanisms(random early detection)
1. what is 802.11e standard in QOS.
QOS in tcp
QoS, Self Organization in MAC,
IntServ,
- DiffServ, IntServ
- Is Intserv scalable and why?
8. How AIFS works, how it ensures QOS for voice data ..

4. interserv? why diff C.W? how Qos works? what is the problem inside router? Data packets or
control packets?
qos intserv diff serv difference ,
3. What are disadvantages of INTSERV ( i answered control msg overhead..but he expected
something else don't know )
11. Difference b/w int and dff serve, Per hop behaviours ..
he asked 6 different question from IntServe huh
QoS (problems, idea, IntServ especially).

Chap 4 : IEEE_802_11

MAC protocols in IEEE 802.11 (especially DCF);

MAC in 802.11e, and how it works, draw diagram (AIFS, content window).
difference between 802.11 standards,
Difference between 802.11b and 802.11e,
- Difference between 802.11b and 802.11e
7. Difference b/w 802.11e and 802.11b(MAC)
802.11b and 802.11e comparison,
6. he asked me to diffrentiate 802.11a , 802.11b ,802.11e standard ( i explained data rate,
operating frequency , applications and QOS but he said this is not what he was expecting ( and
started laughing ))
9. problems with IEEE 802.11 mac ( he said can u explain me mac of 802.11e ) standard .
4) diff bet 802.11b and 802.11e?(qos mechanisms)
diagram of DCF with RTS/CTS with extension,
2. What is difference between EDCF and DCF
EDCF and DCF comparison,

Chap 11: Mobile Network Evolution

4) SO in LTE
- Detection of bad data transmission in TCP
- RED
access mechanism in 802.11,
4. explain 802.22 standard of cognitive radio.
How the Handover is done in GSM,
11. Explain the mechanism from FA to HA

12. what is difference between and normal routing

3. how tcs know problem in link? how to control? what do u mean by dup ack? How to solve this
problem? Tcs S.O?

Chap 7 : TCP

Then so so many problems in TCP. (At least 5 minutes)